52
"To Study The Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies."
Yashwant Rao Chavan Maharastra Open University, (YCMOU)
ACTION RESERCH
Student Name
Shaini Jaura
Study centre Code
35284
PRN
2012017002901312
Dnyan Ganga Education Trust's
College of Education (B.Ed.)
Thane(W)
2012-2013
I - Self Declaration
I Shalini Jaura declare that the research work "To Study The Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies."
" have successfully completed under the guidance of Nitin M. Dhage
This is my own writing .This research I have not presented for any degree course. Researcher
Date: ___________
Shalini Jaura
II - Certificate Guide
This is to certify that Shalini Jaura has done research on "To Study The Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies."
This work has done under my own guidance and her writing based on facts and questionnaire.
Date: ___________
_______
Guide's Sign
III – Certificate of College
This is to certify that Shalini Jaura has taken admission to D.S.M course and has presented work on "To Study The Reasons Of Absenteeism Of XI Std Student And Find Out The Remedies."
For this research she has completed her work under the guidance of Mr. Nitin M. Dhage.
This research is part and parcel of D.S.M course and this subject is not presented to any other degree course.
Date Signature of Principal
IV – Acknowledgement
"A student is like a pearl diver in search of treasure, in the ocean of knowledge. For research studies, even sky is not the limit, but a researcher tries to get as much as possible."
To start with a hymn of thanks to God for his blessings was and is always with me to overcome any difficulty.
This is to acknowledge my sincere, humble and deepest sense of gratitude towards my guide respected Mr. Nitin M. Dhage. His guidance, expert suggestions and moral support during course of investigation has helped me to complete this project successfully.
It's my pleasure to avail this golden opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Lavanya M. Joshi ; Principal B.Ed college .I am grateful To all the staff members and my dear classmates.
I think words with me are insufficient to express my heart to acknowledge my parents, Husband and son for their endurance and being there for me in every thick and thin.
Date Shalini Jaura
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I
Introduction
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Need of research
1.3
Statement of problem
1.4
Definition of variable
1.5
Objective of research
1.6
Hypothesis of research
1.7
Scope of research
1.8
Limitation of research
1.9
Importance of research
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:-
Education is not merely the delivery of knowledge, skills and information from teachers to students. what is really important about being and becoming educated. Being an educated person means you have access to optimal states of mind regardless of the situation you are in. You are able to perceive accurately, think clearly and act effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations
The study of absenteeism is very important for any college. The word absenteeism means the absence of student from class when he is scheduled to be present at school/college. when teacher has no information in advance, that the student will not reputed for class if he has taken leave to which he is entitled or on ground of sickness or in case of accident. Thus absence may authorized or unauthorized willful or caused by circumstance beyond teacher's control.
Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and youth. Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for students of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic status.Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on tests than their peers who are frequently absent.
Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school, substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity.
Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated with a child's frequent absence from school.
Absenteeism and Student Performance
People have strong opinions about almost anything and the issue of education is no exception. How these opinions have been formed needs to be examined. This is what good research does. It informs and guides. A myriad of factors influence education and oftentimes, these factors are not independent from each other. Factors interact, sometimes these add, and other times, these subtract. General notions therefore need to be carefully drawn. Writing articles on education can also be quite challenging. When problems in basic education involve an inability to think critically, it is difficult to reach the audience and convey the correct message. Oftentimes, sarcasm is lost so such style of writing needs to be avoided. For people who are convinced of their wisdom and understanding of how education works, profound messages from basic research can be often easily lost.
Education Week recently came out with an article, "School Absences Translate to Lower Test Scores, Study Says". One of the first comments on the article was "Really? We need a study to show a link between absences and achievement". This is followed by "Another obvious finding..., A wise man once said that data that is easy to gather is meaningless". And then, "Duh!" The article related the following important findings from the study:
"Three days, if you multiply that out by nine months, is five weeks a year," Mr. Ginsburg said. "You've got more than a quarter of the below-basic kids who are going to miss five weeks of school a year or more," he said, noting that only 8 percent of students at the advanced level had missed that much school. "That, to me, would be something that if you are a chief state school officer or a superintendent, you might worry about."
Being absent for three days in a month strongly correlates with poor performance. As educators, it is important to know the threshold. Drawing policies on school intervention regarding absenteeism requires guiding information on where to draw the line. Policies cannot be simply drawn out of thin air. Three days in a month, that number, a result of research, is a useful guide for teachers and school administrators. The study as described by the article is only an initial analysis of the data. Ongoing research will continue to unravel further the underlying factors that result into absenteeism. This is an important task since this information likewise is necessary to design the interventions that are relevant.
Among the comments on the article is an informed one and it brings us to another website, "Attendance Works: Advancing Student Success by Reducing Chronic Absence".
"Sure, the connection between attendance and achievement is obvious. But do you know how many students in your district or your school are missing 10% of the school year, the point where research shows that absenteeism undermines academic performance? Unless you live in Maryland, probably not. Most schools measure average daily attendance (who shows up) and truancy (who's skipping). But they don't look at who's missing too much school in excused and unexcused absences. When they do, they get to some of the "why"--asthma, homelessness, transportation problems, boredom--and they can figure out how to address it."
The causes of absenteeism of students
1. Lack of Subject Interest
2. Lack of Personal Interest in studies.
3. Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc.
4. The mental capacity of a students does not matches with the course opted.
5.Too much Pampered from family.
6. The poor teaching skills of a teacher also keep away student from the school.
7. Lack of confidence
8. Ragging also cause absenteeism
9. Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism like no sports program, no fresher's or farewell parties ,no annual day celebration etc.
10.Poor food of canteen may also be consider as one of the reason for absenteeism.
11. Poor infrastructure facility in school such as no place in a library to sit is also one of the reason of absenteeism.
12. Most of the students are doing private coaching s for their entrance examinations such as medical engineering or are preparing for their board exams through private tuition causes absenteeism in school & college.
13 Excess of homework and sometimes fear from examination keep away students from school/college.
14 Preparation for the participation in TV shows in dance musical or acting,G.K. contest programs also increase the percentage of absenteeism.
15. Preparation for examination causes absenteeism.
16. If school or college is far off the percentage of absenteeism may increase.
17. Over expectation of parents also deteriorate the attendance of a student when s/he is unable to cope with parent nature of making comparison among their own children of with the friends of their child.
18. Too much socialization causes absenteeism. It mostly happens during teen age and college when the students forms a group to freak out .
19 .When more than desired facilities are provided by parents such as CAR, Mobiles, High Amount of Money as Pocket Money the student start enjoying those facilities and becomes absent.
20. Inferiority complex within student causes absenteeism.
Need for research:-
Student absenteeism is a serious issue in public education. Concerted efforts have been expended aimed at engaging students and promoting active learning, but schools are still full of "clock-watchers" Many high schoolers regularly skip classes and, according to some inside reports, "the hallways are virtually empty some Friday afternoons."
Student absenteeism is a major concern for lecturers at institutions of higher learning. Absences create a dead, tiresome, unpleasant classroom environment that makes students who come to class uncomfortable and the lecturer irritable (Marburger 2001).
Absenteeism disturbs the dynamic teaching-learning environment and adversely affects the overall well-being of classes (Segal 2008). In quality terms, absenteeism is a waste of educational resources, time and human potential. Student absenteeism also causes rework and wasted time for lecturers (Lalek 1995; Rumberger 1997). Lecturers who spend class time re-teaching lessons take instructional time away from students who attend class regularly, and the extra time spent going over absentee homework and class assignments takes time away from lecturer planning periods and time needed to provide individual assistance (Weller 1996). When students are absent from class, they miss valuable information resulting from peer-lecturer interaction and the benefits of the specific examples lecturers use to clarify difficult concepts.
1.3 Statement of Problem
" To study the reasons of XI std student Absenteeism and find out the remedies "
Definition of Variable
Absenteeism, according to Casio (2003), is "any failure of an employee to report for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of reason" (pg. 45); Strickland (1998) writes that absenteeism is a period of not attending school. Truancy, according to Bell et. al (1994), is an "unexcused and unlawful absence from school without parental knowledge and consent."
1.5 Objectives of research
To find out root cause of Absenteeism among 11th standard students
To find out remedies for the students' Absenteeism.
Hypothesis of research
If proper guidance is provided to the students, the problem will be solved.
1.7 Scope of research
The researcher has selected 11th commerce class for her research
The researcher has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior college for her research
The researcher has selected Thane city as a place of research
The researcher has selected the academic year 2012-2013
1.8 Limitation of research
The researcher has not selected 12th standard or any other Degree class for her research
The researcher has not selected 11th (Science) standard or any other Degree class for her research
The researcher has not selected Dnyan sadna junior College, St. Xavier Senior secondary School for her research.
The researcher has not selected Kalva, Mulund, Airoli as a place of research.
The researcher has selected the academic year 2010-2011, 2011-2012.
1.9 Importance of Research
Students: The students will find out the positive results of being in the classroom. As Absenteeism can spoil their future too. They will learn to be disciplined and other moral values to be present in the classroom. They will understand the concepts related to their curricular being regular in Class. The encouragement, rewards and gaining attention after understanding the consequences, improve their self esteem too.
Teacher: This research will help the teacher to understand the main problem, cause for it and suggestion provided will help her to bring drastic change in her classroom and provide her hold in the class to teach qualitatively with maximum effectiveness.
Principal: This research will help her in planning her goal, to organize, administrate and to supervise the school discipline with the help of better presence of students in the class in a better way, to guide the teaching and non-teaching staff and students of the institution, to maintain Human relations in a healthy manner by the steps, activity and remedies given through the action research study.
Society: Absenteeism creates the nuisance in college and in society too. Without students class is not the class, As it is said that Empty Mind Devil's Home. If students understand the value of the regularity in the class, only then they can be a good social animal. The distractive and disturbing behavior of the student is vulnerable. It may induce them to take part in any of the anti-social act. This research will help the society to indentify the children with problem of not attending college and also to correct them by the advised remedies to keep the environment and society in a safe hand. Because today's children are the tomorrow's future of the society and country.
CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Review of related literature
2.3
Criticism of related literature
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
2.1 Introduction
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Purpose of a Literature Review
There are several purposes to writing a literature review:
1. To provide the reader with an up to date account and discussion of the research findings in a particular topic.
2. This might sound pretty esoteric but you will find that in writing a literature review you will learn about the ways other people have constructed their own research projects.
3. Seeing what others have done might help you understand your own assignment.
4. You might be able to see the methods that other more experienced researchers have used and you might decide to follow on their footsteps and copy their methodological approach.
5. You might also be able to detect conflicting points of view expressed by different authors. These conflicting points of view might be the indicators of diverging theories within the same topic.
6. You need to be aware of these conflicting theories as well as of the arguments supporting these theories in order for you to assess their value and make up your own mind on the topic.
7. Being aware of the theories will help you later in your life as a student when you will have to design a larger research project like your dissertation.
8. You might also be able to discuss relevant research carried out in the same topic.
9. It is important to be able to discuss relevant research because very often it is very difficult (as students and as researchers) to keep abreast of everything that is published every year in a topic.
10. The job of the writer of the literature review is to summarize and discuss the major documents published in that topic over a stated period of time.
2.2 Review of related literature
1. Student Absenteeism: Whose Responsibility?
Author(s):
Barlow, Joyce; Fleischer, Stephanie
Abstract:
Internationally there is concern about levels of student absenteeism. Research underpinning this article consisted of a survey of academic staff and 25 interviews with first year students in a well regarded "new" university in Britain. The article explores the issue of poor attendance and why a significant number of students seem to have difficulty in engaging fully with their studies in order to become critical and autonomous learners. We look at the role of government policy, institutions, educators, students, schools and parents.
2. Causes and Structural Effects of Student Absenteeism:
A Research on Three South African Universities
Author(s): Newman Wadesango and Severino Machingambi
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of student absenteeism in selected universities in South Africa, explore the reasons why student absent themselves from classes and examine the implications of student
absenteeism. The study adopted the mixed methodology and used a survey research design as the operational framework for data gathering. Data were collected by self administered questionnaires and interviews with one hundred and twenty-six students from three universities in South Africa. The study revealed that student absenteeism is rampant in the universities under study due to reasons such as: lack of subject interest, poor teaching strategies by lecturers, unfavourable learning environment, too much socialization, part-time jobs to augment meagre bursaries granted by various sponsors and poor relations with the lecturers. The study also found an inverse relationship between student absenteeism and course performance
3. An Analysis of Teacher and Student Absenteeism in Urban Schools:
What the Research Says and Recommendations for Educational Leaders
Author(s): Karen Dupre Jacobs, William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
This article addresses an analysis of current literature on employee and student absenteeism and seeks to provide key recommendations that may yield higher levels of attendance and student achievement in urban school districts. It hones on the idea that educational leaders must be cognizant of the factors relating to absenteeism and its cost to the educational community at large. Additionally, examples of employee incentives and elements of effective student truancy plans are recommended that may aide in curtailing student and teacher absenteeism rate for the district.
CHAPTER - III
RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter III
Research Design
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Research Methodology
3.3
Sample
3.4
Tools of Research
3.5
Statistical techniques
3.6
Action of Research
Chapter III
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction –
Research implies the discovery of truth. It is an intellectual activity undertaken with the ultimate aim of scientific and systematic creation of knowledge. Human beings rely on several sources of acquiring knowledge.
1. Research contributes to systematic and scientific development of new theories, laws and principles, i.e. creation of new knowledge in the academic discipline of education.
2. It helps in testing existing theories and modifying them if necessary.
3. The purpose of research is to trace growth, developmental history, change and status of phenomena.
4. Research is aimed at solving problems faced by practioners in the field of education including teachers and principals.
5. It tries to study the cause-and-effect relationships among and between certain phenomena.
3.2 Meaning of Research –
Etymologically, the word 'Research' is derived from the French word 'recherché' which means 'to seek again'.
Although human beings have not yet devised any perfect method of finding solutions to their problems found worthy of investigation, there is a general transition from acquiring knowledge based on customs, tradition, culture, authority and experience to the use of research incorporating the scientific method.
Research is a systematic attempt at seeking answers to meaningful questions about events, processes or phenomena through the application of the scientific method. In other words, research is a formal, logical, methodical and rigorous process aimed at discovering new knowledge and solving problems.
The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English defines research as "a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge"
According to Kerlinger, "Scientific research is systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena".
On the other hand, Redman and Mory defined research in a simplistic manner as a "systematized effort to gain new knowledge".
This is one of the earlier definitions of the term research.
Young defines social research as "the systematic method of discovering new facts or verifying old facts, their sequences, interrelationships, casual explanations and the natural laws which govern them".
Based on the preceding definitions, it may be said that research is an academic activity aimed at making original contribution to the available stock of knowledge thereby leading to progress and advancement. Research enables an individual to comprehend reality through a logical array of processed data and information. This is very clear from the definition of research as "a studious inquiry or examination, especially a critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories or laws in the light of newly discovered facts or the practical application of such conclusions, theories or laws".
This definition implies that there is no research without discovery of new knowledge.
3.3 Method of Research
Experimental Research
Survey Research
Historical Research
3.3.1. Experimental Research: -
Experimental research describes "what will be" when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. The focus is on establishing cause-and-effect relationship between variables. The basic idea behind the experimental method is to attempt to account for the influence of a factor or factors conditioning a given situation. Purposeful manipulation is a part of the experimental method. Experimental research provides the most rigorous test of casual hypothesis. It is an attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempts to determine or predict what may occur.
An experiment involves the comparison of the effects of a particular treatment with that of a different treatment or with no treatment. In conventional experiments, mention is typically made to the terms experimental group and control group.
Experimental Group : The group in which the experimental treatment is manipulated is known as the experimental group. It is usually denoted by the symbol 'X' in a research study.
Control Group : The group to which either no experimental treatment is given or an alternate treatment is given is known as the control group. It is usually denoted by the symbol 'C' in a research study.
Pre-Test : The scores on a variable measured before the experimental treatment is administered are known as pre-test scores or observations. They are usually denoted by the symbol 'O'.
Post-Test : The scores on a variable measured after the experimental treatment is administered are known as post-test scores. They are usually denoted by the symbol 'O' in a research study.
Randomization: The symbol 'R' denotes random assignment of subjects.
Variables : Variables are the conditions or characteristics that the experimenter manipulates, controls or observes. Following are some of the different types of variables –
Independent Variable – The independent variables are those conditions or characteristics that the experimenter manipulates, controls or observes in his attempt to ascertain their relationship to observed phenomena.
Dependent Variable – The dependent variables are those conditions or characteristics that the experimenter expects to be influenced by the treatment variables. It is measured to determine the effects of the experimental treatment.
Control Variables – The term control refers to the researcher's effort to remove the influence of any extraneous variable that might affect the scores on the dependent variables.
Confounding variables – They are the attributes or characteristics that the researcher cannot directly measure because their effects cannot be easily separated from other variables, even though they may influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Survey Research : -
Survey research studies large or small populations by selecting and studying samples chosen from the populations to discover the relative incidence, distribution or interrelationships among educational, psychological and sociological variables. It collects data from a relatively large number of cases at a particular time. It is not concerned with characteristics of individuals as individuals. It is concerned with the generalized statistics that result when data are abstracted from a large number of individual characteristics. A Survey research determines and describes the way things are. It is a distinctive research method that has its origin in the field of sociology. The key factor in defining the Survey Research is that some phenomenon is studied, but the researcher does not have control over its variation.
Historical Research :-
Researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past employ the historical method. An attempt is made to examine past events or combinations of events and establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or predict future events. Historical research is a type of analytical research. Its common methodological characteristics include
Identifying a research topic that addresses past events,
Review of primary and secondary data
Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences with the help of techniques of criticism for historical searches and evaluation of the information.
(iv) synthesis and explanation of findings in order to test hypothesis concerning causes, effects or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.
Historical studies attempt to provide information and understanding of past historical, legal and policy events. The historical method consists of the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidences to research and then to write history.
Steps of conducting Historical Research –
A systematic approach to the process of historical research requires the following five basic steps –
a) Definition of a Problem
b) Formulation of Research Questions, Objectives or Hypothesis.
c) Systematic Collection of Data
d) Evaluation of Data and Making Inferences
e) Report Writing.
3.4 Methodology of Research
Any project work can be fruitful only if conducted by proper method in a systematic manner. The investigator has adopted the Survey Method. For conducting the project work students of different schools are surveyed with the help of questionnaire. This helped the investigator to get detailed information. The tool helped to have face to face contact with the student which is appropriate for this project.The Historical Method would not have been appropriate as the current problems faced by the children are considered.
Similarly the Experimental Method was also not suitable as it was not practically feasible to conduct experiment for each child. Due to the time constraint this method could not be selected.
Hence the best suited method was the Survey Method, which was selected.
3.5 Action Research:-
Action Research is associated with 'hands-on', small-scale research projects. It is also known as decision-oriented research since it necessitates that the researcher is the same person as the practitioner who will make and implement the decision based on the findings of the action research. It is concerned with those practical issues, problems, concerns and needs of teachers or principals, which arise as a routine part of activity 'in the real world'. Action research therefore is applied research conducted by teachers or school/college administrators themselves for dealing with their day-to-day problems and improving educational and/or managerial practices. It thus applies the scientific method to the solution of day-to-day school/college problems.
According to Picciano, "Action research studies problems at the local level. It usually focuses on the development, implementation and testing of a new product, programme, plan or procedure in a school building."
It is an approach in which teachers or administrators study their own problems or concerns in their own classrooms or schools.
According to Frost, "Action research is a process of systematic reflection, enquiry and action carried out by individuals about their own professional practice."
It is also known Teacher Research.
Purpose of Action Research
It is aimed at improving the quality of educational or managerial practices and working conditions.
It is aimed at helping a teacher or a group of teachers to change or improve a practice or to help them understand issues or problems for themselves.
Its focus is on solving practical issues of importance to teachers.
It enables teachers and principals to cope with the challenges and problems posed by the internal and/ or external factors and bring about innovations.
It enables teachers and principals to develop a more comprehensive view of their situation, to develop action strategies to bring about improvements and to evaluate the outcomes of their efforts.
For this study the Survey Method was selected as it is the most suitable method to collect data.
First the subject or the problem for the research is selected by researcher.
A well thought out and planned questionnaire was prepared taking into consideration the problem of fatigue faced by the students in school.
After the approval of the questionnaire the learner listed the schools to be visited.
The students of 11th standard were considered for this questionnaire, hence the learner went to each class
The students were given an idea about the purpose of this questionnaire and the questions were explained to them.
Later on the students were given the questionnaires and asked to fill up the relevant details.
The gathered data was fed into the excel sheet.
For this study the learner has met many students . It needed proper planning and it also gave an opportunity to have face to face contact with the students.
3.6 Population of research
Population is any group of individual that has one or more characteristics in common that is interested to the research.
The population is very big and it is difficult to study the whole population. So the Dnyan Ganga Junior College been selected for the research.
For this research the 11th standard students of Dnyan Ganga Junior College,Thane is the population of this research and the total number of students is 52.
3.7 Sample
Sample is a portion of which is selected from the entire population under study. The population has to be sampled for effective carryout of project work. In the study the reliable conclusions are drawn regarding the properties of the surveyed group. Such a group is called population. To collect required information for the study from every factor in the population is very expensive. It is more time consuming, expensive and laborious work under such circumstances, a sub-group works as the representative of the population.
Definition of 'Sampling'
"Sampling means methods used for drawing a sample from the population".
"The representative proportion of the population is called Sample".
Types of Sampling -
Random sampling : Random sampling is a process of selecting a sample in such a way that all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample.
In this method every factor from the population has equal independent opportunity of selection. This method is more useful when the population is homogeneous.
Stratified sampling : Stratified sampling is the process of selecting sample in such a way that identified sub-groups in the population are represented in the same preparation that they exist in the population.
When we want to select a sample from each level the stratified sampling method is more useful. In this method since the sample is selected from each level, the sample is more representative and accurate.
Cluster Sampling: When out of the total population group of the fundamental factors from the population having identical properties is called cluster.
In cluster sampling, the cluster is selected from the other clusters only by random sampling method, and all the factors of the selected cluster are included in the sample, classroom, school, family, village etc.
Important points regarding Sample:
Sample is the part of population which indicated the exact population.
Every factor of the sample is from the population only.
Sample procedures provide generalization on the basis of a relatively small proportion of the population.
Similarity between the conclusions drawn from the sample and from studying populations depends on the methods used for selecting samples.
3.8 Tools of Research
Questionnaire: - A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. The questionnaire provides a standardized data-gathering procedure.
Points to be kept in mind while forming a questionnaire –
Keep the language simple – Analyse the audience and write as per their level.
Keep the questions short – Long questions tend to become ambiguous and confusing.
Keep the number of questions to a minimum – Ask questions that will contribute to your survey.
Limit each question to one idea or a concept – A question consisting of more than one idea may confuse the respondent and lead to a meaningless answer.
Do not ask leading questions – These questions are worded in a manner that suggests an answer.
Avoid subjective terms such as good, fair and bad – These terms mean different things to different people.
Allow for all possible answers – Respondents who cannot find their answer among your list will be forced to give an invalid reply or possibly, become frustrated and refuse to complete the survey.
Avoid emotional or morally charged questions – The respondent may feel your survey is getting a bit too personal.
Formulate your questions and answers to obtain exact information and to minimize confusion – Try to alleviate conflicts.
Organize the pattern of the questions – Arrange the questions properly.
Pre-test the questionnaire – This is the most important step in preparing your questionnaire.
Have your questionnaire neatly produced on quality paper – A professional looking product will increase your return rate.
Advantages of a Questionnaire
Questionnaires are relatively inexpensive in terms of both money and time, as they do not require training interviewers as is done in interviewing.
They do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys.
They often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data.
They enable the researcher to maintain the respondents privacy.
They can be administered simultaneously to large groups whereas.
Disadvantages of a Questionnaire
There is the problem of non-returns, which refers to questionnaires, or individual questions that are not answered by the people to whom they were sent.
There is the problem of misinterpretation especially when the respondent does not understand either the research instructions or the questions in the tool.
There is the problem of validity.
3.9 Method Of Marks
The questions have been divided into three important factors.
The expected answer can be one of these:Always, Frequently, Never
Statement
Always
Often
Never
Positive
2
1
0
Negative
0
1
2
3.10 Mathematical / Statistical Technique
A statistical technique has contributed greatly in gathering, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data. The processing of numerical data through statistical method and for understanding the concept that underline there development and their application the learner must know the strength and the weakness of the statistical methods which he uses so that he may not mislead or be mislead by such methods.
The learner has drawn some important statements from questionnaire of the students, teachers and students. Learner has taken out the percentage of response of students. Separate tables for different factors have been made and according to this bar graphs are drawn separately.
Statistical Instrument
Learner used the statistical instrument in which bar graph is used for analysis. The bar graph which can be arranged either horizontally or vertically representing data by bar of equal width drawn to scale length the numerical data may be lettered within the bar of outside it. A grade may be used to help quantity of the graphic representation of the components off a whole unit is one bar.
Horizontal bar graphs are used to compare components at a particular time comparison at different times.
3.11 Bibliography
Research Methodology by Best and Khan
Research methodology by Shahu and Garret
Lokesh Koal
CHAPTER – IV
DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Chapter IV
Data Collection Analysis and Interpretation
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Descriptive and Inferential Analysis
4.3
Testing of Hypothesis
Chapter IV
Descriptive and Inferential Analysis
4.1 Introduction
Analysis is the computation of certain indices or measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exit among the data groups.
"Descriptive analysis is largely the study of distributions of one variable. This study provides us with profiles of companies, workshops, persons and other subjects on any of the multiple characteristics such as size, composition, efficiency, preference.
The analysis may be in respect of two variables or in respect of more than two variables or in respect of two variables to work out various measures that show the size and shape of distribution (s) along with the study of measuring relationship between two or more variables.
4.2Inferential analysis:-
Inferential analysis is concerned with the various tests of significance for testing hypotheses in order to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate some conclusion or conclusions. It is also concerned with the estimation of population values. It mainly on the basis of inferential analysis that the task of interpretation ( i.e. the task of drawing inferences and conclusions) is performed.
Inferential analysis is often known as statistical analysis. Inferential statistics is concern with the process of generalization. Inferential statistics is also known as sampling statistics and are mainly concerned with two major types of problems
(i) The estimation of population parameters.
(ii) The testing of statistical hypotheses.
4.3 Tools of inferential analysis:-
4.3.1 Measure of central tendency
Measures of central tendency point about which item have a tendency to cluster. Such a measures is considered as the most representative figure for the entire mass of data. It is also known as statistical average.
Types of measures of central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Mean
Mean is known as arithmetic average, is the most common measures of central tendency. It can be defined as the value which we get by dividing the total of the value which we get by dividing the total of the values of various given items in a series by the total number of items.
Mean or X = f X
----------
N
Where,
X = Mean
= Symbol of summation
f X = Value of the i th items X
i= 1,2,…………n
N = total number of items
Median
Median is a positional average and is used only in the context of qualitative phenomena. Median is the value of the middle items of series when it arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude. It divides the series into two half; in one half all items are less than median, where as in the other half all the items have values higher than median.
Median l + N /2-- F * i
f
Where,
l = Lower limit of the interval in which the median falls
F = No. of cases below median interval
f = frequency
N = frequency total
i = size of the class interval
Mode
The mode is a distribution is that item around which there is maximum concentration.
Mode is the size of the item which has the maximum frequency but at items such as item may not be mode on account of the effect of the frequencies of neighbouring items.
Measures Of Dispersion
Standard deviation
Standard deviation is most widely used measure of dispersion of a series and is commonly denoted by the symbol' ' ' (pronounced as sigma).
Standard deviation is defined as " the square-root of the average of square of deviations, when such deviations for the values of individual items in a series are obtained from arithmetic average i.e mean.
Measure Of Asymmetry
1) Skewness:-
Skewness is a measure of asymmetry and shows the manner in which the items are clustered around the average. In skew distribution the balance is thrown to one side. The amount by which the balance exceeds on one side measures the skewness of the series.
In position skewness,
Z
In negative skewness
X
Where,
Z = Skewness
X= Mean
M= Median
Usually skewness is measure as –
Skewness =X – Z
With co-efficient (j) as
j= X-Z
2) Kurtosis:-
Kurtosis is the measure of flat- Toppedness of a curve. A bell shaped curve or the normal curve is Mesokurtic because it is kurtic in the centre. If the curve is relatively more peaked than the normal curve , it is called Leptokurtic and the curve is more flate than the normal curve it is called Platykurtic. Kurtosis is the humpedness of the curve and points to the nature of distribution of items in the middle of class.
4.1: Score according to pre- test of total student of Absenteeism
Table 4.1
Score of Absenteeism among total student according to pre- test
No
Part
Pre-test
1
Sample
52
2
Median
41.54
Interpretation:-
From the above table shows that pre test sample is 52 & their Pre test median is 41.54. It shows that
Findings:-
Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc is the reason for increasing absenteeism in class.
Most of the students find that their interest does not match with the course opted.
Many students are so much pampered in family that they don't want to attend the classes; they like to stay home only.
Many students stay away from school because they think that their teacher's teaching skills are not upto mark.
Most of the students feel lack of confidence that's why they avoid college.
Ragging is also the reason of absenteeism sometimes.
Sometimes. Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism.
As canteen facility is not proper, so students bunk the classes or not come to college.
Library is also not so big that can't afford for more than 20 students one time due to this reason also students prefer to study at home.
In days of examination students prefer to study at friend home or their own home.
Most of the time students form groups to freak out , that also cause absenteeism.
Students are not interested in studies.
Due to irregularities students could not complete their class work & home work.
Student's feel school is boring.
Remedies: -
1. Guidance on punctuality and regularity of each student is take care by teachers.
2. Value education should include in syllabus to avoid absenteeism among students.
3. Teaching methods should improve by the teachers, so that students feel interested to attend the classes
4. Students should given the choice to choose their subject according to their interest.
5. Canteen facilities should be improved. Nutritious food should be provided.
6. Library sitting arrangement should be improved.
7. Ragging sometimes cause absenteeism in starting of the session, so staff should keep watch on these activities.
8. There should be system of conveying the message to the parents of the students, if any student is absent for 7 to 10 days without any prior intimation.
9. There should be extracurricular activities at college so that students feel enthusiastic in college.
10. There should be award for the regular students.
11. Internal marks weightage should be there for the regular students.
12. Activities should be arranged by making the groups of students who are friends... as G.K competitions, Group Discussions etc.
13. There should be seminars or guest lecturers to boost the confidence of the students.
14. Parents should understand the value of the study and they should not pamper their children for not attending the college.
15. If any student is having problem to understand any subject, there should be teachers who can understand their problem, and arrange the special classes for the students.
4.2: Score according to Post- test of total student Absenteeism
Table 4.2
Score of Absenteeism among total student according to pre- test
No
Part
Post-test
1
Sample
52
2
Median
25.32
From the above table 4.2, It shows that post test sample is 52 & their median is 25.32. It shows that there is a drastic improvement on students' Absenteeism after providing the above said remedies to the students.
Score according to Pre-test and Post- test of total student Absenteeism
Table 4.3
Score according to Pre- test and Post- test of total student Absenteeism
No
Part
Test
Difference
Pre test
Post test
1
Sample
52
52
-
2
Median
41.54
25.32
16.22
From the above table4.3, it shows that pre-test sample is 52 & their median is 41.54%. It shows after understanding problem of Absenteeism among student research has suggested remedies. In post test researcher got median of 25.32% means there is improvement in presence in class among students and the difference is 16.22.
Graph 4.1
Graph according to Pre- test and Post- test of total student Absenteeism
CHAPTER - V
FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
Chapter V
Findings and Suggestions
5.1
Summary
5.2
Findings
5.3
Remedies
5.4
Suggestion for Further studies
Chapter V
Finding & Suggestions
5.1 Introduction
Education is not merely the delivery of knowledge, skills and information from teachers to students. what is really important about being and becoming educated. Being an educated person means you have access to optimal states of mind regardless of the situation you are in. You are able to perceive accurately, think clearly and act effectively to achieve self-selected goals and aspirations
The study of absenteeism is very important for any college. The word absenteeism means the absence of student from class when he is scheduled to be present at school/college. When teacher has no information in advance, that the student will not reputed for class if he has taken leave to which he is entitled or on ground of sickness or in case of accident. Thus absence may authorize or unauthorized wilful or caused by circumstance beyond teacher's control.
Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and youth. Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for students of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic status. Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on tests than their peers who are frequently absent.3
Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school, substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity.
Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated with a child's frequent absence from school.6
Statement of Problem
"To study the reasons of Absenteeism of XI std student and find out the remedies."
Definition of Variable
Absenteeism, according to Casio (2003), is "any failure of an employee to report for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of reason" (pg. 45); Strickland (1998) writes that absenteeism is a period of not attending school. Truancy, according to Bell et. al (1994), is an "unexcused and unlawful absence from school without parental knowledge and consent."
Objectives of research
1.To find out root cause of Absenteeism among 11th standard students
2.To find out remedies for the students' Absenteeism.
Hypothesis of research
If proper guidance is provided to the students, the problem will be
Research design:
The researcher has selected experimental method because present subject is related to future problems. So in this research, researcher intension is to search problems of Absenteeism among students and to find out remedies. So the researcher ha selected experimental method for Research.
Samples:-
1. Research has selected thane city as the place for her research as step one.
2. In second step, Research has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior College for her research
3. In third step, Research has selected 52 students for her research.
Tools used for research:
This is to study problem of indiscipline among 11th standard students and to find out remedies. Researcher has the printed questionnaire.
In this research, there are 20 questions and options are
Always
Sometimes
Never.
Marking Scheme:
There are 5 negative statements in the questionnaire and the other 15 are positive statements.
Statement
Always
Sometimes
Never
Positive
2
1
0
Negative
0
1
2
Data Analysis:
The data collecting analysis and interpretation : The researcher has selected central tendencies for her research.
Descriptive Analysis
Central tendencies:
Mean
Median
Mode
Scope of research
The researcher has selected 11th commerce class for her research
The researcher has selected Dnyan Ganga Junior college for her research
The researcher has selected Thane city as a place of research
The researcher has selected the academic year 2012-2013
Limitation of research
The researcher has not selected 12th standard or any other Degree class for her research
The researcher has not selected 11th (Science) standard or any other Degree class for her research
The researcher has not selected Dnyan sadna junior College, St. Xavier Senior secondary School for her research.
The researcher has not selected Kalva, Mulund, Airoli as a place of research.
The researcher has selected the academic year 2010-2011, 2011-2012.
5.2 Findings:-
Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc is the reason for increasing absenteeism in class.
Most of the students find that their interest does not match with the course opted.
Many students are so much pampered in family that they don't want to attend the classes, they like to stay home only.
Many students stay away from school because they think that their teacher's teaching skills are not upto mark.
Most of the students feel lack of confidence that's why they avoid college.
Ragging is also the reason of absenteeism sometimes.
Sometimes . Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism.
As canteen facility is not proper, so students bunk the classes or not come to college.
Library is also not so big that can't afford for more than 20 students one time due to this reason also students prefer to study at home.
In days of examination students prefer to study at friend home or their own home.
Most of the time students form groups to freak out , that also cause absenteeism.
Students are not interested in studies.
Due to irregularities students could not complete their class work & home work.
Student's feel school is boring.
5.3 Remedies: -
1. Guidance on punctuality and regularity of each student is take care by teachers.
2. Value education should included in syllabus to avoid absenteeism among students.
3. Teaching methods should improve by the teachers, so that students feel interested to attend the classes
4. Students should given the choice to choose their subject according to their interest.
5. Canteen facilities should be improved. Nutritious food should be provided.
6. Library sitting arrangement should be improved.
7. Ragging sometimes cause absenteeism in starting of the session, so staff should keep watch on these activities.
8. There should be system of conveying the message to the parents of the students, if any student is absent for 7 to 10 days without any prior intimation.
9. There should be Extracurricular activities at college so that students feel enthusiastic in college.
10. There should be award for the regular students.
11. internal marks weightage should be there for the regular students.
12. Activities should be arrange by making the groups of students who are friends.. as G.K competitions , Group Discussions etc.
13. There should be seminars or guest lectures to boost the confidence of the students .
14. Parents should understand the value of the study and they should not pamper their children for not attending the college.
15. If any student is having problem to understand any subject, there should be teachers who can understand their problem, and arrange the special classes for the students.
5.4 SuggeAstion for further studies:
A study problem of Absenteeism among 12th standard students and to find out remedies.
A study of Absenteeism among college students and to find out remedies.
A study of Absenteeism among school students and to find out remedies.
Annexure
Annexure:
Enclosures:
QUESTIONAIRRE
I am absent from class because
Always
Sometime
Never
1. Lack of Subject Interest
2. Lack of Personal Interest in studies.
3. Available opportunities for entertainment like malls, movie halls etc.
4. The mental capacity of a student's does not matches with the the course opted.
5. Too much Pampering from family.
6. The poor teaching skills of a teacher also keep away student from the school.
7. Lack of confidence
8. Ragging also cause absenteeism
9. Lack of allied activities also causes absenteeism like no sports program, no fresher's or farewell parties ,no annual day celebration etc.
10.Poor food of canteen may also be consider as one of the reason for absenteeism.
11.Poor infrastructure facility in school such as no place in a library to sit is also one of the reason of absenteeism.
12. Most of the students are doing private coaching s for their entrance examinations such as medical engineering or are preparing for their board exams through private tuition causes absenteeism in school & college.
13 Excess of homework and sometimes fear from examination keep away students from school/college.
14 Preparation for the participation in TV shows in dance musical or acting, G.K. contest programs also increase the percentage of absenteeism.
15. Preparation for examination causes absenteeism.
16. If school or college is far off the percentage of absenteeism may increase.
17. Over expectation of parents also deteriorate the attendance of a student when s/he is unable to cope with parent nature of making comparison among their own children of with the friends of their child.
18. Too much socialization causes absenteeism. It mostly happens during teen age and college when the students form a group to freak out.
19 .When more than desired facilities are provided by parents such as CAR, Mobiles, High Amount of Money as Pocket Money the student start enjoying those facilities and becomes absent.
20. Inferiority complex within student causes absenteeism.
