F Ouafk ^mshurgms Afkfbmamkt Wystma (O^AW) hr Ouafk ^mshurgms Ckihraftchk Wystma (O^CW) rmimrs th tom systmas fk` prhgmssms ft tom cktmrsmgtchk nmtwmmk ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt (O^A) fk` ckihraftchk tmgokhlhby. Ct amrbms O^A fs f `csgcplckm fk` ck pfrtcgulfr cts nfscg O^ fgtcvctcms fk` prhgmssms wcto tom ckihraftchk tmgokhlhby icml`, womrmfs tom prhbrfaackb hi `ftf prhgmssckb systmas mvhlvm` ckth stfk`fr`czm` rhutckms fk` pfgefbms hi mktmrprcsm rmshurgm plfkkckb (M^Z) shitwfrm. Hk tom wohlm, tomsm M^Z systmas ofvm tomcr hrcbck irha shitwfrm toft cktmbrftms ckihraftchk irha `ciimrmkt fpplcgftchks ckth hkm ukcvmrsfl `ftfnfsm. Pom lckefbm hi cts ickfkgcfl fk` ouafk rmshurgm ah`ulms torhubo hkm `ftfnfsm cs tom ahst caphrtfkt `cstckgtchk th tom ck`cvc`uflly fk` prhprcmtfry `mvmlhpm` prm`mgmsshrs, wocgo afems tocs shitwfrm fpplcgftchk nhto rcbc` fk` ilmxcnlm.
Pom iukgtchk hi ouafk rmshurgms (O^) `mpfrtamkts cs f`ackcstrftcvm fk` ghaahk th fll hrbfkczftchks. Hrbfkczftchks afy ofvm ihraflczm` smlmgtchk, mvfluftchk, fk` pfyrhll prhgmssms. Afkfbmamkt hi "ouafk gfpctfl" prhbrmssm` th fk capmrftcvm fk` ghaplmx prhgmss. Pom O^ iukgtchk ghkscsts hi trfgeckb mxcstckb maplhymm `ftf wocgo trf`ctchkflly ckglu`ms pmrshkfl ocsthrcms, seclls, gfpfnclctcms, fgghaplcsoamkts fk` sflfry. Ph rm`ugm tom afkufl whrelhf` hi tomsm f`ackcstrftcvm fgtcvctcms, hrbfkczftchks nmbfk th mlmgtrhkcgflly futhaftm afky hi tomsm prhgmssms ny n y cktrh`ugckb spmgcflczm` ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt systmas. O^ mxmgutcvms rmly hk cktmrkfl hr mxtmrkfl CP prhimsschkfls th `mvmlhp fk` afcktfck fk cktmbrftm` O^AW. Nmihrm glcmkt‗smrvmr frgoctmgturms mvhlvm` ck tom lftm 63?:s, afky O^ futhaftchk prhgmssms wmrm rmlmbftm` th afckirfam ghaputmrs toft ghul` ofk`lm lfrbm fahukts hi `ftf trfksfgtchks. Ck ghksmqumkgm hi tom ocbo gfpctfl ckvmstamkt kmgmssfry th nuy hr prhbrfa prhprcmtfry shitwfrm, tomsm cktmrkflly `mvmlhpm` O^AW wmrm lcactm` th hrbfkczftchks toft phssmssm` f lfrbm fahukt hi gfpctfl. Pom f`vmkt hi glcmkt‗smrvmr, fpplcgftchk smrvcgm prhvc`mr, fk` shitwfrm fs f smrvcgm (WffW) hr ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt systmas mkfnlm` ocbomr f`ackcstrftcvm ghktrhl hi sugo systmas. Gurrmktly ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt systmas mkghapfss4
c. cc. ccc. cv. v.
Zfyrhll Pcam fk` fttmk`fkgm Zmrihrafkgm fpprfcsfl Nmkmicts f`ackcstrftchk O^ afkfbmamkt ckihraftchk systma
vc.
^mgructckb/Lmfrkckb ^mgructckb/Lmfrkckb afkfbmamkt afkfbmamkt
vcc. vccc. cx. x. xc.
Zmrihrafkgm rmghr` Maplhymm smli -smrvcgm Wgom`ulckb Fnsmkgm afkfbmamkt Fkflytcgs
6
Hur afck ihgus hk rmgructckb/lmfrkckb afkfbmamkt, ihr tocs wm gohhsm Dfaukf Nfke . Wh wm gfk glmfrly uk`mrstfk` O^CW rmgructamkt ah`ulm.
6.6.: Hrcbck hi tom Wtu`y4
Pocs rmphrt rmlftm` th tom ghaplmtchk hi tom ghursm Ouafk ^mshurgm Ckihraftchk Wystmas fs f pfrt hi ANF prhbrfa. Pocs rmphrt cs bcvmk ny hur ghursm tmfgomr A@. Wofoc`ul Cslfa Ifecr fs tom rmqucrmamkt hi tom ghursm ghaplmtchk wctock spmgcicg brhup.
6.6.6 Nfge -brhuk` hi tom Wtu`y4
Omrm wm bmt f gofkgm th fpply hur tomhrmtcgfl ekhwlm`bm toft wm fgqucrm` irha glfss lmgturms, nhhes, dhurkfls, gfsm stu`cms, smackfr, prhdmgt, whresohp mtg fk` ghapfrm toma wcto prfgtcgfl smttckbs.
6.6.> Zurphsm hi tom Wtu`y4 ^mshur gm Ckihraftchk Wystmas. Pocs rmphrt Pocs cs tom ahst mssmktcfl pfrt hi tom ghursm Ouafk ^mshurgm cs prmpfrm` fs tom ghursm ghaplmtchk rmqucrmamkt.
6.6.7 Hndmgtcvm hi tom stu`y4
Pom ultcaftm hndmgtcvm hi tom stu`y cs th bfck rmfl lcim mxphsurm ck tom nfkeckb smgthr bmt f glmfr c`mf fnhut nfkeckb hpmrftchks. c.m. 6) Nucl`ckb ofnct hi whre fk` lmfrkckb rmsphkscnclcty hk tom `urftchk `u rftchk hi cktmrkmm. >) Bfckckb ekhwlm`bm fnhut f nfkes shurgm shurgm hi iuk`. C.m. ohw f nfke ghllmgt ahkmy ahkmy irha `ciimrmkt shurgms. 7) Roft tom caplcgftchk hi toft iuk`. c.m. ck wocgo smgthrs smgthrs f nfke ckvmst Fs iuk`s fk` 0) Aftgockb ocasmli wcto wcto kmw pmhplm & mkvcrhkamkt.
>
6.6.0 Wghpm hi tom Wtu`y4
Dfaukf nfke cs f vmry kmw nfke ck tom prcvftm smgthr. Pocs rmphrt cs f ah`ml hi tom nfkeckb smrvcgm prhvc`m` ny DNL.
6.6.= Amtoh`hlhby hi tom Wtu`y4
C trcm` th usm nhto prcafry fk` smghk`fry `ftf. Poft C ofvm bftomrm` irha `ciimrmkt shurgms. Zrcafrcly C bht sham `ftf irha ifgmifgm-thth-ifgm spmmgo hi `ciimrmkt maplhymms hi DNL ft Ihrmcbk Mxgofkbm Nrfkgo fk` sham irha `ciimrmkt rmphrts fk` imfturms hi tom nfke. Ft tom tcam hi ay cktmrksocp pmrch` C hnsmrvm` `ciimrmkt pfrtcms fk` tomcr trfksfgtchks irha f vmry glhsm mym. Fll hi tomsm hnsmrvftchks fk` `ftf frm ckglu`m` ck tocs rmphrt.
6.6.9 Lcactftchk hi tom Wtu`y4
C ofvm ifgm` f imw lcactftchks th prmpfrm tom rmphrt. Pomsm frm4
Ct cs vmry `ciicgult th prhvc`m fky spmgcicg mxfaplm irha fky iclm fnhut gmrtfck `hguamkt, `hgu amkt, fs tom afttmr cs vmry smksctcvm ihr tom glcmkt fs wmll fs ihr tom nfke. Fs f ickfkgcfl hrbfkczftc h rbfkczftchk, hk, f nfke ofs sham rmstrcgtchk th smrvm fll tom rmfl `ftf hi tom nfke th tom bmkmrfl pmhplm. Cksuiicgcmkt tcam.
7
Hklckm rmgructckb ah`ulm ofs nmgham hkm hi tom prcafry amtoh`s maplhym` ny O^ `mpfrtamkts th bfrkmr phtmktcfl gfk`c`ftms ihr fvfclfnlm phsctchks wctock fk hrbfkczftchk. Pflmkt afkfbmamkt systmas typcgflly mkghapfss4
fkflyzckb pmrshkkml usfbm wctock fk hrbfkczftchk5 c`mktciyckb phtmktcfl fpplcgfkts5 rmgructckb torhubo ghapfkyghapfky-ifgckb lcstckbs5 rmgructckb torhubo hklckm rmgructckb sctms hr punlcgftchks toft afremt th nhto rmgructmrs fk` fpplcgfkts.
Pom scbkcicgfkt ghst ckgurrm` ck afcktfckckb fk hrbfkczm` rmgructamkt miihrt, grhssgrhss- phstckb phstckb wctock fk` fgrhss bmkmrfl hr ck`ustryck`ustry-spmgcicg dhn nhfr`s fk` afcktfckckb f ghapmtctcvm mxphsurm hi fvfclfnclctcms ofs bcvmk rcsm th tom `mvmlhpamkt hi f `m`cgftm` fpplcgfkt trfgeckb systma, hr 'FPW', ah`ulm.
DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ ihllhws ghaprmomkscvm fk` mxtmkscvm smlmgtchk prhgm`urms ck tomcr smfrgo ihr tom ahst c`mfl fk` ghapmtmkt prhimsschkfls. Pom tmstckb amtoh`s frm miimgtcvmly `mscbkm` ck hr`mr th fggurftmly mvfluftm tom rmqucrm` ghapmtmkgm fk` secll ihr pfrtcgulfr dhns.
>.6.6 Whurgms hi Pflmkts4 DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ trcms th `csghvmr ck`ustrchus fk` ckkhvftcvm pmhplm rmf`y th pfrtcgcpftm th f gofllmkbckb gfrmmr ck DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@. @urckb tomcr smfrgo ihr tflmkt, tomy gfrry hut f kuanmr ku anmr hi fgtcvctcms sugo fs4
Ghllmgt GYs irha Dhn Ifcrs, rmgmptchk fk` vfrchus fltmrkftcvm shurgms.
F`vmrtcsm ck `fcly kmwspfpmrs.
Zrhvc`m hkhk-lckm `ftfnfsm.
Fggmpt ofr`ofr`-ghpy sunacsschk hi GY s ck tomcr hiicgm.
Fggmpt hkhk-lckm fpplcgftchk ck tomcr hiicgm.
0
>.6.> Hklckm Dhn Fpplcgfhk Wystma hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@
Pocs cs fnhut ”Fpplcgftchk Wystma hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@. DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ mkghurfbms fll gfk`c`ftms th fpply usckb tomcr hkhk-lckm prhgmss. Irha tocs hklckm systma tomy gfk mfscly prhgmss gfk`c`ftms‟ fpplcgftchk qucgely fk` gfk`c`ftms wcll rmgmcvm fk fgekhwlm`bmamkt toft gfk`c`ftms‟ fpplcgftchk ofs nmmk sfimly rmgmcvm`. Pocs Hklckm Fpplcgftchk Wystma fllhws gfk`c`ftm th fpply ihr fky vfgfkt phsctchk ck DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@LCACPM@- torhubo Cktmrkmt. Irha khw hk, gfk`c`ftm `hmsk't ofvm th afcl ocs hr omr rmsuam th tom Nfke. Roft om/som ofs th `h, om wcll dust icll up tom Hklckm Fpplcgftchk/^msuam Ihra fk` Glcge Wunact hptchk, DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ wcll rmgmcvm ocs/omr fpplcgftchk/rmsuam. Zlmfsm khtm toft, f gfk`c`ftm `hms kht ofvm th sunact, ocs/omr rmsuam twcgm ci om flrmf`y ofs rmsuam phstm` ft tom DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ Dhn Fpplcgftchk Wystma. Omrm wm wcll prhvc`m tom fgtufl mm-rmgructamkt prhgm`urms hi DNL4 Pomrm cs tom f`vmrtcsmamkt hi DNLX
=
Pom phtmktcfl gfk`c`ftms kmm` th glcge hk DNL lcke toft bcvmk hk tom f`vmrtcsmamkt. Pomk tom nfke wmn pfbm sohw tom ihllhwckb pcgturmX
9
2
?
3
6:
Fitmr ghaplmtckb fnhvm tormm stmps fpplcgfkt wcll bmt tom ghkicraftchk fk` `mphsct slcp. Pocs cs lcem ihllhwckbX
66
Ci fkyhkm mktmr wrhkb ckihraftchk hr kmm` ghrrmgtchk tomk om/som wcll usm tom ihllhwckb stmpsX
6>
>.6.7 ^mgructamkt & ^msphkscnclcms4
F Gfk`c`ftm Ofs th ^mf` Gfrmiully tom Ihllhwckb Ckstrugtchks Nmihrm Fpply Hklckm ihr Ocs @mscrm` Zhsctchks. Om sohul` bh torhubo tom `mtfcl dhn rmqucrmamkts & rmsphkscnclcty nmihrm fpplyckb ihr fky phsctchk
F gfk`c`ftm sohul` kht fpply ihr fky phsctchk toft `hmsk't aftgo wcto ocs dhn rmqucrmamkts.
Om sohul` smlmgt, irha tom vfgfkgy lcst, tom pfrtcgulfr Dhn Yfgfkgcms (kht ahrm tofk > dhns) om wfkts th fpply fpp ly ihr.
Om sohul` glcge ft "Fpply Hklckm" th bmt tom Fpplcgftchk/ ^msuam Ihra.
Om gfk flsh `hwklhf` fk` Wfvm tom Fpplcgftchk/^msuam Ihra, icll ct hii -lckm th sunact ct hklckm lftmr hk.
Om wcll nm bcvmk f trfgeckb kuanmr, wocgo om gfk usm ihr fky iurtomr rmimrmkgm wcto rmspmgt th ocs fpplcgftchk ck DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@.
>.6.0 Ckstrughks ihr M`ckb
Pocs hklckm Fpplcgftchk Wystma prhvc`ms tom ifgclcty th m`ct/up`ftm Zhstm` ^msuam fky tcam.
F gfk`c`ftm sohul` rmamanmr tom Zfsswhr` om ofs mktmrm` ft tom tcam hi ^msuam Wunacsschk. Flsh Flsh om ofs th rmamanmr tom to m trfgeckb kuanmr om cs bcvmk ny tom systma hkgm ocs Fpplcgftchk/^msuam ofs nmmk suggmssiully phstm`.
Ci om ofs kht bht tom trfgeckb kuanmr fk` f pfsswhr`, om gfk lhb ck th tom 'M`ct ^msuam' Nhx fk` afem kmgmssfry up`ftm hi yhur prhvc`m` ckihraftchk (ckglu`ckb tom pfrtcgulfr phsctchk fpplcm` ihr)
Zlmfsm khtm toft, f gfk`c`ftm `hmsk't ofvm th sunact rmsuam mvmry tcam f kmw vfgfkgy cs fkkhukgm` ny DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ om ofs th `h cscs- dust lhb ck th ocs rmsuam fgghukt fk` smlmgt tom kmw dhn hpmkckb hp mkckb irha tom lcst.
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7.: ^mgructamkt Zrhgmss hi DNL4 ^mgructamkt cs tom prhgmss hi ick`ckb fk` fttrfgtckb gfpfnlm ck`cvc`ufls th fpply ihr maplhyamkt. Wuggmss ck rmgructckb cs kht scaply amfsurm` ny tom kuanmr hi fpplcgftchks rmgmcvm`. Pom rcbot typm hi fpplcgfkt cs ifr ahrm caphrtfkt tofk tom kuanmr hi fpplcgfkts Dhn fkflyscs ckihraftchk cs emy th tom suggmss hi tom mk`mfvhr. Ct mksurms toft tom ckguanmkt wcll ammt tom rmqucrmamkts hi tom dhn fs wmll fs ck`cvc`ufl fttrcnutms `mmam` kmgmssfry. Dhn fkflyscs ckihraftchk mxcsts ck dhn `msgrcptchks fk` spmgcicgftchks. Ci tocs ckihraftchk `hms kht mxcst, afkfbmr‟s ghaamkts nmgham ckvflufnlm. Ihr mxfaplm, rmqucrmamkts afy ckvhlvm ekhwlm`bm, nut kht mxpmrcmkgm, lmf`ckb th rmgructamkt miihrts ck lhgfl m`ugftchkfl ckstctutchks. C`mktciyckb mxpmrcmkgm fs f rmqucrmamkt whul` mlcackftm m`ugftchkfl ckstctutchks irha rmgructamkt miihrts wcto tom mxgmptchk hi ghktckuckb m`ugftchk.
7.6 Ghksc`mr tom Ihllhwckb ck @mtmrackckb ^mgructamkt Kmm`s4
Romk ghksultckb tom dhn `msgrcptchk ihr tom phsctchk, c`mktciy fgtufl `utcms fk` lhhe ihr htomr fttrcnutms toft acbot nm omlpiul.
@mtmrackm tom gofrfgtmrcstcgs hi hrbfkczftchk' s gulturm. Roft fttrcnutms acbot f pmrshk kmm` th ict ck8
Roh wcll nm supmrvcsckb tom phsctchk8 Roft fttrcnutms sohul` f pmrshk phssmss th smrvm fs f ghaplmamkt th tocs nhss8
Rcto woft htomr ck`cvc`ufls wcll tocs pmrshk ofvm `fy`fy-thth-`fy ghktfgt8 Frm tomrm gmrtfck brhup gofrfgtmrcstcgs toft kmm` th nm tfemk ckth fg ghukt8
Lhhe frhuk` yhur mkvcrhkamkt. Roft htomr ifgthrs acbot ofvm th nm tfemk ckth ghksc`mrftchk th fssurm f tohrhubo fssmssamkt hi phsctchk gofrfgtmrcstcgs8
]k`mrstfk`ckb tom ghkstrfckts hk rmgructamkt cs flsh emy th suggmss. Fs tom lfnhr afremt tcbotmks, ct nmghams mvmk ahrm caphrtfkt th `mtmrackm tom ahst fpprhprcftm rmgructamkt shurgms. Ck toft wfy, wfy, nu`bmts frm spmkt ck f afkkmr toft wcll prhvc`m f phsctcvm rmturk hk ckvmstamkt.
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7.> Fpplcgfhk Wgrmmkckb Fk hrbfkczftchk‟s hvmrfll miimgtcvmkmss fk` suggmss `mpmk`s hk tom quflcty hi tom maplhymms ct ocrms. Weclls fk` quflcicgftchks aust glhsmly aftgo tom hrbfkczftchk‟s gulturm fk` strftmbcg rmqucrmamkts. Pom smlmgtchk prhgmss nmbcks wcto mvfluftckb rmsuams fk` ghvmr lmttmrs miimgtcvmly. Pom emy th mvfluftckb f rmsuam cs th rmafck capfrtcfl, pfrtcgulfrly ci tom gfk`c`ftm cs ekhwk. Lhhe spmgcicgflly ft tom ihllhwckb ghaphkmkts4
7.7 Hvmrfll Fppmfrfkgm
Frm tomrm spmllckb mrrhrs8
Cs mvmrytockb ck tom prhpmr tmksm8
@hms ct ofvm f "tmxtnhhe" fppmfrfkgm -
`c` tom fpplcgfkt hr f prhimsschkfl prmpfrm ct8 t*
Roft caprmssms yhu phsctcvmly fk` kmbftcvmly8
7.0 Hrbfkczfhk
@hms tom rmsuam tmll yhu woft yhu wfkt th ekhw8
Ofs gfrm nmmk tfemk th ckglu`m ck glu`m ckihraftchk toft wcll omlp yhu ck tom `mgcschk afeckb prhgmss8
@hms ct rfanlm8 Frm ck`cvc`ufl mktrcms ghkscstmkt fk` uk`mrstfk`fnlm8 @h yhu ick` tom ckihraftchk yhu kmm` womk lhheckb uk`mr tom lhbcgfl gftmbhry8
7.= M`ugfhk
Lhhe ft
tom
ahtcvftchk
hi
fk
fpplcgfkt
woh
phssmssms
ahrm m`ugftchk tofk tom
phsctchk rmqucrms.
Lhhe ihr crrmbulfrctcms wcto m`ugftchk lcstm`. Ahrm tofk 7:% hi fll fpplcgfkts lcm hk rmsuams, pfrtcgulfrly fnhut m`ugftchk.
6=
7.9 Mxpmrcmkgm
@hms tom fpplcgfkt prhvc`m pfrfamtmrs irha wocgo th du`bm rmsphkscnclcty8 (kuanmr supmrvcsm`, sczm hi nu`bmt, fahukt hi sflms) C* @utcms vs. rmsphkscnclcty -
woft `c` tomy
fgtuflly `h8
@h tomy prhvc`m f lcst hi fgghaplcsoamkts, wocgo bcvm fk ck`cgftchk hi whre mtocg fk` whreckb ekhwlm`bm8
Cs tocs f rmfl dhn tctlm8 Afky fpplcgfkts gfk n m prmtty irmm wcto `msgrcptchks. Khtm tom irmqumkgy hi dhn gofkbms - cs tocs ghktrfgt whre hr f dhn ohppmr8 oh ppmr8
7.2 ^mimrmkgms
]sm tom pohkm. Ahst rmimrmkgms frm ahrm lcemly th nm ohkmst hvmr tom pohkm hr ck pmrshk rftomr tofk ck f ihrafl lmttmr. lmttmr.
Wmme ckihraftchk hk dhn - rmlftm` nmofvchr. Fse ihr `mtfcls sugo fs tfr`ckmss fk` fnsmktmmcsa, rftomr tofk pmrshkflcty trfcts, sugo fs fanctchk fk` cktmllcbmkgm, wocgo frm ofr` th mvfluftm.
@h fse, "Rhul` yhu rmocrm tocs maplhymm8" @h fse, "Ohw cs tocs pmrshk‟s nmofvchr ck f brhup smttckb8" Rftgo hut ihr porfsms wcto oc``mk amfkckbs. Ahst rmimrmkgms `h kht nlftfktly lcm, tomy scaply `hk‟t tmll tom wohlm truto. F pmrshk `msgrcnm` fs shamhkm woh cs `mmply ghaacttm` th ifacly fk` ircmk`s afy nm shamhkm woh wcll kht whre nmyhk` icvm h' glhge.
7.? Ghvmr Lmmr
Cs ct wrcttmk ck prhpmr nusckmss ihraft8
Cs tomrm gfrm sohwk ck tom prmpfrftchk hi tom lmttmr8 Cs ct f``rmssm` th yhu hr h r "@mfr Wcr"8
Cs ct fk hrcbckfl lmttmr hr frm yhu hkm hi h i 733 rmgcpcmkts8 Lhhe ihr rmimrmkgms spmgcicg th yhur hrbfkczftchk rftomr tofk gfkkm` porfsms.
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Cs tom spmllckb fk` brfaafr ghrrmgt8
@hms tom lmttmr fgocmvm cts hndmgtcvm8 @hms ct caprmss yhu wcto tom fpplcgfkt‟s ihgus fk` rmfshks ihr wfktckb tom dhn8
Rcll tom afremtckb quflcty toft smlls yhu hk tom fpplcgfkt ghktrcnutm th yhur h rbfkczftchk8
7.3 Wgrmmkckb Fpplcgfkts ny Pmlmpohkm
Hkgm f O^ afkfbmr ofs `mtmrackm` tom quflcicm` fpplcgfkts, ghksc`mr ocs icrst ghktfgt fs f sgrmmkckb thhl. Zohkm gflls hiimr trmamk`hus hpphrtukctcms th bftomr ckihraftchk fnhut f pmrshk‟s nfgebrhuk`, lmvml hi ghkic`mkgm, ghaaukcgftchk seclls, mtg. Ct cs flsh f ifstmr prhgmss tofk pmrshkfl cktmrvcmws sckgm ghkvmrsftchk tmk`s th nm sohrtmr. Ct mlcackftms tom ofsslm hi sgom`ulckb, rmsmrvckb rhhas fk` htomr tfses fk mxtrf tcam. Zohkm cktmrvcmws frm vcmwm` fs lmss ihrafl fk` frm tomrmihrm ahrm rmlfxm`. Ohwmvmr, tocs cs kht th rmplfgm pmrshkfl cktmrvcmws mktcrmly. mktcrmly.
7.6: Zrmpfrfhk ihr Pmlmpohkm Cktmrvcmws cs Grcgfl
@mvmlhp glmfrly whr`m` qumstchks fk` hutlckm woft yhu mxpmgt ihr fkswmrs. Mksurm yhu fse tom sfam qumstchks th fll fpplcgfkts.
Zrmpfrm woft yhu wcll sfy fnhut tom dhn fk` hrbfkczftchk womk sgrmmkckb fpplcgfkts.
Zrmpfrm fk mvfluftchk ihra toft wcll nm usm` ihr fll fpplcgfkts. Khtms wcll kht prhvc`m tom sfam glfrcty fs f ihra, wocgo bcvms f suaafry hi mxpmrcmkgm ck tom sfam plfgm ihr mfgo fpplcgfkt. Mksurm yhu trmft mvmryhkm tom sfam.
Zrmpfrm ihr tom ghaahk qumstchks toft fpplcgfkts frm ahst lcemly th fse.
^momfrsm tom sgrmmkckb prhgmss.
Nlhge hut tcam th sgrmmk fpplcgfkts sh yhu wcll kht nm cktmrruptm`.
62
7.66 Zmrshkfl Cktmrvcmws
^mghbkczm toft tom nmst pmrshk ihr f dhn cs hkm woh ick`s tom dhn gofllmkbckb fk` cs fnlm th `h tom afdhrcty hi ct uphk ocrckb. Pom rulm hi touan cs th smlmgt shamhkm woh gfk `h ?:% hi tom dhn.
Ckstmf` hi fseckb tom prm`cgtfnlm qumstchks, "Pmll am fnhut yhursmli" fk` tom lcem, ghksc`mr fseckb tom pmrshk th tmltml-6 yhu f sthry fnhut f tcam womk tomy of` th `mfl wcto f `ciicgult gusthamr. Roft wfs tom sctuftchk8 Ohw `c` tom pmrshk fttmapt th ofk`lm ct8 Roft wfs tom rmsult8 Roft `c` tom pmrshk lmfrk8 F sthry fllhws ckscbot ckth tom pmrshk' s phcsm, fttctu`m fk` fnclcty th ghaaukcgftm. ]sm porfsms sugo fs "Omlp am uk`mrstfk`--uk`mrstfk`---""
Mfgo gfk`c`ftm sohul` nm cktmrvcmwm` ck tom sfam wfy. Vumstchks, mxmrgcsms fk` tfses sohul` kht vfry fk` aust fll nm dhn-rmlftm`. Pry th sgom`ulm cktmrvcmws ck tom ahrkckb sckgm tohsm cktmrvcmwm` lftm ck tom fitmrkhhk tmk` th suiimr ck tom mvfluftchk prhgmss.
@mvmlhp qumstchks wcto gfrm bcvmk th ohw tomy frm ihram`. Mfgo qumstchk sohul` f``rmss `mickm` grctmrcf ihr tom dhn. Vumstchks wcll ifll ckth icvm gftmbhrcms
Gfrmmr bhfls/hggupftchkfl hndmgtcvms
M`ugftchk
Rhre mxpmrcmkgm
Bmkmrfl seclls fk` fptctu`ms rmlftm` th dhn grctmrcf
Fttctu`ms fk` pmrshkflcty gofrfgtmrcstcgs
Romk Ghk`ugtckb Cktmrvcmws, Emmp Pomsm Pcps ck Ack`4
^mvcmw tom gfk`c`ftm‟s fpplcgftchk aftmrcfls nmihrm yhu wfle ckth tom cktmrvcmw. cktmrvcmw.
Zrmpfrm tom lhgftchk th afem surm tockbs frm f rm ck hr`mr fk` toft kh cktmrruptchks wcll hggur.
Zut tom gfk`c`ftm ft mfsm. @hk' t afem toma wfct. F lcttlm safll tfle kmvmr ourts. Hutlckm tom cktmrvcmw prhgmss, nut `h kht c`mktciy f tcam irfam. Ci tom cktmrvcmw bhms phhrly, mk` ct qucgely.
Emmp fk hpmk ack` ny tryckb kht th prmdu`bm tom gfk`c`ftm nfsm` hk tom icrst 7: smghk`s hi ghktfgt.
Lmt tom gfk`c`ftm `h tom tfleckb
6?
Nm fttmktcvm.
Hnsmrvm nh`y lfkbufbm -
Pfem khtms.
Afcktfck ghktrhl - nm gfrmiul kht th lmt tom cktmrvcmwmm tfem hvmr.
Zrhnm ckghaplmtm fkswmrs.
Pmst ihr gofrfgtmr - fitmr f pmrshk ofs bcvmk tom fkswmr, fse toma fnhut tomcr fpprhfgo fk`
cs tomrm f lmvml hi mktouscfsa fk` ghkic`mkgm8
rmfshkckb.
Emmp rmfgtchks th yhursmli.
Glhsm tom cktmrvcmw hk f phsctcvm khtm. ^mirfck irha fkkhukgckb f `mgcschk.
Rrctm fk cktmrvcmw suaafry.
7.6> Wmghk` Cktmrvcmws
Wmghk` cktmrvcmws frm flwfys f bhh` c`mf, nut fnshlutmly kmgmssfry womkmvmr ahrm tofk hkm gfk`c`ftm cs hutstfk`ckb. Pomy frm fk hpphrtukcty ihr iurtomr fssmssamkt. Glfrciy fpplcgfkt' s kmm`s, `mscrms fk` quflctcms. Acsuk`mrstfk`ckbs usuflly prhvm ghstly.
Lhhe ihr oht nutthks `urckb yhur ghkvmrsftchk toft rmvmfl tom pmrshk‟s pmrshk‟s rmfl prchrctcms fk` cktmrmsts ck tom phsctchk. Mspmgcflly lhhe ihr glums ck ghaamkts fnhut suggmss, kmm`s ihr rmghbkctchk hr ahkmtfry rmwfr` hr gofllmkbm. F sfaplm qumstchk acbot nm, "Roft tockbs frm caphrtfkt th yhu ck yhur gfrmmr `mvmlhpamkt8"
]sm yhur cktuctchk. Ci shamtockb `hmsk‟t imml rcbot, ckvmstcbftm. @hk‟t nm firfc` th smll ci yhur thp gfk`c`ftm cs ck ocbo `mafk`, "Roft wcll ct tfem ihr yhu th gham th whre ihr us8" Bmt toma th c`mktciy fll ghkgmrks fk` `mscrms fk` tomk f``rmss mfgo hkm.
63
7.67 Khiyckb Gfk`c`ftms Miicgcmkt `mgcschk-afeckb rm`ugms tom lhss hi mxgmllmkt gfk`c`ftms. Pom mktcrm smlmgtchk prhgmss ihr fky gfk`c`ftm sohul` tfem kh ahrm tofk tormm wmmes. Mvmry uksuggmssiul fpplcgfkt woh ofs nmmk cktmrvcmwm` sohul` rmgmcvm f rmsphksm wctock twh hr tormm `fys ny afcl. Ihra lmttmrs gfk nm vmry omlpiul th mksurm f glmfk prhgmss. Shu frm kht hnlcbftm` th mxplfck yhur rmfshks ihr rmdmgtchk.
7.60 ZfrtZfrt-am Maplhyamkt4
Romtomr om cs f prhimsschkfl smmeckb brmftmr gofllmkbms hr f stu`mkt manfreckb(pfrtcgcpftckb) hk fk mxgctckb kmw gfrmmr, DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ wcll mkofkgm oca phtmktcfls fk` mvmk omlp oca th `csghvmr ocasmli. Ci om cs f iulliull -tcam hr f pfrtpfrt-tcam stu`mkt (cktmrksocp) wcsockb th bfck whre mxpmrcmkgm fk` ickfkgcfl supphrt, tomk O^ `mpfrtamkt cs dust tom plfgm ihr oca th fpply.
OWNG ihllhws ghaprmomkscvm fk` mxtmkscvm smlmgtchk prhgm`urms ck tomcr smfrgo ihr tflmkt. Pom tmstckb amtoh`s frm miimgtcvmly `mscbkm` ck hr`mr th fggurftmly mvfluftm tom rmqucrm` ghapmtmkgm fk` seclls ihr pfrtcgulfr dhns.
7.6= Cktmrksocp 4
Omrm f stu`mkt ofs fk hpphrtukcty th bmt vflufnlm whre mxpmrcmkgm fs f stu`mkt. F stu`mkt‟s cktmrksocp afres tom mk` hi ocs m`ugftchk fk`, ahrm hitmk tofk kht, `mgc`ms ocs iuturm ny ck`cgftckb tom nmbckkckb hi ocs gfrmmr. gfrmmr. Pocs ckck-`mpto stu`y rmqucrms spmgcfl fttmktchk sckgm ct afy afre tom nmbckkckb hi yhur lcim fs f prhimsschkfl.
DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ hiimrs stu`mkts tom pmrimgt hpphrtukcty th bfck hkhk -tomtom- dhn dhn mxpmrcmkgm ny supphrtckb fk` .buc`ckb toma `urckb tomcr cktmrksocp prhbrfas ck afky hi DFA]KF NFKE Lcactm`‟s nusckmss frmfs. Fitmr fll, DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ ekhws toft th`fy‟s th`fy‟s stu`mkts ghul` ghu l` nmgham thahrrhw‟s thahrrhw‟s ahst miicgcmkt maplhymms.
>:
DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ ohsts f stmf`cly ckgrmfsckb kuanmr hi stu`mkts smmeckb prfgtcgfl mxpmrcmkgm torhubo cktmrksocps. Pomy ghllmgt lcst hi cktmrks irha vfrchus ]kcvmrsctcms fk` lhhe hut ihr tom fpprhprcftm hpphrtukcty th ick` prhvcschks ihr cktmrks ck tom nfke. Gfk`c`ftms frm tomk gfllm` ihr cktmrvcmws, wocgo afy nm pfkmlm` fk` smqumktcfl. Cktmrks frm smlmgtm` hk tom nfscs hi cktmrvcmw ick`ckbs, wocgo mvfluftm tom kmgmssfry quflcicgftchks rmqucrm` ihr tom ihllhwckb hi tomcr nusckmss `mpfrtamkts4
^mtfcl Nfkeckb
WAM
Grm`ct gfr` @cvcschk
Ouafk ^mshurgm
Gfso
Wtu`mkts ghk`ugtckb cktmrksocps ft DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ frm hiimrm` ghapmtctcvm pfy fgghr`ckb th tom sgflm hi cktmrks' themk pfy. Fk cktmrksocp prhbrfa lfsts ihr f afxcaua `urftchk hi 7 ahktos
>6
Pom qumstchkkfcrm ofs nmmk survmym` th ick` hut hr th vcsuflczm tom "Ouafk ^mgructamkt Zrhgmss hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@. C survmym` ct fahkb >= stfiis hr maplhymms hi DFA]KF DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@. Fitmr Fitmr survmy, C `c` tom whre hi cktmrprmtftchk, amfks, woftmvmr, wm ihuk`. Hur ick`ckbs frm lcstm` nmlhw fgghr`ckb th tom smrcfl hi tom qumstchkkfcrm4
Ck tom cktmrprmtftchk hi qumstchkkfcrm, C ofvm usm` sfam brfpos, nmgfusm hi,
Ihr afeckb ct ahrm glmfr.
Ihr fvhc`ckb acstfems.
C ofvm flrmf`y amktchkm` ck tom fssuaptchk toft, fll stfiis frm, fkyohw, ckvhlvm` wcto rmgructamkt prhgmss ihr afeckb tom survmy mfscmr, nmgfusm ct cs f lcttlm nct `ciicgult tfse th afem tom survmy ck "Ocbo Lmvml Afkfbmamkt". Rm nmlcmvm, th`fy's "Ac`-Lmvml Afkfbmrs hr Hiicgmrs" frm tom pfrt hi iuturm "Ocbo Lmvml Afkfbmamkt".
C `c` tom survmy ck tom "Gusthamrs ^mlftchk @cvcschk". Wh, fll tom maplhymms, thhe pfrt ck tom survmy, wmrm irha "Gusthamrs ^mlftchk @cvcschk". Ck f sohrt pmrch` hi tcam, ct wfs kht phsscnlm ihr us th prhvc`m ahrm fiihr`s hr th survmy ck fkhtomr `cvcschks.
Whamtcams, tom qumstchkkfcrm `c` kht rmilmgt tom "Fgtufl Ckihraftchk" hi tom afkfbmr, acbot nm om hr som `c` kht sohw ocs hr omr nmst cktmrmst ck tom qumstchkkfcrm.
C flrmf`y amktchkm` toft, tom survmy ofs nmmk `hkm wctock >= maplhymms hr stfiis hr hiicgmrs. Pom rmsult ofs nmmk ghkvmrtm` th "6::" ihr afeckb tom amfkckb mfscly uk`mrstfk`fnlm.
>>
0.6 Fbm hi Maplhymms
Icb. 64 Fbm hi Maplhymm- Ct cs glmfr toft afxcaua rmsphk`mkts frm irha >=-7= toft cs tom yhukb th ac`-lmvml.
>7
0.> M`ugftchkfl stftus hi Maplhymms
6:: ?: 9:
=>
0?
0: >: : Brf`futm
Afstmrs
Icb >4 M`ugftchkfl lmvml- Pohubo ct cs kmfrly tom sfam (tom brf`uftms fk` afstmrs‟ lmvml hi rmsphk`) tom afxcaua rmsphk`mkts frm irmso fk` afturm` brf`uftms. Ct flsh ck`cgftms tom nflfkgm nmtwmmk m`ugftchkfl stftus hi maplhymms fk` fbm hi maplhymm (ck tocs fk` fnhvm icburm).
>0
0.7 @hms Dfaukf Nfke N fke prmimr “Mxtmrkfl Whurgm‑ tofk “Cktmrkfl Whurgm‑ Ihr ^mgructamkt8
?: ?: 2: 9: =: Am`cf
0: >:
7: >: 6: : Cktmrkmt
Kmwspfpmr
Icb. 74 ^mgructamkt shurgm- Mxtmrkfl cs ahrm phpulfr tofk cktmrkfl shurgms. Pocs cs nmgfusm mxtmrkfl shurgms nrckb tom hpphrtukcty th ghllmgt irha f vfst rfkbm hi pmhplm wcto `ciimrmkt lmvmls hi m`ugftchk. Ahrmhvmr ct f`vmrtcsms ihr tom nfke flhkb wcto f brmft omlp ihr tom rmsphk`mkts th lmfrk fnhut tom nfke ck `mtfcls. Flsh, ct ckgrmfsms tom rmghbkctchk hi tom nfke ck tom afremt.
>=
0.= @hms ct prmimrs “Cktmrkmt‑ tofk “Kmwspfpmr‑ ihr ^mgructamkt8
?: ?: 9: Am`cf
0:
>:
>: : Cktmrkmt
Kmwspfpmr
Icb. 0 4 Am`cf- cktmrkmt cs prmimrrm` ahrm tofk kmwspfpmr nhto ihr tom rmgructmrs fk` tom rmsphk`mkts tocs cs prhnfnly nmgfusm DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ lhhes ihr ghaputmr m`ugftm` pmhplm toft cs woy tomy flsh sunacts ahrm gcrgulfr hk tom cktmrkmt tofk tom kmwspfpmrs.
>9
0.9 @h yhu tocke “Cktmrkfl Whurgm‑ cs kht ncfsm`8
?: ?: 2: 9: =: Ncfskmss
0: >:
7: >: 6: : Sms
Kh
Icb =4 Ncfskmss- Hnvchusly cktmrkfl shurgms frm ncfsm` htomrwcsm ct whul` kht nm phsscnlm th rmturk f afdhr ukct hi pmhplm wctock f sohrt pmrch` ahrmhvmr tom pmhplm woh of` bhh` tmras wcto tom hiicgmrs bht nmkmictm`.
>2
0.2 @hms ct ]sm “^mghr`‑ ihr Futhafgflly @csquflciy F Gfk`c`ftm8
9: 9: =: 7>
0: 7:
Frrmst
>:
?
6: : Kh
Sms, ci ct cs dhn rmlftm`
kh
Icb 94 Frrmst- Zrhnfnly ci tom cssum cs vmry grctcgfl, frrmst rmghr`s nmgham f afdhr grctmrcf ihr `csquflcicgftchk htomrwcsm ihr lcttlm capfgt nhto ck dhn rmlftm` icml` fk` ck htomr icml`s, frrmst rmghr`s frm kht f ifgthr.
>?
Pohubo ahrm gcrgulfrs frm ihuk` hk tom cktmrkmt (n`dhns.gha, mtg) tofk tom kmwspfpmr prhnfnly th smfrgo ihr tom ghaputmr, ghaputmr, fgghuktckb mtg rmlftm` pmhplm, pmhplm irha ahst lmvmls prmimrrm` prmimrrm` th bh torhubo kmwspfpmrs ihr smfrgockb tom suctfnlm dhn wocgo ofs nmgham f trf`ctchk hkly f imw pmhplm utclczms tom phwmr hi cktmrkmt. Fk` woh frm bmttckb nmkmictm`.
Pohubo psygohlhbcgfl qumstchks frm prmimrrm` ahrm ny tom rmgructmrs, stcll tomrm cs kmm` ihr ahrm tomhrmtcgfl qumstchks flhkb wcto ct nmgfusm th tmst tomcr tomhrmtcgfl ekhwlm`bm rmlftm` th tomcr whre icml`.
Frrmst rmghr`s frm af`m kmblcbcnlm ck tom cktmrvcmwckb prhgmss wocgo sohul` nm bcvmk ahrm strmss th mlcackftm irfu`ulmkgm ck tom nfke.
Rm ekhw DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ cs tom ghuktry's hkm hi tom rmkhwkm` rmtfcl nfkes, nut ck tom survmy ct cs ihuk` toft ahst rmsphk`mkts frm omrm ihr tomcr hwk nmkmicts kht ihr tom nfke bhh`wcll.
>3
Cktmrprmtftchk hi tom qumstchkkfcrm ofs nmmk sohwm` nmihrm. Irha toft wm lmfrkm` sh afky ifgthrs toft ofvm capfgt hk tom "^mgructamkt Zrhgmss hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@.’ LCACPM@.’ Wugo fs4
=.6 ^ulms fk` ^mbulftchks hr Prf`ctchks (ck Nrcmi)
DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ flwfys prmimrs toft gfk`c`ftms woha fbms ifll ckth tom gftmbhry hi
Pomcr ”M`ugftchkfl ^mqucrmamkt’ cs ackcaua ”Brf`uftm" ck ahst gfsms.
Pomy prmimr "Mxtmrkfl Whurgm" ihr rmgructamkt.
Fahkb tom "Mxtmrkfl Am`cf's" tomy prmimr "Cktmrkmt" ahst.
Pom pmhplm woh nmlcmvm toft DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ usms "Cktmrkfl Whurgm" ihr rmgructamkt, fahkb toma, ahst hi tom pmhplms nmlcmvm toft "Cktmrkfl Whurgm" cs ncfsm`.
Ft tom tcam hi rmgructamkt, tomy fse f gfk`c`ftm gfk`c` ftm "Zsygohlhbcgfl Vumstchks".
Afky hi toma nmlcmvm toft tomy `hk't lhhe ihr "Zrmvchus "Zrmvchus Mxpmrcmkgm" ihr rmgructamkt fk` tom rmst nmlcmvm toft, "Zrmvchus Mxpmrcmkgm" cs caphrtfkt ci ct cs "Dhn ^mlftm`.’
Ahst hi toma usms "Frrmst ^mghr`" ihr futhaftcgflly `csquflciy f pmrshk.
Afky hi toma `hk't prmimr imaflm tofk aflm ck tom "Wfam Zhsctchk Ofvckb Wfam Fnclcty".
Ahst hi toma prmimr "Ackhrcty Brhups" ihr rmgructamkt5 mvmk tomy `hk't fse ihr bhh` m`ugftchkfl rmqucrmamkt ck gfsm hi toma.
Ck ahst gfsms, tomy rmofnclctftm maplhymms fitmr poyscgfl hr amktfl `mprmsschk.
Pomy `c`k't ifgm fky typm hi qumstchk ck tom tom cktmrvcmw, cktmrvcmw, wocgo wfs kht dhn rmlftm`. Poft amfks, DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ `hmsk't fse fky qumstchk ck tom cktmrvcmw, cktmrvcmw, wocgo cs kht dhn rmlftm` `urckb rmgructamkt.
Kh gfk`c`ftm usuflly `hms ifgm fky typm hi `csgrcackftchk `urckb rmgructamkt prhgmss.
=.> Mtocgfl Cssums hr Nurkckb Vumstchks (ck Nrcmi)
Ahst hi toma ghksc`mr
toft "Frrmst ^mghr`" sohul` kht nm usm` ihr futhaftcgflly
`csquflciy f pmrshk.
Afky hi toma tocke toft imaflm sohul` kht nm prmimrrm` ihr tom sfam phsctchk ofvckb sfam fnclcty.
Flahst
^mqucrmamkt" sohul` nm fsem` ck gfsm hi h i ackhrcty brhups.
mvmrynh`y
bcvm
tom
hpckchk
toft
"Bhh`
M`ugftchkfl
7:
Pohubo ahrm gcrgulfrs frm ihuk` hk tom cktmrkmt (n`dhns.gha, mtg) tofk tom kmwspfpmr prhnfnly th smfrgo ihr tom ghaputmr, fgghuktckb mtg rmlftm` pmhplm, p mhplm, pmhplm irha ahst lmvmls prmimrrm` th bh torhubo kmwspfpmrs ihr smfrgockb tom suctfnlm dhn wocgo ofs nmgham f trf`ctchk hkly f imw pmhplm utclczms tom phwmr hi cktmrkmt. Fk` woh frm bmttckb nmkmictm`.
Pohubo psygohlhbcgfl qumstchks frm prmimrrm` ahrm ny tom rmgructmrs, stcll tomrm cs kmm` ihr ahrm tomhrmtcgfl qumstchks flhkb wcto ct nmgfusm th tmst tomcr tomhrmtcgfl ekhwlm`bm rmlftm` th tomcr whre icml`. • Frrmst rmghr`s frm af`m kmblcbcnlm ck tom cktmrvcmwckb prhgmss wocgo sohul` nm bcvmk ahrm strmss th mlcackftm irfu`ulmkgm ck tom nfke. • Rm ekhw DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ cs tom ghuktry's hkm hi tom rmkhwkm` rmtfcl nfkes, nut ck tom survmy ct cs ihuk` toft ahst rmsphk`mkts frm omrm ihr tomcr hwk nmkmicts kht ihr tom nfke bhh`wcll.
Fgtuflly, ct's f vmry thubo dhn th ick` hut tom "Ouafk ^mgructamkt Zrhgmss hi Fky Hrbfkczftchk", nmgfusm, tom lfge hi "Wtrugturm` Imfturms" toft mxcsts ck toft hrbfkczftchk ft tom tcam hi "^mgructamkt". Ckstmf` hi toft, wm ghk`ugtm` f survmy th ick` hut toft ck DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ Pom "Vumstchkkfcrm" ghkvmys tohsm ifgthrs ck wocgo tomy nmlcmvm hr wocgo tomy wfkt th gham trum. Pom afck prhnlma, wm ifgm` ck ick`ckb hut tom "^mgructamkt Zrhgmss hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ wfs tom lfge hi fky nhhe hr `hguamkt toft ghktfckckb wrctckbs fnhut tomcr "Oyphtomtcgfl ^mgructamkt Zrhgmss". Ahrmhvmr, ck tom rmstrcgtchk hi "Mxprmssckb Pomcr ^ulms fk` ^mbulftchks hutsc`m Pomcr Hrbfkczftchk". Poft's woy5 wm thhe tom omlp hi "Vumstchkkfcrm". Roftmvmr tomy kmm` hr woftmvmr tomy kmm` th nm gofkbm` ck tomcr hrbfkczftchk ft tom tcam hi rmgructamkt, wfs nrcmim` ck tocs "rmphrt". Pom ahrm caphrtfkt tockb toft wm sohul` ckglu`m ck tom ghkgluschk cs toft, tom rftckb hi tom rftmrs `mpmk`s hk tomcr pmrgmptchk, vfrcms pmrshk th pmrshk fgghr`ckb th tomcr prfgtcgm, cktmrmst fk` fnhvm fll, "Nfgebrhuk`". Poft's woy tomcr fkswmrs bht `ciimrmkt irha mfgo htomr ck tom qumstchkkfcrm ckstmf` hi `hckb dhns ck tom sfam hrbfkczftchk hr ck tom sfam phsctchk. ^mgmktly, Nfkblf`mso cs nmckb rfkem` icrst fs f ghrruptm` ghuktry. Wh omrm wm gfk kmvmr ohpm toft tom rmgructamkt prhgmss wcll nm vflc` fk` rmlcfnlm. Pomrm frm ncfskmss fk` htomr phlctcgfl ckilumkgms ock`mrckb fnhvm rmgructamkt prhgmss. O^ hiicgmrs sohul` kht nm ncfs. Nut tocs `hmsk't amfk toft fll tom hrbfkczftchks ck hur ghuktry frm ghrruptm`. C bfvm tom mxfaplms hi DFA]KF NFKE LCACPM@ woh frm ihllhwckb tocs amtoh`. Nut ct cs trum toft, pmrimgt smlmgtchk fk` rmgructamkt prhgmss wcll bcvm tom nfke pmrimgt maplhymm woh wcll nm vmry miimgtcvm ihr tom hrbfkczftchk.
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6) "Ouafk ^mshurgm Ckihraftchk Wystmas" ‗ Acgofml D. Efvfkfbo & Ahofk Poctm. >) "Ouafk ^mshurgm Afkfbmamkt" ‐ Khm, Ohllmknmge, Bmrofrt, Bmrofrt, Rrcbot. 7) "Ouafk ^mshurgm Afkfbmamkt Pom Wtrftmbcg Zmrspmgtcvm" ‐Dhok N. Ackmr Ackmr & @hkfl` Z. Grfkm. 0) "Ouafk ^mshurgm fk` Zmrshkkml Afkfbmamkt" ‐ E. Fswftofppf. =) "Ouafk ^mshurgm Afkfbmamkt" ‐ @fvc` F. @mgmkzh Wtmpomk Z. ^hnncks 9) Wullcvfk, D. (>:::). ‒^mgructckb fk` rmtfckckb emy tflmkt‟, Lmxckbthk, Afss.4 Pom Gmktmr ihr Hrbfkczftchkfl ^msmfrgo. 2) Pyshk, W. (6332). ‒Ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt ghams hi fbm4 strftmbcg cktmbrftchk‟. Ck W. Pyshk, Pyshk, Ouafk ^mshurgm Wtrftmby, Lhk`hk4 Zcttafk. ?) Nmrfr`ckm, P. P. (6332). Pcps hk nuyckb hii tom somli. Ghaputckb Gfkf`f. Gfk f`f. 3) Nhu`rmfk, D. (633=). Brhwckb rhlm ihr afkfbckb ouafk rmshurgms. Pom Fbm, Fubust >0. 6:) Nrh`mrcge,
^.
&
Nhu`rmfu,
D.
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ckihraftchk tmgokhlhby fk` tom ghapmtctcvm m`bm. Fgf`may hi Afkfbmamkt Mxmgutcvm. 66) @mWfkgtcs, B. (63?9). Ouafk ^mshurgm Ckihraftchk Wystmas4 F gurrmkt fssmssamkt. ACW Vufrtmrly. 6>) @ukcvfk, L. (6336). Caplmamktckb f usmr -`rcvmk ouafk rmshurgm ckihraftchk systma. Dhurkfl hi Wystmas Afkfbmamkt. 67) MckMck-@hr,
Z.
& Wmbmv,
M.
(632?).
Hrbfkczftchkfl
ghktmxt
fk` tom suggmss
hi
afkfbmamkt ckihraftchk systmas. Afkfbmamkt Wgcmkgm. 60) Brhm, B. A., Zylm, R. R. & Dfarhb, D. D. (6339). Ckihraftchk Ckihraftchk tmgokhlhby fk` O^. Ouafk ^mshurgm Zlfkkckb. 6=) Ofckms, Y. S. & Zmtct. F. (6332). Ghk`ctchks ihr suggmssiul ouafk rmshurgm ckihraftchk systmas. Ouafk ^mshurgm Afkfbmamkt. 69) Dhoksthk, O. ^. & Gfrrcgh, W. ^. (63??). @mvmlhpckb gfpfnclctcms th usm ckihraftchk strftmbcgflly. strftmbcg flly. ACW A CW Vufrtmrly. Vufrt mrly. 62) Efvfkfbo, A. D., Bumutfl, O. B. & Pfkkmknfua, W. C. (633:). Ouafk ^mshurgm Ckihraftchk Wystmas4 @mvmlhpamkt fk` Fpplcgftchk. ZRWZRW-EMKP Zunlcsockb Ghapfky, Nhsthk, Afssfgousmtts.
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6?) Ehvfgo, E. F. & Gftogfrt, G. M. Dr. (6333). Ouafk rmshurgm ckihraftchk systmas (]^CW)4 Zrhvc`ckb nusckmss wcto rfpc` `ftf fggmss, ckihraftchk mxgofkbm fk` strftmbcg f`vfktfbm. Zunlcg Zmrshkkml Afkfbmamkt. 63) Afrtckshks, A. B. (6330). Nmkgoafreckb ouafk rmshurgm ckihraftchk systmas ck Gfkf`f fk` Ohkb Ehkb. Ckihraftchk fk` Afkfbmamkt. >:) Afrtckshks, A. B. (6332). Ouafk rmshurgm afkfbmamkt fpplcgftchks hi ekhwlm`bmekhwlm`bm nfsm` systmas, Cktmrkftchkfl Dhurkfl hi Ckihraftchk Ckihraftchk Afkfbmamkt. >6) Zocllcps, L. R. (63?6). Fssmssckb amfsurmamkt mrrhr ck emy ckihrafkt rmphrts4 F amtoh`hlhbcgfl
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^msmfrgo. >>) ^cgofr`s^cgofr`s-Gfrpmktmr, G. (6339). Afem f `ciimrmkgm ny `hckb CP nmttmr. Zmhplm Afkfbmamkt. >7) Wofh, S. Z. (633?). Zmrgmcvm` Capfgt fk` @ciiuschk hi Mxpmrt Wystmas ck Nfkeckb4 Fk Mxplhrfthry Ckvmstcbftchk. Cktmrkftchkfl Dhurkfl hi Ckihraftchk Afkfbmamkt. >0) Wcrfbml`ck, G. (633:). Prfckckb `rcvms tom O^CW. O^ Ihgus. >=) Pym, M. A. R. & Gofu, Z. Z. S. E. (633=). (633=) . F stu`y hi ckihraftchk ckihraf tchk tmgokhlhby tmgokhlh by f`hptchk f`hptc hk ck Ohkb Ehkb. Dhurkfl hi Ckihraftchk Wgcmkgm. >9) Smo, G. S. (6332). Ouafk ^mshurgm Ckihraftchk Wystmas4 Caplmamktftchk ck Pfcwfk. ^msmfrgo & Zrfgtcgm Ck Ouafk ^mshurgm Afkfbmamkt.
>2) Nfke rmlftm` rmimrmkgms4 c. Fkkufl ^mphrt >:6:, >:66, >:6> cc. www.dfaukfnfken`.gha ccc. Gusthamr smrvcgm cv. Grm`ct Zhlcgy Dfaukf Nfke Lcactm`
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