Ancient Indian History -- NOTES -- Exclusive Ancient India
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Indus Valley Civilization Discovered in 1921 Belonged to the bronze age An area of about 1.3 mn sq km
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Eisted bet!een 33""#1$"" B% in three &hases' earl() mature and late &hases
*ites
Early (preHarappan)
/alibangan Bana!ali
Dholavira 0/utch 4akhigarhi 0haggar
Mature (Harappan)
Late phase (post-urban)
+ara&&a ,ohen-odaro %hanhu#daro othal /alibangan Bana!ali 0+issar *utkagendor 0akistan *ukotada 0u-arat Dholavira 4akhigarhi
Dholavira 4akhigarhi Bhag!an&ura ,anda 05ammu6 %handigarh) *hangol 0un-ab6 Daulat&ur) ,itthal 0+ar(ana6 Alamgir&ur. +ulas 07est 8
Site
e!ar"able
#eature *utkagendor *urkotada ,ohen-o#daro
,arked b( a citadel • • • • • •
/alibangan
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reat Bath6 arge granar( :m&ressive drainage s(stem iece of !oven cotton ,other oddess *eal of &ashu#&ati rain and &lough
;o!n &lanning rid s(stem ;he :ndus &eo&le !ere the earliest to &roduce cotton
Ar(ans • • • •
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,ale dominated astoral +orse !as a signieda ancha-ana
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4a-an king *amiti) sabha) vidatha)gana tribal assembl(
5ainism • • • • • • • • •
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2? tirthankaras. @irst' 4ishab Dev 23rd' arshavnath ,ahavir 0=99 B% =2 B% or 0=?" B% ?$ B% :n /undagrama near >aishali @ather *iddartha 05natrika clan ,other ;rishala 0sister of ichchhavi chief %hetaka Died at ava&uri near 4a-gir #ive doctrines$ Do not violence) steal) lie) acquire &ro&ert( and do observe brahmachar(a Did not condemn the varna s(stem %riratna$ right kno!ledge) right faith) right action *&read to /alinga in
Buddhism • • •
=$3 ?3 B% umbini) /a&ilavastu) Ce&al. *hak(a famil(. *uddhodan and ,ahama(a Death' /ushinagar 0/asia in Deoria distt of 8
1. 2. 3. ?. =. $. . .
Eight#fold &ath 0for end of miser( 4ight observation 4ight determination 4ight s&eech 4ight action 4ight livelihood 4ight eercise 4ight memor( 4ight meditation
1. 2. 3. ?. =.
Do not %ovet others &ro&ert( %ommit violence ie 8se intoicants :ndulge in corru&t &ractices
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Co god or atman eists 8sed ali ,ain elements of Buddhism' Buddha) *angha) Dhamma Brahamana ruler ash(amitra *hunga &ersecuted the Buddhists ,ihirakula 0+una king killed Buddhists Buddhist tet' *uttani&ata andhara Art @irst human statues !orshi&&ed Barabar hills' %aves for monks
;erritorial *tates /ingdoms and %a&itals
&in'do!
Capital
/a&ilavastu ichchhavis
i&rah!a >aishali
Mahaanpadas Anga /ashi /oshala ,allas >atsa>amsa Avanti
%ham&a >aranasi *hravasti /ushinara /aushambi 8--ain 0Corth ,ahishamati 0*outh 4a-gir 0irivra-a
,agadha %hedi%heti /uru anchala ,ats(a *urasena Ashmaka andhara /ambo-a >ri-i>a--i
,ithila
ynasty
Capitals
*atvanahanas and(a %hola %hal(uk(as allavas /adambas angas
aithan ,adurai uhar 0kaveri&attanam Badami 0Bi-a&ur /anchi >i-a(anti /olar
,athura
#irst Ma'adhan E!pire
yansty
uler
e!ar"
+ar(anka
Bimbisara A-atsatru 8da(in
*hishunagas
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Candas 0most &o!erful rulers of ,agadha
,aha&adma Canda
,aur(as 0atli&utra ,aur(as had a ver( %handragu&ta elaborate ,aur(a bureaucrac( Bindusara Ashoka
%ontem&orar( of Buddha Built fort on the conFuence of anga and *on at atna Destro(ed the &o!er of Avanti
,egasthenes visited during his time inks !ith reek &rinces Buddhism
*hunga ush(amitra *hunga
Destro(ed the ,aur(an em&ire. /illed ,aur(a king Brihadratha
Balisadhaka ta collectors during the times of Candas *haulkiki or shulkadh(akshas !ere also toll collectors *hak(as and ichchhavis !ere re&ublics
Literature
*oo"
Author+Lan'u e!ar" a'e
Digha Cika(a
ali
Buddhist tet
Corth#7est :ndia • •
,enander 0,ilinda !as the most famous :ndo#reek ruler. +is ca&ital at *akala 0*ialkot %onverted to Buddhism b( Cagasena 0Cagar-una
Sha"as • •
o
*ucceeded the reeks in Corth 7est 4udradaman : ' most famous ruler +e issued
,arthians • •
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@ollo!ed *hakas @amous king' ondo&hernes *t. ;homas came during his reign
&ushans • • •
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Aka Guechis or ;ocharians /ad&hises !as the
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:ntroduced the *atra& s(stem of government ;he( controlled the *ilk 4oute 7orshi&&ed both *hiva and Buddha. *ome !orshi&&ed >ishnu too. /anishka built a large number of *tu&as reek ambassador +eliodorus set u& a &iller in honor of >asudeva near >idisa. A&&ointed governors called strategos
Deccan Satavahanas *ucceeded ,aur(as in Deccan Brahmana rulers autami&utra *atkarni 0AD 1"$#13" >ashishthi&utra ulima(i' %a&ital at aithan *tarted the &ractice of granting ta#free villages to *rah!anas and *uddhist Mon"s Ga-na *ri *atakarni %hait(as 0Buddhist tem&les and >iharas 0monastaries !ere constructed during their times o ,ost famous %hait(a at /arle in Deccan *ho! trace of matrilineal social structure Administration o Ahara district o HIcials amat(as or mahamatras o aulmika head of a small militar( regiment and look after administration in rural areas o ;hree grades of feudatories' ra-a) mahabho-a) sena&ati o anguage' rakrit • • • • •
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*outh ,andya •
*ent embassies to the 4oman em&eror Augustus
Chola • •
Elara conquered *ri anka /arikala founded uhar aka /averi&atnam !hich !as their ca&ital
Cheras • • •
/erala and &arts of ;C *enguttavan is the greatest king 4oman inFuence' ,uziris. Also built a tem&le of Augustus
Vellalas rich &easants Arasar ruling class ,ariyars agricultural labourers Shrent artisan guilds
Chalu"yas • • •
Badami 0Bi-a&ur ulakesin :: !as the im&ortant ruler %ourt &oet 4avikirti !rote his eulog( in the Aihole inscri&tion
,allavas • • •
;he( succeeded the :kshvakus /anchi&uram !as their ca&ital %ame in conFict !ith kadambas
o
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,a(urasharman had founded the /adamba kingdom 0%a&ital' >i-a(antiBanavasi Casrimhavarman occu&ied the %haluk(a ca&ital >ata&i in $?2 AD Assumed the title of >ata&ikonda %onstructed a number of tem&les 4atha tem&les at ,ahabs built b( Carsimhavarman !ho founded ,ahabs attadakal' a&anatha tem&le and >iru&aksha tem&le /ailashnath tem&le at /anchi Hne of the ma-or revolt in the south !as the /alabhras revolt. :t !as so !ides&read that it could be &ut do!n onl( through the -oint eJorts of the and(as) the allavas and the %haluk(as ;hree t(&es of villages' r (co!!oners). Sabha
(*rah!ans). /a'ara! (traders etc)
@oreign :nvasions Maor events 32$#32= B%
Aleanders invasion
Literature
*oo"
Author
,udrarakshasa 0&la( :ndika ,ilind anho
>ishakhadatta ,egasthenes Buddhist literature of
Buddhacharita *aundarananda 0*anskrit kav(a ,ahavastu 0Buddhist#h(brid *anskrit Div(avandan 0Buddhist#h(brid *anskrit /amsutra %haraksamhita athasa&tasatti 0rakrit book ;olkka&&i(am 0deals !ith grammar and &oetics *ila&&adikaram and ,animekalai are ;amil e&ics Catural +istor( 0atin ,richchhakatika Abhi-nanashakuntalam Amarakosha 4omaka *idhanta 0Astronom( +arshacharita ri(adarshika6 4atnavali6 and Cagananda 0&la(s Astadh(a(i ,ahabhashika *ur(asiddhanta Brihatsamhita *ushrutsamhita %haraksamhita
questions of ,anender to Cagar-una Ashvaghosha Ashvaghosha
>ats(a(ana %haraka +ala 0*atavahana king
K:lango AdigalL 0sila&&adikaramM lin( 04oman !riter *hudraka /alidasa Amarasimha Banabhatta +arshavardhana anini atan-ali A treatise on astronom(. Authorshi& dis&uted. >arahmira 0=th %E *ushrut 02nd %E %harak 02nd %E
%ravelers %raveler
urin' ti!e
0or"
o1 ,egasthenes 0ambassador of *eleucus @a +ein +suan ;sang
%handragu&ta ,aur(a
:ndika
%handragu&ta >ikramadit(a +arshavardhana
,liny 2rote /aturalis Historia
hiloso&h( *i schools
*chool
hiloso&h(
*amkha(a
,aterialistic. Co /a&ila god. ater turned s&iritualistic. rakriti#urusha. *alvation through kno!ledge acquired through &rat(aksha) anumana) shabda *lavation through meditation and &h(sical a&&lication *(stem of logic. *alvation through acquisition of kno!ledge. Discussion of
Goga
C(a(a
>aisheshika
,a-or &ro&onent
material elements or drav(a. Atom theor(. 0beginning of &h(sics. Belief in god. >edas contain the eternal truth. 4easoning &rovided for vedic rituals. erform vedic rites for salvation. Brahmasutra. Brahma is the realit(. Atma is identical !ith Brahma.
,imansa
>edanta
oka(ata
,aterialistic &hiloso&h(.
*hankara 0Advaita born in /erala 4amanu-a 0>ishistadvaita *huddhadvaita 0>allabha %haravaka
,aur(an oIcers •
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4a-ukas a class of oIcers a&&ointed b( Ashoka for administration of -ustice Dhammamahamatras oIcers of Ashoka for &ro&agating dharma among various social grou&s. ;irthas im&ortant functionaries *amaharta highest oIcer for ta assessment *annidhata chief custodian of the state treasur(
San'a! literature
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*angam !as an assembl( of ;amil &oets held under ro(al &atronage in ,adurai %om&iled around 3""#$"" AD %an be divided into t!o grou&s' narrative and didactic Carrative' ,elkanakku 0or Eighteen ,a-or 7orks Didactic' /ilkanakku 0Eighteen minor !orks *ila&&adikaram and ,animekalai are ;amil e&ics ,isc *hataka !as a s&ecial t(&e of cloth made at ,athura Artisan guilds !ere called shrents 8ttara&atha !as a sea route most frequentl( in use omat !ealth( &erson
u&tas • • •
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After the fall of /ushans and *atvahanas in mid 3rd centur( AD erha&s of >aish(a origin %handragu&ta 1# *amudragu&ta %handragu&ta :: /umargu&ta # *kandagu&ta %a&ital' atli&utra %handragu&ta : *tarted the u&ta era in AD 319#2" *amudragu&ta 0aka Ca&oleon of :ndia Delighted in violence and conquest %ourt &oet' +arishena %handragu&ta :: 0>ikramadit(a N3=#?1= ADO Eercised indirect inFuence over the %entral :ndian kingdom of rabhavati through his daughter 8--ain !as his second ca&ital Cavratnas /alidasa) >arahmira and Amarsimha !ere at his court @a#hsien visited :ndia 4o(al seal' aruda
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Decline in long distance trade Emergence of &riestl( landlords osition of shudras im&roved *ubordination of !omen Buddhism did not receive ro(al &atronage olden age of ancient :ndia A-anta aintings Knot b( u&tas but mostl( during their &eriodM Calanda universit( Fourished 13 &la(s !ritten b( Bhasa ,richchhakatika *hudraka /alidasa la(s !ere mostl( comic 4ama(ana and ,ahabharata com&iled Develo&ment of *anskrit rammar Ar(abhati(a Ar(abhatta 4omaka *idhanta book on astronom( 7as &oor in architecture +una invasion made the em&ire !eak >ishti forced labour b( &easants for the arm( oIcials
+arshavardhana • • • • •
After the fall of u&tas %a&ital' /anauBanabhatta' court &oet 0!rote +arshacharita 4an the administration on similar lines as u&tas a! and order' not !ell maintained
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Calanda Fourished as a centre of Buddhist learning Became a great &arton of Buddhism 0!as a *haiva earlier %onvened a grand assembl( as /anau- to !idel( &ublicise the doctrines of ,aha(ana Authored three dramas' ri(adarshika) 4atnavali and Cagananda
