ADITIVOS ALIMENTARIOS
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Contenidos Artículos 1.- ADITIVOS ALIMENTARIOS
1
Aditivo alimentario
1
Aromatizante
6
Colorante
8
Conservante
10
Antioxidante
12
Acidulante
32
Edulcorante
33
Espesante
33
Derivados del almidón
34
Saborizante
35
Emulsionante
36
2.- EDULCORANTES NATURALES
37
Azúcar
37
Sacarosa
39
Fructosa
42
Glucosa
44
Glicerol
47
Lactitol
53
Maltitol
55
Manitol
56
Sorbitol
58
Stevia
59
Xilitol
61
3.- EDULCORANTES ARTIFICIALES
63
Edulcorante artificial
63
Acesulfamo K
69
Aspartame
70
Ciclamato
71
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Sucralosa
75
Isomalt
76
Referencias Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo
77
Fuentes de imagen, Licencias y contribuyentes
79
Licencias de artículos Licencia
80
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1
1.- ADITIVOS ALIMENTARIOS Aditivo alimentario Un aditivo alimentario es toda sustancia que, sin constituir por sí misma un alimento ni poseer valor nutritivo, se agrega intencionadamente a los alimentos y bebidas en cantidades mínimas con objetivo de modificar sus caracteres organolépticos o facilitar o mejorar su proceso de elaboración o conservación.[1] [2]
Historia Desde hace tiempo se ha incluido aditivos en los alimentos, en los tiempos recientes con el advenimiento de la ciencia de los alimentos durante el siglo XIX y XX,un número E a un aditivo el Comité Científico o la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria tiene que evaluar si la sustancia aditiva es segura para la salud. [3] El sistema de números E se utiliza además como una manera práctica de etiquetar de forma estándar los aditivos permitidos en todos los idiomas de la Unión Europea.
Uno de los aditivos más empleados es la sal (en la foto sal de Himalaya.
Desde el punto de vista toxicológico, los aditivos no se pueden considerar malos ni buenos en sí mismos. El p'i'´p¿ú¿el peso corporal, que se puede ingerir peligro p'i'´p¿ú¿el diariamente, durante toda la vida, sin que represente un riesgo apreciable para la salud. Algunas veces los efectos cruzados de los aditivos no son evaluados, lo cual puede provocar efectos nocivos a largo plazo[4] Se ha relacionado a la industria farmacéutica con la de los aditivos, de tal manera que podrían haber intereses concordantes de ambas industrias que en algunos casos son las mismas. También se critica que los aditivos se puedan utilizar con fines espurios, aparentando unas Frascos de vainillina. cualidades similares a las de los productos que no los utilizan, ya que su incorporación se realizaría con el fin de ahorrar costes. Sirva como ejemplo que añadir un aromatizante a un yogur permitiría incorporar menos fruta manteniendo la intensidad del sabor. Por otro lado, el consumidor puede ser responsable de la comercialización de
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Aditivo alimentario Las principales funciones de los aditivos alimentarios, de acuerdo con la Directiva europea 89/107/CEE, [5] la cual se ha transpuesto a la legislación de cada estado miembro de la UE, son: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
asegurar asegurar la la seguridad seguridad y la salubri salubridad dad aumentar aumentar la conservac conservación ión o la estabilida estabilidadd del producto producto hacer posible posible la disponibil disponibilidad idad de alimentos alimentos fuera fuera de temporada temporada asegurar asegurar o mantener mantener el el valor nutritiv nutritivoo del alimento alimento potenciar potenciar la la aceptaci aceptación ón del consumidor consumidor ayudar a la fabricación, transformación, preparación, preparación, transporte y almacenamiento almacenamiento del alimento dar homog homogene eneida idadd al product producto. o.
Razones para su uso Las razones por las que se emplean los aditivos en la industria alimentaria son básicamente de tipo económico y social. social. El uso de ciertos aditivos permite que los alimentos duren más tiempo lo que hace que exista mayor aprovechamiento de los mismos y por tanto se puedan bajar los precios y que exista un reparto más homogéneo de los mismos. Por ejemplo, al añadir al tomate en lata sustancias que permitan disminuir el pH, la duración del mismo se prolonga en el tiempo, pudiendo ser consumido en épocas donde la producción de tomate disminuye.
Razones psicológicas y tecnológicas Si bien dice el dicho "todo entra por los ojos", en cuanto a los alimentos, este dicho se cumple. Cuando un alimento presenta mal aspecto, mal olor o alguna de sus propiedades organolepticas no se ve con las caracteristicas que se conoce el producto usualmente, este producto tiende a rechazarse. Alimentos como: procesados de frutas o verduras, derivados lácteos, pastelería, chocolatería, en general todos, requieren de un aditivo que o bien mejore su apariencia (color, textura) o mejore su sabor (mayor sabor a fruta, mayor acidéz). Si por ejemplo, al queso no se le adicionara ningún aditivo, su color no sería amarillo sino blanco como el blanco de la leche de vaca. Si una mermelada no tuviese aditivos, su aroma no sería tan agradable y no se conservaría por cierto periodo de tiempo sino que su vida útil sería menor a lo que generalmente se conoce.
Razones nutricionales y de seguridad En los alimentos pueden desarrollarse reacciones químicas que disminuyan el valor nutritivo del alimento e incluso generen compuestos tóxicos. También pueden proliferar microorganismos indeseables o letales para el ser humano. Un claro ejemplo es la potencial presencia de Clostridium botulinum en las conservas vegetales, bacteria responsable de una intoxicación mortal conocida como botulismo. La adición de sustancias antioxidantes a estas conservas, como las sales de nitratos y nitritos, dificulta el desarrollo a la bacteria. Ahora bien, aunque las sales de nitrito son potencialmente tóxicas a determinadas dosis o cuando el producto se somete a tratamientos tecnológicos posteriores (se acepta que las sales de nitrito pueden ser precursoras de las nitrosaminas, unas sustancias cancerígenas que se forman cuando el alimento se somete al asado u horneado), este riesgo es mucho menor que el riesgo de sufrir botulismo si no se incorporasen los aditivos antioxidantes.
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Aditivo alimentario
Aditivos derivados de animales 1. E120 - Cochinill Cochinillaa (colorant (colorantee "natural" "natural")) 2. E542 - Fosfato óseo (suplemento mineral o antiaglomerante derivado de huesos animales) animales) 3. E901 - Cera Cera de abejas abejas (ceras, (ceras, lustramueble lustramuebles, s, velas) velas) 4. E904 - Goma Goma laca laca (derivado (derivado del insect insectoo coccus lacca) 5. E913 - Lanolina Lanolina (agente (agente de glaseado). glaseado). No aprobado aprobado por la Unión Unión Europea y Australia Australia 6. E920 ~ E921 E921 - L-Cisteína L-Cisteína (agente de tratamiento de la harina). No aprobado por la Unión Europea 7. E1000 - Ácido Ácido cólico (emulgent (emulgente). e). No aprobado aprobado por la Unión Europea Europea y Australia Australia 8. Calcio mesoinositol (productos horneados, gaseosas, verduras procesadas) 9. Hexa Hexafo fosf sfat atos os 10. 10. Lacto actosa sa 11. Aceite Aceite de esperma (obtenido (obtenido de la cabeza de diversos diversos cetáceos-ba cetáceos-ballena llenas) s) 12. Guanin Guaninaa (aceit (aceitee de perla perlas) s) 13. Albúmina Albúmina (de (de la clara de los huevos) huevos)
Tipos de aditivos La clasificación general de los aditivos alimentarios puede ser: • Sustancias Sustancias que impiden las alteracione alteracioness químicas biológicas biológicas (antioxida (antioxidantes, ntes, sinérgicos sinérgicos de antioxidant antioxidantes es y conservantes) • Sustancias estabilizadoras de la características físicas (emulgentes, espesantes, gelificantes, antiespumantes, antipelmazantes, antiaglutinantes, humectantes, reguladores de pH) • Sustancias correctoras correctoras de las cualidades plásticas. (mejoradores (mejoradores de la panificación, correctores de la vinificación, reguladores de la maduración). • Sustancias modificadoras de de los caracteres organolépticos (colorantes, potenciadores potenciadores del sabor, edulcorantes artificiales, aromas). Existen categorías de aditivos por su uso en la industria alimentaria, entre ellas tenemos: • • • • • • • • • •
Arom Aromat atiz izaantes ntes Colorantes Cons Conser erva vanntes tes Anti Antiox oxid idaantes ntes Acidulantes Edu Edulcor lcoran ante tess Espesantes Derivados Derivados del del almidón. almidón. Tienen Tienen como como base para para su elaborac elaboración ión el almidón. almidón. Sabo Sabori riza zant ntes es Emul Emulssiona ionanntes tes
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Aditivo alimentario
Aditivos de posible origen animal 1. E101 y E101(a)E101(a)- riboflavi riboflavina, na, lactoflav lactoflavina, ina, vitamina vitamina B-2 2. E153 - colorante negro negro que se obtiene de combustión incompleta incompleta de vegetales o grasas animales (prohibido en USA, sólo la versión vegetal es permitida en Australia) 3. E161 E161(b (b)) - lutei luteina na.. 4. E161(g E161(g)) - canta cantaxan xantin tina. a. 5. E322 - Lecitina Lecitina (de huevos, huevos, aunque aunque también también hay de de soya y de girasol) girasol) 6. E430, 431, 432, 433, 433, 434, 435, 436 - polioxietilenos (aditivos de la harina blanca provenientes de ácidos grasos) 7. E470(a) E470(a) - sodio, sodio, potasio potasio y calcio calcio de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 8. E470(b) E470(b) - magnesio magnesio de ácidos ácidos grasos 9. E471 - glicérid glicéridos os de de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 10. E472(a, E472(a, b, c, d, e, f) - diversos diversos aditivos aditivos de glicérid glicéridos os de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 11. E473 - sucrosa sucrosa de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 12. E474 E474 - sucro sucrogli glicér cérido idoss 13. E475 - poliglice poliglicerol rol de ácidos grasos grasos 14. E476 - poligric poligricerol erol de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos de de ricino ricino o soya 15. E477 - propilen propilen glicol de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 16. E478 - lactato lactato de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 17. E479(b) E479(b) - aceite aceite oxidado oxidado de soja soja y de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 18. E482 E482 - calcio calcio lactat lactatoo 19. E483 E483 - tartra tartrato to esteá esteáric ricoo 20. E491, 492, 493, 493, 494, 494, 495 495 - sorbita sorbitanos nos 21. E570 E570 - ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 22. E572 - sales magnésicas magnésicas de ácidos ácidos grasos grasos 23. 23. E627 E627 - gua guano nosi sina na 24. E631 - Inosinato de sodio 5 (potenciador del del sabor, derivado de extractos de carne y pescado pero también puede estar derivado de la fermentación de azúcares usando bacterias) 25. E635 E635 - ribonucl ribonucleót eótido ido de sodi sodioo 26. E640 E640 - glicina glicina y sales sales de de sodio sodio 27. E920 - hidrocl hidrocloruro oruro de cisteín cisteínaa 28. E1518 - gliceril gliceril mono, di y tri-acetato de calcio, y otros saborizantes no especificados.
Alimentos garantizados que no llevan aditivos por ley (España) • Leche
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Aditivo alimentario • • • • • • • •
Hort Hortal aliz izas as fre fresc scas as Miel Fruta Fruta fre fresc scaa (sin (sin enc encer erar ar)) Agua Agua min miner eral al y de de mana manant ntia iall Seta Setass fre frescas scas Café en en po polvo Legumbres Alimen Alimentos tos ecoló ecológic gicos, os, orgáni orgánicos cos o biológi biológicos cos
Bibliografía • Caba Cabal, l, Este Estean an (199 (1999) 9),, Guía de aditivos usados en alimentación, Mandala Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-95052-32-2 • Consejo Consejo Europeo Europeo de Informació Informaciónn sobre la Alimenta Alimentación. ción. Aditivos Aditivos alimen alimenticios ticios [6].
Enlaces externos • Aditivos Alimentarios [7], en MedlinePlus. • List Listad adoo de núme número ross E [8] • Clases Clases funcio funcional nales es de adit aditivo ivoss [9] • Revista Revista electróni electrónica ca de Derecho Derecho del Consumo Consumo y de la Alimentac Alimentación ión [10]
Notas [1] Norma general del Codex para los los aditivos alimentarios. alimentarios. FAO. CODEX STAN 192-1995, Rev.7-2006. [2] Real Decreto 3177/1983, de 16 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba la Reglamentación técnico-sanitaria de aditivos aditivos alimentarios. Presidencia del Gobierno. 1983. Boletín Oficial del Estado nº 310: 34692 - 34696. [3] Guidance on submissions for food additive evaluations by the Scientific Committee on Food. Scientific Committee on Food. 2001. Opinion expressed on 11 July 2001. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. European Commission. Brussel - Belgium [4] Chemical interactions between additives in foodstuffs: a review. Scotter MJ y Castle. 2004. Food Food Additives and Contaminants 21(2):93-124. [5] Directiva 89/107/CEE del Consejo de 21 de diciembre de 1988 relativa a la aproximación de las legislaciones de los Estados Miembros sobre los aditivos alimentarios autorizados en los productos alimenticios destinados al consumo humano. Diario Diario Oficial de la Comunidad Comunidad Europea Europea n° L 040: 0027-0033
[6] [6] http http:/ :/ / www.eufic.org/ www.eufic.org/ page/ page/ es/ es/ seguridad-alimentaria-calidad/ seguridad-alimentaria-calidad/ aditivos-alimenticios/ aditivos-alimenticios/ [7] [7] http http:/ :/ / www.nlm.nih. www.nlm.nih.gov/ gov/ medlineplus/ medlineplus/ spanish/ spanish/ ency/ ency/ article/ article/ 002435.htm 002435.htm [8] [8] http http:/ :/ / histolii.ugr. histolii.ugr.es/ es/ EuroE/ EuroE/ NumerosE.pdf NumerosE.pdf [9] [9] http http:/ :/ / histolii.ugr. histolii.ugr.es/ es/ EuroE/ EuroE/ ClasesFuncionales.pdf ClasesFuncionales.pdf [10] [10] http http:/ :/ / socdercon.blogspot. socdercon.blogspot.com/ com/
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Aromatizante
Aromatizante Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada, acreditada, como revistas especializadas, monografías, prensa diaria o páginas de Internet fidedignas. [1] Puedes añadirlas así o así o avisar al autor principal del artículo en su página de discusión pegando: {{subst:Aviso referencias|Aromatizante}} ~~~~
Los aromatizantes son aquellas sustancias que proporcionan sabor a los alimentos, modificando sus características y haciendo que se vuelvan más dulces, agrios, salados, etc. En la preparación de alimentos se emplean mucho porque son sustancias que aportan un determinado aroma para modificar el sabor u olor de los productos alimenticios o enmascararlos. De las características de los alimentos, el olor es la más importante ya que condiciona el sabor de la comida. El sabor de la comida puede ser fácilmente alterado si se le cambia su olor pero manteniendo el mismo gusto. Esto está ejemplificado en la mayoría de los refrescos, ya que aun teniendo la misma base, tienen muchos sabores distintos debido al uso de aromatizantes. El reglamento de la Unión Europea obliga que en los productos sean marcados los aromatizantes con una letra E y un número al igual que los conservantes.
Aromas y aromatizantes Los aromatizantes se concentran en alterar o mejorar el sabor de productos naturales como la carne o las verduras, o para proporcionar sabor a los productos que no tienen el deseado, como los caramelos y las golosinas. La mayoría de los aromatizantes modifican el olor y el gusto. Hay tres tipos principales de aromatizantes: • Sustancias aromatizantes naturales: Estos aromas son obtenidos por procesos físicos, microbiológicos y enzimáticos. Pueden ser usados en su estado natural o procesados para que puedan ser consumidos por el ser humano pero no pueden contener ningún aroma artificial. Se obtienen a partir de frutos, especias, semillas y animales. Los tipos más importantes de aromas son los denominados aceites esenciales que como su nombre indica son sustancias oleosas que tienen un poder aromatizante 100 veces mayor del material del que fueron extraído. • Sustancias aromatizantes idénticamente naturales: Estos sustancias son obtenidas por síntesis o a través de procesos químicos y son químicamente idénticas a los aromatizantes naturales. No pueden contener ningún aroma artificial. • Sustancias aromatizantes artificiales: Gracias a las técnicas de análisis químico, principalmente a los avances en la cromatografía en fase vapor, es posible determinar la composición química de los aromas naturales e
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Aromatizante
Olor Los aromatizantes de olor o, simplemente aromas, son creados de manera similar a las fragancias y perfumes industriales. Para producirlos, el aromatizante debe ser extraído primero desde una sustancia. Los métodos para extraerlos son muy variados y pueden implicar la extracción del disolvente o su destilación. Después, los estratos son purificados y añadidos a la comida para darles aroma. Para producir aromas artificiales hay que encontrar el aroma en la naturaleza y analizar su composición química, posteriormente mezclarlo y producir el aroma deseado. La mayoría de los aromas suelen ser complejas mezclas de compuestos naturales combinados juntos para mejorar o imitar un aroma natural. La lista de los aromatizantes conocidos incluye miles de compuestos moleculares que se pueden mezclar para producir muchos aromas comunes. Algunos de los aromatizantes son esteres:
Composición química y olor • • • •
Acetato de isoamilo: Plátano Limoneno: Naranja Decadianato de etilo: Pera Hexanoato de alilo: Piña
Los compuestos usados para producir aromas artificiales son casi idénticos a aquellos que se encuentran en la naturaleza. Algunas sustancias, aunque sean naturales no son aptas para el consumo, de hecho, los aromas artificiales son considerados más aptos para el consumo que los aromas naturales debido a que tienen una pureza y textura específica que es la que obliga la ley. Los aromas naturales pueden contener toxinas mientras que los artificiales no, porque son obligados a pasar rigurosas pruebas antes de que se puedan vender para la consumición.
Sabor Mientras que la sal y el azúcar pueden ser considerados técnicamente aromatizantes que mejoran el sabor, normalmente solo los compuestos químicos obtenidos industrialmente y que mejoran el sabor, son considerados aromatizantes. La sal y el azúcar tampoco son considerados aromatizantes bajo la ley ya que no están regulados y no tienen que pasar estrictas pruebas y controles. Los aromatizantes de sabor están compuestos por amino ácidos y nucleótidos. Estos son fabricados como sales de sodio o calcio. Ciertos ácidos orgánicos pueden ser usados para mejorar el sabor y cada ácido provoca un cambio apreciable en el sabor que altera el aroma de una comida. Algunos ejemplos son: • Ácido cítrico: cítrico: Se encuentra encuentra en frutas frutas cítricas cítricas como la naranja. naranja. Dan a los alimentos alimentos un sabor sabor agrio o ácido.
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Colorante
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Colorante Un exvoliante es una sustancia que es capaz de teñir las fibras vegetales y animales. Los colorantes se han usado desde los tiempos más remotos, empleándose para ello diversas materias procedentes de vegetales (cúrcuma, índigo natural, etc.) y de animales (cochinilla, moluscos, etc.) así como distintos minerales.
Composición química del colorante Amarillo 2G.
En química, se llama colorante a la sustancia capaz de absorber determinadas longitudes de onda de espectro visible.Los colorantes son sustancias que se fijan en otras sustancias y las dotan de color de manera estable ante factores físicos/químicos como por ejemplo: luz, lavados, agentes oxidantes, etc. Denominaciones de los colorantes: • • • • • • •
deno denomi mina naci ción ón gené genéri rica ca deno denomi mina naci ción ón quím químic icaa código código del del "Colo "Colour ur Index Index 1924 1924 (1ª (1ª edició edición) n) código código del del "Colo "Colour ur Index Index 1956 1956 (2ª (2ª edició edición) n) códi código go del del SSch chul ultz tz núme número ro de la CEE otro tipo de denomina denominaciones ciones,, como las de cada cada país, país, la comercial comercial de los fabrican fabricantes, tes, etc. etc.
Clasificación química • Nitr Nitros osoo y nitroc nitrocol olor oran ante tess • Colora Colorante ntess azoic azoicos os o azoc azocolo oloran rantes tes • Colora Colorante ntess del trifen trifenilm ilmeta etano no • Colora Colorante ntess de de la antraq antraquin uinina ina • Colo Colora rant ntes es indi indigo goid ides es
Colorantes industriales empleados como aditivos • Colorantes Colorantes catalogado catalogadoss por por la industria industria (E100>E200 (E100>E200)) • E100 E100 - Cur Curcu cumi mina nas. s. • E100 E100ii - Curc Curcum umin ina. a.
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Colorante • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
9 E122 E122 - Azo Azorr rrub ubin ina. a. E123 E123 - Amar Amaran anto to.. E124 E124 - Rojo Rojo cochin cochinill illaa A, Rojo Rojo Ponce Ponceau au 4R. 4R. E126 E126 - Ponc Poncea eauu 6R * E127 E127 - Eri Eritr tros osin ina. a. E128 - Rojo 2G 2G E129 E129 - Roj Rojoo All Allura ura 2C. 2C. E130 E130 - Azu Azull de Ant Antra raqu quin inon ona. a. E131 E131 - Azu Azull pat paten enta tado do V. E132 E132 - Indigo Indigotin tina, a, carm carmín ín índi índigo. go. E133 E133 - Azul Azul bril brilla lant ntee FCF. FCF. E140 E140 - Clor Clorofi ofilas las y Cloro Clorofil filina inas. s. E141 - Complejos Complejos cúpricos cúpricos de de clorofila clorofilass y clorofil clorofilinas. inas. E142 - Verde Verde ácido ácido brillante brillante BS, BS, verde verde lisami lisamina. na. E150 E150 - Cara Carame melo lo.. E151 E151 - Neg Negro ro bri brill llan ante te BN. BN. E152 E152 - Negr Negroo 7984 7984** E154 E154 - Marrón Marrón FK. FK. Color Colorant antee amarron amarronado ado.. E155 E155 - Marr Marrón ón HT. HT. E153 E153 - Car Carbó bónn veg veget etal al.. E160 E160 - Caro Carote teno noid ides es.. E160 E160bb - Bixi Bixina na.. E160 E160cc - Caps Capsan anti tina na.. E160 E160dd - Lico Licope peno no.. E161 E161 - Xan Xanto tofi fila las. s. E162 E162 - Betan Betanina ina o rojo de remol remolach acha. a.
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Colorante Compuestos colorantes Pueden definirse como una paleta de colores, el color, por ejemplo el anaranjado dorado estaría compuesto por varias mezclas a x proporciones que dan ésa tonalidad. • List Listaa de de los los comp compue uest stos os *: Prohibidos por la UE.
Véase también • Pi Pigm gmen ento to (pi (pint ntur ura) a) • Colo Colora rant ntee alim alimen enta tari rioo
Conservante Un conservante es una sustancia utilizada como aditivo alimentario, que añadida a los alimentos (bien sea de origen natural o de origen artificial) detiene o minimiza el deterioro causado por la presencia de diferentes tipos de microorganismos (bacterias, levaduras y mohos). Este deterioro microbiano de los alimentos puede producir pérdidas económicas sustanciales, tanto para la industria alimentaria (que puede llegar a generar pérdidas de materias primas y de algunos sub-productos elaborados antes de su comercialización, deterioro de la imagen de marca) así como para distribuidores y usuarios consumidores (tales como deterioro de productos después de su adquisición y antes de su consumo, problemas de sanidad, etc.). Los conservantes, aunque sean naturales, tienen impuesto un límite oficial.[1]
Empleo Se sabe con certeza que más del 20% de todos los alimentos producidos en el mundo se pierden por acción de los
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Conservante
Catalogación de Conservantes Industriales • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
E-20 E-2000 Áci Ácido do sór sórbi bico co E-20 E-2011 Sorb Sorbat atoo sódi sódico co E-20 E-2022 Sor Sorba bato to potá potási sico co E-20 E-2033 Sor Sorba bato to cálc cálcic icoo E-21 E-2100 Ácid Ácidoo benz benzoi oico co E-21 E-2111 Ben Benzo zoat atoo sód sódic icoo E-21 E-2122 Benz Benzoa oato to pot potás ásic icoo E-21 E-2133 Ben Benzo zoat atoo cál cálci cico co E-214 Para-hidr Para-hidroxi-be oxi-benzoat nzoatoo de etilo (éster (éster etílico del ácido ácido para-hidroxi para-hidroxi-benz -benzoico) oico) E-215 Es un un derivado derivado sódico sódico del éster éster etílico del del ácido para-hid para-hidroxi-b roxi-benzoi enzoico co E-216 Para-hidr Para-hidroxi-be oxi-benzoat nzoatoo de propilo (éste (éste propílico propílico del ácido para-hidr para-hidroxi-be oxi-benzoic nzoico) o) E-217 Es un un derivado derivado sódico sódico del éster éster propílico propílico del ácido ácido para-hidroxipara-hidroxi-benzo benzoico ico E-218 Para-hidr Para-hidroxi-be oxi-benzoat nzoatoo de metilo (éster (éster metílico metílico del ácido para-hidrox para-hidroxi-benz i-benzoico) oico) E-219 Es un un derivado derivado sódico sódico del éster éster metílico metílico del ácido ácido para-hidroxipara-hidroxi-benzo benzoico ico
Sulfitos • • • • • • • • •
E-22 E-2200 Anhí Anhídr drid idoo sulfu sulfuros rosoo E-22 E-2211 Sulf Sulfit itoo sódi sódico co E-222 Sulfito Sulfito ácido ácido de sodio (bisulfito (bisulfito sódico) sódico) E-223 Bisulfi Bisulfito to sódico sódico (metabisu (metabisulfito lfito sódico sódico o pirosulf pirosulfito ito sódico) sódico) E-224 Bisulfit Bisulfitoo potásico potásico (metabisul (metabisulfito fito potásico potásico o pirosulfi pirosulfito to potásico) potásico) E-22 E-2266 Sul Sulfi fito to cálc cálcic icoo E-227 Sulfito Sulfito ácido ácido de de calcio calcio (bisulfito (bisulfito cálcico) cálcico) E-228 Sulfito Sulfito ácido ácido de de potasio potasio (bisulfito (bisulfito potásico) potásico) E 234 KA KARITO ITO
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Conservante
Nitritos y Nitratos • • • •
E-24 E-2499 Nit Nitrit ritoo pot potás ásic icoo E-25 E-2500 Nitri Nitrito to sódi sódico co E-25 E-2511 Nitra Nitrato to sódi sódico co E-25 E-2522 Nit Nitra rato to potá potási sico co
Referencias [1] Directiva Directiva 95/2/CE 95/2/CE del Parlamento Parlamento Europeo Europeo y del Consejo Consejo de 20 de febrero de 1995.
Véase también • Conserva • Salazón • Ahumado
Antioxidante Un antioxidante es una molécula capaz de retardar o prevenir la oxidación de otras moléculas. La oxidación es una reacción química de transferencia de electrones de una sustancia a un agente oxidante. Las reacciones de oxidación pueden producir radicales libres que comienzan reacciones en cadena que dañan las células. Los
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Antioxidante para la salud, otros grandes ensayos clínicos no detectaron ninguna ventaja para las formulaciones probadas y el exceso de la suplementación puede llegar a ser dañino. Además de estas aplicaciones en medicina los antioxidantes tienen muchas aplicaciones industriales, tales como conservantes de alimentos y cosméticos y la prevención de la degradación del caucho y la gasolina.
Historia El término antioxidante fue utilizado originalmente para referirse específicamente a un producto químico que previniera el consumo de oxígeno. A finales del siglo XIX y a principios de siglo XX, extensos estudios fueron dedicados a las aplicaciones de antioxidantes en importantes procesos industriales, tales como la prevención de la corrosión del metal, la vulcanización del caucho, y la polimerización de combustibles en la formación de escoria en motores de combustión interna.[1] Las primeras investigaciones sobre el rol de los antioxidantes en biología se centró en su uso en la prevención de la oxidación de grasas insaturadas, que es la causa de la rancidez. [2] La actividad antioxidante podía ser medida simplemente colocando la grasa en un contenedor cerrado con oxígeno y midiendo la tasa de consumo de éste. Sin embargo fue la identificación de las vitaminas A, C, y E como antioxidantes la que revolucionó el campo y condujo a dilucidar la importancia de los antioxidantes en la bioquímica de los organismos vivos.[3] [4] Los posibles mecanismos de acción de los antioxidantes fue investigada por primera vez cuando fue reconocido que una sustancia con actividad antioxidante es probable que sea una que se oxida a sí misma fácilmente. [5] La investigación en cómo la vitamina E previene el proceso de peroxidación de lípidos condujo a la identificación de antioxidantes como agentes reductores que previenen reacciones oxidativas, a menudo depurando especies reactivas del oxígeno antes de que puedan dañar las células.[6]
El desafío oxidativo en la biología Una paradoja en el metabolismo es que mientras que la gran mayoría de la vida compleja requiere del oxígeno para su
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Antioxidante El uso de oxígeno como parte parte del proceso para generar energía metabólica produce especies reactivas del [15] oxígeno. En este proceso, el anión de superóxido se produce como subproducto de varios pasos en la cadena de transporte de electrones. electrones.[16] Particularmente importante importante es la reducción de la coenzima Q en el complejo III, ya que un radical libre altamente reactivo se forma como intermediario (Q· (Q·−). Este intermediario inestable puede conducir a una pérdida de electrones cuando estos saltan directamente al oxígeno molecular y forman el anión superóxido en vez de desplazarse con la serie de reacciones bien controladas de la cadena de transporte de electrones. [17] En un sistema similar de reacciones en plantas las especies reactivas del oxígeno también se producen durante la fotosíntesis bajo condiciones de alta intensidad lumínica. [18] Este efecto es compensado en parte por la implicación de carotenoides en la fotoinhibición, lo que implica que estos antioxidantes reaccionan con las formas sobre-reducidas de los centros de reacción fotosintéticos y de tal modo previenen la producción de superóxido.[19] Otro proceso que produce especies reactivas del oxígeno es la oxidación lipídica que tiene lugar como consecuencia de la producción de eicosanoides. Sin embargo, las células están provistas de mecanismos que previenen oxidaciones innecesarias. Las enzimas oxidativas de estas rutas biosintéticas están coordinadas y son altamente reguladas. [20]
Metabolitos Descripción Los antioxidantes se clasifican en dos amplios grupos, dependiendo de si son solubles en agua (hidrofílicos) o en
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Antioxidante Ubiquinol (coenzima Q)
15 Lípido
[34] 5
[35] 200 (hombre)
Ácido ascórbico El ácido ascórbico o vitamina C es un antioxidante monosacárido encontrado en animales y plantas. Como no puede ser sintetizado por los seres humanos y debe ser obtenido de la dieta es una vitamina. [36] La mayoría de los otros animales pueden producir este compuesto en sus cuerpos y no lo requieren en sus dietas.[37] En células, es mantenido en su forma reducida por la reacción con el glutatión, que se puede catalizar por la proteína disulfuro isomerasa y las glutarredoxinas.[38] [39] El ácido ascórbico es un agente reductor y puede reducir y de tal modo neutralizar especies reactivas del oxígeno tal como el peróxido de hidrógeno. [40] Además de sus efectos antioxidantes directos, el ácido ascórbico es también un sustrato para la enzima antioxidante ascorbato peroxidasa, una función que es particularmente importante en resistencia al estrés en plantas.[41]
Glutatión El glutatión es un péptido que contiene cisteína y es encontrado en la mayoría de las formas de vida aerobia.[42] No es requerido
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Antioxidante
Tocoferoles y tocotrienoles La vitamina E es el nombre colectivo para un sistema de ocho tocoferoles y tocotrienoles relacionados, que son vitaminas antioxidantes liposolubles.[46] De éstos, el α-tocoferol ha sido muy estudiado ya que tiene la biodisponibilidad más alta y el cuerpo preferentemente absorbe y metaboliza esta forma. [47] La forma del α-tocoferol es la más importante de los antioxidantes liposolubles y protege las membranas de la célula contra la oxidación reaccionando con los radicales del lípido producidos en la reacción en cadena de peroxidación de lípidos. [46] Esto quita las formas intermedias de radicales libres y evita que la propagación de la reacción en cadena continúe. Los radicales oxidados del α-tocoferoxil producidos en este proceso se pueden reciclar de nuevo a la forma reducida activa a través de la reducción por el ascorbato, el retinol o el ubiquinol.[48] Las funciones de las otras formas de la vitamina E están menos estudiadas, aunque el γ-tocoferol es un nucleófilo que puede reaccionar con mutágenos electrofílicos[47] y los tocotrienoles puede que tengan un rol especializado en la neuroprotección.[49]
Carotenoides Los carotenoides están entre los pigmentos naturales más comunes y han sido caracterizados hasta ahora más de 600 compuestos diferentes. Los carotenoides son responsables por muchos de los colores rojos, amarillos y naranja de las hojas, frutas y flores de los vegetales, así como también por el color de algunos insectos, aves, peces y crustáceos. Solamente pueden ser sintetizados por plantas, hongos, bacterias y algas, sin embargo muchos animales los incorporan a través de la dieta. Dos carotenoides dietarios importantes son el licopeno y el β-caroteno. [50] [51] Estos
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Antioxidante
Polifenoles Los polifenoles son fitoquímicos de bajo peso molecular, esenciales para el ser humano. Estos constituyen uno de los metabolitos secun secundarios darios de las plantas, más numerosos y distribuidos distribuidos por toda la planta, con más de 800 estructuras conocidas en la actualidad. Los polifenoles naturales pueden ir desde moléculas simples (ácido fenólico, fenilpropanoides, flavonoides), hasta compuestos altamente polimerizados (ligninas, taninos). Los flavonoides representan el subgrupo más común y ampliamente distribuido y entre ellos los flavonoles son los más ampliamente distribuidos. Al estar ampliamente distribuidos en el reino vegetal, constituyen parte integral de la dieta. [56] [57] [58] Los polifenoles poseen una estructura química ideal para la actividad como consumidores de radicales libres. Su propiedad como antioxidante, proviene de su gran reactividad como donantes de electrones e hidrógenos y de la capacidad del radical formado para estabilizar y deslocalizar el electrón desapareado (termina la reacción en cadena) y de su habilidad para quelar iones de metales metales de de transición. transición.[59] Los polifenoles poseen una porción hidrofílica y una porción hidrofóbica, por lo que pueden actuar en contra de ROS que son producidas en medios tanto hidrofóbicos como acuosos. Su capacidad antioxidante esta directamente relacionada con el grado de hidroxilación del compuesto.[56] Los flavonoides tienen una poderosa acción antioxidante in Vitro, siendo capaces de barrer un amplio rango de especies reactivas del oxígeno, nitrógeno y cloro, tales como el superóxido, el radical hidroxilo, el radical peroxilo, el ácido hipocloroso, actuando como agentes reductores. Además pueden quelar iones de metales de transición.[58] [60] Soobrattee y col (2005), evaluaron la capacidad antioxidante de diferentes polifenoles encontrando que comparado con los antioxidantes fisiológicamente activos (glutatión, α-tocoferol, ergotioneina) y los sintéticos
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Antioxidante
Sistemas de enzimas Descripción Como con los antioxidantes químicos, las células son protegidas contra el estrés oxidativo por una red de enzimas Ruta enzimática para la detoxificación de especies reactivas del oxígeno. antioxidantes.[7] [8] El superóxido liberado por procesos tales como la fosforilación oxidativa, primero se convierte en peróxido de hidrógeno e inmediatamente se reduce para dar agua. Esta ruta de detoxificación es el resultado de múltiples enzimas con la superóxido dismutasa catalizando el primer paso y luego las catalasas y varias peroxidasas que eliminan el peróxido de hidrógeno. Como con los metabolitos antioxidantes, las contribuciones de estas enzimas pueden ser difíciles de separar una de otra, pero la generación de ratones transgénicos que carecen solo de una enzima antioxidante puede ser informativa.[68]
Superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y peroxirredoxinas peroxirredoxinas Las superóxido dismutasas (SODs) son una clase de las enzimas cercanamente relacionadas que catalizan el pasaje del anión de superóxido en peróxido de oxígeno y de hidrógeno. [69] [70] Las enzimas SODs están presentes en casi
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Antioxidante Las peroxirredoxinas son peroxidasas que catalizan la reducción de peróxido de hidrógeno, hidroperóxido orgánico y peroxinitrito.[83] Se dividen en tres clases: las típicas 2-cisteín peroxirredoxinas; las atípicas 2-cisteín peroxirredoxinas; y las 1-cisteín [84] peroxirredoxinas. Estas enzimas comparten el mismo mecanismo catalítico básico, en el cual una cisteína redox-activa en el sitio activo es oxidada a un ácido sulfénico por el sustrato del peróxido.[85]
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Antioxidante cardiovasculares. Aquí, la oxidación de la lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL) parece accionar el proceso del aterogénesis, que da lugar a la aterosclerosis, y finalmente a la enfermedad cardiovascular.[106] [107] Una dieta con pocas calorías prolonga la esperanza de vida media y máxima en muchos animales. Este efecto puede implicar una reducción en el estrés oxidativo.[108] Mientras que hay buena evidencia que sustenta el papel del estrés oxidativo en el envejecimiento en organismos modelo tales Drosophila melanogaster y Caenorhabditis elegans,[109] [110] la evidencia en mamíferos es menos clara.[111] [112] [113] Dietas abundantes en frutas y vegetales, que poseen elevados niveles de antioxidantes, promueven la salud y reducen los efectos del envejecimiento, no obstante la suplementación antioxidante de la vitamina no tiene ningún efecto perceptible en el proceso de envejecimiento, así que los efectos de las frutas y vegetales pueden no estar relacionados con su contenido de antioxidantes.[114] [115]
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Antioxidante Mientras que varios ensayos han investigado suplementos con altas dosis de antioxidantes, el estudio "Supplémentation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants " (SU.VI.MAX) testeó el efecto de la suplementación con dosis comparables a las de una dieta sana.[132] Más de 12.500 hombres y mujeres de Francia tomaron tanto dosis bajas de antioxidates (120 mg de ácido ascórbico, 30 mg de vitamina E, 6 mg de beta-caroteno, 100 g de selenio, y 20 mg de zinc) o píldoras de placebo por un promedio de 7,5 años. Los investigadores encontraron que no había ningún efecto estadístico significativo de los antioxidantes en la esperanza de vida media, cáncer, o enfermedades cardíacas. Sin embargo, un análisis de un subgrupo demostró una reducción del 31% en el riesgo de cáncer en hombres, pero no en mujeres. Muchas compañías alimentarias y de nutracéuticos venden formulaciones de antioxidantes como suplementos dietéticos y estos son ampliamente consumidos en los países industrializados.[133] Estos suplementos pueden incluir
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Antioxidante
Efectos adversos Ácidos reductores relativamente fuertes pueden tener efectos negativos en la nutrición al unirse con los minerales de la dieta como el hierro y el zinc en el tracto gastrointestinal, lo que les impiden ser absorbidos.[145] Entre los ejemplos más notables están el ácido oxálico, los taninos y ácido fítico, que se encuentran en cantidades elevadas en dietas vegetarianas. [146] Deficiencias de hierro y calcio son frecuentes en las dietas de los países en vías de desarrollo, donde la dieta tiene menos carne y hay un elevado
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Antioxidante Mientras que la administración de suplementos antioxidantes se utiliza ampliamente am pliamente en los intentos para impedir el desarrollo de cáncer, se ha propuesto que los antioxidantes pueden, paradójicamente, interferir con los tratamientos contra el cáncer.[162] Se cree que esto ocurre ya que el entorno de las células cancerosas causa altos niveles de estrés oxidativo, haciendo que estas células sean más susceptibles a un mayor estrés oxidativo inducido por los tratamientos. Como consecuencia, al reducir el estrés redox en las células cancerosas, se cree que los suplementos antioxidantes disminuyen la eficacia de la radioterapia y la quimioterapia.[163] Sin embargo, esta preocupación no parece ser válida, ya que ha sido abordada por múltiples ensayos clínicos que indican que los antioxidantes pueden ser neutrales o beneficiosas en el tratamiento del cáncer.[164] [165]
Medida y niveles en los alimentos
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Antioxidante
Usos en tecnología
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Antioxidante
Referencias
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Antioxidante 15695327). . [28] Teichert J, Preiss R (1992). «HPLC-methods for determination of lipoic acid and its reduced form in in human plasma». Int J Clin Pharmacol Pharmacol
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Antioxidante [53] Stahl, W. And Sies, H. Bioactivity Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1740: 101 – 107, 2005. [54] Bando, B., Hayashi, H., Wakamatsu, S., Inakuma T. Miyoshi, M., Nagao, A., Yamauchi, R. and Terao, T. Participation of singlet oxygen in
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Antioxidante [81] Ogata M (1991). (1991). «Acatala «Acatalasemia semia». ». Hum Genet 86 (4): pp. 331-40. PMID 1999334 (http:/ / www.ncbi. www.ncbi.nlm. nlm.nih. nih.gov/ gov/ pubmed/ pubmed/ 1999334). 1999334). [82] Parsonage D, Youngblood D, Sarma G, Wood Z, Karplus P, Poole L (2005). «Analysis of the link between enzymatic activity and
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Sorbitol
59
Empleo como edulcorante El sorbitol se emplea como edulcorante en los alimentos dietéticos. Se le califica como edulcorante nutritivo porque cada gramo contiene 2,4 calorías, bastante menos que las 4 de la sacarosa o el almidón.Es el edulcorante que contienen generalmente los chicles "sin azúcar". E-420(i): Sorbitol (estabilizante, humectante) E-420(ii): Sorbitol jarabe (estabilizante, humectante)
El sorbitol y la salud El organismo humano metaboliza el sorbitol lentamente. El sorbitol tiene importantes ventajas sobre la fructosa, menor valor calórico y no es un azúcar. La ingestión excesiva de sorbitol puede provocar dolor abdominal leve y diarrea. En el hígado puede trasformarse en glucosa y fructosa. El sorbitol se produce en el cuerpo humano y si su cantidad es excesiva, puede ser nocivo. La retinopatía y la neuropatía diabética podrían estar relacionadas con la presencia de demasiado sorbitol en las células de los ojos y los nervios. También es conocido como glucitol.
Referencias [1] Escobar Gutiérrez A.J. 1995. Photosynthèse, partition du carbone et métabolisme du sorbitol sorbitol dans les feuilles adultes de pêcher Prunus ( persica (L.) Batsch). Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université de Poitiers, France.
Stevia ? Stevia
Stevia rebaudiana Clasificación científica Reino:
Plantae
Subreino:
Tracheobionta
División:
Magnoliophyta
Clase:
Magnoliopsida
Subclase:
Asteridae
Orden:
Asterales
Familia:
Asteraceae
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Stevia
60 Género:
Stevia
Cav. Especies Ver texto. Stevia
es un género de plantas fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia de las asteráceas. Tiene 407 especies[1]
Son hierbas y arbustos de la familia del girasol (Asteraceae), nativa de regiones subtropicales y tropicales de América del Sur y América Central. La especie Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, conocida comúnmente como dulce hoja, o, simplemente, stevia, es ampliamente cultivada por sus hojas dulces. Como un sustituto del azúcar, la stevia tiene un sabor más lento al comienzo y una duración más larga que la de azúcar, aunque algunos de sus extractos pueden tener un sabor amargo o como gusto a regaliz en altas concentraciones. Con sus extractos, que tienen hasta 300 veces el dulzor del azúcar, stevia ha llamado la atención con la creciente demanda de bajos carbohidratos carbohidratos y alimentos bajos de azúcar azú car en la alimentación alternativa. La investigación médica también ha demostrado los posibles beneficios de la stevia ste via en el tratamiento de la obesidad obesidad y la hipertensión arterial porque tiene un efecto insignificante en la glucosa en la sangre, es atractivo como un edulcorante natural para las personas con dietas en carbohidratos controlados. Sin embargo, la salud y controversias políticas han limitado la disponibilidad de la stevia en muchos países, por ejemplo, los Estados Unidos lo prohibió a principios de 1990 a menos que la etiqueta lo indicara como un suplemento. Stevia se utiliza ampliamente como un edulcorante en el Japón,Chile y México producido por la empresa Iansa, y está ahora disponible en Canadá como un suplemento dietético.
Especies seleccionadas • • • • • • • •
Stevia achalensis Hieron. Stevia adenophora B.L.Rob. Stevia alatipes B.L.Rob. Stevia alpina Griseb. Stevia amabilis Lemmon ex A.Gray Stevia callosa Cerv. ex Loudon Stevia potosina Soejima, Yahara & K.Watan. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni
[2]
Referencias [1] Especies Especies en PPP-ind PPP-index ex (http:/ (http:/ / www.ppp-index. www.ppp-index.de/ de/ ) [2] Lista completa completa de especi especies es (http:/ (http:/ / www.ppp-index. www.ppp-index.de/ de/ L1BYP0c9U3RldmlhJk1JRD0yNzU2. L1BYP0c9U3RldmlhJk1JRD0yNzU2. html?UID=DBE9F57D2E33CF8192C0E4EC19B64BF1425D80724C80947B)
Enlaces externos Stevia. Commons • Wiki Wikime medi diaa Comm Common onss albe alberg rgaa cont conten enid idoo mult multim imed edia ia sob sobre re Stevia. Stevia. Wikispecies • Wiki Wikies espe peci cies es ti tien enee un un art artíc ícul uloo sob sobre re Stevia. • La Stevia y la salud (http:/ / www.steviaguarani.com. www.steviaguarani.com.py/ py/ salud.html) salud.html) Pla ics ics (ht :/ / biopl-a-181.plantbio.cornell. biopl-a-181.plantbio.cornell.edu/ edu/ )
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Xilitol
61
Xilitol
Xilitol Nombre (IUPAC) sistemático
(2R, 3R, 4S )-Pentano-1,2,3,4,5-pentol )-Pentano-1,2,3,4,5-pentol[1] General Fórmula molecular
C5H12O5 Identificadores
Número CAS
[87-99-0
[2]
[87-99-0]] Propiedades físicas
Estado de agregación
Sólido
Densidad
1.52 kg/m3; 0.00152 g/cm3
Masa molar
152,15 g/mol
Punto de fusión
K (92 °C)
Punto de ebullición
K (216 °C) Propiedades químicas Peligrosidad
Punt Puntoo de de inf infla lama mabi bili lida dadd
138 K (-13 (-1355 °C) °C)
Temperatura de autoignición
788 K (515 °C)
Lími Límite tess de de exp explo losi sivi vida dadd
3-12 3-12,5 ,5% % Riesgos
Ingestión
Náusea, vómitos, hemorragias internas.
Inha Inhala laci ción ón
Incr Increm emen ento to en la frec frecue uenc ncia ia card cardía íaca ca y de de res respi pira raci ción ón.. Dol Dolor ores es de cabe cabeza za,, cam cambi bioo de de hum humor or,, con confu fusi sión ón.. Pel Pelig igro ro,, rie riesg sgoo de arresto cardíaco en casos severos.
Piel
Daño debido a la exposición del líquido criogénico. Valores en el SI y en condiciones normales (0 °C y 1 atm), salvo que se indique lo contrario.
Exenciones y referencias
El xilitol es un alcohol de azúcar, de 5 C, obtenido por la reducción del azúcar xilosa. El xilitol se obtiene comercialmente de la madera de abedul. Posee el mismo valor energético que la sacarosa y por lo tanto no tiene uso como un sustituto de la sacarosa para los que desean reducir su peso. No es fermentado en
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Xilitol Posee aproximadamente el mismo valor de dulzura relativa con respecto a la sacarosa, por lo que no representa una mejora en cuanto a edulcorante se refiere. Es muy popular en Finlandia. Virtualmente, todo chicle vendido en Finlandia y en el resto de Europa es endulzado con xilitol. La anterior compañía española, ahora italiana, Chupa Chups produce una pastilla para el aliento basada en el xilitol, Smint, que se comercializa en el mundo entero. Un consumo excesivo puede tener efectos laxantes. En los humanos no se conoce toxicidad; y, se sabe de personas que han consumido tanto como 400 g diariamente durante largos períodos sin aparentes efectos morbosos.[3] En algunos animales, la ingesta de xilitol puede causar serios problemas. Los perros que hayan ingerido productos endulzados con xilitol pueden sufrir una bajada de azúcar en la sangre: hipoglucemia, pudiéndose producir pérdida de coordinación, depresión, colapso o accesos 30 minutos después de la toma. Reduce la Candida albicans en los humanos.
Notas y referencias [1] MSDS MSDS for xylito xylitoll (http:/ (http:/ / www.sciencelab. www.sciencelab.com/ com/ msds.php?msdsId=9925453) msds.php?msdsId=9925453) [2] [2] http http:/ :/ / nlm.nih. nlm.nih.gov/ gov/ cgi/ cgi/ mesh/ mesh/ 2006/ 2006/ MB_cgi?rn=1&term= MB_cgi?rn=1&term= [3] Tolerancia a largo plazo de humanos sanos sujetos a dosis altas de xylitol y fructosa (http:/ / www.ncbi. www.ncbi.nlm. nlm.nih. nih.gov/ gov/ pubmed/ pubmed/ 783060?dopt=Abstract)
62
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63
3.- EDULCORANTES ARTIFICIALES Edulcorante artificial Un sustituto del azúcar o edulcorante es un aditivo para los alimentos que duplica el efecto del azúcar, pero que usualmente tiene menos energía. Algunos extractos del azúcar son naturales y algunos son sintéticos. Aquellos que no son naturales en general son conocidos como edulcorantes artificiales. Una clase importante de sustitutos del azúcar son conocidos como edulcorantes de alta intensidad. Éstos tienen una dulzura varias veces a la del azúcar común de mesa. Como resultado, mucho menos edulcorante es requerido y la contribución y energía es a menudo insignificante. La sensación de dulzor causada por estos Edulcorante a base de aspartamo en polvo. componentes es a veces notablemente diferente de la de la sacarosa, de manera que frecuentemente éstos son usados con mezclas complejas que alcanzan una sensación de dulzor más natural. Si la sacarosa (u otro azúcar) reemplazado ha contribuido a la textura del producto, entonces frecuentemente también se necesita un agente de relleno. Esto puede ser visto en bebidas suaves etiquetadas como "dietéticas" o "light", las cuales contienen edulcorantes artificiales y frecuentemente tienen una sensación al paladar notablemente diferente, o en los sustitutos del azúcar de mesa, que mezclan maltodextrinas como un edulcorante intenso para alcanzar una sensación de textura satisfactoria. En los Estados Unidos, han sido aprobados para su uso cinco sustitutos del azúcar intensamente dulces. Éstos son la sacarina, el aspartamo, la sucralosa, el neotame y el acesulfame de potasio. Hay algunas controversias actuales, sobre si los edulcorantes artificiales constituyen un riesgo para la salud. Esta controversia es impulsada por reportes anecdóticos y a veces por estudios pobremente controlados que han ganado publicidad vía Internet y prensa popular. Estudios científicamente controlados de revisiones por pares han fallado en forma consistente para producir evidencia sobre los efectos adversos causados por el consumo de estos productos. También existe un suplemento de hierbas, stevia, usado como endulzante. La controversia rodea la seguridad de este suplemento de hierbas, aunque natural y existe una batalla sobre su aprobación como sustituto del azúcar.[1] [2] La mayoría de los sustitutos del azúcar aprobados para el uso en alimentos son compuestos sintetizados artificialmente. Sin embargo, algunos sustitutos naturales del azúcar son conocidos, incluyendo el sorbitol y el xilitol, los cuales son encontrados en las bayas, frutas, vegetales y hongos. No es viable comercialmente la extracción de estos productos de frutas y vegetales, por lo que son producidos por hidrogenación catalítica del azúcar reductor apropiado. Por ejemplo, la xilosa es convertida en xilitol, la lactosa es convertida en lactilol y la glucosa es convertida en sorbitol. Sin embargo ocho sustitutos naturales son conocidos, pero están todavía por ganar la aprobación oficial para su uso en alimentos. Algunos edulcorantes no azúcares son polioles, también conocidos como "alcoholes de azúcar". Éstos son en general, menos dulces que la sacarosa, pero tienen propiedades de volumen similares y pueden ser usados en un amplio rango productos alimentarios.[3] Como con todos los productos alimentarios, el desarrollo de una formulación
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Edulcorante artificial
Uso de los edulcorantes artificiales por la industria alimentaria La industria de alimentos y bebidas está reemplazando de forma creciente el azúcar o el jarabe de maíz por endulzantes artificiales en muchos productos que tradicionalmente contenían azúcar. En el Reino Unido por ejemplo, actualmente es casi imposible encontrar algún refresco en los l os supermercados que no esté endulzado con edulcorantes artificiales, e inclusive cosas como encurtidos de remolacha y pepinillos están siendo endulzados artificialmente en forma creciente. Aunque el margen de ganancias sobre los endulzantes artificiales es extremadamente alto para los fabricantes, estos todavía le cuestan a la industria de alimentos sólo una fracción del costo del azúcar y del jarabe de maíz. El jarabe de maíz fue introducido por la industria como una alternativa económica al azúcar. Por lo tanto, no es sorprendente que la industria de alimentos esté promoviendo altamente sus productos de "dieta" o "light", promoviendo el movimiento de los consumidores hacia estos productos endulzados artificialmente que son aún más rentables. De acuerdo con la analista de mercado Mintel, un total de 3920 productos que contienen endulzantes artificiales fueron lanzados en los Estados Unidos entre 2000 y 2005. En el 2004 solamente, 1649 productos endulzados artificialmente fueron lanzados. De acuerdo al analista de mercado Freedoniasino, el mercado americano de endulzantes artificiales creció alrededor de 8% por año hasta llegar a 189 millones de dólares en 2008[4] [3]. El aspartame es actualmente el edulcorante más popular en la industria de alimentos de los Estados Unidos, desde que el precio cayó significativamente ya que la patente de Monsanto expiró en 1992. Sin embargo, la sucralosa podría reemplazar dentro de poco como un proceso alternativo a la patente de Tate y Lyle. De acuerdo a Morgan y Stanley, esto puede significar que el precio de las sucralosa caería en un 30% [5] [4].
Razones para su uso Hay cuatro razones principales por las cuales los individuos usan un sustituto del azúcar: • Para ayudar ayudar en la pérdida de peso: peso: algunas algunas personas personas escogen escogen limitar limitar su ingesta energía energía reemplaza reemplazando ndo azúcar azúcar de alta energía o jarabe de maíz por edulcorantes que aportan poca o ninguna energía. Esto les permite consumir los mismos alimentos que normalmente consumían, mientras se pierde peso y evitan otros problemas asociados con el consumo excesivo de calorías. Sin embargo, un estudio realizado por el centro de ciencias de la salud en la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio mostró que, más que promover la pérdida de peso, las bebidas dietéticas fueron un marcador para el incremento en la ganancia de peso y la obesidad. • Cuidado Cuidado dental: dental: los sustitutos sustitutos del azúcar azúcar son "amigables" "amigables" para para los dientes, dientes, puesto puesto que no son fermentados fermentados por la microflora de la placa dental. • Diabetes Diabetes mellitus: mellitus: las personas personas con diabetes diabetes tienen dificultad dificultad para regular regular sus niveles niveles de azúcar sanguínea. sanguínea. Limitando el consumo de azúcar con edulcorantes artificiales, pueden disfrutar de una dieta variada mientras controlan su consumo de azúcar. • Hipoglicemi Hipoglicemiaa reactiva: reactiva: los individuos individuos con hipoglice hipoglicemia mia reactiva reactiva produce produce un exceso exceso de insulina que que es la
64
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Edulcorante artificial
Controversias en salud sobre los sustitutos del azúcar Existe una controversia acerca de los supuestos riesgos sobre la salud de los edulcorantes artificiales tales como la sacarina y el aspartame. Algunos estudios han mostrado que causan tumores cerebrales así como cáncer linfático en animales de laboratorio y sugieren que la sacarina causa cáncer de vejiga en animales de laboratorio, pero esto es poco probable que afecte a los humanos, pues el mecanismo que se cree causa que la sacarina sea cancerígena en los ratones no existe en humanos. La FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) determinó en 1981 que el aspartame es seguro para ser usado en alimentos, pero sólo después de haber sido negado por muchos años. [6] También se ha reglamentado que todos los productos conteniendo aspartame deben incluir una advertencia a los fenilcetonúricos, de que el edulcorante contiene fenilalanina (como también muchos alimentos).[7] También es importante notar un estudio que fue realizado en la década de los 70 en monos, uno murió, cinco tuvieron convulsiones de gran mal y poco tiempo después del experimento el resto murió.
Controversia sobre el ciclamato En los Estados Unidos, la FDA prohibió la venta de ciclamato en 1970 después de que una prueba de laboratorio en ratas que usaba una mezcla 1:10 de ciclamato y sacarina indicó que el sometimiento a elevadísimas dosis de ciclamato causó cáncer de vejiga, una enfermedad a la cual las ratas son particularmente susceptibles. Los hallazgos de este estudio han sido deficientes y algunas compañías han solicitado una reactivación para el ciclamato. Los ciclamatos están aún en uso como edulcorantes en muchas partes del mundo y son usados con la aprobación oficial en más de 55 países.
Controversia sobre la sacarina La sacarina fue el primer edulcorante artificial y fue sintetizado originalmente en 1879, por Remsen y Fahlberg. Su sabor dulce fue descubierto por accidente. Fue creado en un experimento con derivados del tolueno. Un proceso para la creación de sacarina a partir de phthalic anhidro fue desarrollado en 1950 y actualmente la sacarina es producida a través de ambos procesos. Es 3 a 5 veces más dulce que el azúcar (sacarosa) y es frecuentemente usada para mejorar el sabor de las pastas dentales, alimentos dietéticos y bebidas dietéticas. El sabor amargo que deja la sacarina es frecuentemente minimizado mezclándola con otros edulcorantes. El temor acerca de la sacarina se incrementó cuando en 1960, un estudio mostró que altos niveles de sacarina podrían causar cáncer de vejiga en ratas de laboratorio. En 1977, Canadá prohibió la sacarina debido a la investigación en animales. En los Estados Unidos, la FDA consideró prohibir la sacarina en 1977, pero el Congreso intervino y colocó una moratoria sobre esta prohibición. La moratoria requiere una etiqueta de advertencia y además ordenó estudios adicionales sobre la seguridad de la sacarina. Fue descubierto que la sacarina causa cáncer en ratas machos por un mecanismo que no se encuentra en humanos. Altas dosis de sacarina causa que se forme un precipitado en la orina de las ratas. Este precipitado daña las células que recubren la vejiga ("citotoxicidad urotelial de la vejiga urinaria") y se forma un
65
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Edulcorante artificial
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Controversia sobre el aspartame o aspartamo El aspartame fue descubierto en 1965 por James M. Schlatter. Él estaba trabajando sobre una droga contra las úlceras y derramó por accidente, algo de aspartame sobre su mano. Cuando se lamió su dedo, se dio cuenta de que tenía un sabor dulce. Es un polvo blanco, cristalino sin olor, que se deriva de dos aminoácidos el ácido aspártico y la fenilalanina. Es aproximadamente 2 veces más dulce que el azúcar y puede ser usado como edulcorante de mesa o en postres congelados, gelatinas, bebidas y en goma de mascar. Su nombre químico es L-alfa-aspartil-L-fenilalanina metil éster y su fórmula química es C14H18N2O5. Aunque no tiene el sabor amargo que deja la sacarina, su inconveniente es que podría no saber exactamente igual que el azúcar porque reacciona con otros sabores de la comida. Cuando es consumido, el aspartame es metabolizado en sus aminoácidos originales y tiene un bajo contenido energético. Pruebas iniciales de seguridad sugirieron que el aspartame causó tumor cerebral en ratas, como resultado el aspartame fue retirado en los Estados Unidos por varios años. En 1980, la FDA, convocó un Consejo Público de Investigación, que consistió en asesores independientes encargados de examinar y comprender la relación entre el aspartame y el cáncer en cerebro. Sus conclusiones no fueron claras sobre si el aspartame causa daño cerebral y recomendaron la no aprobación del aspartame en ese momento. En 1981, el comisionado para la FDA, Arthur Hull Hayes, recientemente designado por el presidente Ronald Reagan, aprobó el aspartame como aditivo de las comidas, pero fue asociado estrechamente con la industria de edulcorantes artificiales, teniendo varios amigos íntimos, el más notable Donald Rumsfeld, ex secretario de defensa de los Estados Unidos, y entonces el CEO de la compañía Searle. Hayes, citó datos a partir de un sólo estudio japonés que no había sido avalado por los miembros de la PBOI, como la razón para esta aprobación[8] [6]. Desde que la FDA F DA aprobó el aspartame para su consumo, algunos investigadores han sugerido que un incremento en la tasa de tumores de cerebro en los Estados Unidos puede estar al menos, parcialmente relacionado con el incremento en la disponibilidad y consumo del aspartame.[9] Algunos investigadores, frecuentemente apoyados por compañías que producen edulcorantes artificiales, han encontrado algún nexo entre el aspartame y el cáncer, u otros problemas de salud. [10] [11] Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes han mostrado un nexo claro entre esta sustancia y el cáncer, un nexo que podría ser evidencia suficiente para que la FDA retire el aspartame del mercado[12] However, the EFSA's press release about the study.[13] Esta investigación ha llevado al Centro para las Ciencias en el Interés Público, a clasificar el aspartame como una sustancia que debe ser evitada en su Directorio de Cocina Química.[14]
Controversia sobre la sucralosa La sucralosa es un azúcar clorado, que es aproximadamente 6 veces más dulce que el azúcar. Es producido a partir de la sacarosa, cuando tres átomos de cloro sustituyen tres grupos hidroxilos. Es usado en bebidas, postres congelados, goma de mascar, productos horneados y otros alimentos. A diferencia de otros edulcorantes, la sucralosa es estable cuando se calienta y puede por lo tanto ser usada en alimentos horneados y fritos. La sucralosa es [15] [16]
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Edulcorante artificial caña de azúcar en los Estados Unidos [18] [15], con el objetivo de proporcionar un punto de vista alternativo sobre la sucralosa, comparada con el mercadeo de sus fabricantes. En diciembre de 2004, cinco propagandas falsas por separado, afirmaron haber demandado contra los fabricantes de Splenda, Mersiant and McNeil Nutritionals, por afirmaciones realizadas acerca de Splenda. [15] Cortes franceses ordenaron que el eslogan no fuera usado en Francia, mientras que en los Estados Unidos el caso llegó a un acuerdo privado, durante el juicio. [17]
Controversia sobre el acetato de plomo El acetato de plomo (a veces llamado azúcar de plomo), es un sustituto artificial del azúcar fabricado a partir del plomo, que es de interés histórico debido a su amplio uso en el pasado, tal como los antiguos Romanos. El uso del acetato de plomo, como edulcorante, eventualmente produce envenenamiento por plomo en cualquier individuo consumiéndolo habitualmente. El acetato de plomo fue abandonado como aditivo de los alimentos en la mayoría del mundo, después que la alta toxocidad de los componentes de plomo, se hizo evidente. Los tres compuestos primarios usados como sustitutos del azúcar en Estados Unidos son la sacarina (Sweet'N Low), el aspartame ( Equal, NutraSweet) y sucralosa (Splenda ). En muchos otros países el ciclamato y el edulcorante herbal stevia,[19] son usados extensamente.
Tipos de edulcorantes Sustitutos naturales del azúcar • Brazzein: Brazzein: proteín proteína, a, 800× 800× dulzor dulzor de la sacaro sacarosa sa (por (por peso) peso) • Curcul Curculin: in: prote proteína ína,, 550× 550× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso) peso) • Eryitritol: Eryitritol: 0.7× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), 14× dulzor dulzor de la sacarosa sacarosa (por energía energía del alimento), alimento), 0.05× densidad densidad energétic energéticaa de la sucrosa • Fructosa: Fructosa: 1.7× dulzor dulzor (por peso peso y por energía energía del alimento alimento ), 1.0× 1.0× densidad densidad energétic energéticaa de la sucrosa sucrosa • Glicir Glicirici icina: na: 50× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso) peso) • Glicerol — 0.6× dulzor (por peso), 0.55× dulzor (por energía del alimento), 1.075× densidad energética, E422 • Hidrol Hidroliza izados dos de almi almidón dón hidro hidrogen genado ado:: 0.4× – 0.9× 0.9× dulzor (por peso), 0.5× – 1.2× 1.2× dulzor (por energía del alimento), 0.75× densidad energética • Lactitol: Lactitol: 0.4× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), 0.8× dulzor dulzor (por energía del del alimento), alimento), 0.5× densidad densidad energétic energética, a, E966 • Lo Han Han Guo: Guo: 300× 300× dulzo dulzorr (por (por peso peso)) • Mabinl Mabinlin: in: prote proteína ína,, 100× 100× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso) peso) • Maltitol: Maltitol: 0.9× dulzor dulzor (por peso), 1.7× 1.7× dulzor (por energía energía del alimento alimento), ), 0.525× densidad densidad energéti energética, ca, E965 • Malto Maltool olig igos osac acar arid idos os • Manitol: Manitol: 0.5× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), 1.2× dulzor (por (por energía del alimento alimento), ), 0.4× densidad densidad energétic energética, a, E421
67
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Edulcorante artificial
Sustitutos artificiales del azúcar Nótese que debido a que estos tienen poca o ninguna energía, la comparación del dulzor basada en el contenido de enegía no es significativo. • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Acesulfamo Acesulfamo K: 200× 200× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), Nutrinova, Nutrinova, E950, E950, aprobado aprobado por la FDA FDA en 1988 Alitame: Alitame: 2,000× 2,000× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), Pfizer, Pfizer, Pendien Pendiente te la aprobaci aprobación ón por la FDA. FDA. Asp Asparta artame me:: 160 160 – 200× 200× dulzor (por peso), NutraSweet, E951, aprobado por la FDA en 1981 Sal de asparta aspartame-ac me-acesulfa esulfame: me: 350× 350× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), Twinswee Twinsweet,t, E962 Ciclamato: Ciclamato: 30× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), Abbott, Abbott, E952, prohibido prohibido por la FDA en 1969, pendien pendiente te la reaprobación reaprobación Dulcin: Dulcin: 250× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), prohibi prohibido do por la la FDA en en 1951 Glucin Glucin:: 300× 300× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso) peso) Neohesperi Neohesperidina dina dihidroc dihidrocalcon alcone: e: 1.500× 1.500× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso), peso), E959 E959 Neotame: Neotame: 8,000× 8,000× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), NutraSwee NutraSweet,t, aprobado aprobado por la la FDA en 2002 2002 P-4000: P-4000: 4,000× 4,000× dulzor dulzor (por peso), peso), prohibido prohibido por por la FDAi FDAi en 1950 1950 Sacarina: Sacarina: 300× 300× dulzor dulzor (por (por peso), peso), E954, E954, aprobado aprobado por por la FDA FDA en 1958 1958 Sucralosa: Sucralosa: 600× 600× dulzor (por (por peso), peso), Splenda, Splenda, Tate & Lyle, Lyle, E955, E955, aprobado aprobado por la FDA en 1998 1998 Isom Isomal alt: t: 0.4 0.45× – 0.65× 0.65× dulzor (por peso), 0.9× – 1.3× 1.3× dulzor (por energía del alimento), 0.5× densidad energética, E953
Referencias [1] [2] [3] [4]
FDA No No Calories. Calories..... Sweet! Sweet! http:/ http:/ / www.fda. www.fda.gov/ gov/ fdac/ fdac/ features/ features/ 2006/ 2006/ 406_sweeteners.html 406_sweeteners.html US FDA Websit Websitee Guidance Guidance Documents Documents http:/ http:/ / www.cfsan. www.cfsan.fda. fda.gov/ gov/ ~dms/ ~dms/ grasguid.html#Q1 grasguid.html#Q1 FDA's response response to European European Aspartame Aspartame Study Study http:/ / www.fda. www.fda.gov/ gov/ bbs/ bbs/ topics/ topics/ NEWS/ NEWS/ 2006/ 2006/ NEW01369.html NEW01369.html Sugar demand demand rising at expense of sweeteners sweeteners,, claims sugar industry industry (http:/ (http: / / www.foodnavigator-usa. www.foodnavigator-usa.com/ com/ news-by-product/ news-by-product/ news. news. asp?id=63947&idCat=88& asp?id=63947&idCat=88&k=sugar-demand-rising) k=sugar-demand-rising) [5] Sucralose Sucralose breakthrough breakthrough could could smash Tate & Lyle monopoly monopoly (http:/ (http:/ / www.foodnavigator-usa. www.foodnavigator-usa.com/ com/ news/ news/ ng.asp?id=65046) ng.asp?id=65046) [6] DeNoon, Daniel J. Revisado por Charlotte Grayson Mathis MD. "Drink More Diet Soda, Gain More Weight? Weight? Overweight Risk Soars Soars 41% With Each Daily Can of Diet Soft Drink", (http:/ / www.webmd. www.webmd.com/ com/ diet/ diet/ news/ news/ 20050613/ 20050613/ drink-more-diet-soda-gain-more-weight) drink-more-diet-soda-gain-more-weight) WebMD Medical News (2005), visto 25 de junio 2007 [7] Swithers SE, Davidson TL (2008). «A role for sweet taste: calorie calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats». Behav Neurosci 122 (1): pp. 161 – 73. 73. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.122.1.161 (http:/ / dx.doi. dx.doi.org/ org/ 10.1037/ 10.1037/ 0735-7044.122. 0735-7044.122.1. 1.161). 161). [8] Increasing Increasing Brain Brain Tumor Rates: Rates: Is There a Link To Aspartame? Aspartame? (http:/ (http:/ / www.healthsentinel. www.healthsentinel.com/ com/ briefs.php?id=014& briefs.php?id=014&title=Aspartame& title=Aspartame& event=briefs_print_list_item) Olney JW, Farber NB, Spitznagel E, Robins LN (noviembre 1996). «Increasing brain tumor rates: is there a link to aspartame?». J J 23. doi: 10.1097/00005072-199611000-00002 (http:/ / dx.doi. dx.doi.org/ org/ 10.1097/ 10.1097/ Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 55 (11): pp. 1115 – 23. 00005072-199611000-00002). PMID 8939194 (http:/ / www.ncbi. www.ncbi.nlm. nlm.nih. nih.gov/ gov/ pubmed/ pubmed/ 8939194). 8939194). [9] Aspartame: Aspartame: Questi Questions ons & Answers Answers (http:/ (http:/ / ntp-server.niehs. ntp-server.niehs.nih. nih.gov/ gov/ index.cfm?objectid=03614CBD-C0A2-C207-C140B407A4043600); index.cfm?objectid=03614CBD-C0A2-C207-C140B407A4043600); Study reaffirms safety of aspartame (http:/ / web.mit. web.mit.edu/ edu/ newsoffice/ newsoffice/ tt/ tt/ 1998/ 1998/ sep16/ sep16/ aspartame.html) aspartame.html) [10] Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, F, Degli Esposti D, Lambertini L, Tibaldi E, Rigano A (marzo 2006). « First experimental demonstration of the
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Edulcorante artificial
69
Enlaces externos • Estructura Estructura química química de edulcorante edulcorantes, s, endulzante endulzantess y azúcares artifici artificiales ales (http:/ (http:/ / www.scientificpsychic.com/ www.scientificpsychic.com/ fitness/ edulcorantes-artificiales.html) edulcorantes-artificiales.html) • En Medline MedlinePlus Plus puede puede encontrar encontrar más más informac información ión sobre sobre Edulcorante artificial (http:/ / vsearch.nlm.nih. vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/ gov/ vivisimo/ cgi-bin/ cgi-bin/ query-meta?v:project=medlineplus-spanish&query=edulcorante) query-meta?v:project=medlineplus-spanish&query=edulcorante) • ¿Sirven ¿Sirven los edulcorante edulcorantess para para perder perder peso? (http:/ (http:/ / www.menshealth.es/ www.menshealth.es/ mh/ mh/ nutricion/ nutricion/ contenido/ contenido/ noticia/ noticia/ ¿sirven-los-edulcorantes-para-perder-peso/ 2c90a89c1c42f512011c4608caf101bf.html) 2c90a89c1c42f512011c4608caf101bf.html)
Acesulfamo K El Acesulfamo-k es un edulcorante artificial.[1] 950. Denominado en la industria alimenticia con las siglas E 950. Es un compuesto químico relativamente sencillo, descubierto casi por azar en 1967. Es aproximadamente 200 veces más dulce que el azúcar, con una gran estabilidad ante los tratamientos tecnológicos y durante el almacenamiento. En el aspecto biológico, el acesulfamo K no se metaboliza en el organismo humano, excretándose rápidamente sin cambios químicos, por lo que no tiende a acumularse. Su uso se autorizó en Inglaterra en 1983; desde entonces se ha autorizado en Alemania, Italia, Francia, Estados Unidos y en otros países, y está incluida dentro de la nueva lista de aditivos autorizados de la Unión Europea.
Acesulfamo K.
Junto con el aspartamo y el ciclamato es uno de los endulzantes de refrescos bajos en calorías como la Pepsi-Cola o la Coca-Cola en sus variedades light .
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Aspartame
Aspartame El aspartamo es un edulcorante no calórico descubierto en 1965 y comercializado en los ochenta. Numerosas organizaciones nacionales e internacionales han evaluado la inocuidad del aspartamo y un comité internacional de expertos ha establecido un nivel de Ingesta Diaria Admisible (IDA). Sin embargo, ciertas voces han reabierto el debate sobre los riesgos que el aspartamo pudiera representar para la salud.[cita requerida] El aspartamo es un polvo blanco e inodoro que se emplea en Aspartilfenilalanilmetano (Aspartamo). numerosos alimentos en todo el mundo. Se comercializa bajo varias marcas, como Natreen, Canderel o Nutrasweet, y corresponde al código E951 en Europa. El aspartamo es estable cuando se encuentra seco o congelado, pero se descompone y pierde su poder edulcorante con el transcurso del tiempo, cuando se conserva en líquidos a temperaturas superiores a 30 °C. La dulzura relativa del aspartamo es de 150 a 200 veces más dulce que el azúcar. Es necesario destacar que todos los edulcorantes se clasifican con respecto a la sacarosa o azúcar común, por lo que el valor de 200 veces es obtenido en comparación con diluciones hechas en laboratorio de sacarosa (dulzura relativa = 100) al 15%.[1] [2]
Salud El edulcorante artificial aspartamo ha sido objeto de controversia en cuanto a su seguridad desde su aprobación inicial por la FDA (EE.UU. Food and Drug Administration) en 1974. Algunos estudios científicos, junto con las denuncias de conflictos de interés en el proceso de aprobación de la FDA, han sido focos de activismo respecto a los riesgos del aspartamo. El científico italiano Morando Soffritti reavivó la polémica sobre la inocuidad del aspartamo. Después de un estudio con 1.800 ratas durante ocho años, el equipo de investigadores que él lideró en la septentrional ciudad italiana de
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Aspartame
71
aspartamo. Sus mayores consumos registrados oscilan entre 7,8 y 10,1 mg/kg de peso corporal por día.
Referencias [1] DuBois, DuBois, Grant E. (31-12-19 (31-12-1991). 91). Concentration— Response Relationships / pubs.acs. pubs.acs.org/ org/ doi/ doi/ abs/ abs/ Relationships of SweetenersA SweetenersA Systematic Study Study (http:/ 10.1021/ 10.1021/ bk-1991-0450.ch020). bk-1991-0450.ch020). 450. doi: 10.1021/bk-1991-0450.ch020 (http:/ / dx.doi. dx.doi.org/ org/ 10.1021/ 10.1021/ bk-1991-0450.ch020). bk-1991-0450.ch020). . [2] Relative Relative sweetness sweetness (http:/ / class.fst. class.fst.ohio-state. ohio-state.edu/ edu/ fst621/ fst621/ Lectures/ Lectures/ PPT PPT presentations/ hisw hisw 2.ppt) 2.ppt) [3] « Cátedra Cátedra de Hematol Hematología ogía y Cancer Cancer (http:/ (http:/ / www.hematologos. www.hematologos.org/ org/ despliega_noticia.asp?iId=2)». despliega_noticia.asp?iId=2)». [4] « Asparta Aspartame, me, EFSA EFSA (http: (http:/ / / www.efsa. www.efsa.europa. europa.eu/ eu/ en/ en/ faqs/ faqs/ faqaspartame.htm)». faqaspartame.htm)».
Ciclamato Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada, acreditada, como revistas especializadas, monografías, prensa diaria o páginas de Internet fidedignas. [1] Puedes añadirlas así o así o avisar al autor principal del artículo en su página de discusión pegando: {{subst:Aviso referencias|Ciclamato}} ~~~~
Ciclamato es el nombre común del ciclohexilsulfamato. ciclohexilsulfamato. 952. El Denominado en la industria alimenticia con las siglas E 952. ciclamato es un edulcorante no calórico descubierto en 1937, que ha sido considerado hasta cincuenta veces más dulce que otros endulzantes bajos en calorías. Hoy en día, existen varias organizaciones, tales como la FAO (Organización de las Naciones Composición molecular del Ciclamato de Sodio Unidas para la agricultura y la Alimentación) y la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), que avalan su uso sin aparentes daños a la salud en más de cien países del mundo, tales como la Unión Europea, Canadá, Australia, China y prácticamente toda Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, en los Estados Unidos su uso está prohibido desde 1970 por la
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Ciclamato Así pues existen otros organismos, como la EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), encargado de regular los riesgos relacionados con sustancias en los alimentos, que avalan el uso del ciclamato en cantidades que no excedan la ingesta máxima recomendada.[5]
Controversia sobre el ciclamato La Coca-Cola Zero tiene este ingrediente y, debido a eso, fue quitada del mercado en varios países con la razón de que podría producir cáncer.
Referencias [1] [1] http http:/ :/ / en.wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/ org/ wiki/ wiki/ Ciclamato?action=history Ciclamato?action=history [2] Artificial Sweeteners / www.cancer. www.cancer.gov/ gov/ cancertopics/ cancertopics/ factsheet/ factsheet/ Risk/ Risk/ artificial-sweeteners) artificial-sweeteners) Sweeteners and Cancer: Questions Questions and Answers Answers (http:/ [3] 26th JECFA (Comité (Comité Mixto FAO/OMS FAO/OMS de Expertos en Aditivos Alimentario Alimentarios) s) (1982) (http:/ / www.fao. www.fao.org/ org/ ag/ ag/ agn/ agn/ jecfa-additives/ specs/ specs/ Monograph1/ additive-399-m1.pdf) additive-399-m1.pdf) [4] Price, J.M.; Biava, Biava, C.G.; Olser, B.L.; Vogin, E.E.; Steinfeld, Steinfeld, J.; Ley,H.L. (1970). «Bladder «Bladder Tumors in Rats Fed Cyclohexylamine or High Doses of a Mixture of Cyclamate and Saccharin». Science 167. 167. pp. 1131-1132. [5] Revised Opinion on Cyclamic Cyclamic Acid and its its Sodium and Calcium Salts. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Comission (2000) (http:/ / ec.europa. ec.europa.eu/ eu/ food/ food/ fs/ fs/ sc/ sc/ scf/ scf/ out53_en.pdf) out53_en.pdf)
Neotame Neotame es un edulcorante artificial manufacturado por NutraSweet que es entre 8,000 y 13,000 veces más dulce que el azúcar. Neotame es moderadamente estable al calor y extremadamente potente, y no representa peligro para los que sufren de fenilcetonuria, ya que no se metaboliza en fenilalanina. El neotame es metabolizado rápidamente, eliminado completamente, y no se acumula en el organismo. El más
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Neotame
Enlaces externos • Siti Sitioo web web oficia oficiall de Neot Neotame ame en Méxi México co [1]
Referencias [1] [1] http http:/ :/ / www.neotame. www.neotame.com. com.mx/ mx/
Sacarina La sacarina es uno de los más antiguos edulcorantes. Fue descubierto en 1879 por Ira Remsen y Constantine Fahlberg, de la Universidad Johns Hopkins. Químicamente es una imida o-sulfobenzoica. En la industria alimentaria se conoce con las siglas E954. E954.
Características La sacarina fue sintetizada en 1878 a partir de experimentos con derivados de la hulla, y se utiliza como edulcorante desde principios del siglo XX. Actualmente se obtiene mediante sintesis química del La estructura química de la sacarina sódica. tolueno o de otros derivados del petróleo. La sacarina es aproximadamente 3 veces más dulce que el azúcar ya que el sabor dulce relativo de la sacarosa-sacarina es de 100-300, la sacarosa se toma como referencia dándole un valor 100 y la sacarina tiene un sabor dulce relativo de 300 entonces (300/100=3). La forma más utilizada es la sal sódica, ya que en la forma ácida es muy poco soluble en agua. Tiene un regusto amargo, sobre todo cuando se utiliza a concentraciones altas, pero este regusto puede enmascararse con otras sustancias. Es un edulcorante resistente al calentamiento y a medios ácidos, por lo que se emplea en la elaboración de productos dietéticos.
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Sacarina realmente por las personas) en las que no exista absolutamente ninguna posibilidad de que se produzca esta agresión a la vejiga, el riesgo no será muy pequeño, sino simplemente nulo.
La sacarina en otros países No obstante, el uso de la sacarina esta prohibido en algunos países como Canadá. En Estados Unidos se planteó su prohibición en 1977, pero las campañas de las empresas afectadas y de algunas asociaciones, entre ellas las de diabéticos, motivaron que se dictara una moratoria a la prohibición. La situación de la sacarina quedó pues inestable en Estados Unidos, y está sometida a normas de etiquetado estrictas con frases del tipo: "Este producto contiene sacarina, de la que se ha determinado que produce cáncer en animales de laboratorio." O bien: "El uso de este producto puede ser peligroso para su salud."
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Sucralosa
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Sucralosa
Sucralosa Nombre (IUPAC) sistemático
1,6-dicloro-1,6-dideoxi-β-D-fructo-furanosil 4-cloro-4-deoxi-α-D-galactopiranosido General Otros no nombres
1',4,6'-Triclorogalactosucrosa
Fórmula semidesarrollada
C12H19Cl3O8
Fórmula molecular
n/d Identificadores
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Sucralosa
Referencias [1] [1] http http:/ :/ / nlm.nih. nlm.nih.gov/ gov/ cgi/ cgi/ mesh/ mesh/ 2006/ 2006/ MB_cgi?rn=1&term=56038-13-2 MB_cgi?rn=1&term=56038-13-2 [2] Michael A. Friedman, Lead Deputy Commissioner for the FDA, Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Sucralose (http:/ / www.cfsan. www.cfsan.fda. fda.gov/ gov/ ~lrd/ ~lrd/ fr980403.html) fr980403.html) Federal Register: 21 CFR Part 172, Docket No. 87F-0086, April 3, 1998 [3] Truth Truth about about splenda splenda (http: (http:/ / / www.truthaboutsplenda. www.truthaboutsplenda.com/ com/ index.html), index.html), The Sugar Association.
Isomalt Isomalt (Isomaltitol o Isomaltosa hidrogenada) es disacárido, formado por la unión de glucomanitol y glucosorbitol; fue descubierto en la década de 1960. Es un carbohidrato poco digestible. Edulcorante dietético fabricado exclusivamente con azúcar como materia prima.
Características Se digiere sólo parcialmente en la parte baja del tracto intestinal. Algunas de las partes no absorbidas son metabolizadas por las bacterias del intestino. Ese proceso es normal pero puede causar en algunas personas deposiciones más blandas o más gases intestinales de lo usual de forma similar a la reacción del cuerpo a comidas con alto contenido de fibras. La poca gente que puede ser sensible, normalmente no tiene problema si comienzan con
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Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo
Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo Aditivo alimentario Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42422197 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42422197 Contribuyentes: Andreasmperu, Barcex, Camr, Ceeudeco, Cookie, Daniel G., Davidlapaz14, Diego Buendia, Diegusjaimes, Diádoco, Dorieo, El 007, Eloy, Elvire, Gio4E&E!, Gsrdzl, HUB, Ialad, JorgeGG, Justy, Lasai, Laura Fiorucci, Manwë, Matdrodes, Miglesias2009, Ortisa, Paintman, Pevica, Rodrigouf, RoyFocker, Rtpaloma, Saloca, SpeedyGonzalez, Sra pbl, Super braulio, Tamorlan, Tano4595, Taragui, Tomatejc, Triku, Wikikaos, XalD, 108 ediciones anónimas Aromatizante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42517393 ex.php?oldid=42517393 Contribuyentes: Carocbax, Kekkyojin, Netito777, SuperJoe, Tamorlan, 5 ediciones anónimas Colorante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=41979720 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=41979720 Contribuyentes: Carlos Humberto, Cipión, Damifb, Digigalos, Dodo, Eloy, Faelomx, Fillbit, Franco851, Gerkijel, Hashar, Humberto, Jorge c2010, Laura Fiorucci, Magister Mathematicae, Manuelt15, Matdrodes, Mscs, Obelix83, Pasqual, PhJ, Rjelves, RoyFocker, Tortillovsky, Wormy, Xatufan, 44 e diciones anónimas Conservante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42349196 p?oldid=42349196 Contribuyentes: Barcex, Daniel G., Diádoco, Eloy, Kv, Libertad y Saber, Millars, Retama, Tamorlan, Tano4595, Vitamine, 35 ediciones anónimas Antioxidante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42679458 ex.php?oldid=42679458 Contribuyentes: .Sergio, Abece, Akane700, Albeltran, Antur, Arcibel, Ascánder, Boja, Delphidius, Diegusjaimes, Dreitmen, Elimedina, Eloy, Furado, Gafotas, HUB, Humbefa, Jorge c2010, Jurock, Laura Fiorucci, MARC912374, Manwë, Matdrodes, Muro de Aguas, Mxtintin, Netito777, Pabloes, PoLuX124, Poco a poco, Ppfk, Retama, Rjgalindo, Rodroveliz, Rαge, SpeedyGonzalez, Tamorlan, Tano4595, Tirithel, Tosiani, Troodon, Xuankar, 57 ediciones anónimas Acidulante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=13456958 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=13456958 Contribuyentes: Digigalos, Magister Mathematicae, Tamorlan, Tano4595, 4 ediciones anónimas Edulcorante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=34767755 p?oldid=34767755 Contribuyentes: Espesante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=41054049 ex.php?oldid=41054049 Contribuyentes: Bluedenim, Dhidalgo, Diádoco, Emitozzi, Gaius iulius caesar, Luabio, Rosarinagazo, RoyFocker, Snakeyes, SuperJoe, 7 ediciones anónimas Derivados del almidón Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=29585550 ?oldid=29585550 Contribuyentes: Lobillo, Lovera nancy, Tamorlan, Tano4595, Triku, 1 ediciones anónimas Saborizante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=38442343 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=38442343 Contribuyentes: Gejotape, Gisse, Jorge c2010, Maguayo2, MdR, P.o.l.o. , Tamorlan, 11 ediciones anónimas Emulsionante Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=39460543 .php?oldid=39460543 Contribuyentes: Barcex, Cipión, Digigalos, Fcarrasco, Tamorlan, Tano4595, 3 ediciones anónimas Azúcar Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42698285 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42698285 Contribuyentes: .Sergio, 4lex, Airunp, Alhen, Allmhurach, Alvaro qc, Amadís, Amizzoni, Angus, Antur, Anual, Aweinstein, Baiji, Berserok, C'est moi, Caiser, Carlos mj93, Carmin, Carovl90, Charlyfar, Cinabrium, Claudimans, Cobalttempest, David0811, Dianai, Diegusjaimes, Disfruta, Diádoco, Dodo, Edslov, Eloy, Elwikipedista, Ezarate73, Fede0428, Fobenavi, Frutoseco, Galio, GermanX, Gla4, Gmagno, Gochuxabaz, Gsrdzl, Gusgus, Götz, HUB, Hprmedina, Humberto, Jarke, Jazambra,
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Fuentes y contribuyentes del artículo Sacarina Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=42616578 .php?oldid=42616578 Contribuyentes: Correogsk, Diego Buendia, Dodo, ElVaka, FAR, Fearu, Habije, Joseaperez, Linfocito B, Matdrodes, Pabloes, PoLuX124, Rafiko77, Rjelves, RoyFocker, Tamorlan, Xuankar, 47 ediciones anónimas Sucralosa Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=41585141 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=41585141 Contribuyentes: Albeiror24, Edgarb, Icvav, Ninovolador, Penarc, Petruss, Robespierre, Roche, 18 ediciones anónimas Isomalt Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=40849422 http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=40849422 Contribuyentes: Anv, Emj, Gonn, Gustronico, Johns, LeCire, Rdmiguelg, Tamorlan, 3 ediciones anónimas
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Fuentes de imagen, Licencias y contribuyentes
Fuentes de imagen, Licencias y contribuyentes Archivo:Himalaya-Salz-1.jpg Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Himalaya-Salz-1.jpg http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Himalaya-Salz-1.jpg Licencia: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contribuyentes: User:Rainer Zenz Archivo:Vanilla extract.JPG Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Vanilla_extract.JPG ?title=Archivo:Vanilla_extract.JPG Licencia: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contribuyentes: User:Glane23 Imagen:Question book.svg Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Question_bo ex.php?title=Archivo:Question_book.svg ok.svg Licencia: GNU Free Documentation License Contribuyentes: El Muñeco Shakes It Up, Baby, Javierme, Loyna, Remember the dot, Victormoz, Wouterhagens, 5 ediciones anónimas Archivo:Yellow 2G.png Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Yellow_2G.png ex.php?title=Archivo:Yellow_2G.png Licencia: Public Domain Contribuyentes: Mrgreen71, Shaddack Archivo:Glutathione-3D-vdW.png Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Glutathi http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Glutathione-3D-vdW.png one-3D-vdW.png Licencia: Public Domain Contribuyentes: User:Benjah-bmm27 Archivo:L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png .png Licencia: Public Domain Contribuyentes: Benjah-bmm27, Mahahahaneapneap, TimVickers Archivo:Lipid peroxidation-es.svg Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Lipid_p http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Lipid_peroxidation-es.svg eroxidation-es.svg Licencia: Public Domain Contribuyentes: Tim Vickers, vectorized by , translation by Archivo:Antioxidant pathway-es.svg Fuente: http://es.wikipedia.org/w/ind http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archivo:Antioxidant ex.php?title=Archivo:Antioxidant_pathway-es.svg _pathway-es.svg Licencia: Public Domain Contribuyentes: Tim Vickers,
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Licencia
Licencia Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons.org/ creativecommons.org/ licenses/ licenses/ by-sa/ by-sa/ 3.0/ 3.0/
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