INTEQ MWD SYSTEMS
Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this presentation, as of the indicated date. TECHNICAL TRAINING DEPARTMENT
11 Sept. 2000
MWD Overview
11 Sept. 2000
1
Measurement While Drilling •
Is the process of acquiring measurements from sensors housed in drill collars in the drilling assembly and subsequently transmitting those measurements in realtime to the rigfloor via wireless tele metry methods.
•
Measurements are acquired and transmitted such that there is no interruption in the drilling process.
11 Sept. 2000
Measurement While Drilling HOW DOES IT WORK? The method of transmitting data from the vicinity of the drill bit to the surface is called MUD PULSE TELEMETRY
•
Mud Pulse Telemetry (MPT) is the constricting or opening of the fluid path, thus causing momentary changes to the flow of fluid
•
The constricting or opening of the fluid flow path causes pressure changes which can be detected by a pressure transducer in the standpipe pressure manifold at surface
11 Sept. 2000
2
Types of MWD Telemetry Pressure
Pressure
Time
NEGATIVE PULSE
Time
CONTINUOUS WAVE
FM Receiver
Pressure
V
Insulation
Time
ELECTROMAGNETIC
*POSITIVE PULSE 11 Sept. 2000
Positive Pulse Uses a hydraulic poppet valve to momentarily restrict a portion of the mud flow through an orifice in the tool
•
This will generate a small increase in pressure in the form of a positive pulse which can be decoded at the standpipe
•
INTEQ MWD tools create a positive pulse
Press ure
•
Time
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3
Signal Decoding •Combinatorial - Pulser not moving continuously to transmit data Valve
position
1 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
• Splitphase - Pulser moving continuously to transmit data
•
11 Sept. 2000
HSTDecode
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4
Directional Service
The purpose of surveying the wellbore is to ensure that the well’s Directional objectives are met. Kick-Off Point
Build-Up Section
End Of Build Target
11 Sept. 2000
Why Wellbores are Surveyed - - - WELL PROFILE DATA - - ---- Point - - - - MD Inc Dir TVD Tie on KOP End of Build Target End of Hold
North East Deg/100 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 -43 -268 4.00 -75 -500 0.00 -122 -800 0.00
0 0.00 261.47 0 1165 0.00 261.47 1607 2090 37.02 261.47 1900 2451 37.02 261.47 2305 3140 37.02 261.47 2490
West 800
600
True Vertical Depth
400
200
0
SURFACE LOCATION X = 2,658,408 Y = 112,566
1000
0
AA
50’ RADIUS TARGET
1200
PBHL 2365”TVD 2490”MD 790’ AT 261.47 AZM S -122’ W -800’ X = 2.657,492 Y = 112.430
1400
200
200
- - - North : South - - - Scale 1 : 100.00
Scale 1 : 100,00
800
l
Scale 1 : 100.00
TARGET 2305’ TVD 2451’ MD 706’ AT 261.47 AZM S -55’ W -379’ X = 2.657,902 Y = 112.491
l
KOP 1600’ MD
1600
BUILD 4/100’ MD
1800
North
2000
37.02 DEG
l
2200 Mag to Grid corr -9.0 Deg
AA
TGT 2305’ TVD - 2451’ MD: 706’ SECT
PBHL 2365” TVD 2490” MD: 832” SECT
2400
2600 200
0
200
400
600
800
Vertical Section on 261.47 azimuth with reference 0.00 N, 0.00 E from 11
Accurate Survey data and survey calculations enables the engineer to plot the position of the borehole. This then allows him to determine the borehole’s relative position to the desired position. Any discrepancy can then be adjusted for by reorienting the drilling assembly. 11 Sept. 2000
5
Steerable Motors
Double Tilted Housing Motor (DTU)
Adjustable Kick-off Motor (AKO)
• •
Angle hold configuration Course correction ä
Oriented drilling
ä
Rotary drilling
•
Θ
Hole slightly over size
Θ
11 Sept. 2000
Oriented Mode
l
Wellpath – Controlled curvature –
Controlled direction
–
No drill string rotation
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6
Rotary Mode
l
Wellpath – Behavior same as a
rotary drilling assembly –
Hole slightly over size
11 Sept. 2000
Applications Of Directional Drilling l
Multiple wells from offshore structures
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7
Applications Of Directional Drilling •
Re-entry/Multi-lateral wells
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MWD FE Services
Resistivity
Neutron
Density
Inclination Measurement
Gamma Ray
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8
Gamma Ray Service 0
a00pi
150
Shale Sand
Shale
Sand
Shale 11 Sept. 2000
Natural Gamma Ray Theory • •
•
Various clay minerals emit low levels of radiation. Shales generally contain more radioactive minerals than cleaner reservoir rocks. ä
High Gamma readings usually indicate Shale formations.
ä
Low Gamma readings usually indicate clean formations
MWD Applications ä
Correlation (open & cased hole)
ä
Marker Bed ID
ä
Casing / Coring Point Selection
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9
Resistivity Service
11 Sept. 2000
6 3/4” Modular MPR
Figure 2: 6 3/4” Modular MPR Tool
11 Sept. 2000
10
NaviGator - RNT
Azimuthal Gamma (13.8ft) (4.2m) Inclinometer (12.7ft) (3.9m)
Receiver Antennas (15ft) (4.6m) Upper Transmitter
Lower Transmitter
Adjustable Kick Off Sub
Bit
Sleeve Stabilizer
Positive Displacement Motor
Bearing Assembly with Stabilizer 28318
11 Sept. 2000
Ultra Slim MPR - 3 1/8” • • • •
Battery Powered only
•
4 borehole compensated resistivity measurements
•
Better than 0.5 mmho accuracy (2MHz Phase)
•
0.1 to 3000 ohm-meter range (2 MHz Phase)
• • •
Weight 77 kg
3 3/4” Borehole minimum 30 meter radius sliding 2 MHz and 400 KHz Phase and Attenuation
Length 2.28m 150C & 20,000 psi 11 Sept. 2000
11
MPR - Multiple Propagation Resistivity ä
Transmits electromagnetic waves into formation and measures the change in physical character of the wave on its return.
ä
The change in physical character of wave gives an indication of the Resistivity of the drilled formation.
ä
High Resistivity Low Resistivity
Hydrocarbons !!!! – maybe perhaps Water …..
11 Sept. 2000
Resistivity 0.2
Ohmm’s 1
10
100
2000 1000
Shale Sand
Shale Shallow Hydrocarbon Sand Deep
water Shale 11 Sept. 2000
12
Caliper Corrected Neutron Sub (CCN)
•
AmBe source in tool emits neutrons into formation. Maximum absorption of neutron energy occurs with Hydrogen.
•
A measurement of returning energy at Lithium6 scintillation detectors is taken and this is equated to a Porosity value of the formation
•
Porosity is amount of space between grains.
Source
Detectors
M30 Hatch
11 Sept. 2000
Neutron - CCN 45
Porosity
-15
Shale Sand
Shale
Sand
Shale 11 Sept. 2000
13
Optimized Rotating Density (ORD)
•
Caesium source emits high energy gamma radiation into formation. The amount of returning energy is measured at the detectors - NaI scintillator.
•
The amount of energy absorption can be related to bulk density of formation. Low absorption - low bulk density and vice versa.
Spacer Ring Source
Detectors
ASO #2
ASO #3
Low bulk density - sand ASO #1 11 Sept. 2000
Density 1.95
- ORD G/cc
2.95
Shale Sand
Shale
Sand
Shale 11 Sept. 2000
14
Density and Neutron 1.95 45
Density Neutron
2.95 -15
Shale Sand
Shale
Gas Sand Liquid Shale 11 Sept. 2000
Slimhole Density Neutron Sub (SDN) •
Collar Size ä
•
4 3/4"
Hole Size / Blade Stabilizer Size ä
5 7/8” - 6 3/4"
• •
•
hatch covers are 1/8” recessed from the blades
Nominal Sub Length ä
•
blade stabilizers should be minimum 1/4" undergauge
16 feet (4.9m)
Max. Temperature ä
320 deg F / 150 deg C
•
Acoustic Standoff Sensor
• •
Porosity Detectors - LFIN Design
ä
measures Standoff with1 transmitter (No Caliper)
Density - “Stand-off Binning Technique” 11 Sept. 2000
15
Acoustic Service APX
APX FEATURES - Porosity
- Hydrocarbon Identification
32ft
- Correlation: tie-in lithological
seismic
Monopole 1
Dipole Y Dipole X Monopole 2
- Pore pressure/fracture pressure determination
XMAC 11 Sept. 2000
Applications DT
Density
Rock Mechanics
Seismic Tie
φ = ∆t - ∆t
Ov erb ur de n
ma
Actual Hydr osta
Predicted
Pore Pressure
Acoustic Porosity
∆tf - ∆tma
tic
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Modular Advanced Pressure Sub - MAP
•
Modular MAP™ Service features and benefits ä Annular and Internal pressure sensors ä Improved drilling performance through real-time ECD monitoring. ä Optimised hole cleaning ä Fewer circulation losses ä Reduced stuck pipe / wellbore stability risks ä Faster/more accurate LOT / FIT procedures
3.9 ft (1.2m)
ä Flow -on and flow off measurements ä Flow -off pressure data are recorded in on-board memory for detailed, post-well analysis. ä Minimum and maximum pressures determined during flow-off are transmitted to the surface once circulation resumes.
2.1 ft (0.63m)
Modular
TesTrak – Formation Pressure Sampler
7,14m / 23,43 ft
6,09m /19,98 ft Sensor Offset
Pad Sealing Element
Memory Dump Port
8 1/8” Stabilizer
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17
LWD Formation Pressure Testing 6000
150
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Fast and Reliable Pressure Measurements Test Uncontaminated Formation Fluid Test within Minutes not Days or Week (DST)
Pressure, psi
4631.97
110
5000 4632.13
4631.97
90
4500
70 50
4000
30
Drawdown Volume, cm 3
130
5500
3500 10 3000
-10 70
90
110
130
150
170
Time, sec
Reduce Rig Time on Expensive Deep Water Rigs No Additional Logging Time After Drilling Horizontal Application Options for Geo-Steering Pore Pressure Calibration Annular Pressure While Drilling Control Overbalance / ECD (Deep Water) Real-time automated Flow Rate Analysis Test Oil Compartments for Reservoir Connectivity 11 Sept. 2000
Rotary Closed Loop System • Lead the industry in developing a modular, cost-effective automated directional drilling system • Automated directional drilling system to provide steering-while-rotating and reduced-tortuositydirectional drilling capabilities
11 Sept. 2000
18
AutoTrak Generation Plan 1.5
ATK1.5 RNT VMM, MEM SPACER, MEM, BAT, MASTER, DIR
2.5
ATK2, BCPM & RNT = ATK2.5 Short flex
ATK2
BCPM
XO
RNT VMM, MEM SPACER, MEM, BAT, MASTER, DIR
3.0
ATK2, OnTrak & BCPM = ATK3.0 ATK 2
OnTrak
BCPM
11 Sept. 2000
AutoTrak Benefits •
• • •
Continuous steering while rotating ä
Improved hole cleaning (sliding v rotary drilling)
ä
Improved gross ROP (fewer BHA trips)
ä
Reduced chance of differential sticking
Automated drilling control ä
Improved horizontal TVD control
ä
Reduced tortuosity - less torque and drag
Reservoir navigation ä
Realtime control of hole direction
ä
MPR, GR
Optimized performance ä
PDC bits chosen for performance instead of steerability
ä
Optional Navidrill operation 11 Sept. 2000
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Modular Tool Configuration Triple Combo service - Newest AutoTrak G3 Configuration Bi-directional Communication Power
OnTrak Sensor Module
AutoTrak Steering Unit
Resistivity Pressure
Directional
OnTrak™
BCPM
Inclination ATK G3
Vibration & Stick-Slip
Gamma
Caliper Corrected
Optimized Rotational
Neutron
Density
APLS S M
11 Sept. 2000
MWD Benefits
• • • • • •
Directional control
• •
Offset well correlation
Relief well drilling Bottom hole location Casing seat selection Gas influx identification Lithological identification
• • • • • •
Invasion profiling Pore pressure analysis Geosteering in high angle wells Hydrocarbon identification Shallow gas control Cost effective wireline replacement
Coring point selection 11 Sept. 2000
20
Advantage Concept Surface Sensors
Engineering Fluids
Cementing
Drilling Systems
(Third Party)
Geological
Directional
Completions
Wireline
Reports MWD Surveys
11 Sept. 2000
Advantage HARDWARE Utilizing SARA Acquisition ZONE 1 DEPTH ENCODER
CABIN
ETHERNET
HAZ JUNCTION BOX
CAL BOX
SAFE AREA
SPP
HOOKLOAD
RDD
HAZ JUNCTION BOX
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
ADVANTAGE RACKMOUNT
RD DIAL RPM - optional HAZ JUNCTION BOX
SARA
NT PC
ARCNET TORQUE - optional
PRINTER Bartec VSS Display
ETHERNET
F.Optic Media Converter
PLOTTER
SWWP, SWWPDASTOOL
POWERCOM POD
H U B
NT PC
POWERCOM MODULE
OFFLINE DELL
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