ANÁLISIS DEL CICLO DE VIDA DE UN LÁPIZ DE GRAFITO
CARACAS, JULIO 2012 INTRODUCCIÓN
El objetio !e "e#li$#" e%te A&'li%i% !e Ci(lo !e Vi!# e% e#l)#" el i*+#(to +ote&(i#l %ob"e el #*bie&te !el l'+i$ !e "#-ito # lo l#"o !e to!o %) (i(lo !e i!# *e!i#&te l# ()#&ti-i(#(i.& !el )%o !e "e()"%o% /e&t"#!#% (o*o e&e"#, *#te"i#% +"i*#%, #)# 3 e*i%io&e% #*bie&t#le% /%#li!#% #l #i"e, #)# 3 %)elo4 5o3 e& !# l#% &)e#% te(&olo#% 3 l# i*+o"t#&(i# !e +"e%e"#" el *e!io #*bie&te #& !e l# *#&o +#"# #% lo"#" )&# *#3o" +"o!)((i.& 3 # %) e$ +o!e" !e&o*i&#"l# (o*o )&# i&!)%t"i# li*+i#, lo 6)e %e "e-ie"e # l# #+li(#(i.& (o&ti&)# !e )&# e%t"#tei# #*bie&t#l +"ee&ti# e i&te"#!#, "e!)(ie&!o lo% "ie%o% #l 7o*b"e 3 #l #*bie&te, (#)%#!o% !)"#&te el 8(i(lo !e i!# !el l'+i$ !e "#-ito94 P#"# ello %e i*+le*e&t#& 7e""#*ie&t#%, t#l e% el (#%o !e l# /ACV b#%#!o e& )&# e%t")(t)"# %i%t:*i(# %e;& l#% &o"*#% i&te"&#(io&#le% ISO 1<0<0 3 1<0<<4 =%t# *eto!olo# e% e*+le#!# e& el e%t)!io !el (i(lo !e i!# !e )& +"o!)(to 3 !e %) +"o(e%o !e +"o!)((i.&4 Co& el #)e !el e(o!i%e>o, e%te e&-o6)e 7# i!o i&te"#&!o (o& *'% -"e()e&(i# !i-e"e&te% ("ite"io% 3 +#"'*et"o% !e e#l)#(i.& !el i*+#(to #*bie&t#l4 L# +#l#b"# l'+i$ +"oie&e !el l#t& l#+i%, 6)e %i&i-i(# +ie!"# e%te &o*b"e %e le !io e& "el#(i.& # l# +ie!"# !e "#-ito4 El l'+i$ !e "#-ito e% )&o !e lo% *#te"i#le% *'% )%#!o% 3 6)i$'% el +"i*e"o 6)e to!o% to*#*o% e& &)e%t"o% +"i*e"o% i&te&to% !e +l#%*#" #lo %ob"e )&# 7oj# !e +#+el4 E% )& *#te"i#l *)3 e"%'til 3 %e&%ible 6)e +e"*ite %e" )%#!o +#"# to*#" !e%!e )& %i*+le #+)&te o bo(eto # )& t"#b#jo (o& *#3o" !et#lle4 P)!ie&!o #+li(#" !i%ti&to% #lo"e%, i&te&%i!#!e%, 3 te?t)"#% # l# e$ !e te&e" l# +o%ibili!#! %e" !e (o""ei!o !#!o 6)e e% )& *#te"i#l bo""#ble4 El l'+i$ e%t' -o"*#!o +o" )&# *e$(l# !e "#-ito /)&# #"ie!#! !el (#"bo&o 3 #"(ill#4 E& 1@B %e i&e&t. )&# -."*)l# !e *e$(l#" +olo !e "#-ito (o& #"(ill#, (o"t#&!o el +"o!)(to "e%)lt#&te e& +e6)e>#% b#""#%
6)e l)eo %e (o(#&4 L# !)"e$# !e e%to% l'+i(e% !e+e&!e !e l# +"o+o"(i.& e&t"e "#-ito 3 #"(ill# ()#&to *'% "#-ito %e )tili(e, *'% bl#&!o ) o%()"o e% el t"#$o !el l'+i$4 El i*+#(to 6)e 7# te&i!o e& l# %o(ie!#! el %)"i*ie&to !el l'+i$ 7# %i!o *)3 i*+o"t#&te !e%!e %) i&e&(i.&, +)e% &o% 7# +e"*iti!o # l# 7)*#&i!#! e%("ibi" &)e%t"# +"o+i# 7i%to"i#4 S) )%o %e 7# !ie"%i-i(#!o !e%!e el +)&to !e i%t# t:(&i(o e i&!)%t"i#l 7#%t# el #"t%ti(o4 S) )%o to!## e%t' *)3 e?te&!i!o e& l# #(t)#li!#!, lo% (#*bio% 7#& %i!o !e *#&e"# e?te"&# (o& !i-e"e&te% ti+o% !e +"e%e&t#(i.& 3 (olo"e% 6)e "e%)lt#& *)3 #t"#(tio% # lo% (o&%)*i!o"e%4 P#"# -#b"i(#" lo% l'+i(e% e% &e(e%#"io *e$(l#" "#-ito, #"(ill# 3 #)# /el +o"(e&t#je !e "#-ito 3 #"(ill# %e !ete"*i&#"' %e;& l# !)"e$# 6)e %e !e%ee !#" #l l'+i$ 7#%t# ("e#"%e )&# *#%# (o&%i%te&te 3 )&i-o"*e4 E%t# *#%# %e"' i&t"o!)(i!# e& )& 7o"&o 6)e le "eti"#"' l# *#3o" +#"te !el #)#4 El "e%)lt#!o !e e%t# 7o"&e#!# e% )&# +ie!"# (o& #*bo% (o*+o&e&te% 6)e # # %e" t"it)"#!# 3 "e!)(i!# e& +e6)e>o% "#&o% 6)e +o%te"io"*e&te %e"'& i&t"o!)(i!o% e& "ollo% (o*+"e%o"e% +#"# eli*i&#" i*+)"e$#% e?i%te&te% e& l# #"(ill#4 De%+):% !e e%te +"o(e%o, el +"o!)(to "e%)lt#&te %e"' (o*+#(t#!o -o"*#&!o )& (#"t)(7o *#(i$o !e "#-ito 6)e %e"' (olo(#!o e& )&# *#6)i&# !e !o&!e %#l!"'& lo% 87ilo%9 !e *i E%to% 87ilo%9 %o& (o"t#!o% # l# *e!i!# !el l'+i$, 3 e&t"#"'& e& )&# *'6)i&# !e %e(#" 6)e le% "eti"#"' el #)# 6)e #;& (o&te&# 3 %e #& # (o(e" e& )& 7o"&o # l# te*+e"#t)"# !e 1020 C4 P#"# 6)e l#% *i&#% 6)e!e& "e%i%te&te%, bl#&!#%, #+t#% +#"# e%("ibi" 3 bo""#", %e"'& i*+"e&#!#% !e "#%# +o" .%*o%i%4 Si l# *i&# e% #l*# !el l'+i$ l# *#!e"# e% %) ()e"+o Se )%#& t#bl#% !e (e!"o # l#% 6)e %e le #b"i"'& #"i#% "#&)"#%, 3 #ll #& # %e" (olo(#!#% l#% *i&#%4 Po%te"io"*e&te e% %ob"e+)e%t# ot"# t#bl# t#*bi:& (o& "#&)"#%, !ej#&!o e&(e""#!#% l#% *i&#% e& %) i&te"io"4 L)eo +#%#& # )&# +"e&%# !o&!e %e %e(#"'& !)"#&te 2< 7o"#%4 Al t:"*i&o !e e%te +e"io!o, %e !# -i&#l*e&te o"ie& # lo% !i-e"e&te% -o"*#to% !e l'+i(e% # t"#:% !e )& +"o(e%o !e %e+#"#(i.&4 L)eo !e e%t# o+e"#(i.& lo% l'+i(e%
#;& e& b")to &e(e%it#& to*#" %) +"o+i# 8+e"%o&#li!#!9, 3 +#%#"#& # l# %e((i.& !el b#"&i$ 6)e le% !#"' el #(#b#!o -i&#l4 P"i*e"o #& # %e" b#"&i$#!o% #"i#% e(e% (#!# )&i!#! 7#%t# 6)e!e& (o& )& (olo" tot#l*e&te )&i-o"*e4 De%+):% %o& eli*i&#!o% lo% e?(e%o% !e b#"&i$ 3 #+li(#!o% to!o% lo% ti+o% !e #(#b#!o% /i*+"e%i.&, (olo(#(i.& !e l#% o*#%, (#be$#% +i&t#!#%, et(4 A +#"ti" !e #6) lo% l'+i(e% e%t'& li%to% +#"# 6)e %e" e*b#l#!o%4 CICLO DE VIDA DEL LÁPIZ DE GRAFITO
ANÁLISIS DE INVENTARIO EL CICLO DE VIDA DEL LÁPIZ DE GRAFITO
EVALUACIÓN DE LOS IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES
C#"#(te"%ti(#% !el o"ie& !e l#% #te"i#l P"i*#%
Material
Inorgáni Orgánic Renovab
es
cos
G"#-ito Go*# #!e"# Al)*i&io A"(ill# Pi&t)"# 3
os
les
No Renovable s
Origen
Origen
Mineral
Vegetal
H#"&i$
MATRIZ MET
L# *#t"i$ ET *)e%t"# lo% *#te"i#le% / )tili$#!o%, l# e&e"# /E (o&%)*i!# 3 l#% e*i%io&e% t.?i(#% /T e&e"#!#% !)"#&te l#% !i-e"e&te% et#+#% !el (i(lo !e i!# !e )& +"o!)(to4 P#"# e%te (#%o !e e%t)!io, l# *#t"i$ ET (o""e%+o&!ie&te #l ACV !el l'+i$ !e "#-ito e% el %i)ie&te Etapa del ciclo de vida
Obte&(i.& 3 (o&%)*o !e "e()"%o%
Materiales
Uso de Energía
Emisiones Tóxicas
G"#-ito A"(ill# #!e"# A)#
Co&%)*o !e e&e"# +#"# l# e?+lot#(i.& !e *i&#% 3 '"bole%, +#"# el +"o(e%o !e e?t")%i.&, )l(#&i$#(i.& 3 obte&(i.& !e l#% +i&t)"#% 3 b#"&i(e%4
Co&t#*i&#(i.& !el #)# De%-o"e%t#(i.& !e bo%6)e% Co&t#*i&#(i.& !e lo% %)elo% G#%e% t.?i(o%
Co&%)*o !e e&e"# +o" +#"te !e l#% 7e""#*ie&t#% *et#l;"i(#% /(o"t#", !obl#", ("o*#" 3 +o" l#% 7e""#*ie&t#% !e #%e""#!e"o /(o"t#", +e#", +i&t#!o 3 e%*#lt#!o4
A%e""& Re%i!)o% !e #l)*i&io Re%i!)o% !e b#"&i$
Co&%)*o !e e&e"# e& el e*+#6)et#!o
Re%i!)o% !el e*b#l#je Re%i!)o% !e l# (o*b)%ti.& +"o!)(i!# !)"#&te el t"#&%+o"te4 No %e e&e"#& e*i%io&e%4
Go*# Al)*i&io Pi&t)"# 3 b#"&i$ G"#%#
P"o!)((i.&
Pe#*e&to E6)i+o% 3 7e""#*ie&t#% e%+e(i#le%4
Di%t"ib)(i.&
C#"t.& +#"# el e*b#l#je !e lo% l'+i(e%
U%o
L'+i$
#&te&i*ie&to
S#(#+)&t#%
Eli*i&#(i.& Fi&#l
Ute&%ilio%
T"#&%+o"te !e%!e l# -'b"i(# 7#%t# lo% !i%t"ib)i!o"e% -i&#le%4 El )%o !el l'+i$ &o "e6)ie"e (o&%)*o !e e&e"# Co&%)*o !e e&e"# e& el (#%o !e 6)e %e )%e )& %#(#+)&t#% el:(t"i(o4 E&e"# )tili$#!# e& l#
Re%to% !e +e#*e&to
Vi")t#
e%ti.& !e lo% "e%i!)o%4
Re%i!)o )"b#&o !el #l)*i&io4 Re(i(l#je !e l# i")t#4
DIAGRAMA PROCESAL CON CANTIDADES Y ESTIMACIONES
RESUMEN DEL ANÁLISIS EMPLEANDO LOS ECOINDICADORES
El tie*+o !e !)"#(i.& !e )& l'+i$ !e "#-ito e% !i"e(t#*e&te +"o+o"(io&#l #l )%o4 Co&%i!e"#&!o 6)e l# i!# ;til +"o*e!io !e )& l'+i$ e% !e 1B !#% +#"# el (#%o !e )& e%t)!i#&te 6)e lo )tili(e #+"o?i*#!#*e&te < 7o"#% !i#"i#% 3 6)e lo% !e%e(7o% o"ii&#!o% #l *o*e&to !e %#(#"le +)&t# #l l'+i$ /i")t# 3 lo% "e%to% !e l'+i(e% 6)e 6)e!#& ()#&!o 3# &o e% +o%ible #-il#" *#% l# +)&t# %o& "e(oi!o% +o" l# b#%)"# *)&i(i+#l, %e +"o(e!e"' # (#l()l#" el i*+#(to A*bie&t#l e*+le#&!o l# 7e""#*ie&t# !e lo% E(oi&!i(#!o"e%4 A (o&ti&)#(i.& %e +"e%e&t#& lo% "e%)lt#!o%
PROU!!I"N #Materiales$ Procesos % Transporte& Material o proceso !antid Indica Res'lta ad dor do 0,02 2,1 0,B0< E?t")%i.& V)l(#&i$#!o E?+lot#(i.& !e *#!e"# E?+lot#(i.& !e *i&#%
0,01B
K0
()$*
0,0<
K,K
,1K
0,0B
2@
TOTAL
+,$)-.
U/O #Transporte$ Energía % Materiales 0'xiliares& !antid Indica Res'lta Material o proceso ad dor do 1 22 22 C#*i.& 2 t C#"t.& +#"# e*b#l#je
0,02B
K
20,@
TOTAL
<2,@
E/E!1O #Para cada tipo de material& !antid Indica Res'lta Material o proceso ad dor do Re%i!)o% )"b#&o% !e 0,02B 0,K< 0,12 (#"t.& Re%i!)o% )"b#&o% !e 0,02 B, 1,<1K #(e"o TOTAL
1,22<
INTERPRETACIÓN DE LOS ANÁLISIS OBTENIDOS
A&#li$#&!o lo% #lo"e% #""oj#!o% *e!i#&te el )%o !e lo% E(o i&!i(#!o"e%, %e +)e!e ob%e"#" 6)e l# -#%e !e *#3o" i*+#(to #*bie&t#l %e +"e%e&t. e& l# +"o!)((i.& !e l# o*# !e bo""#", %e)i!o +o" l# e?+lot#(i.& !e l#% *i&#% !e "#-ito4 A +e%#" !e 6)e %e +"e%e&t. *#3o" i*+#(to e& l# +"o!)((i.& !e l# o*# !e bo""#", e% i*+o"t#&te #(ot#" 6)e el bo""#!o" e% )& (o*+)e%to o"'&i(o"e&o#ble, +o" lo t#&to, #l *o*e&to !e lle#" # %e" )& !e%+e"!i(io, &o #-e(t#"' #l *e!io #*bie&te4 CONSIDERACIONES DE ECODISEÑO
P#"# !i%*i&)i" lo% i*+#(to% e(ol.i(o% 6)e el (i(lo !e i!# !el l'+i$ !e "#-ito t"#e (o&%io, e% i*+o"t#&te #te&!e" l# e?+lot#(i.& *#%i# # lo% '"bole% !e (e!"o4 Co& l# i!e# !e i*+)l%#" !e%!e %)% +"o!)(to% el ()i!#!o !el *e!io #*bie&te$ A4M4 F#be"C#%tell Pe")#&# S4A4, #&)&(i. 6)e lo% t"#!i(io&#le%
l'+i(e% !e l# (o*+#># #7o"# %e"'& "el#&$#!o% b#jo el (o&(e+to !e E(oL'+i$2 De #()e"!o # l# i&-o"*#(i.&, e%to% -l#*#&te% l'+i(e% 6)e l# -i"*# +"e%e&t# (o*o e(ol.i(o%$ 7#& %i!o -#b"i(#!o% (o& *#!e"# obte&i!# !e lo% bo%6)e% 6)e F#be"C#%tell "e-o"e%t# e& H"#%il2 Se;& t"#%(e&!i., &o %.lo e%t#% $o&#% ()e&t#& (o& (e"ti-i(#(i.& FSC /Fo"e%t Ste#"%7i+ Co)&(il, %i&o 6)e l# (o*+#># t#*bi:& e%t' "e%+#l!#!# +o" l# (e"ti-i(#(i.& ISO 1<001 "#(i#% # %) +"o(e!e" "e%+et)o%o (o& el *e!io #*bie&te4 L# i!e# e% -#b"i(#" (o& "e()"%o% &#t)"#le% “que son 100% renovables y contribuyen al secuestro de dióxido de carbono” , lo% l'+i(e%
-#b"i(#!o% +o" F#be"C#%tell "e+"e%e&t#& )& "alivio" -"e&te # l# +"eo()+#(i.& #(t)#l +o" l# %)%te&t#bili!#!4 De&t"o !e e%te &)eo (o&(e+to e(ol.i(o, lo% (o&%)*i!o"e% +o!"'& e&(o&t"#" l'+i(e% !e !ie"%#% l&e#% t#le% (o*o l#% !e (olo" &o"*#l, !e (olo" "i+, #()#"el#ble, bi(olo" 3 j)*bo, e&t"e ot"#% #lte"&#ti#%, %ie&!o )&# 7e""#*ie&t# 6)e +e"*it# #l (o&%)*i!o" (o&t"ib)i" #l +"o(e%o (o&ti&)o !e "e-o"e%t#(i CONCLUSIONES
El A&'li%i% !el (i(lo !e i!# !e )& +"o!)(to t+i(o tie&e e& ()e&t# el %)*i&i%t"o !e l#% *#te"i#% +"i*#% &e(e%#"i#% +#"# -#b"i(#"lo, t"#&%+o"te !e *#te"i#% !e i&te"*e!io% 3, +o" ;lti*o, el +"o+io +"o!)(to, i&(l)3e&!o e&#%e, l# )tili$#(i.& !el +"o!)(to 3 lo% "e%i!)o% e&e"#!o% +o" %) )%o4 e!i#&te el )%o !e lo% E(oi&!i(#!o"e%, %e obt)o (o*o "e%)lt#!o 6)e el *#3o" i*+#(to #*bie&t#l %e +"e%e&t. e& l# -#%e !e +"o!)((i.&, %ie&!o el +"o(e%o !e )l(#&i$#(i.& el +"o(e%o !e *#&)-#(t)"# (o& *#3o" i*+#(to4 E&t"e l#% (o&%i!e"#(io&e% !e E(o!i%e>o %e "e(o*ie&!# %)%tit)i" l# *#!e"# +o" +#+el "e(i(l#ble !e "#& !)"e$# 3 "e%i%te&(i#, e%t# o+(i.& #3)!#"# # (o*b#ti" l# "#& e?+lot#(i.& !e '"bole% e& el *)&!o4
