A������� � �� E������� M M������ 6� A A�� E����� F F����������
Professor: Vinicius Zanardi
�NDICE O S�m ______________________________________ __________________ __________________________________ ______________ o O� �a��me���� �a��me��� � d� ��m __________________________________ __________________ ________________ o O Sil�nci� Sil�nci � _____________________________________ _________________ _____________________________ _________ o O ��e � m��ica _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________ ___ N��a��� M��ical _____________________________________ ___________________ _________________________ _______ o A N��a��� M��ical n� Ociden�e: �ma Hi����ia ____________ _________________ _____ o A n��a��� M��ical ��adici�nal _________________ __________________________ ___________ __ N��a� M��icai� (Al���a) ________________________________ ___________________ _____________ Cla�e: � ��e � e �a�a ��e �e��e? ________________________ ____________________ ____ Fig��a� de Ri�m� (D��a���) _____________________ ____________________________ _______ c�m�a���____ ________________________________ ____________ P�l�� e c�m�a���________________________ e�c�i�a m��ical � Alg�n� �inai� g��fic�� ��ili�ad�� �a�a facili�a� a e�c�i�a Ba��a� de c�m�a��� � Ligad��a � P�n�� de a�men�� � Sinai� de �e�e�i��� � Sinai� de d e In�en�idade. E�������a e f��ma em m��ica__________________________ m��ica________ ________________________ ______ 2. Sa�de ��cal e a�di�i�a _____________________________________ ___________________ __________________ 3. Hi����ia da M��ica B�a�ilei�a _______________________ ________________________________ _________ A f��ma��� da m��ica b�a�ilei�a_____________ b�a�ilei�a______________________ ___________ __ o M��ica Ind�gena__________________ Ind�gen a__________________________________ ________________ o M��ica E����eia __________________________________ ________________ __________________ o M��ica Af�icana __________________________________ _________________ _________________ 4. Hin�� ______________________________________ __________________ _________________________________ _____________ o Hin� Naci�nal B�a�ilei�� __________________ _________________________ __________ ___ •
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5. Refe��ncia� Refe��nc ia� Bibli�g��fica� Bibli�g ��fica� ___________________________________ __________________ ___________________ 40 6. A�i�idade� A�i�ida de� de Fi�a���__________________________ Fi�a���________ _______________________________ _____________ 42 _______________________ _____ 82 7. Pa��a� M��icai� e F�lha� �a�a an��a��e� __________________
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�NDICE O S�m ______________________________________ __________________ __________________________________ ______________ o O� �a��me���� �a��me��� � d� ��m __________________________________ __________________ ________________ o O Sil�nci� Sil�nci � _____________________________________ _________________ _____________________________ _________ o O ��e � m��ica _____________________________________ ___________________ _____________________ ___ N��a��� M��ical _____________________________________ ___________________ _________________________ _______ o A N��a��� M��ical n� Ociden�e: �ma Hi����ia ____________ _________________ _____ o A n��a��� M��ical ��adici�nal _________________ __________________________ ___________ __ N��a� M��icai� (Al���a) ________________________________ ___________________ _____________ Cla�e: � ��e � e �a�a ��e �e��e? ________________________ ____________________ ____ Fig��a� de Ri�m� (D��a���) _____________________ ____________________________ _______ c�m�a���____ ________________________________ ____________ P�l�� e c�m�a���________________________ e�c�i�a m��ical � Alg�n� �inai� g��fic�� ��ili�ad�� �a�a facili�a� a e�c�i�a Ba��a� de c�m�a��� � Ligad��a � P�n�� de a�men�� � Sinai� de �e�e�i��� � Sinai� de d e In�en�idade. E�������a e f��ma em m��ica__________________________ m��ica________ ________________________ ______ 2. Sa�de ��cal e a�di�i�a _____________________________________ ___________________ __________________ 3. Hi����ia da M��ica B�a�ilei�a _______________________ ________________________________ _________ A f��ma��� da m��ica b�a�ilei�a_____________ b�a�ilei�a______________________ ___________ __ o M��ica Ind�gena__________________ Ind�gen a__________________________________ ________________ o M��ica E����eia __________________________________ ________________ __________________ o M��ica Af�icana __________________________________ _________________ _________________ 4. Hin�� ______________________________________ __________________ _________________________________ _____________ o Hin� Naci�nal B�a�ilei�� __________________ _________________________ __________ ___ •
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5. Refe��ncia� Refe��nc ia� Bibli�g��fica� Bibli�g ��fica� ___________________________________ __________________ ___________________ 40 6. A�i�idade� A�i�ida de� de Fi�a���__________________________ Fi�a���________ _______________________________ _____________ 42 _______________________ _____ 82 7. Pa��a� M��icai� e F�lha� �a�a an��a��e� __________________
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O SOM V�c� j� �e�cebe� c�m� � m�nd� e��� chei� de ��n�?
Ma� ��c� j� �a��� �a�a �en�a� � ��e � � SOM?
P�i� bem, ��m � ��d� � ��e n����� ���id�� ��dem ���i�, �ejam ba��lh��, �e���a� faland� �� me�m� m��ica! O� ��n� ��e n�� ce�cam ��� e���e���e� da �ida, da ene�gia e d� �ni�e��� em �ib�a��� e m��imen��. E��e�imen�e fecha� �� �lh�� e fica� a�en�� a�� ��n� ��e n�� ce�cam.
E en���, �e�cebe� c�m� � �il�nci� � alg� ��a�e im������el? O� cien�i��a� n�� en�inam ��e � ��m � � �e��l�ad� da� �ib�a��e� da� c�i�a�. T�d� � ��e e�i��e na na���e�a n a���e�a ��de �ib�a�. E��a� �ib�a��e� �e ����agam �el� a� �� ��� � �� ��al��e� ����� mei� de c�nd����, chegam a�� n����� ���id�� e ��� ��an�mi�ida� a� c��eb�� �a�a ��e ����am �e� iden�ificada�. A �ib�a��� �eg�la� de��e� �bje��� ���d�� ��n� c�m al���a definida, em ��e ��c� �e�cebe c�m� �ma �n��a m��ical�. E��e� ��n� ��� chamad�� de ��n� m��icai�. P�� e�em�l�, �� ��n� ���d��id�� �ela fla��a d�ce �� ������ in����men��� m��icai�.
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J� a �ib�a��� i��eg�la� ���d�� ��n� �em al���a definida, em ��e ��c� n�� c�n�eg�e di��ing�i� a �n��a m��ical�. Alg�n� de��e� ��n� ��� ����la�men�e chamad�� de �ba��lh��� �� ����d���. P�� e�em�l�: � ��m de �m a�i�� �� de �m li��idificad��. Alg�n� in����men��� de �e�c�����, c�m� �� �amb��e�, �amb�m n�� �����em al���a definida.
O� ���������� ��� ���� INTENSIDADE � � a �����iedade ��e n�� �e�mi�e di��ing�i� ��n� f���e� e ��n� f�ac��. � � g�a� de ��l�me ��n���. A in�en�idade d� ��m de�ende da f���a em��egada �a�a ���d��i� a� �ib�a��e�. FORTE �� �����
Alguém gritando em um megafone e o canto de um pequeno pássaro são exemplos de sons fortes e fracos
DURA��O � � a �����iedade ��e n�� �e�mi�e di��ing�i� ��n� l�ng�� e ��n� c�����. Na m��ica � ��m �ai �e� ��a d��a��� definida de ac��d� c�m � �em�� de emi���� da� �ib�a��e�.
������������������ �� CURTO
ALTURA � � a �����iedade d� ��m ��e n�� �e�mi�e di��ing�i� ��n� g�a�e� (��m mai� �g�������), m�di�� e ag�d�� (��n� mai� �fin���). A �el�cidade da �ib�a��� d�� �bje��� � ��e �ai defini� ��a al���a. A� �ib�a��e� len�a� ���d��em ��n� g�a�e� e a� �ib�a��e� ���ida� ���d��em ��n� ag�d��.
Menina a� fla��im e �ma T�ba
C����������: a al���a d�� ��n� de�ende �amb�m d� �amanh� d�� c����� ��e �ib�am. Uma c��da fina e c���a ���d�� ��n� mai� ag�d�� ��e �� de �ma c��da l�nga e g����a. A��im c�m� �ma fla��a �e��enina de ��b� bem fin� �amb�m ���d�� ��n� mai� ag�d�� d� ��e �m in����men�� de ����� c�m �m ��b� l�ng� e g����� c�m� a TUBA! 4
TIMBRE � � a �����iedade d� ��m ��e n�� �e�mi�e �ec�nhece� ��a ��igem. O �imb�e dife�encia, ��e���nali�a� � ��m. P�� mei� d� �imb�e iden�ificam�� �� ��e� e��� ���d��ind� � ��m. P�� e�em�l�: ��and� ���im�� �ma �e���a fala�, �m cel�la� ��cand� �� me�m� �m ga�inh� miand� ��dem�� �abe� ��al f�n�e ��n��a ���d��i� � ��m ��� ca��a d� �imb�e.
O �������� En�endem�� ��� �il�nci� a a���ncia de ��m, ma�, na �e�dade, a ele c���e���ndem �� ��n� ��e j� n�� ��m�� ca�a�e� de ���i�. T�d� �ib�a, em �e�manen�e m��imen��, ma� nem ��da �ib�a��� ��an�f��ma��e em ��m �a�a �� n����� ���id��! E�i��em ��n� ��e ��� ��� g�a�e� �� ��� ag�d�� ��e � ���id� h�man� n�� c�n�eg�e �e�cebe�. Alg�n� animai� �����em a ca�acidade de emi�i� e a�� me�m� e�c��a� e��e� ��n�! O elefan�e, ��� e�em�l�, emi�e ���������� (��n� m�i�� g�a�e�), ��e ��dem �e� de�ec�ad�� a �ma di���ncia de 2 km! J� � cach���� e � ga�� c�n�eg�em ���i� ���������� (��n� m�i�� ag�d��). O �il�nci� � alg� c�m�le�� de e��e�imen�a�: �e fica�m�� em �il�nci�, em �ala de a�la, ainda a��im ���i�em�� alg�m ��m. P�i�! Vam�� e��e�imen�a�?
O elefan�e emi�e e ���e ��n� m�i�� g�a�e� ��e n�� n�� c�n�eg�im�� ���i�!
C����������: �m c�m���i��� n���e�ame�ican� chamad� J�hn Cage (1912�1992) �eali��� �ma e��e�i�ncia m�i�� in�e�e��an�e: ele ��e�ia �i�encia� a �en�a��� de �leni��de �ilenci��a e, em b��ca d� ��il�nci� ���al�, en���� �ma c�ma�a anec�ica, �� �eja, �ma cabine ���almen�e � ����a de ��n�. A��� alg�n� �eg�nd��, Cage c�ncl�i� ��e � �il�nci� ab��l��� n�� e�i��e, ��i� me�m� n� in�e�i�� da c�ma�a anec�ica ele ���ia d�i� ��n�: �m ag�d�, ���d��id� ��� �e� �i��ema ne�����, e ����� g�a�e, ge�ad� �ela ci�c�la��� d� �ang�e na� �eia�! Inc���el!
H�mem den��� de �ma c�ma�a anec�ica
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O ��� � ������? A m��ica (�ala��a de�i�ada d� idi�ma g�eg� e c�j� �ignificad� � �� ���� ��� ������) ��de �e� definida c�m� �ma ��ce���� de ��n� e �il�nci�� ��gani�ad�� c�m e��il�b�i� e ��������� a� l�ng� d� �em��. A m��ica � �ma c�ia��� e��encialmen�e h�mana. � �ma ����ica c�l���al ��e�en�e em ��d� e ��al��e� g���� h�man�. N�� �e c�nhece nenh�ma ci�ili�a��� �� g���� ��cial ��e n�� �enha ���d��id� �� �����a manife��a��e� m��icai� �����ia�. Emb��a nem �em��e �eja fei�a c�m e��e �bje�i��, a m��ica ��de �e� c�n�ide�ada �ma f��ma de a��e: A ARTE DOS SONS! Cada g���� h�man� define m��ica de �ma manei�a m�i�� �����ia:
Um g���� de m��ic�� ��adici�nai� chine�e�
A m��ica � �ma ling�agem ��e ��de �e� definida e in�e���e�ada de ���ia� manei�a�, em �in��nia c�m � m�d� de �en�a� e c�m �� �al��e� de cada ���ca �� c�l���a em ��e f�i ���d��ida. M�i��� in����men��� m��icai� ��ili�ad�� h�je, ��� e�em�l�, �e��e� e�i��iam h� �em��� a����. Na m��ica c�n�em����nea, ��� e�em�l�, � c�m�m ��ili�a�m�� ����d���, ��n� c�n�ide�ad�� �n�� m��icai��, fa�� inadmi����el na Idade M�dia!
In����men�� de ���ca� dife�en�e�: � an�ig� ala�de e a� g�i�a��a� el���ica� m�de�na�
Q��� ����� ����? P��c��e n� �����be cli�e� d�� �eg�in�e� a��i��a�: H������ P������, UAKTI, V�������� O��������, STOMP, J��� C���, SIRI (���������).
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NOTA��O MUSICAL C��� �� ������� ������? A m��ica � �ma ling�agem ��n��a c�m� a fala. A��im c�m� �e��e�en�am�� a fala ��� mei� de ��mb�l�� d� alfabe��, ��dem�� �e��e�en�a� g�aficamen�e a m��ica ��� mei� de �ma n��a��� m��ical. O� �i��ema� de n��a��� m��ical e�i��em h� milha�e� de an��. Cien�i��a� j� enc�n��a�am m�i�a� e�id�ncia� de �m �i�� de e�c�i�a m��ical ��a�icada n� Egi�� e na Me������mia ��� ��l�a de 3.000 an�e� de C�i���! Sabe��e ��e ������ ����� �amb�m de�en��l�e�am �i��ema� de n��a��� m��ical em ���ca� mai� �ecen�e�, c�m� � � ca�� da ci�ili�a��� g�ega.
F�agmen�� de an�ig� �a�i�� g�eg� c�m n��a��� m��ical
E�i��em ���i�� �i��ema� de lei���a e e�c�i�a ��e ��� ��ili�ad�� �a�a �e��e�en�a� g�aficamen�e �ma �b�a m��ical. A e�c�i�a �e�mi�i� ��e a� m��ica� c�m����a� an�e� d� a�a�ecimen�� d�� mei�� de c�m�nica��� m�de�n�� ��de��em �e� ��e�e��ada� e �ec�iada� n��amen�e. A e�c�i�a m��ical �e�mi�e ��e �m in�����e�e ����e �ma m��ica �al ��al � c�m���i��� a ��e�c�e�e�.
A N������ M������ �� O�������: ��� H������� O �i��ema de n��a��� m��ical m�de�n� �e�e ��a� ��igen� n�� NEUMAS (d� la�im: �inal), �e��en�� ��mb�l�� ��e �e��e�en�a�am a� n��a� m��icai� em �e�a� ��cai� chamada� �can��ch��� �� �Can�� G�eg��ian��, ��� ��l�a d� ��c�l� VIII, n� �e���d� c�nhecid� c�m� Idade M�dia (��c VI a� ��c XV). O can�� g�eg��ian� �e ca�ac�e�i�a�a ��� �e� �m can�� c�m mel�dia de ���ca e��en��� ��cal, �i�m� m�n���n� e le��a �eligi��a. E�a can�ad� a�ena� ��� m�nge�. T�d�� can�a�am �ma �nica mel�dia a� me�m� �em�� (can�� em �n����n�), �em nenh�m in����men�� ac�m�anhand�. E��e can�� a�� h�je � ��ili�ad� em alg�ma� ig�eja�.
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Inicialmen�e, e��e� ������ e�am ���ici�nad�� ��b�e a� ��laba� d� �e��� e �e��iam c�m� �m lemb�e�e da f��ma de e�ec���� �a�a �� ��e j� c�nheciam a m��ica, ��i� � a��endi�ad� de��e can�� e�a fei�� ��almen�e, n� dia�a�dia. Veja:
Pa�a �e��l�e� e��e ���blema a� n��a� �a��a�am a �e� e�c�i�a� em �ela��� a �ma linha h��i��n�al. I��� �e�mi�ia �e��e�en�a� a� al���a�. E��e �i��ema e��l�i� a�� �ma �a��a de ��a��� linha�.
O ����� �������� GUIDO D�AREZZO
Um de�enh� an�ig� �e��a�and� � m�nge G�id� d�A�e���
G�ande �a��e d� de�en��l�imen�� da n��a��� m��ical de�i�a d� ��abalh� d� m�nge ca��lic� i�alian� G�id� d�A�e���, ��e �i�e� n� ��c�l� X d.C. Ele c�i�� �� n�me� �el�� ��ai� a� n��a� ��� c�nhecida� a��almen�e (D�, R�, Mi, F�, S�l, L�, Si). O� n�me� f��am �e�i�ad�� da� ��laba� iniciai� d� ����� � ��� ���� �������� , chamad� �� ������ �����. Ne��a ���ca � chamad� SISTEMA TONAL j� e��a�a de�en��l�id� e � �i��ema de n��a��� c�m �a��a� de cinc� linha� ���n����e � �ad��� �a�a ��da a m��ica �ciden�al, man�end���e a��im a�� �� dia� de h�je.
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H��� � S�� J��� B������ U� ��ean� la�i�, R���na�e fib�i�, M��a ge�����m, F�m�li �����m, S���e ��ll��i, L�bii �ea��m San�e I�hanne� T�ad���� a����imada: �Pa�a ��e �� ������ �e���� ����am can�a� li��emen�e a� ma�a�ilha� d�� ������ fei���, �i�ai ��da m�c�la d� �ecad� d�� �e�� l�bi�� im�����. Oh, S�� J���!� Mai� �a�de, a �ala��a U� f�i ��b��i���da �ela ��laba D�, �����e ela e�a dif�cil de �e� falada. O S� f�i f��mad� da �ni�� da ��imei�a le��a de Sanc�e e da ��imei�a de I�hanne�.
A ������� ������� ����������� O �i��ema de n��a��� �ciden�al m�de�n� � � �i��ema g��fic� ��e ��ili�a ��mb�l�� e�c�i��� ��b�e �ma �a��a de 5 linha� �a�alela� e e��idi��an�e� e ��e f��mam en��e �i ��a��� e��a���. A ����� ������� �amb�m � chamada de PENTAGRAMA. Veja: ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
C�n�am��e a� linha� e �� e��a��� da �a��a de bai�� �a�a cima. A n��a ��e e��� n�m e��a�� n�� de�e �a��a� �a�a a linha de cima nem �a�a a de bai��. A n��a ��e e��� n�ma linha �c��a a me�ade d� e��a�� ���e�i�� e a me�ade d� e��a�� infe�i��. O elemen�� b��ic� de ��al��e� �i��ema de n��a��� m��ical � a NOTA, ��e �e��e�en�a �m �nic� ��m e ��a� ca�ac�e����ica� b��ica� (�a��me���� d� ��m) de DURA��O e ALTURA. Veja:
O� �i��ema� de n��a��� �amb�m �e�mi�em �e��e�en�a� di�e��a� ����a� ca�ac�e����ica�, �ai� c�m� �a�ia��e� de in�en�idade, e���e���� �� ��cnica� de e�ec���� in����men�al.
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N���� M������� (A�����) Pa�a �e��e�en�a� a ling�agem falada ��c� ��a a� le��a� d� alfabe��. J� �a�a �e��e�en�a� a al���a d�� ��n� m��icai� ��c� ��a a� NOTAS MUSICAIS. O n���� �i��ema m��ical �em 7 (SETE) n��a�. Ela� f��mam a �eg�in�e �e���ncia: D� � R� � MI � F� � SOL � L� � SI E��a �e���ncia ��gani�ada de n��a� � chamada de ESCALA. A� e�cala� ��ada� n� �ciden�e �e ��gani�am d� ��m mai� g�a�e �a�a � mai� ag�d� e �e �e�e�em a cada cicl� de 7 n��a�:
A� n��a� m��icai� n� �eclad� d� �ian�
V���� �������� �� ����� ��� ����� �������� ��������? M���� C����� D� e��e��c�l� �O� S������������ En�i��e� � Ba�d���i � Chic� B�a���e
D��me a cidade R���a �m c��a��� M���e�i��� F�� �ma can��� S��e��a �m �e��� L� na mel�dia S�ngelamen�e D�l����amen�e D�ce a m��ica S�lenci��a L��ga � me� �ei�� S���a��e n� e��a�� F����e ce��e�a M�nha can��� R���ia de l�� �nde D��me � me� i�m��
Pa�a ���i� a m��ica �� a��: h���://a��.��l.c�m.b�/�adi���l/�la�e�/f�ame�e�.�h�?��ca�= �mcd&n�me�la�li��=004081�2<@>O�_Sal�imbanc��
10
A���� ����� ������ � ������ �� ����� �A N����� R�������? D� � �ena de alg��m R�, ��e anda �a�a ���� M�, ���n�me ��e nem �ei F�, � f�cil dec��a� S��, � � n���� a������ei L�, ��� l�nge ��e nem �ei S�, de �im e de �inal E afinal, ��l�ei a� D� D�, SI, L�, SOL, F�, MI, R�, D�
C����: � ��� � � ���� ��� �����? A n��a��� m��ical � �ela�i�a e ��� i���, �a�a e�c�e�e�m�� a� n��a� na �a��a ��eci�am�� ��a� CLAVES, e���cie de cha�e� a��ilia�e�. A cla�e indica a ���i��� de �ma da� n��a�. A��im, ��da� a� demai� ��� lida� em �efe��ncia a e��a n��a. Cada �i�� de cla�e define �ma n��a dife�en�e de �efe��ncia. De��a manei�a, a "cha�e" ��ada �a�a decif�a� a �a��a � a cla�e, ��i� � ela ��e �ai di�e� c�m� a� n��a� de�em �e� lida�. Se na 2� linha �i�e�m�� �m ��l, n� e��a�� �eg�in�e �e�em�� �m l� e na 3� linha �m �i. A� n��a� ��� n�meada� ��ce��i�amen�e de ac��d� c�m a ��dem da� n��a� da e�cala. A��almen�e ��am��e ���� �i��� de cla�e: de S�l, de F� e de D�. A ����� �� ��� � �����ia �a�a g�afa�m�� a� n��a� mai� ag�da�. A ����� �� �� � indicada �a�a a� n��a� mai� g�a�e�. A ����� �� �� � mai� ��ada �a�a �� ��n� m�di��. Veja:
A ����� �� ��� indica ��e a n��a ��l de�e �e� e�c�i�a na �eg�nda linha da �a��a.
11
A �a��i� da n��a ��l ��dem�� defini� a ���i��� de ��da� a� ����a� n��a�:
Veja a� n��a� e a� ���i��e� na fla��a d�ce.
F������ �� R���� (D������) Al�m da indica��� da� al���a�, nece��i�am�� indica� �amb�m � �em�� de emi���� de cada n��a, �� �eja, ��an�� �em�� ela �ai d��a�. Pa�a �e��e�en�a� g�aficamen�e a d��a��� d� �em�� d�� ��n� (n��a�) na m��ica ��am�� �inai� chamad�� FIGURAS DE DURA��O, FIGURAS DE RITMO �� VALORES POSITIVOS. Ela� n�� indicam ��an�� �em�� de�em�� emi�i� de�e�minad� ��m. A� fig��a� de d��a��� ��ili�ada� a��almen�e ��� �emib�e�e, m�nima, �em�nima, c�lcheia, �emic�lcheia, f��a e �emif��a. Vam�� c�nhece� �� �e�� c�dig��?
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Código
Nome
Código
Nome
SEMIBREVE
COLCHEIA
MINIMA
SEMICOLCHEIA
SEMÍNIMA
FUSA
SEMIFUSA
A� fig��a� n�� �����em �m �al�� (�em��) fi��. Ela� ��� ������ci�nai� en��e �i. A fig��a de mai�� d��a��� � a �emib�e�e e de men�� d��a��� � a �emif��a. Den��� de �ma �emib�e�e cabem d�a� m�nima�; den��� de �ma m�nima cabem 2 �em�nima�; den��� de �ma �em�nima cabem 2 c�lcheia�; e a��im ��� dian�e... Ob�e��e n�� ��ad��� a �eg�i�, a� �ela��e� en��e a� fig��a�:
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Inicialmen�e, c�ncen��a�em�� n���a ����ica na� fig��a� a �eg�i�:
Vam�� fi�a� bem a ��dem da� fig��a� de �i�m�:
Vam�� �e� a ��������� en��e a� fig��a�, na �a��a m��ical:
14
C��� �������� �� �������? A� fig��a� �����em ���ia� �a��e�. Ob�e��e:
A �emib�e�e � c�m����a a�ena� �ela cabe�a da n��a. A m�nima � c�m����a �ela cabe�a da n��a e �ela ha��e. A �em�nima � c�m����a �ela cabe�a da n��a �in�ada e a ha��e. A c�lcheia � c�m����a �ela cabe�a da n��a �in�ada, a ha��e e � c�lche�e. A� fig��a� de d��a��� ��e ��m ha��e �� ha��e e c�lche�e ��dem �e� e�c�i�a� c�m ha��e �a�a cima �� ha��e �a�a bai��. Veja:
A� n��a� ��e ficam em cima da 3� linha ��dem �an�� fica� c�m ha��e �a�a bai�� c�m� �a�a cima. ATEN��O: � m�i�� im����an�e ��c� g�afa� a� fig��a� c�m ��eci��� e de f��ma c���e�a.
15
Al�m da �e��e�en�a��� da d��a��� d� ��m �amb�m ��eci�am�� �e��e�en�a� g�aficamen�e a d��a��� d� �il�nci� na m��ica. Pa�a i��� ��am�� �inai� chamad�� de PAUSAS �� VALORES NEGATIVOS. E��e� �inai� ��m � me�m� �al�� da� ��a� �e��ec�i�a� fig��a�. Pa�a cada �al�� ���i�i�� �em�� �m nega�i�� c���e���nden�e. Veja � ��ad�� a �eg�i�:
Código
Nome Pausa da semibreve Pausa da mínima Pausa da semínima Pausa da colcheia Pausa da semicolchei a Pausa da fusa Pausa da semifusa 16
P���� � �������� A m��ica �����i �m im����an�e elemen��: � ��l�� �� a ��l�a���. Uma ��l�a��� �eg�la� ��de �e� acen��a��e� ��e �e �e�e�em de manei�a �eg�la�. Veja a �eg�i�:
A������ ��� �� ������� � ���� ���� ������ ���������: 1______2______1______2______1______2______1______2
Vam�� c�m�a�a� e��a ��l��� c�m a� �ala��a� de 2 ��laba� em ��e a 1� ��laba � mai� f���e ��e a �eg�nda. P�� e�em�l�: C��a � C�ma� C����� B�la� B�la e�c.
A������ ��� �� ������� � ���� ���� ������ ���������: 1______2______3______1______ ______1______2______3______1______2______3
E��a ��l�a��� de 3 em 3 ��l��� ��de �e� c�m�a�ada a �ala��a� c�m 3 ��laba� �nde a ��imei�a ��laba � mai� f���e ��e a �eg�nda e �e�cei�a. P�� e�em�l�: C��ce�e � S� laba � M�dic� e�c.
A������ ��� �� ������� � ���� ������ ������ ���������: 1______2______3______ 4_______ 1______2______3______ 4 Na� ��l�a��e� de 4 em 4 ��dem�� �en�a� em d�a� �ala��a� c�m acen�� na 1� ��laba. P�� e�em�l�: B�la ca�a � B��c� �e�de � M��a g�ande e�c.
C������� � �ma f��m�la e���e��a em f�a��� ��e de�e�mina a �eg�la�idade d� ��l��. E�i��em ���ia� f��m�la� de c�m�a��� c�m� a� ��e �eg�em: C������� ������� � a��ele em ��e cada �nidade de �em�� c���e���nde � d��a��� de�e�minada �el� den�minad�� da f��m�la de c�m�a���. P�� e�em�l�: �m c�m�a��� 2/4 �����i d�i� ��l��� c�m d��a��� de 1/4 (�ma �em�nima) cada. Cada n�me�� ��ad� na ������ �� �������� indica �m elemen��. O ��������� (n�me�� de cima) indica � n�me�� de �em��� d� c�m�a���. Se � n�me�ad�� f�� 2, � c�m�a��� �em d�i� �em��� e � �m �������� �������.
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Se � n�me�ad�� f�� 3 � c�m�a��� �em ���� �em��� e � �m �������� ��������.
Se � n�me�ad�� f�� 4 � c�m�a��� �em ��a��� �em��� e � �m �������� �����������.
O ����������� (n�me�� de bai��) indica em ��an�a� �a��e� �ma �emib�e�e de�e �e� di�idida �a�a �b�e�m�� �ma �nidade de �em��. O� �eja, ele indica a fig��a ��e �ale 1 �em��� na m��ica. C�m� �im��, a �emib�e�e � a fig��a de mai�� �al��. P�� i��� ela � �ida c�m� �efe��ncia. O den�minad�� a��e�en�a � n�me�� �ela�i�� ��e indica a �ela��� e�i��en�e en��e a� fig��a� c�m a �emib�e�e. O n�me�� �ela�i�� da m�nima � 2, cabem d�a� m�nima� den��� de �ma �emib�e�e. O n�me�� �ela�i�� da �em�nima � 4: cabem 4 �em�nima� den��� de 1 �emib�e�e. O n�me�� �ela�i�� da c�lcheia � 8, cabem �i�� c�lcheia� den��� de �ma �emib�e�e. O n�me�� �ela�i�� ��ad� n� den�minad�� da f�a��� de c�m�a��� �e��e�en�a a fig��a ��e �ale 1 �em�� na m��ica.
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Ob�e��e � ��ad�� a �eg�i�:
Sabend� ��al � a fig��a ��e �ale 1 �em�� na m��ica, ��de��e acha� � �al�� de ��da� a� ����a� fig��a�. � �� lemb�a�m�� a �ela��� ��e e�i��e en��e ela�:
19
N�� �� ��a�em�� �� �i��� mai� c�m�n� de c�m�a���� �im�le�, ��e �����em � 4 n� den�minad�� (2/4, 3/4 �� 4/4).
Vam�� �e� c�m� ficam �� �al��e� da� fig��a�?
Código
Nome
Valor da figura no compasso com denominador 4 4 tempos
SEMIBREVE 2 tempos MINIMA 1 tempo SEMÍNIMA ½ tempo COLCHEIA
A����� ������ �������� ���������� ���� ��������� � ������� ������� B����� �� �������� Ba��a �� ��a�e���� ��� n�me� ��ad�� �a�a� a� linha� �e��icai� ��e ��ili�am�� �a�a �e�a�a� �� c�m�a���� e facili�a� a lei���a da� n��a� (d��a��� e al���a). A� ba��a� mai� ��ada� ���:
20
B���� ������� Se�a�a cada c�m�a��� c�m�le��.
B���� ����� U�ada �a�a indica� � fim de �m ��ech� m��ical �� final da m��ica. Ne��e ca�� a �eg�nda linha � mai� g����a. Veja:
L������� � �ma linha c���a ��e �ne d�a� �� mai� n��a�, ��mand� �� �e�� �al��e�. U�am�� ligad��a� ��men�e em fig��a� ���i�i�a�. Veja:
P���� �� ������� � �m ��n�� c�l�cad� � di�ei�a da fig��a ���i�i�a �� nega�i�a e ��e a�men�a �e� �al�� em ��a me�ade. Veja:
21
S����� �� ��������� Pa�a facili�a� a e�c�i�a e a lei���a m��ical, ��dem�� ��ili�a� �inai� ��e indi��em �e�e�i���, a� in��� de �ee�c�e�e� ��ech�� in�ei��� ��e de�em �e� �e�e�id��. O� �inai� de �e�e�i��� mai� c�m�n� ���: D� C��� V�l�a� �b�iga���iamen�e a� in�ci� da m��ica.
R��������� Re�e�i� � ��ech� ma�cad�.
S����� �� ����������� S�� �inai� ��e indicam a f���a c�m ��e cada n��a de�e �e� ��cada. O� �inai� de in�en�idade mai� c�m�n� ���:
� = �ian�, ��ca� bem le�e, c�m ���ca in�en�idade �� = me��� �ian� �� mei� �ian�, ��ca� le�e, c�m m�de�ada in�en�idade �� = me��� f���e �� mei� f���e, ��ca� c�m f���a m�de�ada � = f���e, ��ca� c�m f���a
Veja � ��ech� m��ical:
22
Inicia a música Piano (tocando levemente)
E depois toca Forte (com força)
Passa em seguida para Mezzo Forte (tocando com força moderada)
ESTRUTURA E FORMA EM M�SICA R����������� �� ������ �� ������ � ��� ������� T�da �e� ��e ���im��, ��cam�� �� can�am�� �ma m��ica, �e�cebem�� ��e ela �����i �a��e� ��e �e �e�e�em �� �a��e� ��e �e c�n��a��am. A� can�iga� de ��da c����mam �e� �ma �� d�a� �a��e�, c�m mel�dia� �im�le� e �e�e�i�i�a� m�i�a� �e�e�. Can�e e �e�ceba:
A Can�a Vi��� A can�a �i��� P�� dei���la �i�a� F�i ��� ca��a da "F�lana" Q�e n�� ���be �ema� Se e� f���e �m �ei�inh� E ���be��e nada� Ti�a�a a "F�lana" D� f�nd� d� ma�
Melodia A
Melodia A se repete
Ne��a can��� de ��da a mel�dia �e �e�e�e ���ia� �e�e�, m�dificand� a�ena� a le��a da m��ica. V�c� c�n�eg�e �e lemb�a� de ����a� can��e� de��e �i��?
E�c�a��� de J� E�c�a��� de J� j�ga�am ca�ang� Ti�a, b��a dei�a � Z� Pe�ei�a fica� G�e��ei��� c�m g�e��ei��� fa�em �ig�e �ig�e ��!
23
En���, �am�� ���i� alg�ma� m��ica e �e�cebe� a� ��a� �a��e�? Se ela� ��� �a�ecida� �� dife�en�e�? Q�an�a� �e�e� �e �e�e�em? Q�an��� in����men��� e���� ��cand�? Se e�i��em m�i��� ��n� ��and� a� me�m� �em��. P��c��e �e�a�a� em �a��e� a� can��e� d� �e�e����i� ��abalhad�!
O ��� � ��� ������� ���������� � ������� ����������? Chamam�� de ������� � manei�a c�m� �� ��n� ��� ��gani�ad�� n�ma m��ica. Q�and� ���im�� �� �ma �e���a can�and� �� �m �nic� in����men�� ��and�, di�em�� ��e a m��ica �����i �ma �e����a ����������. Q�and� e�i��em mai� ���e� can�and� j�n��, f��mand� �m bl�c� ��n��� �nic�, di�em�� ��e e��a m��ica �����i �ma �e����a ����������.
SA�DE AUDITIVA E VOCAL De�em�� �ela� �ela n���a �a�de a�di�i�a e ��cal e�i�and� f���a� a ��� a� fala� �� can�a� e fica� e������ a ���d�� e�ce��i���. Alg�n� ba��lh�� ��dem c�m���me�e� a n���a a�di���. De�e��e ��a� ����e��� a�di�i�� ��and� � ba��lh� f�� ine�i���el. O� ��n� de �ma ���bina de a�i�� �� de �ma b�i�adei�a ��� ��n� ��e �a��am d�� 100 decib�i�. E��e� ��n� acima de 90 decib�i� ca��am a�� ���de�! Veja: S������� ����� � 0 �B S������� � 15 �B C������� ������ � 60 �B B����� �� ��������� � 110 �B R���� � 140 �B B���� � ����� �� 150 �B D������ � �ma �nidade de medida ��ada �a�a medi� a in�en�idade d�� ��n�.
24
Alguns operários ou controladores de pista de aeroportos devem usar protetores para protegerem seus ouvidos dos barulhos excessivos. E�i��em ��cnica� ��e ��e�e��am a �a�de ��cal, ��e�a�and� a �e���a �a�a ��e ela ��ili�e ��a ���, �em danifica� �e� a�a�elh� f�nad��. A� ������ ������ �� ������ ������ S�� memb�ana� l�cali�ada� na n���a la�inge, ��e ���d��em ��n� a� �e�em �ib�ada� �el� a� ��e �em d�� ��lm�e�. A al���a d�� ��n� (mai� ag�d�� �� mai� g�a�e�) de�ende da �en��� �����cada e d� �amanh� da c��da ��cal. Na n���a b�ca e�i��em ���i�� ��g��� a��ic�lad��e� d�� ��n�, ��e �� c�n�e��em em ��gai� �� c�n��an�e�: l�ng�a, mand�b�la, l�bi��, c�� da b�ca e den�e�.
Aparelho fonador
25
C������� ��� � ��� � ������: � E�i�e g�i�a�, �an�� �a�a fala� c�m� �a�a can�a�. � Beba ba��an�e �g�a �em��e. � E�i�e ambien�e� m�i�� �ec�� (a� c�ndici�nad� e�ce��i��). � An�e� de can�a� ���c��e �ela�a� a ca�idade da b�ca e � c����. � A� can�a� man�enha a ������a e�e�a e �ela�ada. � E�i�e bebida� alc��lica� e ciga���. � T�a�e de ale�gia� �e��i�a���ia� e de ���blema� g����ic��. � E�i�e ��a� f�ne de ���id� in�e�n�.
N�� g�i�e! I��� fa� mal � ��a ���!
26
HIST�RIA DA M�SICA BRASILEIRA A F������� �� ������ ���������� C��� ������ � ������ ������� ����������? A m��ica d� B�a�il �e f��m�� a �a��i� da mi����a de elemen��� e����e��, af�ican�� e ind�gena�, ��a�id�� �e��ec�i�amen�e ��� c�l�ni�ad��e� �����g�e�e�, e�c�a��� e �el�� na�i��� ��e habi�a�am � chamad� N��� M�nd�.
Formada por influências
O���a� infl��ncia� f��am �e ��mand� a� l�ng� da hi����ia, e��abelecend� a di�e��idade m��ical b�a�ilei�a. S�l�i� R�me�� na In���d���� a�� �Can��� P���la�e� d� B�a�il�, ��blicada na �Re�i��a B�a�ilei�a�, em 1879 e�c�e�e�: �O ��e �e ��de a��eg��a� � ��e, n� ��imei�� ��c�l� da c�l�ni�a���, �����g�e�e�, �ndi�� e neg��� acha�am��e em f�en�e �n� d�� ������, e dian�e de �ma na���e�a e��l�ndida, em l��a, �end� ��� a�ma� a flecha e a en�ada, e ��� leni�i�� (c�n��la���) a� �a�dade� da �e��a na�al. O �����g��� l��a�a, �encia e e�c�a�i�a�a; � �ndi� defendia��e, e�a �encid�, f�gia �� fica�a ca�i��, � af�ican� ��abalha�a, ��abalha�a... T�d�� de�iam can�a�, �����e ��d�� �inham �a�dade�; � �����g��� de �e�� la�e�, dal�m ma�, � �ndi� de ��a� �el�a�, ��e ia �e�dend�, � neg�� de ��a� �alh��a�, ��e n�nca mai� ha�ia de �e�.�
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M����� I������� Q���� ������� ������� �� ����������� ������ �������� �� B�����? Ele� ���i�am m��ica� m�i�� dife�en�e� da��ela� ��e e��a�am ac����mad��. A m��ica ind�gena f�i e � e��encialmen�e �eligi��a, ligada �� ce�im�nia� e �� a�i�idade� da �ida da ��ib�: can��� e dan�a� de g�e��a, de ca�a, de �e�ca, de in��ca��� e h�menagem �� en�idade� ��b�ena���ai�, animai� e celeb�a��� d�� fa��� ��ciai� e �i��� de �a��agem. E�a �ma ����ica c�le�i�a, ge�almen�e ma�cada �el� �i�m�, c�m ���ca� n��a�, mel�dia� �e�e�i�i�a�, ac�m�anhada da dan�a e d� can��. O� in����men��� ��ad�� �el�� n����� ind�gena� e�am c�nfecci�nad�� ��� ele� c�m ma�e�iai� c�n�eg�id�� n� �e� habi�a�. E�am fei��� c�m bamb��, ca�ca� de �����e�, ����� de animai� e de g�e��ei��� �encid�� em l��a�, ca�����, �emen�e�, ba���, �ele de animal e �ena de a�e. C�m� �efle��� ma�can�e� da c�l���a ind�gena na m��ica b�a�ilei�a, ��dem�� �b�e��a� � �imb�e ana�alad� n� can�� �e��anej�, alg�n� in����men��� m��icai� e alg�ma� dan�a� c�m� cab�clinh� e ca�i�a.
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A����� ������������ ��������� M����� � caba�a �ca, c�l�cada na e���emidade de �m �a�, cheia de �ed�inha�, ca����� �� �emen�e�. T����� � �� ind�gena� ������am �amb��e� di�e���� e ��iginai�. F����� � c�n�����da de madei�a, ���� �� ba���, ��dend� �e� � f��ma�� cil�nd�ic� �� � f��ma�� de c�ncha. P�ed�mina�am a� fla��a� �e��icai�, ma� �amb�m e�am ��ili�ada� emb�cad��a� la�e�ai� e na�ai�. F����� �� P� � f��mada �el� c�nj�n�� de ��b��, c�m dife�en�e� �amanh��. A���� � fei�� de c�c�, f�lha de �almei�a, chif�e, c�ncha, madei�a... Se��ia ��inci�almen�e �a�a a ca�a e imi�a�a �� ��n� d�� ����a���.
Ma�ac�
Fla��a de P�
Tamb��
A�i��
Fla��a�
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C������� An��ni� N�b�ega
S�� Pa�a��, ��� Xa�an�e e Ca�i�i, Ian�nami, ��� T��i G�a�ani, ��� Ca�aj�. S�� Panca����, Ca�ij�, T��inaj�, P��ig�a�, ��� Cae��, F�l�ni��, T��inamb�.
Ma� de �e�en�e me ac��dei c�m a �����e�a: �ma e���ad�a �����g�e�a �ei� na ��aia a��aca�. De g�ande�na�, �m b�anc� de ba�ba e�c��a, �e��ind� �ma a�mad��a me a��n��� ��a me �ega�.
De��i� ��e �� ma�e� di�idi�am �� c�n�inen�e� ��i� �e� �e��a� dife�en�e�. E� �en�ei: "��� ���c��a� �m m�nd� n���, l� de��i� d� h��i��n�e, le�� a �ede balan�an�e ��a n� ��l me e���eg�i�a�".
E a�����ad� dei �m ��l� l� da �ede, ��e��en�i a f�me, a �ede, e� �en�ei: "��� me acaba�". me le�an�ei de b��d�na j� na m��. Ai, �en�i n� c��a���, O B�a�il �ai c�me�a�.
e� a��a��ei n�m ����� m�i�� �eg��a, c�� a��l, �a� e a� ����... b��ei a� �e�na� ��� a�. L�g� ��nhei ��e e��a�a n� �a�a���, �nde nem e�a ��eci�� d��mi� �a�a �e ��nha�.
��di� ��ge�id�: �Chegan�a�, de An��ni� N�b�ega, d� CD �Madei�a ��e c��im n�� ��i�. E�i��em in�me�a� e�nia� ind�gena� n� B�a�il. Se ��i�e� �abe� mai� �e���i�e em: h���://���.f�nai.g��.b�/indi��/j�g��/e�nia�/e�nia�.h�m
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M����� E������� Q�� ������� ��������� �� ����������� �� �������� �� B�����, � ������ �� 1500? Na e���ad�a ��e �����e Ped�� �l�a�e� Cab�al �ie�am �amb�m, c�m� �e�� a��ilia�e�, F�ei Ped�� Ne��, c��i��a, e F�ei Maffe�, ��gani��a e m��ic�. Seg�nd� � d�c�men�� de 1908 �A M��ica n� B�a�il�, ele� im��e��i�na�am �� �ndi�� c�m ��a a��e na celeb�a��� da ��imei�a mi��a n� B�a�il. A �a��i� de 1549 chega�am �� ��imei��� je����a� a� B�a�il. Ele� ��ili�a�am a m��ica e����eia �a�a �e a����ima� d�� �ndi�� e ca�e��i���l��. Al�m da m��ica �eligi��a ��a�ida �el�� je����a�, �� de�b�a�ad��e� �amb�m �����e�am a m��ica ���fana e����eia. O ��� ��������� �� E����� ������� ���� �������? N� �e���d� da c�l�ni�a��� b�a�ilei�a ac�n�ecia na E����a �m �e���d� in�en�� de ���d���� a�����ica e cien��fica. E��e �e���d� c�me��� n� ��c�l� XIII e in�en�ific����e d��an�e �� ��c�l�� XV e XVI. Fic�� c�nhecid� c�m� R����������� �� R��������� �����e indic�� � �ena�cimen�� de c�l���a� m�i�� an�iga� (g�ega e ��mana) e a �al��i�a��� d� h�mem c�m� indi��d�� ��e �en�a, c�ia e ���c��a n���� caminh�� de de�en��l�imen��. O h�mem �a���� a �e� � cen��� d� m�nd�, a� c�n����i� da Idade M�dia, em ��e a �ida d� h�mem e��a�a cen��ada em De��. O m��imen�� ���gi� na cidade de Fl��en�a, na I��lia, ��e fic�� c�nhecida c�m� � be��� d� Rena�cimen��, de�id� a� in�e��imen�� d�� c�me�cian�e� na� a��e�. A m��ica �ena�cen�i��a e�a ��lif�nica, i��� �, c�m d�a� �� mai� ���e�. Ne��e �e���d� ���gi�am in����men��� m��icai� n����, c�m� a fam�lia d�� �i�lin�� e ������ �e de�en��l�e�am. P���m, m�i��� in����men��� da Idade M�dia c�n�in�a�am a �e� ��ili�ad��. F��am c�m����a� �ma �a�iedade de m��ica� �a�a can��, dan�a, al�m de m��ica� in����men�ai�. A� f��ma� m��icai� c�m�n� a� �e���d� f��am � ��a���i� e a ��e�a, ��e ���gi�am ne��e �e���d�, al�m d� mad�igal, a can���, � ��nd� e a ����e. Den��e �� c�m���i���e� mai� im����an�e� e���� J����in De� P�e�, Pale���ina, G�ilhe�me de Macha�� e Cla�di� M�n�e�e�di.
Pale���ina, J����in de P�e� e M�n�e�e�di
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OS JESU�TAS O� je����a� fa�iam �a��e de �ma ��dem �eligi��a ca��lica chamada C�m�anhia de Je���. C�iad�� c�m � �bje�i�� de di��emina� a f� ca��lica �el� m�nd�, �� �ad�e� je����a� �e ��e�a�a�am �a�a �i�e� e �e ada��a� em l�cai� di��an�e� e dife�en�e� a ��a �ealidade. N� B�a�il, ele� chega�am em 1549 c�m � �bje�i�� de c�i��iani�a� a� ����la��e� ind�gena� d� �e��i���i� c�l�nial. Ele� f��am �e���n���ei� �ela f�nda��� da� ��imei�a� in��i��i��e� de en�in� d� B�a�il C�l�nial e ��� ������������ �� ��������� ����������� �� ������ �� B�����. Den��e �� ���i�� je����a� ��e �ie�am a� B�a�il, de��aca�am��e �� �ad�e� Man�el da N�b�ega, J��� de Anchie�a e J��� Na�a���.
P���� J��� �� A������� N� ��l d� �a��, �� �eligi���� ���m��e�am a c�ia��� da� chamada� Mi���e�. Ele� ��gani�a�am a� ����la��e� ind�gena� em ���n� de �m �egime ��e c�mbina�a ��abalh� e �eligi��idade. Al�m de c�n�a� c�m � a��i� financei�� da Ig�eja, �� je����a� �amb�m ��ili�a�am a m���de��b�a ind�gena n� de�en��l�imen�� de a�i�idade� ag��c�la�. O� ind�gena� f��am ce�cad�� de �al��e� e����e��, � ��e fe� c�m ��e ��da a di�e��idade c�l���al dele� f���e ��f�cada. A��a��� da ca�e��e�e, �� je����a� le�a�am e��e� ����� a aband�na� �e� m�d� ��adici�nal de �ida, ��a� andan�a� �ela ma�a, ��a� lide�an�a�, ��b��i��ind� ��a� c�en�a� e ce�im�nia� �el�� �i��� ca��lic��. I��� a fim de lhe� �i�a� �d� m�nd� da �e�di��� e �e��e�����, n� ��al �eg�nd� �� je����a� ��d�� �� �ndi�� e��a�am me�g�lhad��. O� je����a� enc�n��a�am na� ��ib�� b�a�ilei�a� �ma inclina��� na���al �a�a a m��ica, a dan�a e a ��a���ia. O �ea��� �a���� a �e� ��ad� c�m� in����men�� de "ci�ili�a���" e de ed�ca��� �eligi��a, al�m de di�e����. A� ��imei�a� �e�a� f��am e�c�i�a� �el�� Je����a�, ��e ��ili�a�am elemen��� da c�l���a ind�gena, mi����ad�� a�� d�gma� da Ig�eja Ca��lica. A� �e�a�, chamada� de ����� e�am e�c�i�a� em ���i, �����g��� �� e��anh�l. Al�m d�� a����, �� ��������� � �� �������� ������ ����� ������������ ����� J������� e f��am inc�����ad�� na� fe��a� f�lcl��ica�. A m��ica e��a�a �em��e ��e�en�e. O� je����a� en�ina�am �� �ndi�� a can�a� m��ica� �ac�a�, a ��ca� e c�n����i� in����men��� c�m� �i�la, �i�lin�, fla��a e�c.. Ele� f��ma�am c��ai� e ����e���a� a� e��il� e����e�, c�m f���e infl��ncia da m��ica �ena�cen�i��a e c�ia�am e�c�la� de m��ica. O� je����a� �amb�m ��ili�a�am � can�� g�eg��ian� (m��ica ���ica d� �e���d� da Idade M�dia).
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O can�� g�eg��ian�, an�e� chamad� de can��ch��, fic�� c�nhecid� a��im, a��� � Pa�a G�eg��i� I ��gani�a� e c�m�ila� e��e� can��� �eligi���� em �m li��� chamad� An�if�n��i�.
Pa�a G�eg��i� I S������� �� ����� ���� �������� �� ����� � �������� �� ���������: T�TULO DO FILME: A MISS�O (The Mi��i�n, ING 1986) DIRE��O: R�land J�ff� ELENCO: R�be�� de Ni��, Je�em� I��n�, Lian Nee��n, 121 min., Fla�h��a�
Re��m� d� filme: N� ��c�l� XVIII, na Am��ica d� S�l, �m �i�len�� me�cad�� de e�c�a��� ind�gena�, a��e�endid� �el� a��a��ina�� de �e� i�m��, �eali�a �ma a��� �eni��ncia e acaba �e c�n�e��end� c�m� mi��i�n��i� je����a em Se�e P���� da� Mi���e�, �egi�� da Am��ica d� S�l �ei�indicada ��� �����g�e�e� e e��anh�i�, e ��e �e�� �alc� da� "G�e��a� G�a�an��ica��. O filme m����a c�m� �� je����a� en�ina�am m��ica a�� g�a�ani�. Palma de O��� em Canne� e O�ca� de f���g�afia. S�ge����: �e� a� cena� de m��ica (c��al e f�b�ica de in����men���) e a cena d� ��imei�� c�n�a�� d� Pad�e Gab�iel c�m �� �ndi��, na fl��e��a. Cena� 5, 18 e 20 . M�SICA PROFANA EUROPEIA Al�m d� can�� �eligi���, f�i in���d��ida n� B�a�il a m��ica ����la� �����g�e�a, ��a�ida �el�� c�l�ni�ad��e�. O� �����g�e�e� �����e�am n�� �� a ��a �����ia m��ica, ma� a de ��da a E����a. A� f��ma� mel�dica�, ha�m�nia, �� �e���� ����ic��, ��nalidade, �i�m��, a can���, a m�da, � fad�, a� can�iga� infan�i� de ��da e de nina�, al�m de ���ia� dan�a� d�am��ica� c�m� � Pa����il, a F�lia de Rei�, a Na� Ca�a�ine�a, a Ma��jada, � B�mba me� b�i �ie�am c�m �� c�l�ni�ad��e�. O����� ����� al�m d�� �����g�e�e� �amb�m �i�e�am infl��ncia em n���a m��ica c�m� �� e��anh�i�, �� h�lande�e�, �� f�ance�e�, �� i�alian��, en��e ������. M�i�a� �e�e� a m��ica ����la� �e mi����a�a c�m a m��ica �eligi��a, c�m� n� ca�� da� ���ci���e� de ������ ������� �eali�ada� �el�� je����a�. Ele� enfei�a�am a� ��a� c�m �am�� de �����e� e incl��am ��da� a� dan�a� e in�en��e� aleg��ia� � manei�a de P����gal. Tinham �e�dadei�a� ala� e en��e ela� ha�ia dan�a�, c����, m��ica�, bandei�a�, 33
�e���nagen� e e�c. E��a� f�lia� e�am de�file� dan�an�e� ���ic�� da ��ea ���al em ��e �� �a��ici�an�e� �e�c���iam g�ande� di���ncia� �a�a chega� a� l�cal da fe��a, c�m� ac�n�ece a�� h�je n� in�e�i�� d� B�a�il. Ele� �����e�am ���i�� in����men��� c�m� � �i�l��, a �i�la, � ca�a��inh�, � �i�lin�, � �i�l�ncel�, a �anf�na, a fla��a, a cla�ine�a e � �ian�, ��e f��am c�iad�� a �a��i� da e��l���� de alg�n� in����men��� medie�ai�. Vam�� c�nhece� alg�n� de��e� in����men���?
Fla��a d�ce Vi�lin�
Vi�l�� In����men��� de �eclad� (c�m� � ance���al d� �ian�, � c�a��)
I����������� �������� ���������: A m��ica �����la�� da Idade M�dia di�idia��e em can�iga� ac�m�anhada� (��� in����men���), a�ena� can�ada� e a m��ica in����men�al. A����� � O ala�de f�i in���d��id� na E����a �el�� ��abe�. E �e�e g�ande dif����, ��inci�almen�e na �egi�� da E��anha.
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C�������� � In����men�� de ����� de �alhe�a d��la, an�e�a��ad� d� Ob��.
V����� (V����) � A �i�la e�a ��cada ��� f�ic��� (c�m �m a�c�). E�a �m ���c� mai�� ��e a� �i�la� m�de�na�.
G���� �� ����� (C��������) � in����men�� de f�le. T�ca��e ����and� den��� d� f�le e c�m � b�a�� a�e��a��e a b�l�a cheia de a� ��e �a��a ��� d�a� cam�ana�.
H���� � in����men�� de c��da� dedilhada�.
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F������ � ha�ia ���i�� �i��� de fla��a� na��ela ���ca.
E��e� in����men��� e�am ��ili�ad�� na E����a medie�al �el�� ����������, ��e e�am m��ic�����e�a� n�b�e� ��e �a��ici�a�am da� C���ada�. Can�a�am a� hi����ia� da� ba�alha�, d�� am��e�, da� ami�ade�. Iam de cidade em cidade can�and� ��d� ��e ha�iam ��e�enciad�, ��an�f��mand���e n� �j��nal� da ���ca. A� C���ada� f��am e��edi��e� de c�i�����, �a���cinada �ela Ig�eja Ca��lica, c�m a in�en��� de le�a� a �eligi�� ca��lica a� m�nd� ��abe. F��am m�i��� an�� de g�e��a�! Um d�� mai� fam���� ����ad��e� f�i � �ei ingl�� Rica�d� C��a��� de Le��. A�e�a� de �e� �id� �m �ei g�e��ei��, c����ma�a can�a� ��a� can�iga� de amig� e de am��.
M����� �������� Dian�e da� dific�ldade� enc�n��ada� n� ���ce��� de e�c�a�i�a��� d�� ind�gena�, �� �����g�e�e� enc�n��am c�m� al�e�na�i�a a ��ili�a��� de e�c�a��� af�ican��, �b�id�� a��a��� d� ���fic� neg�ei��. E��a a�i�idade inicia��e �ficialmen�e em 1559, ��and� P����gal decide �e�mi�i� � ing�e��� de e�c�a��� �ind�� da �f�ica n� B�a�il. An�e� di���, ����m, ��an�a��e� en��l�end� e�c�a��� af�ican�� j� �c���iam n� B�a�il. D��an�e ���� ��c�l�� (1550�1850) �Na�i�� Neg�ei���� �����e�am �a�a a n���a �e��a ce�ca de cinc� milh�e� de neg��� af�ican�� �a�a � ��abalh� e�c�a��. O� e�c�a��� af�ican�� fa�iam di�e���� �i��� de a�i�idade�, de��acand���e a� a�i�idade� ag��c�la�, �end� a e���a��� da cana�de�a��ca� a ��inci�al, a mine�a��� e �� �e��i��� d�m���ic��. O� e�c�a��� af�ican�� f��am e��enciai� �a�a a f��ma��� n�� ��men�e da ����la���, ma� �amb�m da c�l���a b�a�ilei�a. De�de a c�lin��ia, �a��and� �ela m��ica e 36
chegand� a�� a l�ng�a �����g�e�a, � im������el n�� �e�cebe� a infl��ncia da c�l���a d�� ����� af�ican��. A m��ica e a dan�a e�am � c�n��l� d�� neg��� n� mei� da ���e���� e d�� ��f�imen��� em ��e �i�iam. Na� �a�a� h��a� de f�lga � n�i�e na� �en�ala�, can�a�am e dan�a�am, lemb�and� a ����ia di��an�e. A m��ica b�a�ilei�a f�i f���emen�e infl�enciada �el�� �i�m�� af�ican��, c�m� � � ca�� d� �amba, ije��, c�c�, j�ng�, ca�imb�, lambada e � ma�i�e. M�i��� f�lg�ed�� de ��a a�� h�je b�incad�� n� �a�� �amb�m ��m ��igem af�icana. � � ca�� da c�ngada, a� fe��a� de c���a��� d�� ��ei� de C�ng�� e � ma�aca��. A ca��ei�a, in���d��ida n� B�a�il �el�� neg��� de Ang�la �amb�m � �ma dan�a, ma� a� me�m� �em�� � �m j�g�, �ma l��a. F�i � mei� ��e ga�an�i� a ��b�e�i��ncia d� neg�� libe���. O be�imba� � � ��inci�al in����men�� de��a dan�a. O� af�ican�� �����e�am � �i�m� �inc��ad� e a� dan�a� �en��ai�.
I����������� �������� ��������� B������� � in����men�� de c��da ��ad� ��adici�nalmen�e �a�a fa�e� �e�c����� na ca��ei�a, �a�a ma�ca� � �i�m� da l��a.� fei�� de �ma �a�a de madei�a em f��ma de a�c�, �m fi� de a�� (a�ame) ��e�� em ��a� e���emidade� e �ma caba�a fi�ada na �a�a. O ��cad�� de be�imba� ��ili�a �ma �ed�a �� m�eda (d�b���), a �a�e�a e � ca�i�i �a�a ���d��i� �� ��n� d� be�imba�.
A���� � in����men�� de me�al, m�i�� ��ad� n� cand�mbl�, na ca��ei�a e n� �amba. O n�me �em de ak�k�, �ala��a nag� ��e �ignifica "�el�gi�" �� "�em��". C�m��e��e de d�i� �eda��� de fe���, �m men�� ��e �����, �� d�i� c�ne� �c�� e �em ba�e, de �amanh�� dife�en�e�.Pa�a �e �i�a� ��m de��e in����men�� ba�e��e c�m �ma ba��e�a de madei�a na� d�a� b�ca� de fe���.
C���� � e���cie de �amb��, c�m �ma ha��e de madei�a ��e�a n� cen��� da memb�ana de c����, �el� lad� in�e�n�. O ��m � �b�id� f�icci�nand� a ha��e c�m �m �eda�� de �ecid� m�lhad� e ��e��i�nand� a �a��e e��e�na da c��ca c�m ded�, ���d��ind� �m ��m de ��nc� ca�ac�e����ic�. M�i�� ��ada n� �amba.
A������� � � �m in����men�� de �e�c�����. C�n��i��i��e de �m �amb��, c�m �ma da� b�ca� c�be��a� de c���� de b�i, �ead� �� b�de. � ��cad� c�m a� m���, c�m d�a� ba��e�a�, �� c�m �ma m�� e �ma ba��e�a. N� cand�mbl� � c�n�ide�ad� �bje�� �ag�ad�. 37
HINOS OFICIAIS H��� N������� B��������� Le��a: J�a��im O���i� D���e E���ada M��ica: F�anci�c� Man�el da Sil�a Pa��e I Pa��e 2 O��i�am d� I�i�anga a� ma�gen� �l�cida� De �m ���� he��ic� � b�ad� �e��mban�e, E � ��l da libe�dade, em �ai�� f�lgid��, B�ilh�� n� c�� da ����ia ne��e in��an�e.
Dei�ad� e�e�namen�e em be��� e��l�ndid�, A� ��m d� ma� e � l�� d� c�� ���f�nd�, F�lg��a�, � B�a�il, fl���� da Am��ica, Il�minad� a� ��l d� N��� M�nd�!
Se � �enh�� de��a ig�aldade C�n�eg�im�� c�n��i��a� c�m b�a�� f���e, Em �e� �ei�, � libe�dade, De�afia � n���� �ei�� a �����ia m���e!
D� ��e a �e��a, mai� ga��ida, Te�� �i��nh��, lind�� cam��� ��m mai� fl��e�; "N����� b����e� ��m mai� �ida", "N���a �ida" n� �e� �ei� "mai� am��e�."
� P���ia amada, Id�la��ada, Sal�e! Sal�e!
� P���ia amada, Id�la��ada, Sal�e! Sal�e!
B�a�il, �m ��nh� in�en��, �m �ai� ���id� De am�� e de e��e�an�a � �e��a de�ce, Se em �e� f��m��� c��, �i��nh� e l�m�id�, A imagem d� C���ei�� �e��landece.
B�a�il, de am�� e�e�n� �eja ��mb�l� O l�ba�� ��e ���en�a� e���elad�, E diga � �e�de�l���� de��a fl�m�la � "Pa� n� f����� e gl��ia n� �a��ad�."
Gigan�e �ela �����ia na���e�a, �� bel�, �� f���e, im���id� c�l����, E � �e� f����� e��elha e��a g�ande�a. Te��a ad��ada, En��e ����a� mil, �� ��, B�a�il, � P���ia amada! D�� filh�� de��e ��l� �� m�e gen�il, P���ia amada, B�a�il! Pa��e II
Ma�, �e e�g�e� da j���i�a a cla�a f���e, Ve��� ��e �m filh� �e� n�� f�ge � l��a, Nem �eme, ��em �e ad��a, a �����ia m���e. Te��a ad��ada, En��e ����a� mil, �� ��, B�a�il, � P���ia amada! D�� filh�� de��e ��l� �� m�e gen�il, P���ia amada, B�a�il!
38
REFER�NCIA BIBLIOGR�FICA BENNETT, R��. ����� � ��������� �� ������. Ri� de Janei��: Zaha� Ed., 1986. BENNET, R��. ��� ����� �������� �� ������ . Ri� de Janei��: Zaha�, Ed., 1986 BENNETT, R��. ���� ��� ��� ���������. Ri� de Janei��: J��ge Zaha�, 1990. BENNETT, R��. ��������� ������� �� ������ . Ri� de Janei��: J��ge Zaha�, 1998. GROUT, D. J & PALISCA, C. V. �������� �� ������ ��������� . Li�b�a: G�adi�a, 2001. MASSIN, B�igi��e e Jean. �������� �� ������ ��������� . Ri� de Janei��: N��a F��n�ei�a, 1998. NEGREIROS, Fe�nand�, Ab�ind� caminh��. Inicia��� � Hi����ia da M��ica e ��a �ela��� c�m a� ����a� a��e�. Ri� de Janei��: Ed. G���h��, 2000 SCHAFER, M���a� R. � ������ ��������. S�� Pa�l�: UNESP, 2003. SCLIAR, E��he�. ��������� �� ������ ������� . S�� Pa�l�: N��a� Me�a�, 1985. SWANWICK, Kei�h. ��������� ������ ������������. Ri� de Janei��: Edi���a M�de�na, 2003. ZIMMERMANN, Nil�a, A M��ica a��a��� d�� �em���. Ed.Pa�lina�,S.Pa�l�: Ed. Pa�lina�, 2001. WISNIK, J��� Mig�el. � ��� � � �������. S�� Pa�l�: Cia da Le��a�, 1999. D����������: GROVE�S (Dici�n��i� G���e de M��ica � edi��� c�nci�a). Ri� de Janei��: Zaha� Ed. P������� �� W��: In����men��� medie�ai� h���://���.in����men��medie�a��.��g/ C�ian�a� de �lh�� fechad�� h���://cm�.ich.�cl.ac.�k/�eb�i�e/imagebank/ H�mem g�i�and� h���://���ebc.g��.�k/�age.a���?ImgID=1512 Pa��a�inh� can�and� h���://���.�aca�hed�al.��g/Ph����/bi�d%20�inging.j�g T�ba h���://�ch��l.di�c��e��ed�ca�i�n.c�m/cli�a��/image�/��ba.gif Fla��im h���://���.��ec.e�/���bada/m��ica/ima�ge�/fla��i.gif C�ma�a anec�ica h���://bl�g.ed�ca����.e�/��ac�icain����men�al/file�/2008/03/anec�ica�1.j�g M��ic�� chine�e� h���://���.c��bi�.c�m/image�/AABN001276.j�g?�i�e=67&�id=%7BAB8B4BDF�549D�4E0E�A01D� 4914812862E2%7D Ala�de h���://���.��e�m�nd�.c�m.b�/_agenda/img/1205853804_ala�de.j�g G�i�a��a h���://���.aleac.ac.g��.b�/aleac/ed�ald�magalhae�/image�/����ie�/g�i�a��a��a�el.j�g G�id� D�A�e��� h���://���.c�m��ical.c�m.b�/bi�g�afia�/f����/CP94.j�g N�me��� �ela�i��� h���://���.m��icaead��aca�.c�m.b�/�ecnic��/�e��ia_m��ical/�e��ia_��fin�/a�la06.h�m Abafad�� de ���d�� h���://���.��l�ca�e�i.c�m.b�/imgP��d����/97_G_Abafad���de���id���e�c.j�g A�a�elh� f�nad�� h���://���.g�a.�f�j.b�/g�ad/09_1/�e��a��final/im���cal/image�/����d�2.gif Teclad� d� �ian� c�m n��a�
40
ATIVIDADES DE FIXA��O A�������� 1 � P��������� �� ��� 1) A��inale V na� al�e�na�i�a� �e�dadei�a� e F na� al�e�na�i�a� fal�a�: ( ) T�d� ��m �����i al���a definida. ( ) T�d� ��m �����i al���a, �imb�e, d��a���, in�en�idade. ( ) O� ba��lh�� �� ���d�� �����em al���a definida. ( ) O a� � �m mei� ��e c�nd�� � ��m. 2) Iden�ifi��e ��al ca�ac�e����ica �� �a��me��� d� ��m � �e��al�ada na� f�a�e� abai��: a) Ma�ia, ��e ��m ag�d� ��c� e��� �i�and� de��a fla��a, hein! ____________________________________ b) J�a��im e���ece� a m�� na b��ina ��� m�i�� �em��, ��and� chama�a Ca�la �a�a �ai� d� ca���. ____________________________________ c) Sam�el de� �m g�i�� ��� f���e ��e � me� ���id� ainda d�i! ____________________________________ d) O ��m d� �i�lin� � ��� dife�en�e d� ��m da fla��a, n�� � Ra�l? ____________________________________ 3) Re���nda a� ��e���e� abai��: a) O ��e de�e fa�e� �m �iani��a �a�a c�n�eg�i� �m ��m c�m mai� in�en�idade d� ��e � ��m ��e ele e��a�a ���d��ind�? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ b) C�m� ��c� c�n�eg�e c�n���la� � �em�� de d��a��� de �ma n��a na fla��a d�ce? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 42
A�������� 2 � S��, �������� � ���������� �� ��� 1) Reali�e a a�i�idade �������a e de��i� �e���nda �� �e�g�n�a�: a) Feche �� �lh�� ��� alg�n� �eg�nd�� e �ab�a bem �� ���id���. P�e��e a�en��� a ��d� � ��e ��c� ���e. De��i�, de �lh�� abe����, �elaci�ne �� ��n� ��e ��c� e�c����. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ b) Q�al � �a��me��� ��n��� ��e �e�mi�i� a ��c� di��ing�i� e��e� ��n�? __________________________________________________________________
c) De ��d�� �� ��n� ��e ��c� ���i�, de��a��e � mai� ag�d� e � mai� g�a�e. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2) O ��e ��� �l��a���n� e inf�a���n�? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
3) V�c� acha ��e � �il�nci� ab��l��� e�i��e? P�� ���? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
43
A�������� 3 � O ��� � ������? 1) Vam�� di�idi� a ���ma em g����� de ��a��� a cinc� c�lega� �a�a di�c��i� e deba�e� a� ��e���e� abai��: a) O ��e ��c� en�ende ��� m��ica? E�c�e�a c�m ��a� �ala��a�. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b) O ��e � nece����i� �a�a �e ���d��i� m��ica? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c) Q�al � a dife�en�a en��e m��ica e ��m? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ d) Q�al � a im�����ncia da m��ica na ��a �ida? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
44
A�������� 4 � E�������� �� ������ � ������ ������� 1) G�afe n� �en�ag�ama abai�� a n��a na linha �� n� e��a�� indicad�: a) 1� linha b) 3� e��a�� c) 1� e��a�� d) 2� linha ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
2) A��inale V �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� �e�dadei�a� e F �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� fal�a�. ( ( ( (
) N� �en�ag�ama a� linha� ��� c�n�ada� de cima �a�a bai��. ) A� n��a� m��ica� ��� 7: d�, ��, mi, f�, ��l, l�, ��. ) E�i��em ���i�� �i��� de n��a��� m��ical. ) O� n�me� da� n��a� m��icai� f��am �i�ada� d� Hin� a S�� J��� Ba�i��a.
3) Re���nda �� ��e���e� abai��: a) C�m� e�am g�afad�� �� Can��� G�eg��ian�� na Idade M�dia? ____________________________________________________________________ b)
Q�al �a��me��� ��n��� �� ne�ma� ���c��a�am �e��e�en�a�?
____________________________________________________________________ c) Q�ai� ��� a� ��inci�ai� ca�ac�e����ica� d� Can�� G�eg��ian�? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d) Q�al a im�����ncia d� m�nge G�id� D�A�e��� �a�a a M��ica? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
45
A�������� 5 � E�������� �� ������ � ������ ������� 1)
De�enhe 10 cla�e� de ��l n� �en�ag�ama abai��:
______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
2)
Ob�e��e a �a��a m��ical abai�� e fa�a � ��e �e �ede:
a) Ci�c�le ��da� a� n��a� ��e e��i�e�em e�c�i�a� n� e��a��. b) Pin�e a n��a mai� ag�da. c) Fa�a �m ��ad�ad� na ��imei�a n��a ��l ��e a�a�ece na �a��a. d) S�blinhe a �l�ima n��a ��e e��� e�c�i�a na ��imei�a linha. e) E�c�e�a � n�me embai�� da� n��a� ��.
3)
E�c�e�a � n�me da� n��a� abai��:
a)
___________________________________________
b)
_______________________________________________________
46
A�������� 6 � E�������� �� ������ � ������ ������� 1)
C���elaci�ne a� c�l�na�:
a) Ba��a d��la
(
)
b) Pen�ag�ama
(
)
c) Sinal de in�en�idade f���e
(
)
d) Ba��a �im�le�
(
)
2)
C�m�le�e a� f�a�e� abai��: a) A ___________________________ � a fig��a de mai�� �al��. b) A �em�nima �ale a ________________________ da m�nima. c)
S�� nece����ia� d�a� ______________________ �a�a ��b��i��i� �ma �emib�e�e.
d) Uma m�nima �em � me�m� �al�� ��e ��a��� ___________________. e) A �emib�e�e �ale � d�b�� da __________________________. f)
A c�lcheia �ale a me�ade da ___________________________.
g) Q�a��� �em�nima� ��m � me�m� �al�� ��e �ma _________________. 3) C�m�le�e � ��ad�� abai��: N�me da fig��a
De�enh� da fig��a
Pa��a da fig��a
C�lcheia
Sem�nima
47
A�������� 7 � E�������� �� ������ � ������ �������
1) Iden�ifi��e �� c�m�a���� d�� ��ech�� m��icai�: a) ( ) bin��i�
( )��a�e�n��i�
( ) �e�n��i�
b) ( ) bin��i�
( )��a�e�n��i�
( ) �e�n��i�
c) ( ) bin��i�
( )��a�e�n��i�
( ) �e�n��i�
2) En�me�e �� �e���� d� ��ech� d� Hin� d�� Al�n�� d� C�l�gi� Ped�� II e d� Hin� Naci�nal B�a�ilei�� na �e���ncia c���e�a. U�ili�e n�me��� de 1 a 4: a) ( ) N���� �a��� c�n��an�e e �eg��� ( ) De �ma g�ande e b�ilhan�e Na��� ( ) Ra�ga e���ada� de l�� na am�lid��. ( ) N�� le�am�� na� m���, � f�����
b) ( ) Dei�ad� e�e�namen�e em be��� e��l�ndid� ( ) F�lg��a�, � B�a�il, fl���� da Am��ica ( ) A� ��m d� ma� e � l�� d� c�� ���f�nd� ( ) Il�minad� a� ��l d� N��� M�nd�
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A�������� 8 � E�������� �� ������ � ������ ������� 1) Ob�e��e a�en�amen�e � ��ech� m��ical abai��:
Ag��a ��eencha �� e��a��� ��e c�m�le�am a� f�a�e� ��and� a�ena� �ma da� �ala��a� �� e���e���e� ��e e���� na li��a abai��. A�en���!! A� �ala��a� n�� �e �e�e�em. SOL � SEM�NIMA � SEMICOLCHEIA � FRA��O � PIANO � MEIO PIANO � F� � MODERADO � DUPLA � DA CAPO � RITORNELLO � PONTO DE AUMENTO � LIGADURA � MEIO FORTE � FORTE � QUATERN�RIO � PAUSA � D� � SEMIBREVE � R� � M�NIMA. a) O C d� in�ci� da m��ica, ��e indica � c�m�a��� �amb�m ��de�ia �e� �e��e�en�ad� ��� �ma ______________________, c�j� indicad�� e den�minad�� � 4. b) A m��ica e��� e�c�i�a em c�m�a��� ________________________________. c) N� c�m�a��� 4 e�i��e �m �inal de �e�e�i��� ��e indica ��e de�em�� ��l�a� a� ��imei�� c�m�a���. E��e �inal chama��e ___________________. d) N� c�m�a��� 1 e n� c�m�a��� 5 a�a�ecem �inai� de e���e���� ��e indicam in�en�idade: � � a ab�e�ia��� de ________________________ e � � a ab�e�ia��� de___________________________________ . e) A n��a mai� ag�da da m��ica � � __________, enc�n��ad� n� c�m�a��� 9. f) N�� �l�im�� �em��� d�� c�m�a���� 5 e 6 e�i��e �m �inal chamad� __________________ de �em�nima. g) N� c�m�a��� 4 e�i��em d�a� fig��a� ���mica� ig�ai� chamada� de ____________________. h) N� c�m�a��� 12, a �l�ima n��a d� ��ech� � �m _________ ag�d�. i) A cla�e ��ili�ada n� ��ech� � a cla�e de _____________.
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A�������� 9 � F������� �� M����� B��������� � M����� I������� 1) Re���nda a� ��e���e� abai��: a) Ci�e ���� ca�ac�e����ica� da m��ica ind�gena. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ b) C�m� �� �ndi�� ad��i�iam �e�� in����men���? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ c) Na ��imei�a e����fe da m��ica �Chegan�a� � c�m���i��� ci�a �ma ���ie de n�me� de ��ib�� ind�gena�. O ��e ele ��e� di�e� ��and� di� ��e � cada �ma de��a� ��ib��? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ d) Q�al � � l�cal in�i��lad� de �m�nd� n���� ��e An��ni� N�b�ega ach�� �e� � ��a�a����? _______________________________________________________________________ e) De�c�e�a, c�m ��a� �ala��a�, d�i� in����men��� ind�gena�: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
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A�������� 10 � A ������ �� ����� �� ������������� V�c� j� �e �e�g�n��� �e na ���ca d� de�c�b�imen�� d� B�a�il ha�ia m��ica? O ��e �e�� ��e �� �ndi�� ��e ��� a��i �i�iam can�a�am? Se�� ��e ele� ��ca�am alg�m in����men��? C�m� �e�� ��e f�i a �ea��� d�� ind�gena� ��and� �� ��imei��� �����g�e�e� chega�am em ��a� ca�a�ela�, ��a�end� �i�la� e ������ in����men��� de P����gal? O� �����g�e�e� �ealmen�e �e e��an�a�am c�m a manei�a de �e��i� d�� na�i��� e da manei�a c�m� ele� fa�iam m��ica�: can�and�, dan�and�, ��cand� in����men��� (ch�calh��, fla��a�, �amb��e�). P�i� en���... Ag��a, ��e ��a c�ia�i�idade e de�enhe �ma cena d� �em�� d� de�c�b�imen�� d� B�a�il, em ��e �m �����g��� �e �ela ��imei�a �e� �m g���� de �ndi�� ���i� can�and� e dan�and�. V�c� ��de�� ��a� alg�ma� inf��ma��e�:
� � � � �
� ������ ��� �� ����������� ����� ��������� ����� ������ ����� �� ����� �� ������ (���� � ������ �����). �� ������ ���������� ������ �� �������� �������� � ������� �� ���. �� ����������� �������� �� ��������� (������) � �� ���������� ��� � ����� ��� �������. �� ��� ������ ��� ����� ��� �������� � ��� ��� �������, ��� ������� �� �����, ��� ���� �������� ������� ������ (��� ������� �� ������ ����). �� ����������� �� ������� ��� ����� �����, ������ �����, ������� ������� � ������������� ��������� ������ (� ��������� �� ������) �� ��� �������� ������.
51
A�������� 11 � F������� �� M����� B��������� B ��������� � M����� E������� 1) Re���nda a� ��e���e� abai��: a) Q�e �i�� de m��ica �� e����e�� �����e�am a� B�a�il? __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ b) Q�e m��imen�� a�����ic� �c���e� na E����a a �a��i� d� ��c�l� XIII a�� � ��c�l� XVI? O ��e ac�n�ece� ne��e �e���d�? __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __
2) Ma���e V �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� �e�dadei�a� �e�dadei�a� e F �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� fal�a�: a) ( b) ( c) ( d) ( e) ( f) ( g) ( h) ( f) (
g) ( h) ( i) ( j) ( k) (
) O� �����g�e�e� �����e�am a m��ica m��ica e����eia e����eia �a�a � B�a�il. )O� je����a� �����e�am �m in����men�� chamad� a���. ) O� �ndi�� n�� �abiam m��ica. ) A m��ica b�a�ilei�a � � �e��l�ad� da mi����a mi����a da� c�l���a� ind�gena, af�icana e e����eia. ) O ma�ac� � �m in����men�� in����men�� e����e�. ) O� c�m���i���e� �ena�cen�i��a� de�eja�am e�c�e�e� e�c�e�e� m��ica m��ica ��e n�� f���e �� m��ica �ac�a. ) G�id� D�A�e��� de�en��l�e� de�en��l�e� � �i��ema de n��a��� m��ical ��and� ��and� linha�, em ��b��i��i��� a�� ne�ma�. ) O can��ch�� can��ch�� e�a e�a a m��ica m�del� m�del� em ��da E����a, d��an�e � Rena�cimen��. ) O de�en��l�imen�� da� ��cnica� da ��lif�nia ��lif�nia (c�m��� (c�m��� �a�a �a�a ���ia� ���ia� ���e� �� in����men���) f�i m�i�� ��ili�ada n� Rena�cimen�� e �e�mi�ia efei��� de g�ande b�ilh�, ��e e�am im������ei� a�� en���. ) O �ei ingl�� Rica�d� C��a��� C��a��� de Le�� f�i �m fam��� fam��� ����ad�� na Idade M�dia. ) Gi��anni Pale���ina, J����in de P�e� e Cla�di� M�n�e�e�di f��am im����an�e� im����an�e� c�m���i���e� b�a�ilei���. ) O� c�m���i���e� da Idade Idade M�dia �amb�m e�c�e�iam m��ica in����men�al. in����men�al. ) O����� ����� e����e�� e����e�� c�m� f�ance�e�, f�ance�e�, e��anh�i� e h�lande�e� h�lande�e� �amb�m �amb�m infl�encia�am na f��ma��� da m��ica b�a�ilei�a. ) A m��ica �eligi��a d�� je����a� n�� �e mi����a�a � m��ica ����la� ����la� d�� de�b�a�ad��e�.
52
A�������� 12 � F������� �� M����� B��������� B ��������� �J������� 1) Re���nda a� ��e���e� abai�� de f��ma c�m�le�a: a) P�� ��e �� je����a� �ie�am a� B�a�il? __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ b) Q�ai� f��am �� je����a� ��e mai� �e de��aca�am n� B�a�il? __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ c) Q�al f�i � im�ac�� da infl��ncia e d� d�m�ni� e����e� �a�a a a��e ind�gena? __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ __________________ ___________________________ __________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ ___________ __ 2) A��i��a a�� ��ech�� d� filme �A Mi����� de��acad�� �ela ���fe����a e �b�e��em: O ��e �� je����a� fi�e�am �a�a �e a����ima� d�� �ndi��? O ��e �� �ndi�� a��ende�am c�m �� je����a� e � ��e m�d�� na �ida dele�? Q�ai� elemen��� da m��ica e����eia �� �ndi�� a��ende�am c�m �� je����a�? C�m� e�am a� dan�a� e in����men��� ind�gena�? C�m� e�a a �ela��� d�� �ndi�� c�m a a��e da m��ica?
COM SUAS PALAVRAS, FA�A UM TEXTO (DE 5 A 10 LINHAS) SOBRE A CENA, ABORDANDO AS QUEST�ES ACIMA. __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __ __________________ ___________________________ ___________________ __________________ ________________ ________________ __________________ ____________ __
53
A�������� 13 � F������� �� M����� B��������� B ��������� � M����� A������� 1) A��inale a �nica al�e�na�i�a c���e�a: a) O� ����� ��e �ie�am n�� Na�i�� Neg�ei��� f��am: ( ) Ind�gena�
( ) Af�ican��
( ) E����e��
c) � ca�ac�e����ica da m��ica af�icana: ( ) Ri�m� Sinc��ad�
( ) V�� ana�alada
( ) F��ma can���
d) � �m in����men�� af�ican�: ( ) Vi�la
( ) Be�imba�
( ) Fla��a de P�
e) � �ma l��a e dan�a de ��igem af�icana: ( ) A���
( ) Ne�ma
( ) Ca��ei�a
f) � �ma manife��a��� de ��igem af�icana: ( ) Cab�clinh�
( ) F�lia de Rei�
( ) C�ngada
g) � �ma dan�a de ��igem af�icana: ( ) Samba
( ) Ca�i�a
( ) Fad�
2� Iden�ifi��e a ��igem d�� �e���� abai��. Ma���e c�m � n�me�� 1 �� �e���� d� Hin� Naci�nal B�a�ilei�� e c�m � n�me�� 2 �� �e���� d� Hin� d�� Al�n�� d� C�l�gi� Ped�� II: a) ( ) Ve��� Ve��� ��e e� e� filh� �e� n�� n�� f�ge a l��a b) ( ) N���� �a��� c�n��an�e e �eg��� c) ( ) �N���a �ida�, n� �e� �ei� �mai� am��e��. d) ( ) D�� filh�� de��e ��l� �� m�e gen�il. e) ( ) Alen�em�� a�den�e a e��e�an�a
54
A�������� 15 � S���� V���� � A������� 1) C�m�le�e a� lac�na�: a)
A
�nidade
de
medida
��ada
�a�a
medi�
a
in�en�idade
d��
��n�
�
____________________________________. b)
A� _______________________ ��cai� ��� memb�ana� ��e ���d��em ��n� a� �e�em �ib�ada� �el� a� ��e �em d�� ��lm�e�.
c) Um d�� ��g��� a��ic�lad��e�, ��e c�n�e��em ��n� em c�n��an�e� e ��gai� � ____________________________________. 2) Ma���e V �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� �e�dadei�a� e F �a�a a� al�e�na�i�a� fal�a�: a)
(
) O� ba��lh�� acima de 90 decib�i� ��dem ca��a� ���de�.
b)
(
) O ����e��� a�di�i�� n�� � nece����i� �a�a a� �e���a� ��e ��abalham e�����a� a ba��lh��.
c)
(
) N�� e�i��e nada ��e ����am�� fa�e� �a�a ��e�e��a� n���a �a�de ��cal.
d)
(
) O a�a�elh� f�nad�� � c�m����� ��� ��d�� �� ��g��� ��e ���d��em a ���.
e)
(
) O ciga��� e bebida� alc��lica� n�� fa�em mal a ���.
f)
(
) O� f�ne� de ���id�� in�e�n�� ��dem ca��a� ���de�.
g)
(
) E���da� ��cnica ��cal aj�da a ��ili�a� melh�� a ���.
h)
(
) Ambien�e� �ec��, ale�gia� �e��i�a���ia� e ���blema� g����ic�� ��ej�dicam a n����� ���id��.
56
3) V�c� acha ��e man��m h�bi��� ��e ��dem ��ej�dica� ��a a�di���? Q�ai�? O ��e ��c� ��de fa�e� �a�a m�da� i���? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4) O ��e de�em�� fa�e� �a�a n�� ��ej�dica� n���a ��� a� can�a�? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
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