The interpretation of information obtained from dietary, biochemical, anthropometric, clinical studies and/or other studies to determine the nutritional status of individuals/groups and identify those at nutritional risk
Nutritional Status
condition of health of an individual as influenced by intake and utilization of nutrients
Methods of Nutritional Assessment Methods that provide direct information
Methods of Nutritional Assessment Methods that provide indirect information
Dietary Assessment Food consumption studies Studies on physical activities Studies on food supply Studies on demographic, socio-economic conditions Studies on cultural and anthropological influences
Nutritional Anthropometry
concerned with the measurement of the variations of the dimensions, proportion and gross composition of the human body at different age levels and degrees of nutrition
Examples Common Body Measurements
What the Measurement Indicates
Weight
Body mass
Length or Height
Skeletal growth
Knee Height
Skeletal growth
Skinfold Thickness
Body fat
Mid-upper arm Circumference
Fat and fat free mass
Mid-arm Circumference
Fat free mass
Waist/Hip Ratio
Android obesity
Dietary Assessment
Determines inadequacy of dietary and/or nutrient intakes, either because of primary or secondary deficiency
Steps in Dietary Assessment 1. Obtaining dietary information 24-hour
Food Recall
Food
Frequency Questionnaire
Food
Record
Dietary
History
2. Dietary data analysis Qualitative Quantitative
3. Dietary Evaluation
Scheme for the development of a nutritional deficiency Stage
Depletion Stage
Method(s) Used
1
Dietary inadequacy
Dietary
2
Decreased level in reserve tissue store
Biochemical
3
Decreased level in body fluids
Biochemical
4
Decreased functional level in tissues
Anthropometric/ Biochemical
5
Decreased Activity in nutrient-dependent Biochemical enzyme
6
Functional change
Behavioral/ Physiological
7
Clinical symptoms
Clinical
8
Anatomical sign
Clinical
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Kwashiorkor •
•
•
Caused by inadequate protein in the presence of adequate food energy Usually experienced among 0-2 years old children Occurs after breastfeeding stops and child is weaned into a starchy diet
KWASHIORKOR
Moon face
•
Apathetic
•
Scrotal Edema
•
Hair dyspigmentation
•
Hepatic enlargement
•
Flaky paint dermatosis •
Marasmus
a disease of starvation, deficiency of both protein and food energy
Usually experienced among 1-3 years old children
Due to inadequate breastfeeding or improper (diluted) milk formula
MARASMUS
Old man's face, "monkey face"
•
Severe muscle wasting
•
Loss of subcutaneous fat
•
marasmic-kwashiorkor
Classifications used during Disaster and Emergency Situation
Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) means weight of children under 5 years is between 70% and 80% of the median weight-for-height or between -3 and -2 Zscores weight-for-height
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) means weight of children under 5 years is less than 70% of the median weight-forheight or less than -3 Z-scores weight-forheight.