AASHTO LRDF Bridge Construction Specifications

PREFACE  has the following 29 sections. Tables of Contents precede

The AA SHTO LRFD Bri dge dge Constr Constr ucti ucti on

each section. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

 

11 . 12. 13.

 

14. 15. 16.

 

17. 18.

19.

20.   21.   22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Structure Excavation and Backfill Removal of Existing Structures Temporary Works Driven Foundation Piles Drilled Piles and Shafts Ground Anchors Earth Retaining Systems Concrete Structures Reinforcing Steel Prestressing Steel Structures Steel Grid Flooring Painting Stone Masonry Concrete Block and Brick Masonry Timber Ti mber Structures Preservative Treatment of Wood Bearing Devices Bridge Deck Joint Seals Railings Waterproofing Slope Protection Miscellaneous Metal Pneumatically Applied Mortar  Steel and Concrete Tunnel Liners Metal Culverts Concrete Culverts Wearing Surfaces Embedment Anchors

iv

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 1.1   GENERAL

............................................................................................................

1.2   WORKING DRAWINGS

....................................................................................

l-1 l-2

1.3

MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

CONSTRUCTION.. ...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ..................................... ................. 1.4.1   Depth of Footings.. ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ............................ ......... 1- 2 1.4.2   Foundation Preparation and Control of Water.. .................................... l - 2 1.4.2.1   GENERAL.. ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ............................ ......... 1-2 1.4.2.2

...................................... 1-3 EXCAVATIONS WITHIN CHANNELS.. ....................................

1.4.2.3

......................................................... ...................... l-3 FOUNDATI FOUNDATIONS ONS ON ROCK .....................................

1.4.2.4

FOUNDATIONS NOT ON ROCK.. ...............................................

1.4.2.5   APPROVAL  OF 1.4.3

l-2

FOUNDATION.. ................................................. l-4

Backfill ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ .........

l-4

1.5   MEASUREMENT A ND PAYMENT ...................................... ......................................................... ........................... ........ 1-5 1.5.1 Measurement.. ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 1-5 ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ ......... l - 6 1.5.2 Payment ....................................

l-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 2.1 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-l

2.2   WORKING DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - l ................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................ .......... 2.3 CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION................ ................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................. . 2.3.1 General ................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................... 2.3.2 Salvage ................................. 2.3.3   Partial  Removal of Structures .................................................. .................................................................. ................ ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 2.3.4 Disposal

2-l 2-l 2-2 2-2 2-3

2.4 2.4

2- 4

MEASUR MEASUREME EMENT NT AND PAYMENT AND PAYMENT

.................................................................

2-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 3.1

GENERAL ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. 3-1 3- 1 3.1.1   Description.. ........................................................ ...................................... ........................... ........ 3- 2 3.1.2 Working Drawings.. ..................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 3- 2 3.1.3 Design.. .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................................... .................. 3-3 3.1.4   Construction.. ..................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................... ........ 3-3 3.1.5   Removal ....................................

........................................................ ...................................... ..................... .. 3.2   FALSEWORK  AND  AND FORMS ..................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................... ........ 3.2.1 General.. .................................... ......................................... .................................. ............... 3.2.2   Falsework  Design   Design and Construction ...................... ........................................................ ...................................... .................................... ................. 3.2. 3.2.2. 2.1 1 LOAD LOADS S ..................................... 3.2.2.2 FOUNDATI FOUNDATIONS ONS 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.3 DEFLEC DEFLECTIO TIONS. NS... 3.2.2.4   CLEARANCES ......................................................... ................................... ................ 3.2.2.5 3.2.2.5 CONSTR CONSTRUCT UCTION ION.. .. ...................................... ...................................................... .................. 3.2.3 Design and Construction.. .................................... 3.2.3.1   GENERAL.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ............................ ......... ....................................................... ....................................... .................................. .............. 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.2 DESIGN DESIGN.. .. .................................... ....................................................... ..................................... .................. 3.2.3.3 3.2.3.3 CONSTR CONSTRUCT UCTION ION.. .. .................................... 3.2.3.4   TUBE  FORMS ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ....................... .... -IN-PLACE FORMS ...................................... .......................................................... ....................... ... 3.2.3.5 STAY -IN-PLACE 3.2.4 Removal of Falsework and Forms.. ...................................... ......................................................... ..................... ......................................................... ....................................... .............................. ........... 3.2.4.1 GENERAL ..................................... TIME OF ..................................... .................. ...................................... .............................. ........... 3.2.4.2  REMOVAL.. .......................................................... ........................ ..... 3.2. 3.2.4. 4.3 3 EXTEN EXTENT T OF  REMOVAL .......................................

3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3- 3 3-4 3- 4 3- 4 3- 4 3-5 3- 5 3-5 3- 5 3- 6 3- 6 3- 7 3- 7 3- 7 3- 7 3-8 3- 8 3- 9

......................................................... ................................ ............. 3- 9 3.3   COFFERDAMS AND SHORING ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ ......... 3- 9 3.3.1 General ...................................... 3.3.2 Protection of Concrete.. ...................................... ......................................................... ..................................... .................. 3-10 3- 10 3.3.3 Removal ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................... .... 3-10 3- 10

3.4

TEMPORARY WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS.. ...................................... ......................................... ... .......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................... .... 3.4.1 General.. ....................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ......................... ...... 3.4.2 Working Drawings.. ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ..................... .. 3.4.3   Operations .....................................

3-iii

3-10 3- 10 3-10 3- 10 3-10 3- 10 3-10 3- 10

 BRIDGES..   ............................................................................... 3.5   TEMPORARY  BRIDGES..  3.5.1   General   ..................................................................................................... 1 3.5.2 3.5.2 Detour Detour   Bridges ......................................................................................... 1 ............................. .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... ............ .. 3.5.3 3.5.3 Haul Haul Bridges.. ...................   .3-12 Maintenance..  Maintenance..   ...........................................................................................

3.6   MEASUREMENT AN D PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-iv

12

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ....................................................................................................

4.1

DESCRIPTION

4.2

................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................... MATERIALS ................................. .................................. ................ ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... .............. 4.2.1 Steel Piles .................................................... ................................... ................................... .................. 4.2.1.1 PAINTING .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... 4.2.2 Timber Piles .................................. ................................. ............... ................................... ................................... ................................... ......................... ........ 4.2.3 Concrete Piles

4.3

..................................................... ................................... ........................ ....... OF  PILES ................................... MANUFACTURE OF PILES ................................... .................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... 4.3.1   Precast Concrete Precast Concrete Piles .................................................... ................................... ................................... ....................... ..... 4.3.1.1 FORMS .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ................... 4.3.1.2 CASTING ................................... 4.3.1.3 FINISH.. ............................. ............................................... .................................... ................................... .......................... ......... ................................................... ..................... .... 4.3.1.4 CURING AND PROTECTION .................................. 4.3.1.5 PRESTRESSING.. .................................... ..................................................... ................................... ...................... .... .................................. ................ ................................... ............................ ........... 4.3.1.5.1   Working Drawings.. ................................................... ..................... .... 4.3.1.6 STORAGE AND HANDLING .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................. 4.3.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles .................................. ................................. ................ .............................. ............. 4.3.2.1 INSPECTION OF METAL SHELLS .................................................. ............................... .............. 4.3.2.2   PLACING CONCRETE.. .................................

4.4

4-l 4-l 4-l 4-l 4-2 4- 2 4-2 4- 2

4-2 4- 2 4-2 4- 2 4-3 4- 3 4-3 4- 3

4-3 4- 3 4- 4 4- 4 4- 4 4- 4

.................................................. ................................... ................................... .............................. ............. 4- 4 DRIVING PILES ................................. ................................... ................................... ....................... ...... 4- 4 4.4.1 Pile Driving Equipment................... Equipment.. .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................. ............... 4.4.1.1   HAMMERS ................................... 4- 6 4.4.1.1.1 General .................................. ................................................... ................................... ............................... ............. 4-6 ................................................... ................................... .................... 4.4.1.1.2 Drop Hammers .................................. .................................................. ........................... .......... 4.4.1.1.3   Air/Steam Hammers.. ................................. .................................. ................ .................................... .................................. ................ 4.4.1.1.4 Diesel Hammers 4- 7 ................................................... ........................... .......... 4-7 4.4.1.1.5   Vibratory Hammers.. .................................. 4.4.1.1.6 Additional Equipment or Methods ........................................ 4- 7 ................................................... ..................... ... 4-7 4.4.1.2 DRIVING APPURTENANCES ................................. ................................................... ................................ ............... 4.4.1.2.1   Hammer Cushion .................................. ..................................................... ................................ .............. 4.4.1.2.2 4.4.1.2.2 Pile Pile Driv Drivee Head.. ................................... ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... ...................... .... 4-8 4.4.1.2.3 Pile Cushion 4-8 4.4.1.2.4 Leads 4.4.1.2.5 Followers.. ....................................... ........................................................ ................................... ..................... ... 4-8 4.4.1.2.6 Jets.. .................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ................... 4-9 .................................................. ................................... ........................... ......... 4-9 4.4.2 Preparation for Driving ................................. 4-9 4.4.2.1 SITE WORK  4-9 Excavation.. ........................ ....... ................................... ................................... ................................. ................ 4.4.2.1.1 ........................................... ........   4-10 Facilitate Driving ................................... 4.4.2.1.2 Preboring to Facilitate .......................................   4-10 4.4.2.1.3 Predrilled Holes in Embankments.......................................

4-iii

4.4.2.2 PREPARATION OF PILING .......................................  ....................................................... ................ .4-10 4.4.2.2.1 Collars .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... .......................... ....... .4- 10 4.4.2.2.2   Pointing.. ..................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ...................... .4- 10 4.4.2.2.3 Pile  Shoes and Lugs..................... Lugs.. ...................................... ...................................... .....................  1 4.4.3 Driving  ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... 1 DRIVING   OF TEST PILES.. ...................................... 4.4.3.1   DRIVING  ........................................................ ..................  1 4.4.3.2 ACCUR ACY OF DRIVING.. DRIVING.................... ..................................... ..................................... .................. . 4-12 4.4.4 Determination Determination of Bearing Capacity Capacity ...................................... ....................................................... .................  2 4.4.4.1 GENERAL ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ............................. .......... 4.4.4.2 METHOD A-EMPIRICAL PILE FORMULAS ........................ ........................ 4.4.4.3   METHOD B-WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS ........................ ........................ 4.4. 4.4.4. 4.4 4 METHOD C-DYNAMIC LOAD TESTS LOAD TESTS .................................. .................................. 4.4.4. 4.4.4.5 5 METHOD METHOD D  D - S T A T I C  LOAD TESTS ....................................... .4-15 4.4.5 Splicing of Piles .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ................................. ..............  6 4.4.5.1

4.4.5.2 4.4.5.3

STEEL PILES.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ..................... .. .4-16 CONCRETE PILES  PILES  ........................... .............................................. ...................................... ........................ ..... .4-16 TIMBER PILES .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ..................... .. .4- 16

4.4.6 Defective Piles .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... .................................... ................. 4-l 6 4.4.7 4.4.7 Pile Pile Cut-Off..  Cut-Off.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ..................................... ..................  7   GENERAL.. .................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ........................... ........ 4.4.7.2 TIMBER PILES ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... 4.4.7.1

4.5   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT AND PAYMENT .................................... ....................................................... ........................... ........ 4.5.1   Method of Measurement ..................................... ........................................................ .................................... .................

18

 8

TIMBER, STEEL, AND CONCRETE PILES............................... PILES.. ............................. 4-18  4-18 4.5.1.1 4.5.1.1.1 .1 Piles Piles Furnished..  Furnished.. ..................................... ........................................................ ............................. .......... 4.5.1.1.2 Piles Driven ...................................... ......................................................... ................................... ................ .4-18 4.5.1.2 PILE SPLICES, PILE SHOES, AND PILE LUGS ....................... ....................... 4.5.1.3 LOAD TESTS ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ....................... .... 4.5.1.1

4.5.2 Basis of Payment ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... .............................. ...........

4-iv

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ....................................................................................................

5-l

5.1

DESCRIPTION

5.2

WORKING DRAWINGS WORKING  DRAWINGS

5.3

MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2   Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 Casings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-2 5- 2 5- 2 5- 2

5.4

CONSTRUCT ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... ............................ ................ .. 5.4.1 Protection of Existing Structures.. ............................ Protection of Existing Structures.. .......................................... ............................ ............................ ................... ..... Construction Sequence.. Construction Sequence.. ............................ ......................................... ............................ ................ ..  and nd Equipment..  Equipment.. ........................... General Methods General Methods a ........................................ ............................ ............................ ................ .. 5.4.4 Dry Construction Dry  Construction   Method.. ..........................  Method ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ................ Wet Construction Wet  Construction Method ............................................ ..... 5.4.6 Temporary  Temporary  Casing  Construction Method.. .......................................   Method.. ........................... ............. ............................ .................. ....  Construction 5.4.7 Permanent Casing Permanent  Casing ......................................... ............................ ................ .. 5.4.8 Alternative Construction Methods ........................... 5.4.9 Excavations ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ .......................... ............ 5.4.10 Casings.. ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ... 5.4.11 Slurry.. .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ..................... ....... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 5.4.12 Excavation Inspection Excavation Inspection ........................... ...........................  and Placement ...........................  Cage Construction  Construction and 5.4.13 Reinforcing Steel Reinforcing Steel Cage ........................................ .............  Curing, an d Protection ........................... 5.4.14 Concrete Placement, Concrete Placement, Curing, ......................................... ............................ ............................ ......................... ........... 5.4.15 Test Shafts  and  Bells ........................... Test Shafts and ......................................... ............................ ............................ ................. ... 5.4.16 Construction Tolerances.. Construction Tolerances.. ........................... 5.4.17 Integrity Testing ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ .................. ....

5- 2 5- 2 5-2 5- 3 5-3 5-3 5- 4 5-4 5-4 5- 4 5-5 5-5 5- 6 5- 7 5-7 5-8 5-8 5- 9

....................................................................................

5-l

5.5   DRILLED SHAFT DRILLED SHAFT LOAD TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  0 5.6   MEASUREMENT A MEASUREMENT A N D PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-l 0 5.6.1   Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... ............................ ............................ ................  5-10 5.6.1.1 DRILLED SHAFT.. ............................ ............................ .............. ............................ ............................ ............................ ................  5-l 0 5.6.1.2 BELL FOOTINGS.. 1 1 ......................................... ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 5.6.1.3 TEST SHAFTS ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................ .......... 5 - l 1 5.6.1.4 TEST BELLS.. ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ .................... ...... 5 - l 1 5.6.1.5 EXPLORATION ........................... .......................................... ............................ ..................... ....... 5 - l 1 5.6.1.6 PERMANENT CASING ............................ ......................................... ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 5 - l 1 5.6.1.7 LOAD TESTS.. ...........................

5.6.2

Payment Payment.. .. ................. ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............................... ............... 5.6.2.1   DRILLED SHAFT ............................... ............................................... ................................ ......................... ......... 5.6.2.2 BELL BELL FOOTINGS ............................... ............................................... ................................ ......................... ......... 5.6.2.3 TEST SHAFTS ............................... ............................................... ................................ ............................... ............... 5.6.2.4 TEST BELLS ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 5.6.2.5   EXPLORATION HOLES ............................... ............................................... .............................. .............. 5.6.2.6   PERMANENT CA PERMANENT CASING SING.. .. ............................... ............................................... .............................. .............. 5.6.2.7 LOAD TESTS ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................ ...............

1

 2

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 6.1

............................................... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................... .... 6 - l DESCRIPTION ...............................

6.2

................................................ ................................. ................................. ................... ... 6 - l WORKING  DRAWINGS ................................

6.3

MATERIALS ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................... ... 6.3.1   Prestressing Steel.. ................................ .............................. .............. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ ......................... ......... 6.3.2   Grout.. ................................................. ................................. ................................ .......................... .......... 6.3.3 Steel Elements ................................ ................................................. ............................... .............. 6.3.4 Corrosion Protection Elements ................................ ............................................... ................................ ............................ ............ 6.3.5 Miscellaneous Elements ...............................

6- 2 6- 2 6-3 6-3 6- 4 6- 4

6.4

................................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. FABRICATION.. ................................. ................................ ................ ................................ .................. 6.4.1 Bond Length and Tendon Bond Length   GROUND ANCHOR TENDON.. ........... 6.4.1.1 6.4.1.2 ENCAPSULATION-PROTECTED GROUND .............................................. ................................. ......................... ........ ANCHOR TENDON .............................. ............................................... ................................. ................................. ..................... ..... 6.4.2 Unbonded Length ............................... ............................................... ................................. ........................... .......... 6.4.3 Anchorage and Trumpet ............................... ................................................ ................................ ................ and  Handling ................................ 6.4.4   Tendon Storage and Handling

6-5 6- 5 6-5 6- 5

6.5

6- 6 6- 6 6- 6 6-7 6- 7

................................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ................ 6- 7 INSTALLATION.. ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ...................... ...... 6-7 6.5.1 Drilling ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ...... 6-8 6.5.2 Tendon Insertion ................................ ............................... ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ..... 6-8 6.5.3 Grouting nd Anchorage..  Anchorage................... ................................. ................................ ................................ ....................... ....... 6- 9 6.5.4   Trumpet a Trumpet  and .............................................. ................................. ................................. ................ 6- 9 6.5.5 Testing and Stressing .............................. ................................................. ................................ ................ 6- 9 6.5.5.1 TESTING EQUIPMENT ................................. ................................................ ............................... ...............   6-10 6.5.5.2 PERFORMANCE TEST ................................ PROOF  TEST.. ................................ ................................................ ................................ .............................. ..............   6-12 6.5.5.3   PROOF TEST.. ............................................... ................................ ................................. .................   6-13 6.5.5.4 CREEP TEST ............................... 6.5.5.5 GROUND ANCHOR LOAD TEST ACCEPTANCE ................................................ ................................. ................................ ..................... .....   6-14 CRITERIA ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................ ..................... .....   6-15 6.5.5.6 LOCK OFF ..............................

6.6 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-iii

  6-15

Table of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 7.1

7.2 7.2

  DESCRIPTION

....................................................................................................

WORKING DRAWINGS DRAWINGS

....................................................................................

7-l 7-l

....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 7.3   MATERIALS .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... 7.3.1 Concrete ..................................... ......................................................... .................................... ................. 7.3.1.1 CAST-IN-PLACE.. ...................................... 7.3.1.2 PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED MORTAR.. .................................. .................................. 7.3.1.3 PRECAST ELEMENTS ...................................... ......................................................... ............................ ......... ........................................................ ....................................... ............................. .......... 7.3.2   Reinforcing  Steel.. .................................... Structural Steel.. .................................... ................. ...................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. 7.3.3 Timb er.. ...................................... .......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 7.3.4 Timber.. ......................................................... ...................................... .......................... ....... 7.3.5 Drainage Elements ......................................   PIPE A PIPE  AND ND PERFORATED PIPE................................... PIPE.................................................... ................. 7.3.5.1 7.3.5.2 FILTER FABRIC ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ................... 7.3.5.3 PERMEABLE MATERIAL MATERIAL ..................................... ........................................................ ....................... .... 7.3.5.4 GEOCOMPOSITE GEOCOMPOSITE DRAINAGE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.. ......... .............. .......... .......... .......... ........ ... ....................................................... ................................. .............. 7.3.6 Structure Backfill Material .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ............................. .......... 7.3.6.1 GENERAL.. ..................................... 7.3.6.2   CRIB A CRIB  A ND CELLULAR WALLS.. ...................................... ................................................ .......... 7.3.6.3 MECHANICALLY MECHANICALLY STABILIZED STABILIZED EARTH WALLS .................... ....................

7- 2 7- 2 7- 2 7 -2 7- 2 7- 2 7- 2 7-3 7- 3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-3 7-4 7- 4

........................................................ ....................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 7.4   EARTHWORK.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 7.4.1 Structure Excavation .................................... ......................................................... ..................................... .................. 7.4.2 Foundation Treatment.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ............................ ......... 7.4.3 Structure Backfill ......................................

7-5 7-5 7-5 7-5

7.5 7.5

......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... DRAINA DRAINAGE GE ...................................... Concrete Gutters .................................... ................. ....................................... ....................................... .............................. ........... 7.5.1 ........................................................ ....................................... ...................................... ................... 7.5.2 Weep Holes.. .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ............................ ......... 7.5.3 Drainage Blankets .....................................   Geocomposite ...................................... ................... ...................................... ...................... ... 7.5.4   Drainage Systems

7-5 7-5 7- 6 7- 6 7-7

7.6

CONSTRUCTION. . ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ................... 7-7 7.6.1 Concrete and Masonry Gravity Walls, Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 7- 7 .......................................... ..................................... .................. 7- 7 7.6. 7.6.2 2 Shee Sheett  Pile and  a nd Soldier Pile Walls ....................... WALLS.. ....................................... .......................................................... ............................ ......... 7-8 7- 8 7.6.2.1 SHEET PILE WALLS.. 7.6.2.2 SOLDIER PILE WALLS WALLS ...................................... ......................................................... .......................... ....... 7- 9 7.6.2.3 ANCHORED SHEET PILE PILE AND SOLDIER PILE PILE WALLS ....... WALLS ....... 7-10  7-10 7.6.2.3.1 General ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ....................... .... 7-10 7- 10 7.6.2.3.2 Wales.. ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ......................... ...... 7-10 7- 10

‘I-iii

7.6.2.3.3 Concrete Anchor System   .....................................................   7-10 Tie-rods..   ............................................................................. 7.6.2.3.4   Tie-rods..  1  Anchors.. ................................................................   Ground Anchors.. Ground 7.6.2.3.5   7-l 7.6.2.3.6 Earthwork .............................................................................  1  Cellular Walls.. ............................................................  and nd Cellular Crib  Walls a 7.6.3   Crib Walls 1 7.6.3.1   FOUNDATION   .............................................................................   .7-12 7.6.3.2   CRIB  MEMBERS   ......................................................................... MONOLITHIC CELL MEMBERS   ........................ .7-12 7.6.3.3 CONCRETE MONOLITHIC   PLACEMENT..   ...........................................................   .7-12 7.6.3.4   MEMBER  PLACEMENT..  7.6.3.5 BACKFILLING ..............................................................................   7-13 7.6.4 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls   ....................................................   7-13 7.6.4.1   FACING   .........................................................................................   7-13 7.6.4.2   SOIL REINFORCEMENT.. ...........................................................   7-14 CONSTRUCTIO N ................................. ................ .................................. ................................... ...................... ....   .7-15 7.6.4.3 CONSTRUCTION 7.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .

7-iv

7-15

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 8.1

  GENERAL ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ................................. .............. ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ..................... .. 8.1. 8.1.1 1 Descri Descriptio ption n ..................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ................................... ................ 8.1.2 8.1.2 Relat Related ed Work.. .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... 8.1.3 Constr Construct uction ion Methods.. .....................................

8 -l 8 -l 8 -l 8 -l

8.2 8.2

....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ... CLAS CLASSE SES S OF CONCRETE .................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ ......... 8.2. 8.2.1 1 Gene General ral .................................... ......................................................... ................................... ............... 8.2.2 Normal Normal-De -Densi nsity ty   Concrete ..................................... ........................................................ ....................................... .................... 8.2.3   Low-Density Concrete.. .....................................

8-2 8-2 8-2 8-2

....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 8.3 MATERI MATERIALS ALS .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... 8.3.1 Cements.. .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... .............................. ........... 8.3.2 Water ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ................................ ............. 8.3. 8.3.3 3 Fine Fine Aggregate.. ..................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ............................. .......... Coarse Aggregate .................................... ......................................................... .................................... ................. 8.3.5   Low-Density Aggregate.. ...................................... ............................................ ...... 8.3.6 Air-Entraining and Chemical Admixtures ...................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ..................... .. 8.3.7 8.3.7 Min Miner eral al Admixtures.. ....................................... 8. 3. 8 St ee l ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ....................................... ................................ ............

8-3 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-4 8- 4 8- 4 8- 4 8-5

PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE ........................ ........................................... ...................................... ..................... 8.4.1 Mix Design ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ... 8.4.1.1   RESPONSIBILITY AN D CRITERIA ............................... ............................................ ............. 8.4.1.2 TRIAL BATCH TESTS ..................................... ........................................................ ............................. .......... 8.4.1.3   APPROVAL .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ............................. .......... 8.4.2 Water Content ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ................................. .............. ....................................................... ...................................... ............................... ............ 8.4. 8.4.3 3 Cemen Cementt Content.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 8.4.4 8.4.4 Min Miner eral al Admixtures.. .................................... .......................................... ..................... .. 8.4.5 Air-Entraining and Chemical Admixtures .......................

8-5 8-5 8-5 8-5 8-6 8- 6 8-6 8- 6 8-7 8-7 8- 7 8-7 8- 7

8.4

8- 7 ......................................................... ............................ ......... 8-7 8.5 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE ...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................... 8-8 8.5.1 Storage of Aggregates ...................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ............................ ......... 8-8 8.5.2 Storage of Cement ..................................... 8-8 Measurement of Materials ...................................... ................... ...................................... ................................. .............. 8.5.3 ......................................................... ......................... ...... 8-9 8.5.4 Batchi Batching ng and Mixing Concrete ...................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ........................... ........ 8-9 8.5.4.1 BATCHING ....................................... 8.5.4.2 MIXING........................................................................................... 8-9 .......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................... ....   8-10 8.5.5 Delivery ....................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..   8-10 8.5.6 Sampling and Testing ..................................... ....................................... ......................   8-11 Strength ...................................... 8.5.7 Evaluation of Concrete Strength................... ......................................................... ...................................... ................................... ................   8-11 8.5.7.1 TESTS ...................................... 8.5.7.2 FOR CONTROLLING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS ....... OPERATIONS .......  1

8-iii

.................................................... ................................... ................................... ......................... .......   8-26   Installation .................................. 8.9.3.1 OPEN JOINTS J OINTS ................................. .................................................. ................................... ............................. ...........   8-26 8.9.3.2 FILLED JOINTS ................................. ................................................... ................................... ........................ .......   8-26 ..................................................... ................................... ..................... ....   8-26 8.9.3.3 SEALED JOINTS ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ........................ .......   8-26 8.9.3.4 WATERSTOPS ................................... 8.9.3.5 EXPANSION JOINT ARMOR ASSEMBLIE ASSEM BLIE S.. .......................... 8-27 ................................................... ............................ .......... 8-27 8.10 FINISHING  PLASTIC CONCRETE.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... ..............   8-27 8.10.1 General .................................. ..................................................... ................................... ................... ..   8-27 8.10.2 Roadway Surface Finish ................................... ............................................ .........   8-27 8.10.2.1 STRIKING OFF  AN D FLOATING.. FLOATING.. ................................... .................................................. ................................... ..................   8-29 8.10.2.2 STRAIGHTEDGING ................................. .................................................... ................................... ............................. ...........   8-29 8.10.2.3 TEXTURING ................................... 8.10.2.3.1 Dragged ................................... ..................................................... ................................... .......................... .........   8-29   8-30 .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... .......................... ......... 8.10.2.3.2 Broomed 8.10.2.3.3 ................................... .................................................... ................................... ............................... .............   8-30 ..............................  8-30 8.10 .2.4 SURFACE SURFACE TESTING AND CORRECTION.. ..............................  ................................. ............... ................................... .................... ...   8-30 8.10.3 Pedestrian Walkway Surface Finish ................................................... ............................. ............ 8-3 1 8.10.4 Troweled and Brushed Finish .................................. 8.10.5   Surface Under Bearings.. .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................... .. 8-3 1 ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................. 8-3 1 8.11 CURING CONCRETE ................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... .............  8-3 8.11.1 General .................................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ............................ ...........   8-32 8.11.2 Materials................. Materials .................................................... ................................... ................................... ................... ..   8-32 8.1 1.2.1   WATER  ...................................  1.2.2 LIQUID MEMBRANES LIQUID  MEMBRANES .................................. ................................................... ............................. ............   8-32 8.1  1.2.2 8.1  1.2.3   WATERPROOF  SHEET MATERIALS ................................. ....................................... ......   8-32 ................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... .............  8-32 8.11.3 Methods ................................. .................................................... .................   8-32 8.1 1.3.1  FORMS-IN-PLACE   METHOD ................................... .................................................... ................................... ................... ..   8-32 8.11.3.2 WATER METHOD .................................. 8.11.3.3 LIQUID MEMBRANE CURING COMPOUND METHOD.. .... .8-33  1.3.4  WATERPROOF  COVER  METHOD..  METHOD.. ................................. .......................................... .........   8-33 8.1  1.3.4 WATERPROOF 8.1 STEAM OR RADIANT HEAT CURING METHOD  METHOD   .................. 8-34 .................................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... ....   8-35 8.11.4 Bridge Decks .................................. 8.12 FINISHING FORMED CONCRETE FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES ................................. ........................................ .......   8-35 .................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... .............   8-35 8.12.1 General .................................. 8.12.2 Class l - Or d i n a r y Surface Finish.. Finish.. ......... .............. ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ ....   8-35 .................................................... ................................... ..................... ...   8-36 8.12.3 Class   Finish ................................... ................................................... ................................... ....................... .....   8-37 8.12.4 Class   Finish .................................. ................................................... ............................... ..............   8-37 8.12.5 Class 4-Sandblasted Finish .................................. ...................................... .... 8-3 8 -37 7 8.12.6   Class  Brushed or Scrubbed Finish.. .................................. .................................................. ............................. ............   8.13 PRECAST CONCRETE MEMBERS ................................. ..................................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............   8.13.1 General ................................... ................................................... ................................... .............................. .............   8.13.2 Working Drawings ................................. ................................................... .................................. ................   8.13.3 Materials and Manufacture ................................. 8.13.4 Curing.. ................................. .................................................. ................................... ................................... ................................ ...............   .................................................. ................................... .......................... ........   8.13.5 Storage and Handling ................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............   8.13.6 Erection ..................................

8-v

8-38 8-38 8-38 8-38 8-39 8-39 8-39

.8-40 8.13.7 Epoxy Bonding Agents for Precast Segmental Box Girders.............. Girders...............8-40 8.13.7.1 MATERIALS ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ......................... ........... ..........8-41   Flow of Mixed Epoxy Bonding Agent.. 8.13.7.1.1 Test 8.13.7.1.2 Test 2-Gel Time of Mixed Epoxy Bonding Agent............8-41 Bonding Agent.. ...........................  .8-41 ............................. .. .8-41 8.13.7.1.3 Test  Time of Bonding Agent..  8-42 8.13.7.1.4 Test Tensile Bending Test ......................... ......................... 8-42 8.13.7.1.5 Test %-Compression Strength of Cured Epoxy Bonding Agent ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................... .............   .8-42 8.13.7.1.6 Test 6-Temperature Deflection of Epoxy Bonding Agent.. ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ......................... ...........  .8-43 8.13.7.1.7 Test  and Shear Strength of Cured Epoxy Bonding Agent ............................ .......................................... ............................ ..............   .8-43  .8-43 8.13.7.2  MIXING AND INSTALLATION OF EPOXY .......................... ............................ .. .8-43 8.14 MORTAR AND GROUT ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................... .............   .8-45 8.14.1 General ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................. ...  .8-45 8.14.2 Materials and Mixing ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ..................... .......   .8-45 8.14.3 Placing and Curing ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................ ..........  .8-46 8.15 APPLICATION OF LOADS ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ..................... .......   .8-46 8.15.1   General.. ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ 8.15.2 Earth Loads ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... .........  .8-46 8.15.3 Construction Loads ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................ ........................ ..........   .8-46 8.15.4 Traffic Loads ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ..................... .......  .8-47 8.16 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................ .......................................... ............................ ..................... .......  .8-47 8.16.1   Measurement ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ..................... .......  .8-47 8.16.2 Payment ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ ..   .8-48

8-vi

Table ble of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY DESCRIPTION

....................................................................................................

........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ............................... ............ 9.2 MATERIAL ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ....................... ....   Uncoated Reinforcing ..................................... ..................................... .................. ...................................... ................................. ..............   Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing ........................................................ ...................................... ............................ ......... Mill Test Reports.. ..................................... 9.3

BAR LISTS AND BENDING DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 9.4 FABRICATION ...................................... ..................................... .................. ...................................... ....................................... ....................................... .......................... ....... 9.4.1 Bending 9.4.2 Hooks and Bend Dimensions ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................   Identification ....................................

9-1 9- 1 9-1 9-l 9- 2 9- 2 9-2 9- 2 9- 2 9-2 9- 2 9-3 9- 3 9-3 9- 3

HANDLING, STORING, AND SURFACE CONDITION ................................. OF REINFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-3

......................................................... .................................... ................. PLACING AND FASTENING.. ...................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   G e n e r a l .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ............................. .......... Support   Systems.. ..................................... ...................................... ................... ...................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. Mortar Blocks.. ......................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. 9.6.4   Wire Supports.. ...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ..................................... ................. 9.6.5 Adjustments ...................................... .......................................................... .................................. ............... 9.6.6 Repair of Epoxy Coating .......................................

9-3 9-3 9- 4 9- 4 9- 4 9-5 9-5

......................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. 9.7   SPLICING OF BARS.. ...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ....................................... ......................... ...... 9.7.1   General ...................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ................................ .............   Lapped Splices ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. 9.7.3   Welded  Welded   Splices ....................................... ..................................... .................. ...................................... ............................... ............   Coupler Splices 9.7.4   Mechanical

9-5 9- 5 9-5 9- 5 9-5 9- 5 9- 6 9- 6

SPLICING OF MESH MESH OR MATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9- 6

9.5

9.6

9.8

9.9 SUBSTITUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................................

MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.11 PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-iii

...........................................................

9- 6 9- 6 9-8

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 10.1 GENERAL ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................. ................................ ......................... .........   10-l 10.1.1 Description.. ........................... ........................................... ................................ ................................ .............................. ..............   10-l ................................ ................................. ................................. ..................   10-l 10.1 10.1.2 .2 Detail Detailss   of Design................ Design.. .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 1 10.2 SUPPLEMENTARY SUPPLEMENTARY DRAWINGS.. DRAWINGS.................. ............................................... ................................ ............................. ............. 1 10.2.1 Working Drawings.. ............................... ............................................... .............................. .............. 1 10.2.2 Composite Placing Drawings ............................... O-3 10.3 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1 Prestressing Steel an Steel an d Anchorages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10-3 10.3.1.1 STRAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1.2 WIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.1.3   BARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2   Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BONDED  SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10-4 10.3.2.1   BONDED SYSTEMS 10.3.2.2 UNBONDED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10-4 DEVICE ACCEPTANCE TEST TEST . . . . 10-5 10.3.2.3 SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE  Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2.3.1 Test Block  Requirements  Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10-6 10.3.2.3.2 Test Block  Dimensions 10.3.2.3.3 Local Zone Local  Zone Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10.3.2.3.4 Skin Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2.3.5 Concrete Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. O-6 10.3.2.3.6 Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 O-6 10.3.2.3.7 Cyclic Loading Cyclic  Loading Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10-7 ................................................. ................................. ........................... ........... General ................................ ............................................ .............. Crack Widths and Widths and Patterns.. .............................. ............................... ............... ................................ .................. .. 10.3.2.3.8 Sustained Loading Test.. ................................................. ................................. ........................... ...........   10-7 General ................................   Widths and Patterns.. ............................... ............................................ ............. Crack  Widths  Loading Test................................................. 10.3.2.3.9   Monotonic Loading Monotonic .............................................. ................................. .............................. ............. General .............................. .............................................. ............... Crack Widths and Patterns ............................... ..................................... .....   10-8 10.3.2.3.10 Anchorage 10.3.2.3.10 Anchorage Zone Requirements.. ................................ .............................................. ............... 10.3.2.3.1 1  Test Series Requirements.. ............................... ................................. ... 10.3.2.3.12   Records of the Anchorage the Anchorage Device.. ..............................

10.4 PLACEMENT OF DUCTS, STEEL, AND ANCHORAGE 1 O-9 HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10.4.1 Placement of Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.1.1   VENTS AND VENTS  AND  DRAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   lo-10

IO-iii

............................................... ......................... .........   10-10 Placement of Prestressing Steel ............................... PLACEMENT FOR PRETENSIONING ................................ 10.4.2.1 .................................. 10.4.2.2 PLACEMENT FOR POST-TENSIONING.............................. POST-TENSIONING.............................. 10.4.2.2.1 Protection of Steel After Installation.. Installation .. ........................... .............................. .............. ................................. ................... ..   lo-12 10.4.3 Placement of Anchorage Hardware 10.4.2

................................................. ............................ ............   IO-12 10.5 IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING ................................. ................................................ ................................. ...................... ......   10-13 10.5.1 Pretensioning Tendons ............................... ................................................ ................................ .................. ..   10-13 10.5.2 Post-Tensioning Tendons ................................ ............................................... ................   IO-13 10.5.3 Anchorage Assemblies and Couplers ............................... 10.6 PROTECTION OF PRESTRESSING STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  10-14

10.7 CORROSION INHIBITOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... ................................. ................................ ................................ ............................... ...............  IO-14 10.8 DUCTS .............................. ............................................... ................................ ................................ .......................... .......... 10.8.1 Metal Ducts ............................... ................................................ ................................. ............................. ............  lo-15 10.8.2 Polyethylene Ducts ................................ 10.8 10.8.3 .3 Duct Duct  Area.. ................................ ................................................ ................................. ................................. ........................ ........   .lO-15 ................................................ ................................. ................................ ....................... ....... 10.8.4 Duct Fittings ............................... 10.9 GROUT ................................ ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ............................ ............ ............................................... ................................. ............................... .............. 10.9.1 Portland Cement.. ............................... ................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ .................... ....   lo-16 10.9.2 Water.............. Water .............................. A dm ix t ur e s ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................. ......................... ......... ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ .................. ..   IO-17 ................................. ................... ...   lo-17 10.10.1 General Tensioning Requirements............... Requirements ................................ ................................ ................................. ........................ ....... 10.10.1.1 CONCRETE STRENGTH................ STRENGTH 10.10.1.2   PRESTRESSING  PRESTRESSING  EQUIPMENT.. ................................. ............................................ ........... lo -1 8 ............................................... .................. ..   10-19 10.10.1.3 SEQUENCE OF STRESSING ............................... ............................................... ...............   lo-19 10.10.1.4 MEASUREMENT OF STRESS ................................ ............................................... .............................. .............. 1 O-20 10.10.2 Pretensioning Requirements ............................... ............................................... .......................... ..........   10-21 10.10.3 Post-Tensioning Requirements ............................... 10.11 GROUTING.. ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ .................... .... ................................................ ................................ ................................. ................................ ...............   10-21 10.11.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... ..........   1 o-22 10.11.2 Preparation of Ducts................ Ducts ................................ ............................................... ................................ ................................ ........................... ...........   lo-22 10.11.3 Equipment ............................... ................................................. ................................ ................................ ................ 10.11.4 Mixing of Grout ................................. ................................................ ................................ .............................. .............. 1 O-23 10.11.5 Injection of Grout ................................ ................................................. ............................ ........... 1 O-24 10.11.6 Temperature Considerations ................................ ............................................... .............................. ..............  AND PAYMENT ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................ ....................... .......   IO-24 10.12.1 Measurement .............................. .............................................. ................................ ................................. ................................ ............... 10.12.2 Payment ..............................

IO-iv

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 11.1 GENERAL ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ............... 11.1.1   Description.. .............................. ............................................ .............................. ................. .. 11.1.2 Notice of Beginning of Beginning of Work.. ............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ................. .. 11.1.3   Inspection.. .............................. ............................................ .............................. ............................. .............. 11.1.4   Inspector’s Authority.. ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. ...................... ....... 11.2 WORKING DRAWINGS ............................. ........................................... .............................. .............................. .......................... ........... 11.2.1   Shop Drawings.. Shop  Drawings.. ............................ ........................................... .............................. .............................. .................... ..... 11.2.2   Erection Drawings.. ............................ ............................................. .............................. .............................. .................... ..... 11.2.3   Camber Diagram.. ..............................

1  l - l 1  l - l 1  l - l 1  l

-l

1  l - 2 1 l - 2 1  l -3

1 l - 3 1 l - 3

l-4 ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 11.3 MATERIALS.. ............................. l-4 ............................................ .............................. .............................. ........................ ......... 11.3.1   Structural Steel.. ............................. 11.3.1.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l - 4 11.3.1.2 CARBON STEEL CARBON  STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l - 4 11.3.1.3 HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY STRUCTURAL STEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l - 4 11.3.1.4 HIGH-STRENGTH LOW-ALLOY, QUENCHED AND .......................... 1  l - 4  STEEL PLATE .......................... TEMPERED STRUCTURAL TEMPERED STRUCTURAL STEEL HIGH-YIELD-STRENGTH, QUENCHED AND  STEEL PLATE.. ............................. ..................................... ........ 1 l - 4 TEMPERED ALLOY TEMPERED ALLOY STEEL ............................................. .............................. .............................. ..................... ...... 1  l - 5 11.3.1.6 EYEBARS.. .............................. ............................................ ............................ ............. 1 l - 5 11.3.1.7 STRUCTURAL TUBING.. STRUCTURAL TUBING.. ............................. ............................................ .............................. ........................ ......... 1 l - 5 11.3.2   High-Strength Fasteners.. ............................. ........................................... .............................. .............................. ...................... ....... 1  l - 5 11.3.2.1   MATERIAL ............................ ........................................... .............................. ................. .. 1  l - 6 11.3.2.2   IDENTIFYING MARKS IDENTIFYING  MARKS ............................ ............................................ .............................. .............................. ................. .. 1  l - 6 11.3.2.3   DIMENSIONS .............................   1 l-7 .................. .............. .... 1 1.3.2.4   GALVANIZED HIGH-STRENGTH FASTENERS ........................................... .................... .....   1 l-7 1 1.3.2.5   ALTERNATIVE FASTENERS.. ............................ ............................................ .................. ...   1 l-8 1  1.3.2.6   LOAD-INDICATING DEVICES ............................. ........................................... .............................. ............... 1  l - 8 Welded  Stud Shear  Connectors ............................ 11.3.3   Welded Stud ............................................ .............................. .............................. ................... .... 1  l - 8 11.3.3.1   MATERIALS ............................. ........................................... .............................. ............................ ............. 1 l - 8 11.3.3.2   TEST METHODS TEST  METHODS ............................ ............................................ .............................. .............................. ........................... ............ 1  l - 9 11.3.3.3   FINISH.. ............................. ........................................... .............................. .......................... ........... 1 l - 9 11.3.3.4   CERTIFICATION.. ............................ ............................................ .............................. ........................ ......... 1 l - 9 11.3.3.5   CHECK  SAMPLES ............................. 1  l - 9 .............................. ............... .............................. ......................... .......... 11.3.4   Steel Forgings and Steel and Steel Shafting ............................................ .............................. ........................ ......... 1  l - 9 11.3.4.1   STEEL FORGINGS ............................. .................. 1 l-9 1 1.3.4.2   COLD FINISHED CARBON STEEL SHAFTING.. .................. 1 ............................................ .............................. .............................. ........................... ............ 1 l - 9 11.3.5 Steel Castings.. ............................. ........................................... ............................. .............. 1 l-9 MILD STEEL CASTINGS ............................ 11.3.5.1   MILD STEEL .......................... 1 l-10 ALLOY-STEEL  CASTINGS.. .......................... 1 11.3.5.2   CHROMIUM  CHROMIUM   ALLOY-STEEL CASTINGS..

1 -iii

......................................................... ...................................... ............................. .......... 11.3.6 Iron Castings ...................................... MATERIALS. MATER IALS... ...................................... ......................................................... .................................... ................. 1 WORK QUALITY QUALITY AN D FINISH ............................ ............................................ ................ 1 CLEANING ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................... ... 1 11.3.7 Galvanizing..

.l l-10 .l l- 10 .l l-10 .l l - l 1 l-l 1

11.4   FABRICATION l-l 1 11.4.1 Identification of Steels During Fabrication ................................ ..................................... ..... .l l-l 1 11.4.2 Storage o f Materials.. .......... .............. ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ....... .l l- 12 11.4.3   Plate P late s ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... .l l- 12 ROLLING..................................................... ................. .l l-12 11.4.3.1 DIRECTION OF ROLLING.................................... 11.4.3.2   PLATE CUT EDGES.. ....................................... .......................................................... ....................... .... .l l-12 ........................................................ ............................. ..........   1 l-12 11.4.3.2.1 Edge Planing ..................................... 11.4.3.2.2 Oxygen Cutting Cutting ...................................... ......................................................... ....................... .... .l l-1 2 11.4.3.2.3 Visual Inspection and Repair of Plate Cut Edges ......... Edges ......... .l l-13 PLATES.. ...................................... ......................................................... ................................. .............. .l l-13 l- 13 11.4.3.3 BENT PLATES.. ......................................................... .................................... ................. .l l- 13 11.4.3.3.1 General ...................................... 11.4.3.3.2 Cold Bending.. ...................................... ......................................................... ......................... ...... .l l- 13 11.4.3.3.3 Hot Bending ...................................... ......................................................... ............................ ......... .l l- 13 11.4.4   Fit F it of Stiffeners.. Stiffeners...................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....................... .... .l l- 1 4 11.4.5 Abu tti ng J oin ts. . ....... ............ ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ....... .. .l l -1 4 11.4.6   Facing of Bearing Surfaces Surf aces.. .. l-14 11.4.7 Str aig hte nin g Mater ial ......... .............. ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ........ .... .l l- 14 11.4.8 Bolt Holes.. ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. l-15 HOLES FOR HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS AND 11.4.8.1 UNFINISHED BOLTS l-l 5 ........................................................ ..................................... .................. .l l- 1. 5 11.4.8.1.1 General ..................................... 11.4.8.1.2 Punched Holes.. .................................... ....................................................... ......................... ...... . l l- 16 l-16 1 1.4X1.3 Reamed or Drilled Holes.. Holes.. 11.4.8.1.4 Accuracy of Holes.. Holes.. ...................................... ....................................................... ................. .l l-16 l-17 1 1.4.8.2 ACCURACY OF HOLE GROUP l-17 Before Reaming Reaming 1 1.4X2.1 Accuracy Before 11.4.8.2.2 Accuracy After Reaming.................................. Reaming............................................... ............. l-17 11.4.8.3 NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED DRILLED FIELD CONNECTIONS.. ..................................... ........................................................ ................................ ............. l-17 11.4.8.4 HOLES FOR RIBBED BOLTS, TURNED BOLTS, OR OTHER APPROVED BEARING-TYPE BOLTS l-l 8 1 1.4.8.5   PREPARATION OF FIELD CONNECTIONS 18 11.4.9 Pins and Roll ers.. ers. . .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... .l l- 18 GENERAL .................................... ................. ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... .l l- 18 11.4.9.1 .......................................................... ..................... .. .l l-19 11.4.9.2   BORING PIN HOLES.. .......................................   BOLTS AND PINS....................................... AND  PINS.......................................   l-19 11.4.9.3 THREADS FOR  BOLTS 11.4.10 Eyebars. Eyeb ars... ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ................... .l l- 19 l-20 11.4.11 Annealing and Stress Relieving 11.4.12 Curved 11.4.12  Curved Girders l-20 ..................................................... ....................................... ........................... ........ .l 11.4.12.1 GENERAL ................................. 11.4.12.2 HEAT-CURVING ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED GIRDERS.. ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ........................ ..... l-21 ........................................... ...................................... ........................... ........ .l l-21 1  1.4.12.2.1  Materials.. ........................ 11.4.12.2.2   Type of Heating.. Heating.. ...................................... .......................................................... ...................... .l l-21 11.4.12.2.3   Temperature ................................... ...................................................... ............................... ............ .l l- 22 11.4.12.2.4   Position for Heating Heating .......................................... ...................................................... ............ .l l- 22 11.4.12.2.5   Sequence of Operations.. .................................... ............................................... ........... . l l- 22

1 l-iv

11.4.12.2.6   Camber  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1  l-23

1 1.4.12.2.7 Measurement of Curvature and Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 l-23 11.4.13  Orthotropic-Deck  Superstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1  1-23 11.4.13.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   11-23 OF PANELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1  l-24 11.4.13.3 STRAIGHTNESS OF LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS SUBJECT TO CALCULATED COMPRESSIVE STRESS, 1 1-24 INCLUDING ORTHOTROPIC-DECK RIBS ORTHOTROPIC-DECK RIBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  STRAIGHTNESS OF TRANSVERSE WEB STIFFENERS AND OTHER STIFFENERS NOT SUBJECT TO CALCULATED COMPRESSIVE 1  1-24 STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.14  Full-Size Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1  l-25 11.4.15  Marking and Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1  l-25 . 11.5

ASSEM BLY.. BLY. . .................................... ...................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................ ..........   11-25 ............................................................ ................................... ................................... .................... ..   11-25 11.5.1 Boltin g .......................................... 11.5.2 Welded Welde d Connect ions.. ions. . .................................. .................................................... ................................... ..................... .... l-26 11.5.3 Preassembly Preassembly of Field Connectio Conn ections ns ......................... ........................................... ........................... .........   1 l-26 ................................................................... .............................. ............. 1  l-26 11.5.3.1 GENERAL .................................................. 1.5.3.2 BOLTED CONNECTIONS .................................. ................................................... .................... ... l-26   1.5.3.3 CHECK ASSEMBLY-NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED DRILLING ................................. .................................................. ................................... .............................. ............ 1  l-27 ........................................ ... 1  l-27 1 1.5.3.4 FIELD-WELDED CONNECTIONS ..................................... 1-27 11.5.4   Match Mark Ma rk ing. in g... .................................. .................................................... ................................... ............................. ............ .............   1 l-27 11.5.5   Connections Using Unfinished, Turned, or Ribbed Bolts.. .............  ................................................... ................................... ............................. ............ 1  l-27 11.5.5.1 GENERAL ................................. 11.5.5 11.5.5.2 .2 TURNED BOLTS.. BOLT S.. ................................. ................................................... .................................. ................   1 l-28 RIBBED BOLTS.. .................................. ................................................... ................................... .................. 1 1-28 1 11.5.6   Connections Using High-Strength Bolts.................. Bolts.. .................................. ......................... .......   1 l-28 .................................................... ................................... ............................ ........... 1  l-28 11.5.6.1 GENERAL .................................. 11.5.6.2 BOLTED PART S.. .................................... ..................................................... ................................ ............... l-28 SURFACE CONDITIONS.. ................................. .................................................. ..................... .... 1  l-29 11.5.6.4   INSTALL ATION.. ATION .. ................................... .................................................... ................................. ................ 1  1-29 ............................................................ ............................... .............. 1  l-29 11.5.6.4.1 General ........................................... 11.5.6.4.2 Rotational-Capacity Rotational-Capacity Tests ................................. ............................................. ............   1 l-32 1 1.5.6.4.3   Requirement for Washers..............................................   l-33 Method.. .................................   1 l-35 1 1.5.6.4.4   Turn-of-Nut Installation Method................................... ........................   1 l-35 1 Calibrated Wrench Installation Method ........................ 11.5.6.4.6 Alternative Design Design Bolt Installation Installation Method ................ Method ................   11-36 .............   1 l-37 11.5.6.4.7 Direct Tension Indicator Indicator Installation Method.. Method............... Verification.. .................................. ................................................... ................................ ............... l-37 Installation.. Installation.. ................................... ..................................................... ................................ .............. 1  l-39 Lock-Pin and Collar Fasteners ......................................   1 l-40 1 11.5.6.4.9 Inspection .......................................... ............................................................ ............................ .......... 1 General ................................. ................................................... ................................... ....................... ...... 1 l-40 1 Responsibilities of Engineer.. .................................. .................................. 1 Inspection Procedures.. ................................... .................................................. ............... 1  l-40 11.5.7 Welding Weldi ng .................................................. .................................................................... ................................... ........................... ..........   11-41

................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... ..............   11.6 ER EC TI ON .. .................................. 11.6.1 General Gene ral .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ......... 11.6.2 Handling and Storing Ma teri te ri al s .................................. ................................................... ..................... ....

11-41 1  1-41

11.6.3 Bearings and Anchorages ............................. ............................................ .............................. ....................... ........ 1 l-42 11.6.4   Erection Procedure l-42 1 1.6.4.1 CONFORMANCE TO DRAWINGS ..............................  .l l-42 ....................................... ......... .l 1 1.6.4.2 1.6.4.2 ERECTION STRESSES ERECTION  STRESSES ............................. ............................................ .............................. ............... l-42 1 1.6.4.3   MAINTAINING ALIGNMENT AND CAMBER l-42 11.6.5 Field Assembly .............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. ......................... .......... 1 l-43 11.6.6 Pin Connections .............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. ....................... ........ 1 l-43 11.6. 7 Misf its .............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ........................ ......... 1 l-43 11.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT .............................. ............................................. .............................. .................   1 l-43 11.7.1 Method of Measurement ............................. ............................................ .............................. ........................ ......... 1 l-43 11.7.2 Basis of Payment .............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. ..................... ...... 1 l-46

1

l-vi

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 12.1

................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... .........   12-l GENERAL ................................ 12.1.1 Description.. ................................. ................................................. ................................ ................................ .......................... ..........   12-l ............................................... ................................ ................................ ..................   12-l 12.1.2 Working Drawings ...............................

12.2

MATERIALS ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... .....   12.2.1 Steel ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................................. .......................... .........   ............................................... ................................ ............................. .............   12.2.2   Protective Treatment ............................... ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................   12.2.3 Concrete ................................ ............................................... ................................. ................................ ....................... .......   12.2.4 Skid Resistance ..............................

12.3

................................................. ................................ ................   12-2 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS .................................

12.4

................................................. ................................ ......................... .........   12-2 PROVISION F PROVISION  FOR  OR  CAMBER    CAMBER  .................................

12.5

................................................ ................................. ................................. ......................... .........   12-3 FIELD ASSEMBLY ................................

12.6

................................................ ................................ ..................... .....   12-3 CONNECTION TO SUPPORTS ................................

12.7

.............................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ .......................... ..........   12-4 WELDING ..............................

12.8

............................  12-4 REPAIRING  REPAIRING   DAMAGED GALVANIZED COATINGS.. ............................ 

12.9

.............................................. ....................... .......   12-4 PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE FILLER .............................. 12.91 12. 91 Forms For ms ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ...................... ......   12-4 ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................   12-4 12.92 Placement ...............................

12.10

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12-1 12-l 12-1 12-2 12-2

  12-5

Table ble of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 13.1

  GENERAL ................................... .................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .................. .................................. ................. ................................... ................................... ................................... ........................ ......   13.1.1 Description nd Property ................................. ................................................... ...................... ....   13.1.2 Protection of Public a Public and ................................................... ................................... ...................... ....   13.1.3 Protection of the Work  .................................. ................................................... ................................... .......................... .........   13.1.4 Thickness and Color .................................

13-l 13-l 13-l 13-2

................................................... ............................. ...........   13.2 PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES ................................. ................................................... ............................... ..............   13.2.1 Coating Systems and Paints .................................. .................................................... ................................... .......................... .........   13.2.2 Weather Conditions .................................. .................................................... ................................... .......................... .........   13.2.3 Surface Preparation .................................. ................................................... ................................. ................   13.2.3.1 BLAST CLEANING .................................. ..................................................... ............................... ............. 13.2.3.2 STEAM CLEANING ................................... .................................................... .......................... ......... 13.2.3.3 SOLVENT CLEANING ................................... ..................................................... ................................. ............... 13.2.3.4 HAND CLEANING ................................... ................................................... ................................. ................ 13.2.3.5 POWER WASHING .................................. ..................................................... ................................... ........................ ....... 13.2.4 Application of Paints ................................... ............................. 13.2.4.1 13.2.4.1 APPLICATION APPLICATION OF ZINC-RICH ZINC-RICH PRIMERS PRIMERS ............................. ..................................................... ............................... ............. 13.2.5 Measurement and Payment ...................................

13-2 13-2 13-2 13-3 13-3 3- 4 3- 4 3-5 3-5 3-5 3- 6 3-l

.................................................. ...................... ..... 1 3-8 13.3 PAINTING GALVANIZED SURFACES ................................. ..................................................... ................................... ................................. ................ PAINTING TIMBER.. ................................... 13.4   PAINTING TIMBER.. .................................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 13.4.1 General .................................. ................................................... ................................... ..................... ....   13.4.2   Preparation of Surfaces ................................. 13.4.3 Paint.. ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ ..............   .................................................. ................................... ................................... ......................... ........   13.4.4 Application ................................. ................................................... .................................. .................   13.4.5 13.4.5 Painting Treated Painting  Treated Timber.. .................................. 13.4.6 Payment.. .................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ........................... ..........   ................................................... .................................... ............................ ..........   13.5 PAINTING CONCRETE ................................. .................................................. ................................... .......................... ........   13.5.1 Surface Preparation ................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................ ...............   13.5.2 Paint ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ................................... ..................... ...   13.5.3 Application ................................... .................................................... .............................. ............   13.5.4 Measurement and Payment ..................................

3-8 3-8 3- 8 13-8 13-8 13-9 13-9 13-9

13-10 13-10 13-10 13-10 13-10

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 14.1

DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 14.1.1 Rubble Rubb le Masonry.. Maso nry.. .................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ........................ ..... 14.1.2   As hl ar Maso Ma sonr nry.. y.. ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ........................ .....

14- l

14.2

MA TERI TE RIAL ALS. S... .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... 14.2.1 Ge ne ral. ra l. . ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ................... RUBBLE  STONE ...................................... ......................................................... ................................. ..............   14.2.1.1   RUBBLE STONE 14.2.1.2   ASHLAR  STONE   STONE ....................................... .......................................................... ................................ .............   14.2.2 Sh ip ment me nt an d Storage of Stone.. Stone.. ...................................... ........................................................ ..................   14.2.3 M or ta r. . .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ...  

14- l 14- l 14-2 14-2 14-2 14-2

14.3

MANUFACTURE OF STONE STONE FOR MASONRY.. MASONRY.. ....................................... .......................................   14-3 14.3.1 Gene Ge ne ra l.. l. . ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................   14-3 14.3.2 Surfa ce Finishes Finishes of Stone.. .................................... ....................................................... .............................. ...........   14-3 14.3.3   Ru bb le Maso Ma sonr nry. y... ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ...................... ...   14-3 ........................................................ ...................................... ................................... ................   14-3 14.3.3.1 SIZE.. ..................................... 14.3.3.2   SHAPE .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ................................. .............. 14-4 14.3.3.3   DRESSING ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ......................... ...... 14-4 14.3.4 Ash lar Mason ry.. .......... ............... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ......... .... 14-4 SIZE.. ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... .................................. ............... 14-4 14.3.4.1 SIZE..................... 14.3.4.2   DRESSING ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 14-4 14.3.4.3 STRETCHERS.. ....................................... .......................................................... ................................... ................   14-5 14.3.5 Ar ch Rin g Stones.. Stones.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ........................ .....   14-5

14.4

CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................   14-5 14.4.1 Weather Weat her Condi tions ....................................... .......................................................... ..................................... ..................   14-5 14.4.2 Mixing Mixi ng Mortar.. Mort ar.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... .......................... ....... 14-6 14.4.3 Selection a nd Placing Placing of Stone ...................................... ......................................................... ..................... ..   14-6 ........................................................ ...................................... .......................... .......   14-6 14.4.3.1 GENERAL ..................................... 14.4.3.2   RUBBLE  RUBBLE   MASONRY .................................... ....................................................... ............................ .........   14-7 14.4.3.3 ASHLAR MASONRY.. .............................................. .............................................................. ................   14-7 14.4.4 Beds and Joints.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ......................... ...... 14.4.5 He ad ers er s ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ....................................... ......................   14-8 14.4.6 Cores and Backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 4-8 .. 8 414.4.6.1   GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-8 4- 8 14.4. 14.4.6. 6.2 2 STONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-8 4- 8 14.4.6.3 CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. 4 9 14.4.6.4   LEVELING COURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14.4.7 Facing Facin g for Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4- 9 14.4.8 Copings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4-9 14.4.8.1   STONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   14-9 14.4.8.2 CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10 .

14.4.9   14.4.10 14.4.11 14.4.12

................................................. ................................. ......................... ......... Dowels and Dowels and Cramps ................................ Weep Holes.. Holes .. ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ...................... ...... Pointing.. ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................. ............................ ............ Arches ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................

MEASUREMENT A ND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-12 14.5   MEASUREMENT A

10 1 1

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 15.1 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  15-l

..................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................. ...........   15.2 MATERIALS.. ...................................   ................................... ................. ................................... ................................... .................................. ................   Concrete Block  15.2.2 Brick ................................... .................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ................   .................................................... ................................... ............................... ..............   15.2.3 Reinforcing Steel .................................. 15.2.4 Mortar.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............   ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................................. ................     Grout ................................. .................................................. ................................... ......................... .......   15.2.6   Sampling an Sampling  an d Testing ................................. 15.2.6.1   MORTAR.. ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ............................. ............  15.2.6.2   GROUT  .................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ................... 

15-1 15-l 15-1 15-1 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-3

.................................................... ................................... ................................... ....................... .....   15-3 15.3 CONSTRUCTION .................................. ................................................... ................................... ........................... .........   15-3 15.3.1 Weather Conditions .................................. .................................................... ................................... .................... ..   15-3 15.3.2 Laying Block and Brick ................................... ................................................... .............................. .............   15-4 15.3.3 Placement of Reinforcement .................................. ..................................................... ................................... ............................. ............   15-4 15.3.4 Grouting of Voids ................................... ............................................... ............   15-5 15.3.5 Copings, Bridge Seats, a Seats, a nd  Backwalls.. ................................... 15.4   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMEN T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table ble of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 16.1

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1.1   Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  16-1   16-1

16.2

MATERIALS.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................. ................................. ................... ... ................   16-1 Lumber and Timber (Solid Sawn or Glued Laminated). 16.2.1 ................................................. ................................. ............................. .............   16-2 16.2.2   Steel Components.. ................................ ................................................. ................................ ................................ ............................. .............   16-2 16.2.3   Castings.. ................................. ................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. .............   16-3 16.2.4   Hardware ................................ 16.25 Gal Galvan vanizi izing. ng... ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ........   16-3 ................................................. ................................. ................................ .................. 16-3 16.2.5.1   GENERAL ................................ ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ............................. ............. 16-3   Connectors 16.2.6   Timber  Connectors ............................................... ................................. ............................. ............. 16-3 16.2.6.1   DIMENSIONS .............................. RING CONNECTORS.. ................................ ................................................. ...................   16-6 16.2.6.2   SPLIT RING CONNECTORS..  CONNECTORS   SHEAR-PLATE CONNECTORS SHEAR-PLATE ................................. ................ .............................. .............   16-6 16.2.6.3 SPIKE-GRID CONNECTORS ............................... ................................................ .................... ...   16-6 16.2.6.4   SPIKE-GRID CONNECTORS

16.3

FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION ............................... ................................................ ...................... .....   16-7 ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................   16-7 16.3.1   Quality.. ................................ ................................................. ................................ ............................ ............ 16-7 Storage Stora ge of Material Material ................................. 16.3.2 ................................................. ................................ ................................ .................. ..   16-7 Treated Timber  ................................. 16.3.3 ................................................ ................................ .............................. .............. 16-7 16.3.3.1   HANDLING.. ................................ ................................................ ....................... ....... 16-7 16.3.3.2   FRAMING AND BORING.. ................................ ABRASIONS NS ................................ ................................................ ......................... ......... 16-8 16.3.3.3 CUTS AND ABRASIO ................................................. ................................ ....................... ....... 16-8 16.3.3.4   BORED HOLES.. ................................. MENT.. ............................... .............................................. ............... 16-8 TEMPORARY  ATTACHMENT.. 16.3.3.5   TEMPORARY ATTACH ............................................... ................................ ................... ... 16-8 Installation  of Connectors ............................... 16.3.4   Installation  ............................... ............. 16-9 Holes for Bolts, Bolts, Dowels, Rods, and Lag Screws   .................. 16.3.5 ............................................... ................................. ............................ ........... 16-10 Bolts  and Washers..  Washers.. ............................... 16.3.6   Bolts and ................................................ ................................. ................................ ...............   16-10 16.3.7   Countersinking.. ................................ ............................................... ................................. ................................. ............................ ............   16-10 16.3.8   Framing.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................. .................... ...   16-10 Framed Bents.. ............................... 16.3.9   Framed Bents.. .............................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 16-10 16.3.9.1 MUD SILLS .............................. PEDESTALS.. ............................... ............................................... ...................... ...... 16-10 16.3.9.2   CONCRETE PEDESTALS.. ............................................................. ................................ ........................... ...........   16-11 16.3.9.3 SILLS ............................................. POSTS .............................. ............................................... ................................. ................................ ........................ ........   16-11 16.3.9.4 POSTS CAPS .............................. .............................................. ................................. ................................. .......................... ..........   16-11 16.3.9.5 CAPS ................................................ ................................ ............................... ...............  16-11 16.3.9.6   BRACING.. ................................ 16.3.10 Stringers.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ............................ ............ 16-l 2  2 16.3.11 Plank  Floors..   Floors.. ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... ..... 16.3.12  Nail-Laminat ................................................ ....................... .......   16-12  Strip Floors ................................  Nail-Laminated ed or  Strip Floors 13 16.3.13 Glued Laminated  Panel Decks.. ................................ ................................................. ....................... ...... Glued Laminated Panel 16.3.14 Composite Wood-Concrete Decks.. ................................................. ................   16-14 Wood-Concrete  Decks.. .................................

16.3.15

14

  Wheel Guards Guard s and Railing.. ..................................... ........................................................ ........................ ..... 16.3.16   Trusses ...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... .................. 16.4 PAINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.5 MEASUREMENT

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 4

16-15

16.6 PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15

Table of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ....................................................... ...................................... ....................................... ............................... ...........   17-l 17.1 GENERAL .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... .......................... .......   17.2 MATERIALS ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   17.2.1 Wood ..................................... ....................................................... .......................... .......   17.2.2 Preservatives and Treatments.................................... ........................................................ ............................... ............   17.2.3 Coal-Tar Roofing Cement .....................................

17-1 17-1 17-1 17-2

....................................................... ................... 17.3 IDENTIFICATION AND INSPECTION .................................... ..................................... .................. 17.3.1 Branding and Job Site Inspection................... Inspection ...................................... ........................................................ ........................ ..... 17.3.2 Inspection at Treatment Plant ..................................... ...................................... ............................... ............ 17.3.3 Certificate of Compliance................... Compliance ......................................

7- 2 7- 2 7- 2 7- 2

......................................................... ........................ ..... 17.4 MEASUREMENT AND  PAYMENT ......................................

1 7-3

17-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 18.1

GENERAL.. ................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   18-l ....................................................... ...................................... ..................... 18.1.1 Working Drawings.. .................................... 1 ........................................................ ....................................... ................................... ............... 18-2 18.1.2 Materials.. ..................................... 18.1.2.1 ROLLEDSTEE ROLLE DSTEEL.. L.. ..................................... ......................................................... ................................ ............   18-2 18.1.2.2 STEEL LAMINATES.. LAMINATES.. ................................... ...................................................... ........................... ........   18-3 18.1.2.3 CASTSTEE CAST STEEL.. L.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... .....................   18-3 18.1.2.4 FORGED STEEL.. ......................... ............................................ ...................................... ......................... ......   18-3 STAINLESS STEEL.. .................................................. ................................................................ ..............   18-3 18.1.3 Packaging, Handling, and Storage .......... ............... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... ....... .. 18-4 18.1.4 Manufacture or Fabrication .......... .............. ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... ........ ... 18-4 GENERAL ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 18-4 18.1.4.1 18.1.4.2 FABRICATION TOLERANCES .................................... .............................................. ..........   18-5 18.1.5 Testing Test ing and an d Acceptan Acce ptance.. ce.. ....................................... .......................................................... ............................ .........   18-5 GENERAL ....................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ....................... ....   18-5 ....................................................... ...................................... ........................ .....   18-5 18.1.5.1.1   Scope .................................... 18.1.5.1.2   Tapered Sole Tapered  Sole Plates ...................................... ......................................................... ...................   18-7 18.1.5.2 TESTS.. .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ............................... ............   18-7 .......................................................... ..................................... ..................   18-7 18.1.5.2.1 General ....................................... 18.1.5.2.2 Material Certification Tests.. .................................... ........................................... .......   18-7 18.1.5.2.3 Material Friction Test-Sliding Test-Sliding Surfaces Surfaces Only.. .............  .............  18-7 18.1.5.2.4 Dimension Check .................................... ....................................................... ........................ .....   18-8 18.1.5.2.5 Clearance Test.. Test .. ..................................... ........................................................ .......................... .......   18-8 18.1.5.2.6 Bearing Friction Test-Sliding Surfaces Only ............... ...............   18-9 18.1.5.2.7 Long-Term Deterioration Test .................... ....................................... .....................   18-9 18.1.5.2.8   Bearing Horizontal Force Capacity-Fixed or  ................................................... ............... 18-10 Guided Bearings  Only .................................... ........................................................ ................................. .............. 18-10 18.1.6 Performance Criteria ..................................... ......................................................... ................... 18-l 0 18.1.7 Construction and Installation ......................................

18.2   ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS.. ..................................... ......................................................... ............................... ........... 18- l 1 ..................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ......   18-11 18.2.1 Scope ..................................  Re quirements.. .................................... ........................................................ ............................... ........... 11 18.2 18.2.2 .2 Gene General ral Requirements.. .............................................. ...................................... ...................................... ........................ ..... 1 1 18.2.3 Materials.. ........................... 18.2.3.1 PROPERTIES OF THE ELASTOMER .................................. .................................. 18-l 18.2.3.2 FABRIC REINFORCEMENT.. ...................................... ............................................... .........   18-16 18.2 18.2.3 .3.3 .3 BOND.. BOND.. ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   18-16 18.2.4 Fa bric br ic atio at io n ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... .............................. ...........   18-16 REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL ELASTOMERIC 18.2.4.1 BEARINGS ...................................... .......................................................... ....................................... ..................... 18-l 6 ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS.. .........  .........  18-17 18.2.4.2 STEEL LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS....... 18-17 18.2.4.3 FABRIC-REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS....... ELASTOMERIC   PADS ..................................... .............................................. .........   18-l 7 18.2.4.4 PLAIN ELASTOMERIC 

1

18.2.5   Testing.. .............................. ............................................... ................................. ................................ .............................. .............. 18.2.5.1   SCOPE ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ...................... ...... 18.2.5.2 FREQUENCY OF TESTING................ TESTING.. ............................... ................................. .................. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TESTS ON THE 18.2.5.3 ELASTOMER ................................. ................................................. ................................ .......................... ..........   18-19 18.2.5.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE TESTS ON THE  18-19 18.2.5.5 VISUAL INSPECTION INSPECTION OF THE FINISHED BEARING....... BEARING....... 18-19 18.2.5.6 SHORT-DURATION COMPRESSION TESTS ON BEARINGS ................................ ................................................ ................................. ........................ .......   18-20 18.2.5.7 LONG-DURATION COMPRESSION TESTS O N BEARINGS.. ................................ ................................................. ................................. .................... .... 18.2.5.8 SHEAR MODULUS MODULUS TESTS ON MATERIAL FROM BEARINGS ................................. ................................................. ................................ .............................. ..............   18-20 ................................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... .........   18-21 18.2.6 Installation ................................ 18.3

................................................ ................................ ........................ ........   18-21 POT AND DISC BEARINGS ................................ ............................................... ................................. ................................ ............................... ...............   18-21 18.3.1 General .............................. ............................................... ................................ ................................ ............................. .............   18-21 18.3.2 Materials ............................... 18.3.2.1   GENERAL.. ................................ ................................................ ................................ ............................. ............. 18.3.2.2   STEEL.. ................................ ................................................. ................................. ................................ ................... ... ................................ ................................ ..................   18-22 18.3.2.3 STAINLESS STEEL................ STEEL ................................ 18.3.2.4 ELASTOMERIC ROTATIONAL ROTATIONAL ELEMENT ELEMENT FOR POT BEARINGS.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ............................. ............. SEALANTFOR POT BEARIN BEARINGS.. GS......................................... 18.3.2.5 ....................................... 18.3.2.6 SEALING RINGS FOR POT BEARINGS ............................. ............................. 18.3.2.7 POLYTETRAFLUORETHYLENE (PTFE) SHEET AND ............................................... ................................. ................................. ....................... ....... STRIP ............................... 18.3.2.8 POLYETHER URETHANE URETHANE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ............................................... ............................. .............   18-23 FOR DISC BEARINGS ............................... ............................................... ................................ ............................ ............ 18.3.3 Fabrication Details ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ................  18-23 18.3.3.1 GENERAL ............................... 18.3.3.2 FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR POT BEARINGS.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ............................. ............. ............................... .............. ................................. ................................ ............................ ............  18-24 18.3.3.2.1 The Pot 18.3.3.2.2 Sealing Rings..................................................................   18-25 18.3.3.2.3 Elastomeric Rotational Rotational Element.. Element.. ................................ .................................. .. 18.3.3.3 FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR DISC BEARINGS.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ............................. ............. ................................................. ................................ ................   18-25 18.3.3.3.1 Steel Housing ................................. 18.3.3.3.2 Polyether Urethane Urethane Rotational Element.. ...................... ...................... ................................................ ................................ ....................... .......   18-25 18.3.4 Sampling and Testing ................................ LOT SIZE .............................. 18.3.4.1 ............................................... ................................. ................................ .................. 18.3.4.2 SAMPLING AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS .................. .................. ............................................ ............   18-26 18.3.4.2.1 Material Certification Tests ................................ ................................................. ..................   18-26 18.3.4.2.2 Testing by the Engineer ................................. 18.3.4.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS.. ............................. ............................. ................................ .............................. ..............   18-27 18.3.4.3.1 Proof Load Test................ Test ................................ 18.3.4.3.2 Sliding Coefficient of Friction ................................ ...................................... ...... 18.3.5   Installation.. ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ....................... .......

18.4 18.4

BEAR INGS.. ..................................... ..................................................... ................   ROCKER ROCKER AND ROLLER BEARINGS.. ........................................................ ...................................... ................................. ..............   18.4.1 Materials.. ..................................... .............................................................. ...................................... ......................... ......   18.4.2 Fabrication ........................................... .......................................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   18.4.2.1 ST EE L ....................................... 18.4.2.2 LUBRICATION.. ......................... ............................................ ...................................... ......................... ......   18.4.3 Installat Insta llation.. ion.. ................................ ................................................... ...................................... ................................... ................  

18.5   SPHERICAL  BEARINGS

............................................................................

18-29 18-29 18-29 18-29 18-29 18-29

  18-30

18.6

BRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOYED PLATES FOR BEARINGS........... 18-30 ......................... ......   18-30 Plates ..................................... 18.6.1 Bronze Bearing and Expansion Plates..................  Bearing and Expansion Plates ..................... ..................... 18-30 18.6.2   Rolled ........................................................ .................................... ................. 18-30 18.6 18.6.3 .3 Test Test Requirements.. .....................................

18.7

MASONRY, SOLE, AND SHIM PLATES FOR BEARINGS ..................  18-3 1 ....................................................... ...................................... .................................... .................   18-31 18.7.1 Materials .................................... ........................................................... ....................................... ............................ ........ 18-3 1 18.7.2 Fabrication ........................................ ....................................................... ...................................... ............................... ............ 18-3 1 18.7.3 Installation.. ....................................

18.8 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) SURFACES ........................................................ ...................................... ................................... ................ 18-3 I FOR BEARINGS ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ..................................... ..................   18-31 18.8.1 General ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ................................ .............   18-32 18.8.2 Materials.. ..................................... 18.8.2.1 POLYTETRAFLUORETHYLENE (PTFE) SHEET AN D STRIP ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..   18-32 18.8.2.2 PTFE RESIN.. RES IN.. .................... ........................................ ....................................... .................................. ...............   18-32 .......................................... ...................................... ...................   18-32 18.8.2.3 FILLER MATERIAL.. ....................... 18.8.2.4 ADHESIVE MATERIAL ............................ ................................................ ............................ ........   18-32 18.8.2.5 UNFILLED PTFE SHEET.. PTFE SHEET.. ...................................... ..................................................... ...............   18-32 18.8.2.6 FILLED PTFE SHEET ............................... .................................................. ............................. ..........   18-33 18.8.2.7 FABRIC CONTAINING PTFE FIBERS .............................. ................................ ..   18-33 ................................................. ....................................... ...................... ...   18-33 18.8.2.8 LUBRICANTS.. ............................. 18.8.2.9 INTERLOCKED BRONZE BRONZE AND FILLED FILLED PTFE STRUCTURES ..................................... ........................................................ ................................... ................   18-33 18.8.2.10   PTFE METAL METAL COMPOSITE.. .................................... ................................................ ............ 18-34 ..................................................... ...............   18-34 18.8.2.1 1   SURFACE TREATMENT.. ...................................... 18.8.2.12   STAINLESS STEEL MATING SURFACE............................  SURFACE............................   18-34 18.8.3 Fab ric ati on Req uir eme nts .......... .............. ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... .... 18-34 GENERAL ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ....................... .... 18-34 18.8.3.1 18.8.3.2 ATTACHMENT OF MATERIAL ................................ ................................   18-34 ........................................................ ..................................... .................. 18-34 18.8.3.2.1   General ..................................... 18.8.3.2.2 Flat-Sheet PTFE ................................... ...................................................... ......................... ......   18-35 18.8.3.2.3 Curved Sheet ......................................... ............................................................ ........................ .....   18-35 18.8.3.2.4 Fabric Containing Containing PTFE Fibers.. ................................... ...................................   18-35 SURFACE............................   18-36 18.8.3.3 STAINLESS STEEL MATING SURFACE............................ 18.8.3.4 LUBRICATION.. .................................. ..................................................... ................................... ................   18-36 .......................................................... .......................... .......   18-36 18.8.4   Testing a Testing  a nd Acceptance.. ....................................... 18.8.4.1 GENERAL ............................ ............................................... ....................................... ................................ ............   18-36 18.8.5 Installati Insta llati on.. ............................... .................................................. ...................................... .................................... .................   18-37

18-v

......................................................... ...................................... ................................. ..............   18-37 18.9 ANCHOR BOLTS ...................................... ........................................................ ...................................... .................................... .................   18-37 18.9.1 Materials ..................................... 18.92 18.92 Fabric Fabricat ation ion .................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............. ........................................................ ...................................... ................................. ..............   18-37 18.9.3 Installation .....................................

18.10   BEDDING OF MASONRY  PLATES ...................................... .......................................................... .................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ...................   18-37 18.10.1 General ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... .................................... .................   18-38 18.10.2 Materials ..................................... 18.11  FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GUIDES ................................. ................................. ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ...................   18-39 18.12 LOAD PLATES ..................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ................................. ..............   18-39 18.13 MEASUREMENT ...................................... ........................................................ ....................................... ....................................... .......................... .......   18-39 18.14 PAYMENT .....................................

Table ble of Con Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY GENERAL

.........................................................................................................

19.2   WORKING DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  19-1

19.3 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  19-l

............................................... ....................... .......   19-2 MANUFACTURE A ND FABRICATION ............................... 19.4   MANUFACTURE A ................................................ ................................ ..................... .....   19-2 19.4.1   Compression Seal Compression  Seal Joints.. ................................   19-2 ............................... ............... ................................ ................................ ........................... ...........  19.4.2   Joint Seal Joint Seal Assemblies..  Assemblies.. 19.5

INSTALLATION ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. ..............   19-2 General.. ................................. ................................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................   19-2 ................................................ ................................. ..................... .....   19-2  Seal Joints.. ............................... 19.52 Compre Compressi ssion on Seal .............................................. ................................. ............................ ........... Joint Seal Joint Seal Assemblies..  Assemblies.. ..............................

19.6   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   19-3

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... ............................. ..........   20-l 20.1 GENERAL ..................................... ..................................... .................. ...................................... ...................................... ..................................... .................. 20 -l 20.1.1 Description ......................................................... ...................................... ....................................... .................... 20.1.2 Materials ...................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ................................... ............... 20.1.3 Construction .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... .............................. ........... 20.1.4 Line and Grade ..................................... ....................................................... ....................................... ................................... ............... 20.2 20.2 METAL METAL RAILING.. .................................... ....................................... ................... ....................................... ........................... ........   20-I 20.2.1 20.2.1 Materials and Fabrication.. 20.2.1 STEEL RAILING.. ...................................... ......................................................... ................................ ............. ....................................................... ......................... ......   20.2.1.2 ALUMINUM RAILING ....................................   ...................................... ................... ...................................... ...................  20.2.1.3 METAL BEAM RAILING ......................................................... ....................................... ......................... ......   20.2.1.4   WELDING ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ..................................... ..................   20.2.2   Installation ..................................... ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................ .........   20.2.3 Finish Finish ....................................

20-2 20-2 20-2 20-2 20-2

......................................................... ....................................... ......................... ......   20-3 20.3   CONCRETE   RAILING.. ..................................... ........................................................ ............................ ......... 20.3.1 Material Materialss and Construction .....................................  RAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4   TIMBER  RAILING

  20-3

20.5 STONE AND BRICK RAILINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  20-3

20.6 TEMPORARY RAILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  20-3

....................................................... .......................... .......   20-4 20.7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT .................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ................................. ..............   20-4 20.7.1 Measurement ..................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................... .....................   20-4 20.7.2 Payment.. .....................................

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 21.1

GENERA GEN ERA L ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ....................   21-1 21.1.1   Waterproofing  ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................... 21-1 21.1.2 Dampproofing .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... ....................   21-l

21.2 MA TE RI AL S. . ................................... .................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................. ............   21.2.1   Asphalt Membrane Waterproofing System.. .................................... ...................................... .. 21.2.1.1 ASPHALT .................................. .................................................... .................................... ............................... .............   2 1.2.1.2 PRIMER ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ................................. ................   .................................................... ................................... ................................... ..................   2 1.2.1.3 FABRIC .................................. 21.2.2 Preforme Pref orme d Membrane Waterproofing Systems.. ............................... ............................... 21.2.2.1   PRIMER ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................. 21.2. 21.2.2.2 2.2 PREFORMED PREFORMED  MEMBRANE SHEET  MEMBRANE  SHEET .................................. ....................................... ..... 21.2.2.3   MASTIC.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................. ................ 21.2.3   Protective Covers ................................. ................................................... .................................... ............................... ............. 21.2.4   Dampproofing.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... .................. 21.2.5   Inspection and Delivery.. .................................... ..................................................... .................................. .................

21-1 21-1 21-1 21-l 21-l 21- 2 21 -2 21 -2 21-3 2 l-3 l-3 21 -4 21 -4

21.3   SURFACE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2 l-4 21.4   APPLICATION ................................. .......................................... ......... . 21.4.1   Asphalt Membrane Waterpro Wate rpro ofin g.. ................................. .................................................. ................... 21.4.1.1 GENERAL .......................................... ............................................................ ................................... ...................... .....   21.4.1.2   INSTALLATION.. .................................... ..................................................... .................................. ................. 21.4. 21.4.1.3 1.3 SPECIAL DETAILS ................................... .................................................... ................................ ............... 21.4.1.4   DAMAGE  DAMAGE   PATCHING ................................... .................................................... ........................... .......... 21.4.2   Preform ed Membrane Waterproofing Systems ................................. ................................. 21.4.2.1   GENERAL ................................... .................................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 21.4.2.2   INSTALLATION ON BRIDGE DECKS.. ................................. ................................. 2 1.4.2.3   INSTALLATION  ON OTHER SURFACES.. ............................ ............................ 21.4.3   Protective Cover.. ................................... .................................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 21.4.4   Dampproofing.. .................................. .................................................... ................................... .................................. .................

2 l-5 21-5 21-5 21-5 21 -6 21 -7 2 1- 7 21-7 21 -7 21 -7 21-8 21-9 21-9

21.5   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21-9

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY .............................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ .......................... .......... 22.1 GENERAL ..............................

1

.............................................. ................................. ................................. .................. ..   22-l WORKING   DRAWINGS .............................. 22.2 WORKING  ................................................. ................................. ................................ ................................ .................. ..   22-2 22.3 MATERIALS.. ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. ..............   22-2 22.3.1 Aggregate ................................ (Gabions) ................................ ................................................ ........................ ........   22-2 22.3.2 Wire-enclosed ................................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ........   22-2 22.3.3 Filter Fabric.. ................................ 22.3.4 Grout .............................. ............................................... ................................. ................................ ................................ ...................... ......   22-2 ............................... ............................................... ................................ ..................... .....   22-2 Sacked Concrete 22.3.5 Sacked Concrete ............................................... ................................ ..................   22-3 22.3.6 Portland Cement Concrete.. ............................... ............................................... .......................... ..........   22-3 22.3.7 Pneumatically Applied Mortar.. ...............................  ................... 22-3 Shapes 22.3.8 Precast Portland Cement Concrete Blocks and Shapes ................... ................................................ ................................ ................................ .................. ..   22-3 Reinforcing  Steel ................................ 22.3.9 Reinforcing Steel ................................ ................................ ............................ ............   22-3 22.3.10  22.3.10   Geocomposite Drain................. Drain.. ............................... ................................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ ............   22-4 22.4 CONSTRUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... .........   22-4 Slopes.................................. 22.4.1 Preparation of Slopes.................. ............................................... ................................. ................................ ................................ .................. ..   22-4 22.4.2 Bedding .............................. ................................................. ................................. ................................ ....................... .......   22-4 22.4.3 Filter Fabric.. ................................ ............................................... ................................ ............................ ............   22-4 22.4.4 Geocomposite Drain.. ............................... ................................. ................. ................................ ................................ ........................... ...........   22-5 Hand Placing Hand  Placing Stones 22.4.5 .............................................. ................................ ........................ ........   22-5 22.4.6 Machine-Placed Stones.. .............................. .............................................. ................................. .................... ...   22-5 22.4 22.4.6 .6.1 .1 DRY PLACEM PLACEMENT ENT ..............................   PLACEMENT.. ................................ ............................................. .............   22-5 22.4.6.2 22.4.6.2 UNDERW UNDERWATE ATER  R  PLACEMENT.. (Gabions) ............................... ............................................... ........................ ........   22-6 22.4.7   Wire-Enclosed ............................................... ................................ ........................ ........   22-6 22.4.7.1   FABRICATION.. ............................... ................................................ ................................ ..................... .....   22-7 22.4.7.2 22.4.7.2 INSTALLA INSTALLATION TION.. .. ................................ ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ .................. ..   22-7 22.4.8 22.4.8 Grouted Grouted ............................... ............................................... ................................ ..................... .....   22-7 22.4.9 22.4.9 Sacked Sacked   Concrete ................................................ ................................ ....................... .......   22-8 22.4.10  22.4.10   Concrete Slope Paving.. ................................ ............................................... ................................ ................................ .................. ..   22-8 22.4.1 22.4.10.1 0.1 GENERAL GENERAL ............................... .......................................   22-9 22.4.10.2 CAST-IN CAST-IN-PLA -PLACE CE SLOPE SLOPE  PAVING.. ....................................... ............................... ................................ .................. ..   22-10 22.4.10.3 PRECAST PRECAST SLOPE PAVING.. PAVING................. ............................................... ........................... ...........   22-10 22.5   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT.. ............................... ................................................ ................................ ................... ...   22-10 22.5 22.5.1 .1 Method Method  of Measurement ................................ .......................... 22.5. STONE   AND FILTER BLANKET .......................... 10 ........................................... 22.5.1.2 SACKED SACKED CONCRE CONCRETE TE ............................. 10 22.5.1.3 22.5.1.3 WIRE-ENC WIRE-ENCLOS LOSED ED   (GABIONS) ............................. ............... 22-l 1 22.5.1.4 CAST-INCAST-IN-PLAC PLACE E CONCRETE CONCRETE SLOPE SLOPE PAVING. PAVING... ............... 22-l

1I 22.5.1.5 PRECAST CONCRETE SLOPE PAVING.. SLOPE PAVING.. ........................... ....................................................... .................................. ...............   22-l 22.5.1.6 FILTER FABRIC .................................... 1 22.5.2   Payment ..................................... ........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ................... 22.5.2.1   GENERAL.. ..................................... 1 ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... .. 1 22.5.2 22.5.2.2 .2 STONE STONE ...................................... ......................................................... .............................. ........... 22.5.2.3 SACKED CONCRETE ...........................................  .22-12 22.5.2.4   WIRE-ENCLOSED   (GABIONS). ............................ .22-12 22.5.2.5 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE SLOPE PAVING ............... PAVING ............... ..22-12  2 22.5.2.6 PRECAST CONCRETE SLOPE PAVING.. SLOPE PAVING.. ........................... 22.5.2.7 FILTER BLANKET .................................... ....................................................... ............................ .........   .22-12 22.5.2.8 FILTER FABRIC.. ..................................... ........................................................ .............................. ...........   .22-12  .22-12 22.5.2.9 GEOCOMPOSITE DRAIN SYSTEM .................................... .................................... .22-12

22-iv

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ....................... ........  23-l 23.1 DESCRIPTION ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ......................... ..........  23-l 23.2   MATERIALS.. ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ....................... ........  23-l 23.3 FABRICATION ............................. ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ..................... ......  23-2 23.4 GALVANIZING .............................. ........................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. .................... .....  23-2 23.5 MEASUREMENT  ............................ ........................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ................. ..   23-2 23.6 PAYMENT ............................

23-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 24.1   DESCRIPTION

.................................................................................................

  24-l 24.2 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.1 24.2.1 Cement, Aggregate, Water, Aggregate,  Water, and Admixtures and Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   24-1 24.2.2   Reinforcing Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.3   Anchor Bolts or Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-2 PROPORTIONING A N D MIXING.. .................................. ................................................... ............................ ...........   24-2 24.3   PROPORTIONING A 24.3.1 Proportioning.. ................................... .................................................... ................................... ................................... .................   24-2 24.3.2 24.3.2 Mixing.. Mixing.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ............................... .............   24-2 ..................................................... ................................... ..................... ....   24.4   SURFACE PREPARATION.. ................................... 24.4.1 Earth.. ................................. ................................................... ................................... ................................... ................................. ...............   24.4.2 Forms.. ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............   Concrete or Rock.. .................................. ................................................... ................................... .............................. ............  

24-2 24-2 24-3 24-3

................................................... ................................... ................................... ......................... ........   24-3 24.5 INSTALLATION .................................. 24.5.1 Placement of Reinforcing ...................................... ....................................................... ............................... ..............   24-3 24.5.2 Placement of Mortar.. .................................. ................................................... ................................... ........................ ...... 24.5.2.1 LIMITATIONS.. .................................. ................................................... .................... ...   24-5 24.5.2.2  PROTECTION   OF ADJACENT WORK ................. WORK  ................................... .................... 24.5.3 Finishing.. ................................... ..................................................... ................................... ................................... ......................... .......   24-5 24.5.4   Curing an Curing an d Protecting ................................. .................................................. ................................... ........................ ......   24-6 24.6   MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 25.1

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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25.2 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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........................................... .............................. ................... ....   25-1 25.3 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION............................ ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ........................ .........   25-1 25.3.1 General .............................. .............................. ............... ....................... ........   25-2 25.3.2 Forming and Punching of Steel Liner Plates ............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. ................... .... 25-2 25 -2 25.4   INSTALLATION ..............................   25-2 ............................. .............. .............................. .............................. .............................. ...................... ....... 25.4.1   Steel  Steel   Liner Plates.. 25.4.2   Precast Concrete Liner ............................................. .............................. ...............   25-3 Concrete Liner Plates.. .............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ....................... ........   25-3 25.4.3 Grouting ............................. 25.5 MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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25.6 PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  25-3   25-3

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY .............................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ .......................... ..........   26-l 26.1   GENERAL .............................. ............................... ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ............................. ............. 26 -l 26.1.1 Description ................................................ ................................ ............................... ...............  26-1 26.2 26.2 WORKING WORKING   DRAWINGS.. ................................

............................................... ................................ .......................... .......... 26.3.1 Corrugated Metal Pipe ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ...................... ...... 26.3.2 Structural  Plate ............................... ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ........ 26.3.3 Nuts and Bolts ............................................... ................................. .............................. ..............   26-2 Mixing  of Materials.. .............................. ................................................ ................................ ................................. ........................... ..........   26-2 26.3.5   Fabrication.. ................................ ................................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ..................   26-2 26.3.6 26.3.6 Welding Welding ................................ ................................ ................ ................................. ................................. .............................. ..............   26-2 26.3.7 Protective Coatings .............................................. ............................. .............   26-3 Bedding and Backfill Materials .............................. ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................... ...   26-3 26.3.8.1 GENERAL ............................... ............................... ............... ................................. ..................... ....   26-3 26.3.8.2 LONG-SPAN STRUCTURES ................................ ................................ ..................... .....   26-3 CULVERTS.................. CULVERTS.................................. 26.3.8.3

................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... .......   26-4 26.4   ASSEMBLY ................................ ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ................... ..   26-4 26.4.1 Joints.. ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ..................... ....   26-4 ................................................. ................................ .......................... ..........   26-4 FIELD JOINTS ................................. 26.4.2.1   FIELD JOINTS   26-5 ................................. ................ ................................. ................................ .......................... .......... JOINT TYPES.. 26.4.2.2   JOINT TYPES.. .............................................. ................................ ..................... .....   26-5 26.4.2.3 SOIL CONDITIONS .............................. .............................. .............. ................................ ................................. ................... ..   26-5 26.4.2.4   JOINT PROPERTIES ............................................... ...................... ......   26-6 Assembly of Long-Span Structures ............................... ............................................... ................................. ................................ ............................... ...............   26-7 26.5   INSTALLATION .............................. ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. ..   26-7 26.5.1   General.. ...............................   ................................. ............... ........................... .......... 26-7   Foundation ................................... ............................... 26.5.3 26.5.3 Bedding.. Bedding.. ................................. ................................................. ................................ ................................ .............................. .............. ................................ ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 26.5.4 26.5.4 Structur Structuree  Backfill GENERAL ................................ ................................................ ................................ ................................ ................   26-l 1 .............................. .............. ................................. ................................. ................................ .................... .... 26-12 26.5.4.2 ARCHES .................................... ............................ ............  26-12 26.5.4.3 LONG-SPAN STRUCTURES.. .................... CULVERTS.. .............................. 26.5.4.4 .............................................. ................................. ..................... .... ................................................ ................................ ................................. ................................. ................ 26.5.5   Bracing ................................ ............................... ............... ................................ .................... .... 26-14 26.5.6 Arch Substructures and Headwalls

26-iii

26.6   CONSTRUCTION PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-14

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26.8 PAYMENT 

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26-iv

26-15 .

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26-15 .

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Table ble of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 27.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2   WORKING DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  27-1   27-l

................................................ ................................ ................................ ................................. ..................... ....  27-1 27.3 MATERIALS ................................ ................................................. ........................... ...........   27-l 27.3.1   Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete Culverts.. ................................. ................................................ ................................. ................................. ........................ ........   27-2 27.3.2 Joint Sealants ................................ ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................... ...   27-2 27.3.2.1   GENERAL ............................... ................................................. ................................ ..................   27-2 27.3.2.2 CEMENT MORTAR  ................................. .................................... .... 27-2 27 -2 27.3.2.3   FLEXIBLE WATERTIGHT GASKETS ................................   27-2 ...............................  ............................... 27.3.2.4   OTHER JOINT SEALANT MATERIALS.. ............................................... .............................. ..............   27-3 27.3.3 Bedding Material and Backfill ............................... ............................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ........   27-3 27.4 ASSEMBLY ............................... ................................................ ................................. ................................ ................................ ................... ...   27-3 27.4.1 General ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ........   27-3 27.4.2 Joints............... Joints ...............................   27-3 27.5 INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-3 27.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-4 27.5.2 Foundation Bedding and Backfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.5.2.1   GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-4 27.5.2.2 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE CIRCULAR  ARCH AND ELLIPTICAL PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-4 27.5.2.3 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS.... 27-10   27-l 27.5.3 Placing Culvert Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backfill or Overfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-12  Lower Side, and Side, and Backfill or 27.5.4 27.5.4 Haunch, Haunch, Lower 27.5.4.1 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE CONCRETE CIRCULAR  ARCH AND ELLIPTICAL PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-12 27.5.4.2 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS.... 27-12 27.5.4.3 PLACING OF HAUNCH, LOWER SIDE, AND BACKFILL O BACKFILL  O R  OVERFILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   27-l 3 27.5.4.4 COVER OVER CULVERT DURING CONSTRUCTION...... 27-13 27.6 MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 PAYMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27-iii

27-l 3   27-13

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY 28.1

........................................................ ...................................... ...................................... ...................... ...   28-l DESCRIPTION .....................................

28.2

LATEX-MODIFIED CONCRETE TYPE WEARING SURFACE............ SURFACE............ .................................... ................. ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................... ......   28-l 28.2.1 General .......................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................   28-2 28.2.2 Materials ....................................... ......................................................... ........................ .....   28-2 28.2.2.1 PORTLAND CEMENT ...................................... ..................................... ...................................... ...................................... ..................... ..   28-2 28.2.2.2 AGGREGATE.................. AGGREGATE ....................................................... ....................................... ................................ ............   28-2 28.2.2.3 WATER  .................................... ........................................................ ............................. ..........   28-2 28.2.2.4 LATEX EMULSION ..................................... ...........................................  ...........................................   28-3 28.2.2.5 LATEXLATEX-MOD MODIFI IFIED ED CONCRETE.. CONCRETE.. ......................................................... ...................................... ..................... ..   28-3 28.2.3 Surface Preparation ...................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ...................   28-3 28.2.3.1 NE W  DECKS.. ...................................... ...................................... ................... ...................................... ............................... ............   28-4 28.2.3.2 EXISTING DECKS ........................................................ ............................... ............   28-5 28.2.4 Proportioning and Mixing ..................................... ......................................................... ...................................... .................................... .................   28-6 28.2.5 Installation ...................................... .................................................... ............... 28-6 28 -6 RESTRICTIONS ..................................... 28.2.5.1 WEATHER RESTRICTIONS ......................................................... ...................................... ..................... ..   28-6 28.2.5.2 EQUIPMENT ...................................... ..................................................... ................. 28-7 28 -7 28.2.5.3 PLACIN PLACING G AND AND FINISHING ....................................   28-7   Construction Joints.. Join ts.. .................................... ........................................................ .................... 28.2.5.3.1 ........................................................ ...................................... ..................... ..   28-7 28.2.5.3.2 Placing ..................................... 28.2.5.3.3 Finishing.. .............................. ................................................. ...................................... ....................... ....   28-8 ....................................................... ...................................... ...................................... ........................... ........   28-8 28.2.6 Curing .................................... ...................................... ...................................... ........................ .....   28-9 Testing ..................................... 28.2.7 Acceptance Testing.................. ...................................... ............................. ..........   28-9 Measurement and Payment.................. Payment ..................................... 28.2.8 Measurement

28-iii

Table of Contents SPECIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY ........................................... .............................. .............................. .............................. ........................ .........  29-l 29.1 DESCRIPTION ............................ ............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. ......................... ..........  29-l

29.2

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29.4

CONSTRUCTION

29.5   INSPECTION AND

............................................ .............................. ........................... ............  29-2 METHODS ............................. ............................................. .............................. ......................... ..........  29-2 TESTING................................

............................................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .................   29-2 29.6   MEASUREMENT.. .............................. ............................................ .............................. .............................. .............................. ............................. ..............  29-3 29.7   PAYMENT.. .............................

29-iii