AN OVERVIEW OF THE UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS, 1984 & THE AMENDMENTS 2007 Au!"#$% N"' T!(% )*)# +*% ")(./ */ %*#/ ( 2007 +! ! #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* +*% u% 3"#/ 5u !# +*% %(.. u! /(%u%%("% " (% ().* (). *("6 ("6 I +*% * *) " u/#%*/ u/#%*/ ! UBBL 1984 *% +.. *% (% * * / / % % +! +!( (! ! ( (. .u/ u// / ! ! * */ / " %! %!*# *# ! ! u u/ /#% #%* */ /( ( +( +(! ! (#( ( #( %u/% %u/% *% ! *u/(6 *u/(6 T! )*)# +*% #(%/ #(%/ ( 2009 */ "+ u)."*// " 5 %!*#/ +(! * .*## . *## *u/(6 B*/#u. H(%!* M"!**/ S*(/ 2011 NB: References References used for this paper is listed at the end of the series UBBL 1984
1.0 INTRODUCTION T!(% )*)# (% (// *% * "#(+ "3 ! u## .(%.*("% "#( 5u(./( */ "%#u(" (/u%# ( M*.*%(*6 T! )*)# (% " * " 5 * ")#!%( /(%"u#% " *.. ! .*+% "#( )#")# /.") */ "%#u("6 N"!.%%, ( +(.. ( * %)( #(+ " ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 : A/% 2007 !* !*/ u/#" %((* */%, *% +.. *% "u!( " ! )#(()*. A 1;; - S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 : A A128< - A/ 2007, ( .(! .( ! "3 ! () (). .* *(" (" "3 ! # #( (* * "3 " "). ).(" (" */ ") ").(* .(* =>6
1.1 LAWS AND THE PROFESSIONALS IN PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT T" u/#%*/ ! ? "3 ! *# "3 ! .*+ ( ! 5u(./( */ "%#u(" T" (/u%# ( (% 5% " (..u%#* ! @% "3 %" "3 !% A% ( * )#")# /.")6 T! 3".."+( (% * #*. (/* "3 ! "#* "3 ! *#("u% A% ( )#")# /.") )#"/u#% */ "%#u(" )#"%%%'
DEVELOPERS I "#/# " %*# * )#" )#")# )# /.") /.") " * )( "3 .*/, * /. /.")# ")# */ !(% "%u.*%, %)(*.. ! %u#"#% */ "+ ).*#% */ " * .%%# ? ! *#!( */ (#%, u% u/#%*/ ! )#"(%("% ( ! N*("*. L*/ "/, 19<6 A% * ?*)., 53"# u#( * )( "3 .*/ (" * /.")*5. #*. %*, ! )#")# /.")# +(.. / " *%#*( ! *"# "3 L*/ U% */ * / E? E?)# )#% %% % " "/ /( ((" ("% % * */ / R% %# #( (( (" "% % ( I I# #% % "3 ! ! %* %*(/ (/ .* .*/ /66 T! T! /.")# u% /(/ +!!# ( +(.. 5 %%*# " "# (% *"# "3 L* */ / U% U% 3# 3#" " A# #( (u. u.u u## ( (" Bu Bu(. (./ /( ( "# I/ /u% u%# # * */ / " u/ /# #* * A*.* A* .**( *(" " "# Su5 Su5-/( -/((% (%(" (" ? ?# #(% (% "# Su# Su## #/# /# */ R-* -*.( .(*( *(" " "3 ! .*/6 T! /.")# %!"u./ *.%" 5 3*(.(*# +(! ! L*/ ACu(%((" A, 19<0, (3 ! /.") (".% *Cu(%((" "3 .*/ 5 ! G"# 3"# )u5.( u% "# "3 ""( 5% " ! )u5.(6 A% ! )#")# /.")# "% /)# (" ! /.") )#"%%% */ 5"/ .*/ *#%, ! /.")# %!"u./ 5 # +.. #%/ +(! H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< */ S#** T(.% A, 1986 T!%
A% "# "#(*. /.")% "3 .*// */ %#*(/ )#")#(% */ *" "!#% ! +*% " "/u ! "%#u(", %*. #*%*("% */ 3u.. /.") "3 ! )#")#(%6
TOWN PLANNERS S(u.*"u%., S(u.*"u% ., * "+ ).*# ).*# +(.. %*# +"# " * *%# ).* "3 ! )#")"%/ )#")"%/ / / ." .") ) 6 6 I */ *//( /(( (" " " ! ! N* N*( (" "*. *. L* L*/ / " "/ /,, 19 19< < * */ / ! ! L* L*/ / ACu(%((" A, 19<0, ! "+ ).*# +(.. *.%" / " u/#%*/ ! #.* A% */ u(/.(% +!(! 5"u/ !(% "+ ).*( /%(%6 T!(% (% %)(*.. #u +(! ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< */ ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 F"# (%*, ! #Cu(# 3"# .*( A))#"*. .(% ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< /(#. " ! N*( N* (" "*. *. L* L*/ / " "/ /,, 19 19< <66 I ! !(% (% ( (% %* * ,, * Su Su## ## / /## * */ / R-A. A.( (* *(" (" ?#(% ? #(% 3"# ! .*/ u/# ! N*(" N*("*. *. L*/ "/, 19< +(.. " 5 "%( "%(/#/ /#/ u(. * .*( A))#"*. (% "5*(/ u/# ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197<6
ARCHITECTS T! *#!( +(.. /(. ."" * *%!(% */ 3u("% *% ! )#( "#% "3 * / /%( %( 66 H" H"+ + #, #, ! ! *# *#! !( ( u u% % *. *.%" %" 5 *% " " # # / / +( +(! ! ! ! #Cu(#% "3 ! #.* 5u(./( 5-.*+%, (66 +(! #%) " #Cu(#% %u! *% *%%, .(!(, !*.!, %*3, (.*(", */ # )#"("6 T" T" *!( ! 5*.* 5+ ""/ /%(, #* 3u("*.( */ ! .*+, ! *#!( +(.. / " ")#!/ ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984, +!(! +*% */ u/# S(" 1;; "3 ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974, */ ! #.* M*.*%(* S*/*#/% "#( /%( )*#*#% %u! *% ! Cu*.( "3 5u(./( *#(*.% */ )#3"#*, */ *%% 3"# ! !*/(*))/6 I3 ! *#!( (% ("./ +(! ! /.") 3#" ! *#.(% %*%, ! u% *.%" 5 3*(.(*# +(! ! N*("*. L*/ "/, 19<, ! L*/ ACu(%((" A, 19<0, ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< */ ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 I3 ! *#!( (% ("./ +(! "#(*. /.")%, ! %!"u./ *.%" 5 # +.. #%/ +(! ! H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< */ S#** T(.% A, 198, *% ! +(.. 5 * )*# " ! #(*(" )#"%%% /%#(5/ ( !% A%6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS T! (#"*. (# +(.. *.%" 5 .""( (" ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 T! A ).*% * ()"#* #". ( ! )#"(" "3 ! (#"6 N"# "#* *... .,, ! ! (# (#" " *. *. ( ( # # +( +(.. .. 5 #C Cu( u(##/ " )# )#) )*# *# * E(#"*. I)* A%%%% =EIA> #)"# 3"# /.")% #*% "3 .*/ "## 0 ! " !*# *#%6 %6 N" N"! !.% .%%, %, ". ". +( +(! ! () ()u% u% "3 "! "!# # )# )#"3 "3%%( %%("*. "*.%, %, 6 666 *#!( *# !( %, %, ( ((. (. ( (#% #% */ ).* ).* #%, #%, +!" *# u( u(// // 5 ! *# *#("u ("u% % A A% % #.* # .*/ / " ! !(# (# )# )#"3% "3%%(" %("%, %, !* !* ! (#" (#" *. *. ( (#% #% +"u +"u./ ./ 5 *5. *5. )#"/u ! EIA #)"#6
CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS T" /%( ! (3#*%#uu# */ %#(% 3"# * /."), * ((. (# +(.. T" / " "+ ! #u.*("% "#( !(# /%(% 3"# *#!+"#%, #"*/% */ /#*(%, +*# %u))., %+#* */ ! .(6 H, ( +(.. 5 u%3u. 3"# * ((.
A% "# "#(*. /.")% "3 .*// */ %#*(/ )#")#(% */ *" "!#% ! +*% " "/u ! "%#u(", %*. #*%*("% */ 3u.. /.") "3 ! )#")#(%6
TOWN PLANNERS S(u.*"u%., S(u.*"u% ., * "+ ).*# ).*# +(.. %*# +"# " * *%# ).* "3 ! )#")"%/ )#")"%/ / / ." .") ) 6 6 I */ *//( /(( (" " " ! ! N* N*( (" "*. *. L* L*/ / " "/ /,, 19 19< < * */ / ! ! L* L*/ / ACu(%((" A, 19<0, ! "+ ).*# +(.. *.%" / " u/#%*/ ! #.* A% */ u(/.(% +!(! 5"u/ !(% "+ ).*( /%(%6 T!(% (% %)(*.. #u +(! ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< */ ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 F"# (%*, ! #Cu(# 3"# .*( A))#"*. .(% ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< /(#. " ! N*( N* (" "*. *. L* L*/ / " "/ /,, 19 19< <66 I ! !(% (% ( (% %* * ,, * Su Su## ## / /## * */ / R-A. A.( (* *(" (" ?#(% ? #(% 3"# ! .*/ u/# ! N*(" N*("*. *. L*/ "/, 19< +(.. " 5 "%( "%(/#/ /#/ u(. * .*( A))#"*. (% "5*(/ u/# ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197<6
ARCHITECTS T! *#!( +(.. /(. ."" * *%!(% */ 3u("% *% ! )#( "#% "3 * / /%( %( 66 H" H"+ + #, #, ! ! *# *#! !( ( u u% % *. *.%" %" 5 *% " " # # / / +( +(! ! ! ! #Cu(#% "3 ! #.* 5u(./( 5-.*+%, (66 +(! #%) " #Cu(#% %u! *% *%%, .(!(, !*.!, %*3, (.*(", */ # )#"("6 T" T" *!( ! 5*.* 5+ ""/ /%(, #* 3u("*.( */ ! .*+, ! *#!( +(.. / " ")#!/ ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984, +!(! +*% */ u/# S(" 1;; "3 ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974, */ ! #.* M*.*%(* S*/*#/% "#( /%( )*#*#% %u! *% ! Cu*.( "3 5u(./( *#(*.% */ )#3"#*, */ *%% 3"# ! !*/(*))/6 I3 ! *#!( (% ("./ +(! ! /.") 3#" ! *#.(% %*%, ! u% *.%" 5 3*(.(*# +(! ! N*("*. L*/ "/, 19<, ! L*/ ACu(%((" A, 19<0, ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< */ ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 I3 ! *#!( (% ("./ +(! "#(*. /.")%, ! %!"u./ *.%" 5 # +.. #%/ +(! ! H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< */ S#** T(.% A, 198, *% ! +(.. 5 * )*# " ! #(*(" )#"%%% /%#(5/ ( !% A%6
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS T! (#"*. (# +(.. *.%" 5 .""( (" ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 19746 T! A ).*% * ()"#* #". ( ! )#"(" "3 ! (#"6 N"# "#* *... .,, ! ! (# (#" " *. *. ( ( # # +( +(.. .. 5 #C Cu( u(##/ " )# )#) )*# *# * E(#"*. I)* A%%%% =EIA> #)"# 3"# /.")% #*% "3 .*/ "## 0 ! " !*# *#%6 %6 N" N"! !.% .%%, %, ". ". +( +(! ! () ()u% u% "3 "! "!# # )# )#"3 "3%%( %%("*. "*.%, %, 6 666 *#!( *# !( %, %, ( ((. (. ( (#% #% */ ).* ).* #%, #%, +!" *# u( u(// // 5 ! *# *#("u ("u% % A A% % #.* # .*/ / " ! !(# (# )# )#"3% "3%%(" %("%, %, !* !* ! (#" (#" *. *. ( (#% #% +"u +"u./ ./ 5 *5. *5. )#"/u ! EIA #)"#6
CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS T" /%( ! (3#*%#uu# */ %#(% 3"# * /."), * ((. (# +(.. T" / " "+ ! #u.*("% "#( !(# /%(% 3"# *#!+"#%, #"*/% */ /#*(%, +*# %u))., %+#* */ ! .(6 H, ( +(.. 5 u%3u. 3"# * ((.
(# " 5 *Cu*(/ +(! %" /*(.% ( A% %u! *% ! D#*(* W"#% A, 194, ! I##(*(" A#*% A, 19;, ! E(#"*. u*.( A, 1974, ! S+#* S+#* S# S#( (% % A A, , 199 199;, ;, ! W* *#% #% A A, , 192 1920 0 */ *.% *.%" " ! S# S# ,, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974, A " " ! !( (*. *. ( ( # # * * +( +(%! %! " "+ "+ *5 *5"u "u %" %"(. (. )# )#") ")# #( (% % */ */ ! ! u/##"u/ *u# "3 ! /.") .*/, 5u * %#uu#*. (# +(.. +"# +(!( * )#%#(5/ %*/*#/% */ .*+% ( "#/# " /%( %#uu#%6 T! %#uu#*. (#% *( "# (% " %u# ! %*5(.( */ %"u/%% "3 5u(./(% 3"u/*("%, %u5-%#uu#% */ %u)#-%#uu#%, +!(! "+*/*% *# *# u%u u%u*.. *.. "3 % %. . "# " "# #6 6 A// A//((" (("*. *.., ., " "# # +"# +"# u%u u%u*.. *.. ( (". ".% % *//(("*. #Cu(#% 3"# ! "# " +(!%*/ #, !(! ()* */, (% *5(.( " )# "# +*# .**% "# %)*%6 E !"u! Cu( * u5# "3 %#uu#*. (#% #3# " ! B#((%! S*/*#/% */ * / # #.* .*/ / B# B#( ((% (%! ! # #3# 3# % % 3"# ! !( (## / /%( %( u u(/ (/. .( (% %,, %" %" "3 ! !% % "/(("% */ #Cu(#% *# *u*.. "#/ ( ! U(3"# Bu(./( BL*+%, 19846 I3 ! &S (# (% ("./ ( "#(*. /.")%, ! %!"u./ *.%" 5 # +.. #%/ +(! ! H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< */ ! S#** T(.% A, 198, %((.*# " ! *#!(%, *% ! &S (# +(.. 5 * )*# " ! #(*(" )#"%%% /%#(5/ ( ! %*(/ A%6
MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS T! M&E (# +(.. 5 "% "#/ +(! ! ( /.(# "3 *.. "3 ! 5u(./( %#(%6 T!(# %") "3 +"# *#(% #*. 5+ %*.. 5u(./(%, */ *.. */ .*# 5u(./(%6 D(., 3"# .*# */ *.. 5u(./(%, ! M&E (# u% 5 # 3*(.(*# +(! ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984, ( )*#(u.*# (% # # )# )#" "( (" " %% %% ,, .( .(!( !( */ !* !*(* (*.. (.* (.*(" (" #C #Cu(# u(# %6 %6 I *//((", ! %!"u./ *.%" 5 # "#%* +(! ! F*"#(% */ M*!(# A, 19<7 3"# u(/.(% " 5u(./( #*%)"#*("% %u! *% .(3% */ %*.*"#%, ! F(# (# S# S#( (% % A A, , 198 1988 8 3"# *// *//((" (("*. *. # # )#" )#" (" (" # #Cu(# Cu(# % %,, ! E. #(( Su)). A, 1990, ! S+ + #* S#( (% % A, 199;, ! "u(*("% */ Mu.(/(* A, 1988 */ ! W*#% A, 19206 L( !(% "u#)*#%, ! *#!(% */ ! &S (#%, (3 ! M&E (# (% ("./ +(! "#(*. /.")%, ! %!"u./ *.%" 5 # +.. #%/ +(! ! H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< */ ! S#** T(.% A, 198, *% ! +(.. 5 * )*# " ! #(*(" )#"%%% /%#(5/ ( !% A%6
BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS Bu(./#% */ "#*"#% *# *.%" 5"u/ 5 ! %* #u.*("% "#( ! "%u.*%J )*#(u.*#. ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 */ (% )#(()*. A, ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 19746 H"+#, Ou)*("*. S*3 */ H*.! A, 1994 =OSHA> */ ! "%#u(" I/u%# D.") B"*#/ A, 1994 =IDB> *# +" "3 ! A% "% (/(*5. +(! ! "%#u(" (/u%#6 (/u%#6 F"# %) %) (*. (*.(% (% " " #* #*" "#% #%,, % %) )( (*. *.. . M& M&E E " " #* #* "# "#%, %, ! ! F* *" "#( #(% % * */ / M*!(# A, 19<7, ! E.#(( Su)). A, 1990, ! S+#* S#(% A,
199;, ! "u(*("% */ Mu.(/(* A, 1988 */ ! W*#% A, 1920 *# # #.* " !(# +"#6 T! S*/*#/% "3 M*.*%(* A, 199 (% ! *( A ! IDB #3#% " ( (% )u#%u( 3"# * I/u%#(*.(%/ Bu(./( S% =IBS> +!#( IBD */"*% " ! (/u%# " */") * "%#u(" )#"%% !* u(.(%% !(Cu%, )#"/u%, ")"%, */:"# 5u(./( %%% +!(! (". )#-3*5#(*/ ")"% */ "-%( (%*..*("6 O3 )*#(u.*# (#% " ! "%#u(" (/u%# *# ! %*/*#/(%/ #-*% "# S#uu#*. F#*(, *. */ B"? S%%, S. F"#+"# */ F#*( S%%, #3*5#(*/ T(5# F#*( S%% */ B." W"# S%%6 W(! ! ().*(" , 5u(./#% */ "#*"#% *# "+ #Cu(#/ " 5 #%)"%(5. */ *"u*5. u/# UBBL */ ! #.*/ A% 3"# !(# !*/(+"#%6
ABSTRACT I %u*#, " "3 ! ).*#% ( ! (/u%#, 5 ! )#")# /.")#%, 5u(./( "#*"#% "# "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% %u! *% *#!(%, (#%, %u#"#% */ "+ ).*#%, * +"# +(!"u 5( "#/ "# * .*% *( "%(/#*(" "3 "# *( #3#% " ! A% */ Ru.*("% "3 ! .*/6 T! A% !* !* 5 #3##/ !#( %" 3*# *#' 16 A < - N*("*. L*/ "/, 19< 26 A 117 K A#!(% A, 19<7 : A1287 A/% 2007 ;6 A 118 K H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< : A A1289 A/ 2007 46 A 127 K E(#"*. u*.( A, 1974 6 A 1;; - S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 : A A128< A/ 2007 <6 S(" 1;; 6 B-L*+% "3 A 1;; - U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 : A/ 2007 76 A 1;8 K R(%#*(" "3 E(#% A, 197< : A1288 A/% 2007 86 A 1;9 - F*"#(% */ M*!(# A, 19<7 96 A 171 K L"*. G"# A, 197< 106 A 172 - T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< 116 A ;18 K S#** T(.% A, 198 : A A1290 A/% 2007 126 A ;41 - F(# S#(% A, 1988 1;6 A 418 - W*#% A, 1920 146 A 447 - E.#(( Su)). A, 1990 16 A 48< K L*/ ACu(%((" A,19<0 1<6 A 08 - S+#* S#(% A, 199; 176 A 14 - Ou)*("*. S*3 */ H*.! A, 1994 186 A 20 - "%#u(" I/u%# D.") B"*#/ A, 1994 196 A 88 - "u(*("% */ Mu.(/(* A, 1988
2.0 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT B3"# "( 3*#!# (" ! /(%"u#%, ( (% 5% " ."" (" !"+ ! * .*+% "#( 5u(./(% */ "%#u(" * (" ?(%6 I +*% +(/. 5.(/ !* ( 1974, ! %"/ #( M((%#, Tu A5/u. R**, !*/ * (%(" " * ! ."*. "#% u/#* "# !* !(# #*/(("*. #".% "3 *(*(( )u5.( %*(*(" */ #*. +.3*# "3 !(# #%(/%6 H
!*/ * (%(" " u# ! ."*. "#% (" *% "# **.%% 3"# (/u%#(*., "#(*. */ #%(/(*. /.")%6 T! ."*. "#% +# *.%" " 5 u#/ (" @( "#*(%*("% " 5#( *5"u /.") *(((% +(!( !(# ."*.((%6
2.1 ACT 171 - LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT, 197 T! *3"#("/ (%(" +*% ! /#*3/ (" A 171 - ! L"*. G"# A, 197<6 E@(., A 171 +*% * #).* */ "%".(/*(" "3 ! * %)*#* .*+% "#( ."*. *u!"#((% +!(! +# (!#(/ 3#" ! "."(*. #*' 16 T"+ B"*#/% E* "3 ! F/#*/ M*.* S*% =F6M6S6 *)6 1;7>, 26 Mu(()*. O#/(* "3 S#*(% S.% =*)6 1;;>, ;6 "!"# T"+ B"*#/% E* ="!"# N"6 118>, 46 Mu(()*. E* "3 .**, 19;8 =N"6 20:19;8>, 6 T"+ B"*#/% E* "3 T#*u, 19 =*)6 <4 ;:19>, <6 L"*. "u(.% O#/(*, 192 */ * )"%-(/)/ A' 76 L"*. G"# T)"#*# #"(%("% A, 197; U/# ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, S* G"#, ( "%u.*(" +(! ! M((%# "3 H"u%( & L"*. G"# */ ! E.(" "(%%(", * % u) * L"*. Au!"#(, * "+ (% %*u% *% * Mu(()*. "# D(%#( "u(., /.*# (% *#* */, / (% 5"u/*#(%6 u##. !# *# 14 L"*. G"#% "# Au!"#((% =(.u/( W:u#***> ( ! "u#, "3 +!(! 98 *# ( ! (%u.*# & 22 *# ( S*5*! */ 2 *# ( S*#*+*6 O3 !%, 9 *# ( "u(.%:H*..% =M*.(%:D+* B*/*#**>, ;7 *# Mu(()*. "u(.% =M*.(% #5*/*#*>, */ 98 *# D(%#( "u(.% =M*.(% D*#*!>6 T!% L"*. Au!"#((% *# %/ 5 ! L"*. G"# A, 197< " "#". /.") "3 ! .*/ +(!( !(# #%)( *#*%6 T! A *.%" )"+#% ! L"*. Au!"#((% " (". ( %"(*., ""( */ (3#*%#uu#*. /.")%, */ * *% **.%% 3"# (/u%#(*., "#(*. */ !"u%( /.") - ( *//((" " !(# 5*%( 3u("% " "#% ! *((% +(!( !(# 5"u/*#(%6
2.2 ACT 172 - TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT, 197 A 172 - ! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< +*% )#")"%/ "u## +(! A 171 K ! L"*. G"# A, 197<6 T! 3"## +*% */")/ 3#" ! B#((%! S% "3 T"+ .*( T! D.") .* S% *% * #).* "3 ! "./# M*%# .*P S% +!(! +*% 3"u/ " 5 (Q?(5. 3"# #*)(/ /.") "3 u#5* *#*%6 T! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< 3u/**.. (%(u/ * u(3"# ).*( .(%.*(" +!(! "#% *.. ! %*%6 T! T"+ */ "u# .*( A, 197< %% ! 3#*+"# 3"# L"*. Au!"#((% "' 16 F"#u.* S#uu# .*% - )".((% " %"(*., ""( */ )!%(*. !*#*#% +(!( !(# 5"u/*#(%, */
26 U% ! %* *% u(/.(% 3"# ! )#)*#*(" "3 L"*. .*%, +!(! *# % " "#". ! u% "3 .*/ */ 5u(./(% */ )#")# /.")%,
2.! ACT 1!! - STREET, DRAINAGE & BUILDING ACT, 197" U)" (/)/, ! "#*. %% 3"# M*.*%(* +*% /((// (" !# ).*3"#%, *. F/#*., S* */ L"*. G"#%6 #("# " ! (#"/u(" "3 A 171 K ! L"*. G"# A, 197<, !% L"*. G"#% "# Au!"#((%, (66 ! "+ "# u(()*. "u(.%, !*/ +#( %)*#* .*+% */ #u.*("% u/# ! )#"(%("% "3 ! *#("u% )#(/)/ "+ 5"*#/% */ u(()*. *% */ "#/(*%, ("/ *#.(#, " %u( !(# ."*. /% */ #Cu(#%6 T!% *#( .*+% */ #u.*("% !*/ #*/ "3u%("% */ /(%#%% *" ! (/u%# ).*#%6 F"# (%*, *#!(% */ (#% ! !*/ " %u5( 5u(./( ).*% */ "!# /"u*(" "3 *#("u% %*/*#/% " "). +(! ! *#( "3 L"*. Au!"#((% )u.(*#((%6 T" "%".(/* ! /(@#%, * %("% "3 !% )#-(/)/ *% */ "#/(*% "3 ! L"*. G"#% +!(! +# #.*/ " %#, /#*(* */ 5u(./( +# #)*./ "# *5%"#5/ (" !(% A 1;; - ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 19746 T!(% A !"+# (% ". *)).(*5. ( W% M*.*%(*6 S(, !(% A (% ! )#(()*. A " ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 =UBBL>, +!(! (% ! *( ")( "3 !(% )*)#, + %!*.. #3# " (% .*% */% +!(! *@ ! UBBL /(#.6 E?#*% "3 A A128< STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING AMENDMENT AT 2007 A A " */ ! S#, D#*(* */ Bu(./( A 19746 1 T!(% A * 5 (/ *% ! S#, D#*(* */ Bu(./( A/ A 20076 2 T!(% A %!*.. *)). ". " (%u.*# M*.*%(*6 A/ "3 %(" ; 26 T! S#, D#*(* */ Bu(./( A 1974 =A 1;;>, +!(! (% #3##/ " *% ! )#(()*. AP ( !(% A, (% *// ( %(" ; * 5 (%#( *3# ! /((" "3 5u(./(P ! 3".."+( /(("' 5u(./( ).*%P *% ).*% !* (.u/ %( ).*%, ).*%, Q""# ).*%, %("% */ .*("% *% % "u %)(*.. ( * 5-.*+% */ u/# !(% AJJ R/((" "3 #(* "3 F(%% 3"# Ou)*(" " #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* 5 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! /((" "3 #(* "3 %% 3"# "u)*(", )"#*# #(* "3 %% 3"# "u)*(" */ )*#(*. #(* "3 %% 3"# "u)*("P ! 3".."+( /(("' #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(*P
R/((" "3 u*.(/ #%" " #(()*. Su5(( #%" / 5 (%#( *3# ! /((" "3 )#(%%P ! 3".."+( /(("' )#(()*. %u5(( )#%"P *% * Cu*.(/ )#%" +!" %u5(% 5u(./( ).*% " ! ."*. *u!"#( 3"# *))#"*. ( *"#/* +(! !(% A "# * 5.*+% */ !#u/# */ (.u/% * "!# Cu*.(/ )#%" +!" *% "# ! /u(% */ #%)"%(5(.((% "3 "# *% 3"# ! #% ("/ Cu*.(/ )#%"JJ 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! /((" "3 Cu*.(/ )#%"P ! 3".."+( /(("' Cu*.(/ )#%"P *% * #"3%%("*. A#!(, #"3%%("*. E(# "# 5u(./( /#*u!%* #(%#/ u/# * +#( .*+ #.*( " ! #(%#*(" !#"3JJ S)(*.. 3"# S#uu#*. E(#% */ 3 5 (%#( *3# ! /((" "3 %#uu#*. ).*P ! 3".."+( /(("' %u5(( )#%"P *% * Cu*.(/ )#%" +!" %u5(% ).*% "!# !* 5u(./( ).*% " ! ."*. *u!"#( "# #.* %*u"# *u!"#( ( *"#/* +(! !(% A "# * 5-.*+% */ !#u/# */ (.u/% * "!# Cu*.(/ )#%" +!" *% "# ! /u(% */ #%)"%(5(.((% "3 "# *% 3"# ! #% ("/ Cu*.(/ )#%"J6 I#*% "3 *.(% 3"# "#*( ! A A/ "3 %(" 70 6 S(" 70 "3 ! )#(()*. A (% *// 3 ( %u5%(" 11, 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! +"#/% " !"u%*/P ! +"#/% +- !"u%*/PJ ( %u5%(" 12 ( 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! +"#/% " !"u%*/P ! +"#/% +- !"u%*/PJ */ (( 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! +"#/% " !u/#/P ! +"#/% !u/#/PJ ! ( %u5%(" 1; ( 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! +"#/% !"u%*/ #((P ! +"#/% 3 !"u%*/ #(( "# " ()#(%" 3"# * # " ?/( !# *#% "# " 5"!PJ */ (( 5 %u5%(u( 3"# ! +"#/% +" !u/#/ */ 3P ! +"#/% " !"u%*/PJ I%%u* "3 5 ! #(()*. Su5(( #%" . 5 (%#( *3# %u5%(" 19 ! 3".."+( %u5%("%' I%%u* "3 #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* 20 N" #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* %!*.. 5 (%%u/ ?) 5 * )#(()*. %u5(( )#%" ( *"#/* +(! ! (, *# */ )#"/u# 3"# ! (%%u* !#"3 *% )#%#(5/ 5 !(% A "# * 5-.*+% */ !#u/#6
21 B3"# ! (%%u* "3 * #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(*, ( %!*.. 5 ! /u(% */ #%)"%(5(.((% "3 ! )#(()*. %u5(( )#%" " * %u)#(% ! #(" "3 ! 5u(./( " %u# !* ! #(" (% ( "3"#( +(! ! *))#"/ ).*% */ ! #Cu(#% "3 ! )#"(%("% "3 !(% A "# * 5-.*+% */ !#u/#J 5 %u# !* ! 5u(./( !*% 5 /u. "%#u/ */ ")./ ( "3"#( +(! ! *))#"/ ).*% */ ! #Cu(#% "3 !(% A "# * 5.*+% */ !#u/# */ !* *.. !(*. "/(("% ()"%/ 5 ! ."*. *u!"#( !*% 5 /u. ").(/ +(!J */ %u# !* ! 5u(./( (% %*3 */ 3"# "u)*("6 T! R(!% "3 ! L"*. Au!"#((% " I%%u N"( "3 ").(* " ! A))#"/ .*% 22 N"!( "*(/ ( !(% A %!*.. *@ ! )"+#% "3##/ " ! ."*. *u!"#( 5 !(% A "# * 5-.*+% */ !#u/# )#*(( " ! #(" */ "%#u(" "3 * 5u(./( 3"# ! )u#)"% "3 %u#( !* ! #(" */ "%#u(" "3 %u! 5u(./( *# ( "3"#( +(! ! *))#"/ ).*% */ ! )#"(%("% "3 !(% A "# * 5-.*+ */ !#u/#6 2; I3 ( *))*#% " ! ."*. *u!"#( !* * "").(* +(! ! *))#"/ ).*% */ )#"(%("% "3 !(% A "# * 5-.*+% */ !#u/# 5 ! )#(()*. %u5(( )#%" !*% "u##/ ( ! #(" */ "%#u(" "3 ! 5u(./(, ! ."*. *u!"#( * (%%u " ! )#(()*. %u5(( )#%" * * "( ( +#((, #Cu(#( ").(* +(!( ! )#("/ %)(/ ( ! "(, *% ! ."*. *u!"#( !(% , ( "#/# !* ! "").(* 5 #(/J */ 5 * /(#( ( +#(( " +(!!"./ ! (%%u* "3 ! #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* u(. %u! "-").(* !*% 5 #(/6 *. 3"# "#*( ! A " ! I%%u* "3 "# A.."+( Ou)* +(!"u 27 A )#%" +!" * (% " ! )#(()*. %u5(( )#%" 5u (%%u% * #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(*J 5 (%%u% * #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* +(!"u ! #.* 3"#% *% )#%#(5/ ( * 5-.*+% */ u/# !(% AJ (%%u% * #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* ( "#*(" "3 * /(#(" ( 5 ! ."*. *u!"#( " +(!!"./ %u! (%%u* )/( #(*(" "3 * "").(*J / "+(. *% "# )#"/u% "# *u%% " 5 */ * 3*.% "# 3#*u/u. /.*#*(", #(*, *)).(*(" "# #)#%*(" "3 * 3"# )#%#(5/ ( * 5-.*+% */ u/# !(% AJ u%% * 3"#/, *.#/ "# "u#3( /.*#*(", #(*, *)).(*(" "# #)#%*(" "3 * 3"# )#%#(5/ ( * 5-.*+% */ u/# !(% A "+( ! /.*#*(", #(*, *)).(*(" "# #)#%*(" !* 5 3"#/, *.#/ "# "u#3(/J "# 3 "u)(% "# )#(% " 5 "u)(/ * 5u(./( "# * )*# !#"3 +(!"u * #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(*, %!*.. 5 .(*5. " "((" " * " ?/( +" !u/#/ */ 3 !"u%*/ #(( "# " ()#(%" 3"# * # " ?/( *#% "# " 5"!6P6
2." THE CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION AND COMPLIANCE #CCC$ T! #( M((%#, ( 2004, *../ 3"# * #).* "3 ! #(* "3 F(%% 3"# Ou)*(" =FO> 5 ! L"*. Au!"#((% +(! %.3-#(*(" 5 "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.%6 T! ((" +*% " ()#" ! ( "3 5u(./( /.(# %%6 I 2007, ! )*#.(* *// *" "!#% ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 =UBBL> */ ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 " @ ! (%%u* "3 ! 5 #"3%%("*. A#!(% "# #"3%%("*. E(#% "# R(%#/ Bu(./( D#*u!% =! .*# (% .((/ " 5u(./(% " ?/( 2-%"#% */ * *#* .%% !* ;00%C>6 T!% (/((/u*.%, +!" +# )#("u%. "+ *% ! Cu*.(/ )#%"P, *# "+ "+ *% ! #(()*. Su5(( #%"P =S> u/# ! *// A6 M"% ()"#*., 3#" A)#(. 12, 2007 "+*#/% S% +(.. (%%u ! #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* "# ! P " .*.(% ! "u)*(" "3 *.. 5u(./(% *% * #).* " ! #(* "3 F(%% 3"# Ou)*(" =FO>6 T!u%, ! S% *# *( "# ! #%)"%(5(.((% "3 ! L"*. Au!"#((% =(!* B#u*%* T)** "# BT> " (%%u FO6 H, *.. /.") )#"% +!# ! Bu(./( .*% *# %u5(/ 3#" A)#(. 1;, 2007, +(.. 5 #(/ 3"# "u)*(" 5 ! S +(!"u #Cu(#( ! L"*. Au!"#((% "%6
C%'(%)* % CCC T! "# %% ( 3"# )#"3%%("*.% " u/#* ! %% 5*u% !# (% * !-*/-5*.* 5( (#"/u/ ( ! %% ( ! 3"# "3 M*#(? "3 R%)"%(5(.(P6 A "*. "3 21 #(*(" F"#% +(.. 5 /"#%/ *." ! (# "%#u("*. )#"%%6 T!% 3"#% *# */ *% S!/u.% =F"# G1 K G21> u/# ! #(%/ U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 K A/ 20076 T! #.* %u5-"#*"#% */:"# .(%/ #*/ "#*"#% */ ! S %!*.. #(3 *! "3 ! 21 F"# G% !* *! %* "3 ! +"#% !*% 5 ")./ ( *"#/* +(! ! A))#"/ Bu(./( .*%6 T!u%, ! M*#(? "3 R%)"%(5(.( +(! ! ().*(" "3 ! 21 F"#% G% +(.. * #" *"u*5. 3"# !(# #%)( %") "3 +"#6 F"# ! ().*(" "3 , %(? =<> A% +# *//6 T!# +# ! 3".."+(' 16 A 117 K A#!(% A, 19<7 : A A1287 A/% 2007 A/%' I#*%/ )*. 3"# +#"3u. #(*(" & ?)#%% )#"(%("% " 3#*u/u. #(*(" 26 A 118 K H"u%( D.") "#". */ L(%( A, 19<< : A A1289 A/ 2007 A/%' R/((" " %u( & V** "%%%%(" =V> (%%u/ "!# +(! ;6 A 1;; - S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 : A A128< A/ 2007 A/%' #"(%("% 3"# ().*(" "3 , /((" "3 #(()*. Su5(( #%" & (#*%/ )*. 3"# +#"3u. #(*(" 46 A 1;; K S(" 1;; - U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 : A/% 2007
A/%' #"(%("% 3"# ().*(" "3 & (#"/u(" "3 F"# G% =M*#(? "3 R%)"%(5(.(> 6 A 1;8 K R(%#*(" "3 E(#% A, 197< : A A1288 A/% 2007 A/%' I#*%/ )*. 3"# +#"3u. #(*(" & ?)#%% )#"(%("% " 3#*u/u. #(*(" <6 A ;18 K S#** T(.% A, 198 : A A1290 A/% 2007 A/%' R/((" " %u( N"!.%%, ! L"*. Au!"#((% *# )"+#/ " %") ! (%%u* "3 ! ( ! "3 "-").(* +(! ! "/(("% "3 ! 5u(./( ).*% *))#"*. */:"# ! #.* A%6
L++''+%* & E/)*+%* T! (%%u* "3 (% #%#(/ " !(*. (%%u% "#( !*.!, %*3 */ %%(*. %#(%6 S +(.. " 5 !./ #%)"%(5. 3"# ( *))#"*.% 3"# "-!(*. "/(("%, %u! *% Bu()u#* Cu"*, ."+ "% !"u%( */ "#(5u(" 3"# )u5.( 3*(.((% K +!(! " 5 #%"./ /u#( ).*( */:"# 5u(./( ).*% *))#"*. %*% "# (* "!# *%6 T!% *# " 5 #%"./ 5+ ! D.")#% */ ! L"*. Au!"#((%6
O3/'+43* %5 CCC T! , +!(! #).*% ! #(* "3 F(%% 3"# Ou)*(" FO, !*% 5 )u ( 3"# " *5. %""!# /.(#(% "3 ")./ 5u(./(% " !(# u*. "+#% "# u%#%6 S)(*.., u/# ! #(%/ A%, ! #"3%%("*. A#!( "# #"3%%("*. E(# "# R(%#/ Bu(./( D#*u!%* "3 * )#" +!" %u5(% ! 5u(./( ).*% =S> +(.. !* " (%%u ! 53"# "+#% * * )"%%%%(" "3 !(# )#")#(% */ .( ( !6
P(%53**+%)* A//%')3 6 R3*%*+)3 5%( CCC W(! ! 3"# "3 ! , #"3%%("*. A#!(% */ #"3%%("*. E(#% - */ %*@ u/# ! %u! *% #*/u* *#!(%, (#% */ .#%-"3-+"#% - */, S)(*.(% Su5-"#*"#% */ M*( "#*"#% *# "+ .*.. #%)"%(5. */ .(*5. u/# ! .*% .*+% " "# ! /u ").(" */ ").(* "3 ! 5u(./( "%#u(" " ! #.* 5u(./( .*+%6
P(+/+) S+''+8 P3(*%* #PSP$ (3*%*++)+'+3* 63( CCC (3 * 5%))%:*; 16 Su5( ).*( */ 5u(./( ).*% " BT 3"# *))#"*., 26 I3"# BT "3 ! " "3 "%#u(" +"#% " %(, ;6 Su)#(%:I%) "%#u(" +"#% " ! %( */ %u#( !* ! .*+% */ !(*. "/(("% "3 ! BT *# 3".."+/6 46 R)"# 5#*!% "3 "%#u(" **(% *))#"*., ?).*( #*%"% "3 5#*! */ )#3"# #"# *("% ( ! "3 5#*! /u#( "%#u(", 6 #% +"#-#%u)(" "( " BT, <6 E%u# F"#% G1 K G21 *# ")./6 76 U)" %*(%3*"# ").(" "3 ! W"#% */ "5*(( .*#*% "# "#*(" 3#" ! %(? =<> %%(*. %#(% /)*#%, (%%u ! " "+#% */ /.")#% */ )#% * ") " ! BT */ ! #"3%%("*. B"*#/
I %!"u./ 5 !(!.(!/ 3u#!# !* 53"# (%%u( ! , #"3%%("*. A#!(% */:"# #"3%%("*. E(#%, *% S u% %u# !*' 16 T! IDB #(%#/ "#*"#% */ .(%/ #*/% "# )#%"*. .(%%, %u! *% E.#((*, .u5#, A(#-"/(("( */ F(# #"("% S% %)(*.(%%, *# (3"#/ "3 !(# "5.(*("% * ! ( "3 *..( "3 /#%, */ !(# #(*("% *# "5*(/ u)" %*(%3*"# ").(" "3 !(# %") "3 +"#%6 26 A.. ! #(*(" F"#% G1-G21 *# /u. ../, #(/ */ ")(./ *% )*# "3 %u5(%%("6 ;6 T! W"#% (% ")./ ( *"#/* +(! ! *))#"/ Bu(./( .*% "# %u5%Cu #(%/ *))#"/ 5u(./( ).*% "# *%-5u(. ).*% */ ! S !*% %u)#(%/ ! +"#% *"#/(.6 46 .*#*% */:"# "#*(" "3 %u)).:"(" 3"# S(? =<> %%(*. %#(% /)*#% *# "5*(/, %)(*.. 3#", 16 T** N*%("*. B#!*/ =TNB> - "#*(" "3 .#(*. %u))., 26 W*# *u!"#((% =SYABAS, BA, LA, AS > - "#*(" "3 +*# %u))., ;6 *5** #!(/** 5u* => - "#*(" "3 "(" " %+#* #* ).* "# *(%, 46 *5** %(!** & %.*** #* => - .*#* 3#" .(3% */ *!(# /)*#, 6 *5** #!(/** B"5* & .** =B"5*> - .*#*% 3"# *( # !( %%% */, <6 R"*/% & D#*(* D)*# K =BT% I#*. D)*#% "# R>6 F%( *'(', +' +* (3/%3636 '<' )) (/<+'3/'* 6 38+33(* 5+)+(+*3 '<3*3)43* :+'< '<3 U+5%( B+)6+8 B=-L:*, 19>" 6 '<3 S'(33', D(+83 & B+)6+8 A/', 197". H%:343(, + '<+* 3(, :3 *<)) (3*'(+/' %( (34+3: % '<3 U+5%( B+)6+8 B=-L:*, 19>".
!.0 THE UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS, 19>" #("# " ! * "3 A 1;; - ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974, * )*#(%, %)(*.. *#!(% */ (#%, !*/ " %u/ */ (). ! *#( #Cu(#% "3 ! * L"*. Au!"#((%6 T" #%". ! "3u%("% */ 3#u%#*("% "3 !*( "" * ."*. 5-.*+% */ #u.*("% " 5u(./(%, ! )#u#%"# "3 ! #u5u!* A( M*.*%(* =AM>, ! F/#*(" "3 M*.** S"( "3 A#!(% =FMSA>, (((*/ ( 19<; ! %( u) "3 * U(3"# Bu(./( L(%.*(" "( " )u%! 3"# * *("+(/ u(3"# 5u(./( 5-.*+%6 A )*#*... "( *.%" +*% % u) 5 ! "(%%("# "3 T"+ */ "u# .*( " " u) +(! * *("+(/ U(3"# .*( L(%.*(" "( T! %*(/ "(% /(/ " * u! )#"#%% !6 H"+#, u! .*#, (66 ( ! *#. 1970%, +! * u5# "3 5u(./(-#.*/ **%#")! %u! *% ! "..*)% "3 Q*% */ u"#"../ *"# # "u##/ ( u*.* Lu)u#, ! M((%# "3 L"*. G"# */ H"u%( ! (%#u/ * #(+ "3 ! *#("u% 5u(./( */ ).*( .(%.*("% ( #%)"/ " !% **%#")!6
A% * #%u., * /#*3 u(3"# 5u(./( 5-.*+% +*% (%%u/ ( 197;, +(! 3u#!# */% ( 19746 T! Bu(./( B-L*+%, +!(! +*% ! )#-u#%"# " ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984, +*% 5*%/ " ! ?(%( u*.* Lu)u# */ S(*)"# .(%.*("% */ #"/*("% 3#" ! Bu(./( R%*#! S*(", U6 T! B-L*+% +# ")(./ u/# ! )#"(%("% u/# S(" 11; - B-.*+% - ( ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 19746 I 197<, * U(3"# Bu(./( Ru.*("% S*/( "(, ")#(%( )u5.( */ )#(* %"#%, */ * #(+ "3 ! u*.* Lu)u# Mu(()*. Bu(./( A/% B-L*+%, 197 */ ( +*% */")/ *% ! "/. 3"# ! /#*3 U(3"# Bu(./( Ru.*("%6 F#" !(% @"#, ! M((%# "3 H"u%( */ L"*. G"# (%%u/ ! /#*3 *% ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+, 197<6 1978 */% (.u// u)/*% " # #Cu(#% " 5u(./(%6 T! "5(% 5!(/ ! 3"#u.*(" "3 ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 =UBBL>, *" "!#% +# "' 16 Set a standardized building regulations for the whole of Malaysia and applicable to all Local Authorities and building professionals, 26 Clarify line of legal responsibilities for buildings with clear denitions on the !rincipal Sub"itting !ersons, ;6 Regulate architectural, structural, health # safety, re protection capabilities and constructional re$uire"ents of buildings% with clear references to the appro&ed standards, 46 '(pedite the processing and building appro&als and occupation of buildings, I +*% .*# */ ( 198 *% ! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 =UBBL>6 A u5# "3 */% !*/ %( 5 */ " ! UBBL6 L*# *//(("% */ #3#% " ! F(# S#(% A, 1988 */ ").(* " ! "/ "3 #*( 3"# A%% 3"# D(%*5./ "). " u5.( Bu(./(%, 1991 =+(! #3# " ! M*.*%(* S*/*#/ MS1184'1991>6 T! # # */% +# /#*3/ ( 2007 " ("#)"#* ! */% " ! S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 +(! #*#/ " ! #(* "3 ").(" */ ").(* =>6
!.1 THE MAIN PARTS IN THE UBBL T! UBBL /% ! 3".."+(' 16 !AR) * + enitions and interpretations used in the by+laws -By+Laws Sections . + /0, 26 !AR) ** + )he procedures for sub"itting plans to the Local Authorities for their appro&al for per"anent and te"porary buildings, ad&ertise"ent and peri"eter hoardings -By+Laws Sections 1 + /20, ;6 !AR) *** + )he re$uired space -di"ensions0, light and &entilation to be pro&ided in buildings -By+Laws Sections 13 + 450, 46 !AR) *6 + )he re$uired te"porary wor7s during construction -By+Laws Sections 48 + 9/0,
6 !AR) 6 + Structural re$uire"ents and considerations eg dead, superi"posed and dyna"ic loads and, structural "aterials and ele"ents -By+ Laws Sections 91 + 830, <6 !AR) 6* + Constructional re$uire"ents eg site preparation, constructional "aterials, "ethod of construction and, architectural and related Structural and M#' re$uire"ents -By+Laws Sections 8. + .1/0, 76 !AR) 6** + !assi&e re protection re$uire"ents -By+Laws Sections .11 + //40 86 !AR) 6*** + Acti&e re protection re$uire"ents -By+Laws Sections //9 + /910 and 96 !AR) *; + Miscellaneous denitions and references and, the procedures on reporting on building failures -By+Laws Sections /94 + /980 T!ere are .3 Schedules listed in the appendi( co&ering the following: 16
!.2 THE ?EY AMENDMENTS TO THE UBBL @S%% '% 3 83''36 AMENDMENTS 2007
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1. A363'* '% B=-L: 2 / >c? @!rincipal Sub"itting !erson "eans a $ualied person who sub"its building plans to the local authority for appro&al in accordance with these By+ Laws and includes any other $ualied person who ta7es o&er the duties and responsibilities of or acts for the rst+"entioned $ualied person in accordance with by+law 5 />d? @$ualied person "eans a !rofessional Architect, !rofessional 'ngineer or building draughts"an registered under any written law relating to the registration thereof />f? @building plans "eans plans that include site plans, 7ey plans, =oor plans, sections and ele&ations of buildings, and are as stipulated under by+laws 8, 2 and .3 />? @technical conditions "eans conditions pertaining to health and safety issues to buildings and essential ser&ices ser&ing the buildings 2. S*'+''+% %5 B=-L: 2; C3('+/'3 %5 C%)3'+% 6 C%)+/3 /9>.? A certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance in
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a when all the technical conditions as i"posed by the local authority ha&e been duly co"plied with% b when
/? Epon the issuance of the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, the principal sub"itting person accepts full responsibility for the issuance of the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance and he certies that the building is safe and t for occupation /9>1? )he principal sub"itting person shall within fourteen days fro" the issuance of the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance or partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, as the case "ay be, deposit a copy of the said certicate and the 4? Nothing contained in this by+law shall pre&ent the local authority or any oFcer authorised by it in writing for the purpose, fro" inspecting any building wor7s at any stage thereof and calling attention to any failure to the building or non+co"pliance with these By+laws which he "ay obser&e and, gi&ing notice in writing to the principal sub"itting person ordering such failure or non+ co"pliance to be rectied /9>9? Subect to paragraph >4?, the local authority "ay issue a directi&e in writing to the principal sub"itting person to withhold the issuance of the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance or partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, as the case "ay be /9>G? )he principal sub"itting person shall within twenty+one days after the receipt of the notice issued in pursuance of paragraph >4? or such further period as "ay be appro&ed by the local authority, rectify the failure or non+ co"pliance /9>5? Hhen the principal sub"itting person has rectied the failure or non+ co"pliance, he shall issue a notice to the local authority conr"ing that such rectication wor7s ha&e been satisfactorily co"pleted /9>8? Epon receipt of the notice as "entioned in paragraph >5?, the local authority shall within fourteen days fro" the receipt of such notice inspect the building to conr" that the failure or non+co"pliance has been satisfactorily rectied /9>2? Hhen the local authority is satised that the failure or non+ co"pliance as stipulated in paragraph >4? has been satisfactorily rectied, the local authority shall issue a directi&e in writing to the principal sub"itting person to issue the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance or partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, as the case "ay be /9>.3? Hhen the local authority does not carry out the inspection of rectication wor7s in pursuance of paragraph >8? within the period as stipulated in that paragraph, it shall be dee"ed that the local authority is satised that the rectication wor7s ha&e been satisfactorily co"pleted
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/9>..? Hhen the failure or non+co"pliance is not rectied by the principal sub"itting person within the period stipulated in paragraph >G?, the local authority "ay itself cause any wor7 to be e(ecuted or any "easure to be ta7en if it considers such wor7 or "easure is necessary to rectify the non+co"pliance /9>./? )he cost for e(ecuting such wor7 or ta7ing such "easure as referred to in paragraph >..? shall be borne by the owner of the building /9>.1? )he certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance or partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, as the case "ay be, shall not be issued by the principal sub"itting person until all the failures or non+co"pliances in respect of the building has been satisfactorily rectied !. S*'+''+% %5 B=-L: 27; P('+) C3('+/'3 %5 C%)3'+% 6 C%)+/3 /5>.? )he principal sub"itting person "ay issue a partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance in /? A partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance once issued shall re"ain eIecti&e until the whole of the building is co"pleted and a certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance is issued in pursuant of by+law /9, ". S*'+''+% %5 B=-L: 2>; O3/3* /8>.? Hhere the principal sub"itting person fails to deposit a copy of the certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance or partial certicate of co"pletion and co"pliance, as the case "ay be, and the 1? with the local authority and the Board of Architects Malaysia or Board of 'ngineers Malaysia, as the case "ay be, he shall be guilty of an oIence /8>/? Hhere the principal sub"itting person or sub"itting person fails to co"ply with the notice issued by the local authority in respect of the rectication of any failure to the building or non+co"pliance with these By+laws in accordance with paragraph /9>4?, he shall be guilty of an oIence . O'<3( A363'*
A"end"ents to By+Laws 1, 4, 9, G, 5, .3, .G, .5, /3, /2, 48, 55, /42 # /98 conse$uential to changes of the ter" sub"itting person to principal sub"itting person6 6 AMENDMENTS TO SECOND SCHEDULE T! S"/ S!/u. "3 ! )#(()*. B-.*+% (% *// 5 /.( FORMS , D */ E 5 %u5%(u( 3"# FORM F +(! ! + FORM F */ F1 */ FORMS G1G21 T! FORMS u/# *# *% 3".."+%' 16
Certication of Buildings K Structural !lans -for endorse"ent of plans sub"itted for appro&al0, 26 !ASS*6'? -on Appro&edKeposited !lans0 96 AC)*6'? -on Appro&edKeposited !lans0 106
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Stage Certication : ';)'RNAL 'L'C)R*CAL SE!!L SS)'M -on Appro&ed !lans0
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!.! ESSENTIAL SECTIONS IN THE UBBL ;6;616 ART I - D(("% */ (#)#*("% u%/ ( ! 5-.*+% =B-L*+% S("% 1 - 2>,
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;6;626 ART II - T! )#"/u#% 3"# %u5(( ).*% " ! L"*. Au!"#((% 3"# !(# *))#"*. 3"# )#* */ )"#*# 5u(./(%, */#(% */ )#(# !"*#/(% =B-L*+% S("% ; - 29>, lause 1
Sub"ission of plans for appro&al -By a $ualied person K principal sub"itting person0
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Sub"ission of structural drawings and calculations Clause .8 !er"its -May sub"it s7etch plans for "inor erections and "inor alteration0 Clause .2 )e"porary per"its -'rections of a sheds for shows or builders, place of worship, building "aterials, scaIoldings, staging or hoarding on streets0 Clause /3 Ad&ertise"ent hoarding -'rection of hoarding subect to an annual te"porary per"it0 Clause // Notice of co""ence"ent or resu"ption of building operations , .(! */ (.*(" " 5 )#"(// ( 5u(./(% =B-L*+% S("% ;0 - 47>, Clauses 1/ 14 Jpen Space and !linth ratio for buildings abutting a street and a bac7lane in relation to a lot size and Setbac7s Clause 1G Re$uire"ent for a Splayed Corner for a building erected at a unction Clause 15 # 45 Building abutting a street allowed a !roection o&er Street o&er the building line Clause 18 Hidth of footway and re$uire"ents for steps and pedestrian ra"p )o refer MS..84 # MS..89 in conunction with this clause Clauses 12 + 4/ Re$uire"ents for Natural Lighting and 6entilation according to building use Rules on Air Hells di"ensions, Mechanical 6entilation and Air+ Conditioning Clauses 4/ # 41 Mini"u" areas and di"ensions of roo"s in buildings Clauses 44 4G
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eight controls for roo"s in buildings ;6;646 ART IV - T! #Cu(#/ )"#*# +"#% /u#( "%#u(" =B-L*+% S("% 48 - 2>, Clause 48 Re$uire"ents for !roect Signboard # oarding -)o obtain )e"porary !er"it0 Clause 42 Responsibilities of person granted te"porary per"its Clause 9. Control of &ehicular access to site by the Local Authority Clause 9/ Rising "ains for re ghting facilities to be installed progressi&ely for buildings designed to e(ceed .81" -Refer Clause /1/0 ;6;66 ART V - S#uu#*. #Cu(#% */ "%(/#*("% 66 /*/, %u)#()"%/ */ /*( ."*/% */, %#uu#*. *#(*.% */ .% =BL*+% S("% ; - 80>, Clause 91 Building "aterials use Clause 94 Deneral re$uire"ent of loading -ead loads, i"posed loads and winds load considerations0 Clause 99 ead and i"posed loads -!ro&isions for loads0 Clause 9G ead loads calculated fro" weight of "aterials used -Based on BSG48 or actual 7nown weights and as laid out in
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yna"ic loading, Crane gantry girders Clauses 70 – 71 Parapets and balustrades, Vehicle barriers for car-parks [8km/hr for access ramp and up to !km/hr for do"n"ard tra#el for a representati#e 1$% metric ton #ehicle& Clause 5/ Base"ent walls and =oors -!ro&isions for lateral pressure and buoyancyKhydrostatic pressure0 Clauses 51 52 , Clause 8. Building site -'rection of suitable land0 Clause 8/ rainage of subsoil Clause 81 !rotection against soil erosion Clause 84 !re&ention of a"pness Clauses 89 82 enition of Hall )hic7ness, !arty Halls # Jpenings in !arty Halls, Recess, Chases -!arty Halls e(tended &ertically /13 abo&e roof surface # Mini"u" wall thic7ness of party wall left .33"" etc0 Clauses 2. 2/ Materials for Coping # !roections in bric7wor7 Clauses 21 2G Rules on Ese of *nternal # '(ternal Hall Materials of .33"" thic7 Clause 25 Rules on *ntrusion of )i"ber built into !arty Halls -.33"" spacing for ti"ber in party walls and separated with ce"ent or bric70 Clause 28 Control on
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Bearing for oists -Min .33"" bearing on wall, Support on continuous corbelled bric7wor7, At least .33"" of re+ resisting "aterial on party wall between adoining ti"ber structures0 Clause .3G Rules on Staircases -Risers "a( .83"" # )read "in /99"", Hidth Refer Clause .G8, Landing no less than stairs width0 Clause .35 Rules on andrails -4 risers # "ore "in . handrail, wider than ///9"" to ha&e inter"ediate handrails, e(cept residential width ..33"" # "ore handrail to be both sides of staircase at "a( .33"" fro" wall, between 8/9+233"" height "easured fro" nosing step # no less than 233"" at landing0 Clause .38 Ma(i"u" Clause .11 *nterpretations and enitions on
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Clause .12 Separation of re ris7 areas fro" areas of occupancy Clause .43 /? Jpenings in co"part"ent and separating walls to be protected by 1? Jpenings in protected structures to be protected by 4? Jpenings in protected corridor or lobby to be protected by
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no "ore than /K1 per"itted tra&el distance, roo" with G or less persons "easured fro" the doors if tra&el distance within roo" less than .9", "ini"u" / separate e(its fro" each storey not nearer than 49" apart and located within the li"its of tra&el distance, widths of e(its as specied in Se&enth Schedule Clauses .G8 + .G2 '(it Staircases P '&ery upper =oor to ha&e "ini"u" / staircases e(cept buildings lower than ./" that co"ply with Clause .24, Nu"ber of Staircases should acco""odate highest occupancy load under Se&enth Schedule e&en though one staircase is not accessibleKa&ailable, handrails "ay encroach into staircase width to a "a(i"u" 59"", widths of staircases and e(it routes shall be "aintained -not reduced in width0 throughout # door swings should not encroach the access width Also refer Clauses .54 .55, .8. .8/, .23 # .2. Clause .53 'gress Conditions for Mezzanine areas? Clauses .52 .88 Classications of places of asse"bly, space standards for calculating occupancy loads, e(it details for places of asse"bly, seating, gangways, e(it doors and tra&el distance Clause .8. + .8/ Calculation for width of "eans of egress and rate of discharge P 99/"" per unit width with Q unit width 133"", no e(its less than 533"" -clear width of opening0, rates of tra&el per =oor are -.0 G3 persons per "inute horizontally >doors # le&el passage ways? and -/0 49 person per "inute &ertically >stairs? Clauses .23 + .2. '(ternal Staircases "ay used as e(it staircases pro&ided they co"ply with re$uire"ents of internal staircases and separated fro" the interior of building by walls and re doors and no openings ne(t to the staircase within
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/" distance horizontally and 2" &ertically below e(cept &entilations for toilets or other protected areas Clause .2/ + .21 Mo&ing Hal7s and !ower Jperated oors "ay be considered as egress Clause .24 Residential or JFce Buildings per"itted to be ser&ed by a Single Staircase when top =oor is ./" high or less -e(cept Dround
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Clauses .28 /3/ 6entilation for staircases at each =oor or landing with a "ini"u" .s$" opening per =oor *n building less than 1+storeys staircase "ay not be &entilated if access &ia &entilated lobbies at all =oors e(cept the top "ost and% if buildings .8" high or less with top "ost =oor &entilated at top "ost with 9 of area of enclosure Buildings higher than .8" to be "echanically &entilated if not naturally &entilated at e&ery =oor or landing Clause /31 /35 Restriction and Classications of Spread of
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Clause /.2 Application of these by laws to =oor -ceilings do not attribute to re rating other than those in Ninth Schedule0 Clause //3 enitions on */ Clause //9 '&ery building to ha&e -.0 "eans of detecting and e(tinguishing re, e$uipped with re alar" and e(it signs based the )enth Schedule and -/0 a "ini"u" one
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6 Clause /94 /9G
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Buildings to which !arts 6** # 6*** apply # power of !B) to e(tend co"pliance K e(e"ptions Clause /95 Malaysian standard specication and code of practice to pre&ail o&er British Standard Specications or Code of !ractice Clause /98 +*% %*5.(%!/ "u ! / 3"# * %*/*#/(%/ % "3 5u(./( #u.*("% 3"# ! "u#6 H"+#, /%)( ! 3/#*. "# *( ! UBBL ( 198, ! #*.( (% !* u(. "/* ! u% */ (#)#*(" "3 ! UBBL *# *!( 5u u(3"#/6 T! 3"# "3 UBBL (% "#/ 5 ! %*% */ ! */ %)*#*. +(! %.(!. /(@# #%("% 3"# *! "3 ! %*%6 26 A% ! UBBL (% * %* *#, * L"*. Au!"#((% */ T!(*. D)*#% !* !(# "+ #*/(% */ (#)#*(" "3 ! UBBL6 T! /(@#% ( ! #*%.*("% 5+ ! E.(%! */ B*!*%* M.*u #%("% *.%" */// " ! "3u%("6 H, !# (% * / " #-."" (" ! (% "3 ! UBBL */ )#%u*/ *.. %* "#% " *# " * L"*. Au!"#((% E/"#%/P %*/*#/(%/ ?).**"# "%6 T" !* @, ! # /)*# !*/ )#"/u/ +" /(( 5""% " !(# (#)#*(" "3 ! # )#"(" %%% #Cu(#% +!(! !*/ 5" # u%3u. #3#% 3"# /%(#%6 ;6 T! "(u*. */*% ( "%#u("*. !"."(% */ %(% !* */ %" "3 ! 5-.*+% +(!( ! UBBL "u-"3-/*P6 F"# (%*, M*.*%(* !*% ?)#(/ #*)(/ /.") "# ! .*% +" /*/%6 L*#-%*. %#uu#%, .( + *(#)"#%, %!"))( #% */ (?/ /.")%, !* 5 5u(. +(! + ")% */ /%( *))#"*!%6 T! ?(%( UBBL */ "!# F(# S*3 "/% *# " *)).(*5. " !% %#uu#%6 H, !# (% * / 3"# ! UBBL " 5 u)/*/ " #Q ! %*-"3-!-*#P */ * *.."+*% 3"# ! 5-.*+% !#( " 5 *// " *.."+ "(u*. */*)*(" " %u( ! #-!*( (%6 T! F(# S*3- #3"#* B*%/ A))#"*! !*% 5 "(*.. */")/ ( 2002 5 ! F(# */ R%u D)*#, M*.*%(* =B"5*> " %". %" "3 !% %!"#3*..%6 T! *))#"*!, +!(! !*% 5 +(/. )#*(/ "#%*%, (% * %(( */ (#(-5*%/ !"/ +!#5 ! /#(*(" "3 ) */ %*/*#/ "3 # %*3 )#"(" %%% #Cu(#/ %)( %( */ #%*#!6 46 T!# *# 5-.*+% +(!( ! UBBL +!(! !*/ " 5 #3##/ " 5 )#"3%%("*.% */:"# 3"u/ " 5 (##.*6 A% * ?*)., * ""/ u5# "3 %("% u/# ! %#uu#*. #Cu(#% !* 5 ("#/ */ " #3##/ " 5 %#uu#*. (#% %( "% *# u%( ! B#((%! S*/*#/% *% !(# *( /%( u(/6 T!#3"#, ( (% 5% " #-."" !% %("% */ /(/ +!!# " !* !% .*u%% #)*./ "# *// " %u( ! (%6 460
THE ALIATIONS OF THE UBBL & RELATED ATS
461
DESIGN STAGE
A% ("/ ( ! *#.(# %("% "3 !(% )*)#, *.. ! "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% =66 L*/ Su#"#%, A#!(%, &S E(#% */ M&E E(#%> +(.. / " #3# " * u5# "3 A% */ #u.*("% ( "#/# " )#)*# !(# /%(%6 T! U(3"# Bu(./( B-L*+%, 1984 =UBBL> (% ! *( #3# u%/ 5 *.. ! L"*. Au!"#((% =(!* B#u*%* T)** : BT> */ T!(*. D)*#%6 A% %u!, * Cu( #3# (" ! UBBL */ "!# A% ("/ *#.(# (% ! .*% * )#"3%%("*.% %!"u./ /"6 W!# )#*(*. ( (% 5% !* * %*/*#/ !.(% (% " 5 /#*+ u) +(! #3# " ! UBBL */ ! #.* A%6
T! T!(*. D)*#% +!(! *# "3 (#% " &S (#% *# ! E(#( D)*# "3 ! BT =E*#!+"# & Su5-S#uu#%, R"*/% & D#*(%>, R =u5.( W"#% D)*#>, S =D)*# "3 I##(*(" & D#*(*>, *5** #!(/** 5u* =S+#* S#(% D)*#>, L"*. W*# Su)). ")* */, AS =D)*# "3 E(#">6
462
SUBMISSION STAGE
S( ! ().*(" "3 ! , *.. L"*. Au!"#((% !* ()./ O S") #% =OS%> " )#"%% 5u(./( ).*% *)).(*("%6 I (% "+ ")u.%"# " %u5( *.. *#!(u#*., ((. & %#uu#*. */ !*(*. & .#(*. ).*% */ /"u*(" %(u.*"u%. " ! OS% * ! L"*. Au!"#((% ( "#/# " !* !(# *)).(*("% )#"%%/6 U/# OS, #"3%%("*.% " ."# %u5( /(# " ! #.* T!(*. D)*#% 5u (%*/ ")(. *.. *)).(*("% ( * "5(/ %u5(%%(" " ! L"*. Au!"#((%6
A% %u!, *.. /%( /#*+(% */ /"u*("% 5 *.. ! "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% u% 5 ")(./ */ %u5(/ " ! OS% 3"# #(+ 5 * * 3#" ! BT */ *.. ! #.* T!(*. D)*#%6 T! OS * +(.. (%%u +#( "% u)" #(+ */ ! )#"3%%("*.% *# ?)/ " "). +(! *.. !(# "% 53"# %u5(( " ! OS 3"# *)).(*(" 3"# *))#"*.6 T! OS )#%". +(.. ! /(%#(5u ! )#-#(+/P %u5(%%("% " ! #.* /)*#%6 T! "u% (% " OS " 3".."+ u) +(! ! %*u% "3 ! *)).(*(" * ! !(*. /)*#%6
A ! %* (, *.. )#"3%%("*.% *# ?)/ " 3".."+ u) +(! ! #.* !(*. /)*#% (3 ! +(%! 3"# * %)/ *))#"*.6
I %!"u./ 5 !(!.(!/ !* *#!(% */ (#% +"u./ !* %+"# (/ * %* " !(# /#*+(% */ /"u*(" !* !(# /%(% "). +(! ! UBBL */ ! +"u./ 5 *"u*5. */ #%)"%(5. 3"# ! /%(% %u5(/ " ! L"*. Au!"#((%6
46;
DOUMENTATION STAGE
*#*... +(! ! %u5(%%(" (% "#*.. ! "#* /"u*(" ?#(%6 S( !(% (% ! "#*. )#*( ( ! (/u%#, *.. )#"3%%("*.% *# #Cu(#/ " %u# !* !(# /%( /#*+(% */ /"u*(" "). +(! *.. ! #Cu(#% ( ! UBBL */ ! "!# T!(*. D)*#%6 T! /*# +(! "-").(* (% !* * ("). /"u*(" * #%u. ( * #/%(( "3 ! +"# " %u( ! T!(*. D)*#% #Cu(#% * * .*# %*6
T! "5( "3 !(% %* (% " %u# !* ! /"u*(" (% "). */ "%(% 3"# /#( )u#)"%%6 A (*u#*, ##"# "# "(%%(" * *@ ! )#" ((, ?#* "% */ *5"#( +"# %)(*.. (3 ! /.") !*% "/6 T! "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% !* * /u "3 *# " %u# !* !(# /"u*("% !* ("#)"#*/ *.. ! #Cu(#%, (.u/( %*u"# "/(("%6
464
ONSTRUTION STAGE
T! "%#u(" %* (% +!# ! UBBL +(.. " ( 3u.. 3"#6 A ! *#. %*% "3 ! +"# ("/ *5", ! "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% +"u./ !* *.#*/ ("#)"#*/ ! #Cu(#% "3 ! UBBL */ "!# A% ( !(# /%( /#*+(% */ /"u*(" */ %+"# *% %u! !#(6
Du#( !(% "%#u(" %*, *.. ! )#"3%%("*.% u% "+ %u# !* ! "%#u(" *u*.. ").(% +(! ! /%(6 L*.., ! UBBL "+ 3"# (/((/u*. #(*(" 3"# ! * %*% "3 ! +"#6 T! #.* "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% *# #Cu(#/ 5 ! UBBL " #(3 ! "%#u(" +"# u/# !(# ?)#(% " %)( F"# G% "!# +(! ! 5u(./#% */ "#*"#%6 I3 ! *#!( "# (# (% *.%" ! #(()*. Su5(( #%"P, ! +(.. *.%" 5 "u#-/"#%( " *.. ! 21 F"# G% */ ! +(.. 5 #%)"%(5. 3"# ! +!". "3 ! +"# "# ! /.")6
T! /u " #(3 ! %*% "3 ! /.") (% 3"#/ 5 .*+ (/ ! UBBL */ "!# #.*/ A%6 "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% %!"u./ 5 *+*# !* * 5#*! "3 !(% /u +"u./ ?)"% ! " .*(% 3"# 3#*u/ /u " +#"3u. #(*(" "# ""( ."%% *#(%( "u "3 ! *u#*. "%Cu "3 ! 5#*!6
60
SUMMARY
THE REASONS TO NOW AND ALY THE STATUTORY REUIREMENTS
"%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% *# ?)/ " *)). * #*%"*5. %*/*#/ "3 %(.. */ *# #Cu(#/ "3 !(# ./%6 "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% *" u/#* !(# +"# /u(3u.. */ )#")#. +(!"u "%(/#( *.. ! /%( )*#*#% +!(! (.u/ ! %*u"# #Cu(#%6
A" ! #*%"% 3"# "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% " "+ */ *)). ! %*u"# #Cu(#%, %u! *% ! UBBL, (% 5% " Cu" +#( u/% 3#" +" "u# *%% ( E.*/ +!(! !* 5 #3##/ 5 ! M*.*%(* "u#% ( "# *%% (".( "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.%'
16 #"3%%("*.% +(.. " 5 u// *% .* 5u *% )#%"% +!" )"%%%% ! %*/*#/ "3 "#/(*# %(../ * ?#(%( */ )#"3%%( " !* ! %)(*. %(..6P =M N*(# ( B".* F#(# H"%)(*. M** "(, 197>6 26 A )#"3%%("*. * %!"u./ "*/ ! "#)u% "3 "+./ +!(! 3"#% )*# "3 ! )#"3%%("*. Cu() "3 ! "#/(*# 5# "3 !(% )#"3%%("6PPI (% ! %*/*#/% )#*(.( * ! ( "3 ! *% "# "(%%(", +!(! )#"(/ ! #.* *#/%(P =B(!* L ( E#%. B((, 1988>6
I %!"u./ *.%" 5 !(!.(!/ !* ! %"( (% 5"( "# .((("u%6 M* .((*(" *%% (".( "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% !* )u ! 5.* " ! )#"3%%("*.% 3"# 5#*!% "3 /u "3 " (/ "# *"!#6 L*., !# !* 5 * u5# "3 !(! )#". "u# *%% +!# *#!(%, (#% */ 5u(./( /#*u!%* !* 5 ().(*/ ( 5u(./( 3*(.u#% K +!# !(# /%(% !* 5 )u " Cu%("%, */ "# ""( ."%% K +!# !(# #(*("% !* 5 /(%)u/6
T!#3"#, *.. "%#u(" )#"3%%("*.% %!"u./ * "# @"# " 5 "#%* +(! ! )#"(%("% ( ! *#("u% A% "#"..( ! 5u(./( (/u%# */ ! #%, */ ! "/(("% "3 !(# )#"3%%("*. /u(% " *.. )*#(%, 5 ! /(#. "# (/(#. ("./6
B*/#u. H(%!* M"!**/ S*(/ N"5# 24, 2009
Fu#!# R*/(% & R3#%'
16 2007
A 1;; - S#, D#*(* & Bu(./( A, 1974 : A A128< A/
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