$VRV;@ : AC;-HA<;* $RDAN;* *H+;S
!##ect o# NaH(a*) on -henol A$H(s) ? Na$H(a&) → A$ >Na?(a*) ? H2$(l) on A"ine/A""oniu" Salt ? @a" *H4NH4?(a&) ? $H >(a&) → *H4NH2(g) ? (g) ? H2$(l) ANH4?(a&) ? $H >(a&) → ANH2(l) ? (l) ? H2$(l) NH'?(a&) ? $H >(a&) → NH4(g) ? (g) ? H2$(l) on A"ide, heat ston!ly *H4*$N(*H4)2 ? $H >(a&) → *H4*$$ > (a&) ? NH(*H4)2 (g)
Amide 7R8
H*l(a&)
Amine 7R8
NS ecess conc NH4, sealed tu.e, ethanol, e1lu
Acidi1ication H*l(a&)
9asic hydolysis Na$H(a&), heat
cleaBes dou.le .ond
Alkoxide
(Alkyl Halides) Su.stitution y HX/nX2, e1lu $R S$*l 2 (3yidine) $R -X4 / -X5, e1lu
Reduction H2/Ni
li"ination #$H (alc)
Ston! oidation hot, acidi1ied #+n$', heat
NS (SN%/SN2) #$H (a&), heat
Acid:+etal Rn Na(s)
Alcohol
A X2/**l'
Polymer Vicinal Dihalide
Carboxylic Acid
A X2 (a&)
Diol
Hydolysis ate
7R8 7R8
Aldehyde
$idation #2* 2$(a&)/H2S$'(a&) heat, i""ediate distilln
Hydolysis H2$, a"
;odo1o"
N
N
N
N$2
oan!e 33t
R2
2,':N-H NA H*N ith s"all a"ount o1 #*N/.ase
$2N
2,':N-HydaGone
;2, $H: == H2$, ; > %222, 4'44, '655 *H;4 (yello 33t)
Fehlin!s Solution R*H$ ? 2*u2? ? 5$H > → R*$$ > ? *u2$ ? 4H2$
N
N$2
H $ 2N
Iodo#orm
H
R%
H
H
7$8
A cold, conc H2S$'
*
Alcohol
"etone
ehydation e conc H2S$', %0°*
+ild oidation cold, alkaline #+n$'
stei1ication
Nucleo3hilic Acyl Su.stitution Su.stitution S$*l2 (3yidine) $R -X4 / -X5, e1lu
7R8
Alkyl Hydrogensulphate(VI) Hydrogensulphate(VI)
Alkene
Addition -oly"eisation -oly"eisation $2, heat
NS conc H2S$', %'0°*
Halogenoalkane
A HX(!)
Acidic hydolysis hydolysis H*l(a&), heat
!ther
Acid Chloride
stei1ication stei1ication conc H2S$'
Na(s)/Na$H(a&)/ Na2*$4(a&)
Nitrile
Alkane
!ster
Acid alt
NS / Ste3 u3 Rn #*N (alc), heat
FRS UV, X2
Nucleo3hilic Acyl Su.stn conc NH4/a"ine
2,':N-H
$%&'dinitrophenylhydraone oan!e 33t
Cyanohydrin Acidic hydolysis hydolysis
Carboxylic Acid
7R8
Amine 9asic hydolysis