SUBCOURSE
EDITION
IT 0599
C
US ARMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER APPROACHES
APPROACHES Subcourse Number IT 0599 EDITION C U.S. Army Intelligence Center Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613-6000 4 Credit Hours EDITION DATE:
June 1995
SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW This subcourse teaches the necessary fundamentals to enable the interrogator to "bre "break ak" " the the enem enemy y pris prison oner er of war war (EPW (EPW) ) by usin using g prop proper er appr approa oach ch techniques. Suggested supplemental reading: USAICS subcourses IT 0596, IT 0597, IT 0602, and IT 0604. This subcour subcourse se reflects reflects current current doctrin doctrine e at tine of preparati preparation. on. own work situation, always refer to the latest publications.
In your
The words words "he," "he," "him," "him," "his," "his," and "men," "men," when when used used in this this public publicati ation, on, represent the masculine and feminine genders, unless otherwise stated. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE TASKS:
To make in initial EP EPW contact in a professional an and businesslike manner, select approaches based on available EPW information, properly use selected primary and alternate approaches, and recognize the EPs willingness to cooperate.
CONDIT CONDITION IONS: S:
Perfor Performed med in a tactic tactical al enviro environme nment. nt. Given Given an EPW, EPW, interrogation plan, escort guard, captive tag, documents captured with the EPW, screening and previous interrogation reports, and an interrogation area.
STAN STANDA DARD RDS: S:
To dem demon onst stra rate te com compe pete tenc ncy y of thi this s task task, , you you must must ach achie ieve ve a minimum of 70% on the subcourse examination.
i
IT 0599
TABLE OF CONTENTS Title
Page
Title Page
i
LESSON 1:
INITIAL CONTACT
1-1
Introduction Practice Exercise Answer Key and Feedback
1-1 1-5 1-6
LESSON 2: BASIC APPROACHES
2-1
Introduction Practice Exercise Answer Key and Feedback
2-1 2-9 2-10
LESSON 3: OTHER APPROACHES
3-1
Introduction Practice Exercise Answer Key and Feedback
3-1 3-7 3-8
LESSON 4: APPROACH COMBINATIONS
4-1
Introduction PART A - Identify Approach combinations PART B - Recognize the Breaking Point Practice Exercise Answer Key and Feedback
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ii
4-1 4-1 4-2 4-5 4-6
LESSON 1 INITIAL CONTACT CRITICAL TASK: 301-337-1400 OVERVIEW LESSON DESCRIPTION This lesson will enable you to properly make an implement approach strategy. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTI ACTION ONS: S:
To esta establ blis ish h EPW EPW rapp rappor ort, t, and and conv convin ince ce the the EPW EPW to coop cooper erat ate. e.
CONDITIONS:
Performed in a tactical environment. Given an EPW, inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n plan plan, , esco escort rt guar guard, d, capt captiv ive e tag, tag, docu docume ment nts s captured captured with the EPW, screening screening and previous previous interrogation interrogation reports, and an interrogation area.
STAN STAND DARD ARD:
Tb use use selec elect ted appr appro oach aches, es, and app approac roach hes indi indic cate ated leads, in a smoothly orchestrated technique.
REFE REFERE RENC NCES ES: :
The The mate materi rial al cont contai aine ned d following publications:
in this this less lesson on was was
deri derive ved d
by EPW EPW
from from the the
FM 34-52. STP 34-97E1-SM. INTRODUCTION The adage "first impressions are lasting," when applied to the interrogation field, can have a direct influence on an interrogation's success or failure. The establishment of EPW rapport is an absolute necessity in order to Obtain credib credible le intelli intelligen gence ce informa informatio tion n during during an interrog interrogati ation. on. In order order to establish rapport and the EPWs willing cooperation, the interrogator must be proficient in applying applying approach approach techniques. techniques. The approach approach is considered the most most crucia crucial l interr interroga ogatio tion n phase phase becaus because e everyt everythin hing g revolv revolves es around around the inte interr rrog ogat ator or's 's abil abilit ity y to conv convin ince ce the the EPW EPW to coop cooper erat ate, e, and and answ answer er pertinent interrogation questions. The interr interroga ogator tor's 's initia initial l psycho psycholog logica ical l advant advantage age over over the EPW can be expl exploi oite ted d or abro abroga gate ted. d. Duri During ng the the impl implem emen ent t appr approa oach ch stra strate tegy gy, , the the inte interr rrog ogat ator or is look lookin ing g for for the the key key to unlo unlock ck the the door door to the the EPWs EPWs cooperation. In this respect, EPW assessment assessment is paramount for a successful interrogation.
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Man, by nature, is a social creature, and has the desire to communicate with someone, especially especially after after a traumatic experience experience such as being captured. captured. He has has this this inst instin inct ct, , and and the the need need for for self self-p -pre rese serv rvat atio ion. n. The The EPW EPW is undergoing undergoing shock, shock, insecuri insecurity, ty, fear--th fear--that at helpless helpless feeling. feeling. The EPW feels feels all alone alone, , and that that nobody nobody cares cares or knows knows about about his predic predicame ament. nt. It is during this time the EPWs security awareness/training is at its lowest ebb, and the EPW EPW is looking/hoping looking/hoping for kindness and understanding. It is at this precise moment the interrogator must seize the initiative of the EPWs guilt feeling and allow the EPW to rationalize it all away during the interrogation's approach phase. Listed below are a few reasons why the EPW may resist an approach-* Does not not want want to aid the the enemy. enemy. * Endangeri Endangering ng his comrad comrade's e's lives. lives. * Betray Betrayal al of his his country country. . * Subsequen Subsequent t exposure exposure as as a traitor. traitor. * Dereli Derelicti ction on of duty, duty, peers/comrades down.
loss loss
of
self-e self-este steem, em, mission mission
failur failure, e,
let his
* Retributi Retribution on on himself himself or immediate immediate family. family. * Guilt, Guilt, other other unreso unresolve lved d confli conflicts cts, , innate innate human human conser conservat vatism ism to any change change, , vague vague doubts doubts, , fear fear of the unknow unknown, n, stubbo stubbornn rnness ess, , securi security ty consciousness, lack of trust due to indoctrination. This initial interrogation period, the approach phase, is critical as the interrogator will be making value judgments regarding the EPW in a short period of time, and too often, on fragmentary information. REMEMB REMEMBER: ER: The EPW will will also be evalua evaluatin ting g vu. stat statem emen ent t will will key the EPW EPW to yr perso persona nali lity ty. . approa approach ch profile profile/de /densi nsity ty will be, high high or low factors regarding the EPW and approach are-* Intelligence. * Education. * Military experience. * Reliability. * Cooperativeness. * Mental/physical state. * Interrogation objective. IT 0599
1-2
Theref Therefore ore, , any action action or Bear Bear in mind what what the key. key. Other Other determi determinin ning g
* The interrogator's personality traits, special skills, and abilities. Some specific factors to be discussed in this lesson are-* Initial EPW contact procedures. * Opening remarks preparation. * Maintaining a businesslike attitude. * Determining whether or not to conceal rank and identity from the EPW. DETERMINE INITIAL CONTACT PROCEDURES. The basic basic control control principle principle must must be maintained maintained by by the interrog interrogator. ator. The superio superior r position position in relatio relation n to the EPW. Some items to consider are-* Whethe Whether r or not the EPW should should be waitin waiting g in the interr interroga ogatio tion n room. room. This could be a matter of minutes or in some cases, hours depend on time available. The purpose is two-fold: First, to impress upon the EPW the interr interrogat ogator or is in control control. . Second, Second, to give give the EPW EPW time to think about the situation, and thereby increase the EPWs anxiety. * To have have the the EPW EPW report report in in the the interrog interrogation ation area. probably be used under most circumstances.
This technique technique will
* To arrange arrange the seating seating in such such a way way the the EPW has to to look look up. The legs legs of the chair chair may be shorte shortened ned to accomp accomplis lish h this. this. More More importa important, nt, though, is to have the EPW positioned as to maintain constant eye-toeye contact. MAIN MAINTA TAIN IN A BUSI BUSINE NESS SSLI LIKE KE DEMEA DEMEANO NOR. R. Init Initia ial l EPW EPW cont contac act t mast mast be in a profession professional, al, business businesslike like manner. manner. Being Being overly overly friendly friendly or hostile hostile may may intr introd oduc uce e the the EPW EPW to make make unde undesi sira rabl ble e resp respon onse ses, s, or trig trigge ger r late latent nt resistance resistance trainin training. g. Wait for the the EPW to give give a clear attitud attitude e indicator indicator before affecting any change of mood or personality. CONCEAL RANK/IDENTITY. RANK/IDENTITY. Wear a rank equal equal to or one grade/ grade/step step highe higher r than than the EPW. It is normally best to wear only "US" insignia or nothing at all. Reserv Reserve e name tag tag and address address the the EPW using using a fictit fictitiou ious s name. name. On some occa occasi sion ons, s, you you may may elec elect t to wear wear an insi insign gnia ia of rank rank to main mainta tain in oneoneupmanship over the EPW. This is normally normally done with senior NCOs or officers. You wear a rank one grade higher than the person you are interrogating, but use good good judgment judgment. . If you have have a 21-yea 21-year-o r-old ld interr interroga ogator tor posin posing g as a major, major, it is obviou obvious s to the EPW the rank rank is wrong. wrong. This This would would severel severely y damage the interrogator's credibility.
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REMEMBER: Do not choose to be a medic or a member of the International Red Cross. This is a direct violation of the law of land warfare. warfare. OPENING REMARKS. REMARKS. It is important to avoid any display of nervousness, nervousness, lack of confidence, or any other undesirable characteristic during initial EPW contact. To accomplish this-* Prep Prepar are e open openin ing g rema remark rks s ahea ahead d of tine tine, , convey the exact intonation desired.
and and
rehe rehear arse se them them unti until l
you you
* Wear a clean, clean, pressed pressed uniform. uniform. * Ensu Ensure re perso persona nal l groa groani ning ng is impe impecc ccab able le. . Reme Rememb mber er, , probably be dirty, unshaven, and unkempt in appearance.
the the
* Hav Have a fres resh available.
comf omfort ort
cup
of
coff offee, ee,
cig cigare arettes ttes, ,
or
othe ther
EPW EPW
will will
ite items
Remember the the adage, "first impressions impressions are lasting." lasting." You must impress upon upon the EPW he is the the EPW, and you are in control. In other words, look sharp! Be sharp! Act sharp!
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LESSON 1 Practice Exercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson lesson. . There There is is only only one one corr correct ect answer answer far each each item. item. When When you you have have completed the exercise, check yaw answers with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson which contains the portion involved. 1.
2.
3.
What What should should you do to avoid avoid displayi displaying ng initial initial contac contact t nervousn nervousness ess with with the EPW? A.
Rehe Rehear arse se open openin ing g rem remar arks ks. .
B.
Dress Dress at the same same leve level l of of the the EPW. EPW.
C.
Immedi Immediate ately ly offe offer r the the EPW EPW a ciga cigaret rette. te.
D.
Write Write opening opening remarks remarks on 3x5 3x5 cards cards for reference reference. .
During During initia initial l EPW contact contact, , arrange arrange the seating seating so you have have eye-to-e eye-to-eye ye contact and what else? A.
The The EPW EPW rema remain ins s sta stari ring ng. .
B.
The The EPW EPW is look lookin ing g up up at at you you. .
C.
You You are are look lookin ing g up at the the EPW. EPW.
D.
Both Both of of you you are at the same same leve level. l.
You are a SPC assign assigned ed to to inter interrog rogate ate a senio senior r NOD. NOD. conceal your rank by wearing what. A.
Firs First t ser serge gean ant t ins insig igni nia. a.
B.
"U.S "U.S." ." ins insig ign nia. ia.
C.
Your Your true true ran rank.
1-5
You would would norma normally lly
IT 0599
LESSON 1 PRACTICE EXERCISE Answer Key and Feedback
Item
Correct Answer and Feedback
1.
A.
Rehearse opening remarks.
2.
B.
The EPW is looking up at you.
3.
B.
"U.S." insignia.
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(page 1-4).
(page 1-3).
1-6
(page 1-3).
LESSON 2 BASIC APPROACHES CRITICAL TASK: 301-337-1400 OVERVIEW LESSON DESCRIPTION This lesson will enable you to know the five primary tactical environment approaches used to gain the EPWs willful cooperation. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTI ACTIO ONS: NS:
To per perf form orm pro proper per EPW EPW asse assess ssm ment ent, esta estab blish lish ra rappo pport, rt, mai mainta ntain cont contro rol, l, smoo smooth th tran transi siti tion on from from one one appr approa oach ch to anot anothe her, r, approach is logical, and delivered in a sincere and convincing manner.
CONDITIONS:
Performed in a tactical environment. Given an EPW, inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n plan plan, , esco escort rt guar guard, d, capt captiv ive e tag, tag, doc documen uments ts captured captured with the EPW, screening screening and previous previous interroga interrogation tion reports, and an interrogation area.
STAN STANDA DARD RDS: S:
To use use sele select cted ed appr approa oach ches es, , and and appr approa oach ches es indi indica cate ted d leads, in a smoothly orchestrated technique.
REFE REFERE RENC NCES ES: :
The The mate materi rial al cont contai aine ned d following publications:
in this this less lesson on was was
deri derive ved d
by EPW EPW
from from the the
FM 34-52. STP 34-97E1-SM INTRODUCTION There are 12 approache approaches. s. Five are covered covered in this lesson. lesson. These are the most most common commonly ly used, used, and consid considere ered d applic applicabl able e to a tactic tactical al enviro environme nment. nt. Factors that could influence the success or failure of a certain approach are-* Proper EPW assessment. * Establishment of rapport. * Maintaining control. * Smooth transition from one approach to another. * Approach is logical and delivered in a sincere and convincing manner.
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* EPWs background and knowledgeability. It is to your advantage to keep the above factors in mind when choosing one of the approaches listed below. The five approaches discussed in this lesson are-* "Direct." * "Futility. * "Incentive . * "Emotional." * "Pride and Ego." The other seven approaches are covered in lesson 3. "DIRECT" "DIRECT" APPROACH APPROACH. . To the interrog interrogator ator confron confronted ted with so many many different different approaches, the dilemma arises as to which approach technique to use, and under under what circum circumsta stance nces. s. Actual Actually, ly, the neces necessit sity y for choice choice is not as comp comple lex x as it may seem. seem. The The vast majo majori rity ty of EPW will will respon respond d to the simplest of all approaches - the "direct." This has been documented in each war war we have have been been involv involved ed in durin during g this cent centur ury. y. As in the case case of Vietnam, operations JUST CAUSE and DESERT STORM, over 95 percent of the EPW responded responded to the direct direct approac approach. h. True, the the potential potential adversar adversaries ies we face face today are somewhat more security conscious now than in the past, but the psychological factors of captivity remain the sane, and we can assume in any futu future re conf confli lict ct, , a larg large e perc percen enta tage ge of EPW EPW will will resp respon ond d to this this basi basic c approach. The direct direct approach approach is straight straight forward. forward. The interroga interrogator tor makes makes no effort to conceal conceal the the interrog interrogati ation on purpos purpose. e. The follow following ing factor factors s should should be considered when using the direct approach-Speed. Tine is is the interrogator's perennial enemy, therefore, the primary primary advantage advantage of the direct direct approach approach is is speed. On the modern modern battlefie battlefield, ld, in the heat of battle, the commander's tactical requirements requirements are always subject to chang hange e. If the the inte nterro rrogato gator r is to rend rende er usab usabl le inte ntelli lligen gence informatio information, n, he must must work work with deliber deliberate ate speed. speed. This becom becomes es even more more inoperative when when confronted confronted with a large number of EPW. The time to to extract perishable intelligence information will be limited. Therefore, the direct direct approach should should be used. However, do not sacrifice accuracy for for speed. Minimum Resistance. Resistance. When an EPW EPW appears to offer little little or no no resistance to interr interroga ogatio tion, n, the direct direct approa approach ch is used first. first. This This type of EPW can usually be be detected detected during during the screening process. When faced faced with a large number of prisoners, apply the direct approach to EPW who appear to offer
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2-2
little little or no resista resistance nce during during effective with low level EPW.
scree screenin ning. g.
The
direc direct t
approac approach h
is
very
Lack of Securit Security y Awareness Awareness. . During During forces forces combat mobil mobilizati ization, on, there there is litt little le tire tire to prep prepar are e sold soldie iers rs for for the the even eventu tual alit ity y they they coul could d beco become me prisoners prisoners of war war (PWs). (PWs). Material Material written written by by our soldiers soldiers, , who were were PWs, showed not one of them expected expected to be captured. They nay have been fearful of becoming a battle casualty, but none of them was mentally prepared for capture. There will always be a disparity in security awareness among among EPW. This is partic particularl ularly y true of of irregular irregular forces. forces. EPW who are are rot securit security y conscious, or have had little security training, are highly susceptible to the the dire direct ct appro approac ach. h. Wile Wile this this nay apply apply to any group group or rank, rank, it is especially true of the low-ranking, combat arms soldier. Orchestration. Use of the direct approach is very simple. The interrogator asks direct, direct, pertinen pertinent t questions. questions. The direct direct approach approach may, may, at times, times, be supported by a combination/orche combination/orchestration stration of other other approaches. approaches. However, once an EPW has responded to the direct approach, the EPW will normally continue to respond to that approach. Rememb Remember, er, the advant advantage age of the direct direct approa approach ch is simpli simplicit city y and speed. speed. Also, Also, the interr interroga ogator tor never never reinfo reinforce rces s the direct direct approa approach ch during during the termination phase. “FUTIL “FUTILITY ITY" " APPROACH APPROACH. . In its simple simplest st form, form, the futilit futility y approach approach is an attempt by the interrogator to convince the EPW to cooperate because all is lost, it is useless to resist. Exploitable Features.
To properly properly identify exploitable features you you must--
* Revi Review ew EPWs EPWs circum circumst stan ance ces s of capt captur ure e for an exploi exploita tabl ble e key. For For example, an EPW who voluntarily gave up, or one who surrendered easily when he still had the means to resist or escape, would indicate the EPW EPW is susc susce epti ptible ble to the the fut futili ility appr approa oac ch. It is her here the the interrogator must be able to exploit the EPWs psychological and moral weaknesses. * Rev Review iew batt battl le deve evelop lopmen ments in the the are area of the the EPWs PWs unit unit. . For For instan instance, ce, if the EPWs EPWs unit unit was overwh overwhelm elmed ed before before captur capture, e, the EPW could could easily easily be lead lead to believ believe e the same situat situation ion exists exists in other other combat areas, and these areas are suffering a severe defeat at the hands of our forces, thereby making further- resistance futile.
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* Emphasize Emphasize to the the EPW he is removed removed from the the war, and he has no further further cont contro rol l over over his actio actions ns. . Impr Impres ess s upon the the EPW EPW he shoul should d cease cease resisting and accept his fate. * Review Review any any docum document ents s the EPW EPW had had in his his posses possessio sion. n. These These may may often often reveal reveal exploitabl exploitable e weaknesses weaknesses, , for example, example, letters from home which indica indicate te very very bad condit condition ions, s, docume documents nts showin showing g enemy enemy casual casualtie ties, s, shortages shortages of essen essential tial items items such such as fuel, fuel, food, or ammun ammunition ition. . The interr interroga ogator tor presen presents ts this this inform informati ation on in a persua persuasiv sive e and logica logical l manner. * Inte Interr rrog ogat ator or's 's tone tone of voic voice, e, faci facial al and and body body expr expres essi sion ons s must must be orchestrated in such a way as to induce a mood of resignation on the EPWs part. The voice should be low-keyed, but urgent. The facial and body expressions should be used to accentuate the voice. Other Approaches. Approaches. The futility approach is seldom used used alone, therefore, be prepared to combine/orchestrate combine/orchestrate it with other approaches. approaches. The more common companion approaches are: "we know all," "incentive," "pride and ego," and "emotional." These combined combined approaches approaches have proven to to be highly successful successful with most EPW. Rememb Remember, er, ration rationali alizat zation ion is perhap perhaps s the most most preval prevalent ent of all defens defense e mechanisms mechanisms. . The interro interrogator gator helps helps provide provide the the EPW with with a rational rational basis basis for feeling justified in cooperating. "INCENTIVE" APPROACH. This approach approach is based based on the principle principle of inferred discom discomfor fort t upon upon an EPW who is hostil hostile, e, lacks lacks willpo willpower wer, , or has shown a fondness or weakness for personal or comfort comfort items. The comfort comfort items could be as simple simple as as a cup of of coffee, coffee, or a pack pack of cigare cigarettes. ttes. The method method is simple, furnish these comfort items to the EPW in exchange for cooperation. When dealing with EPW, the interrogator must ensure no items of basic human needs are denied denied to the the EPW. These basic human needs are not negotiable. negotiable. Determine Determine if the incenti incentive ve approach approach can be effect effectivel ively y used. To do this, this, question the escort guard to determine if the EPW has made any requests for comfort comfort items or special special treatme treatment. nt. If time permits permits, , observe observe the EPW for for any indications indications of weaknesses or habits. habits. A certain certain fondness fondness for a comfort comfort item item prov provi ides des the int interr erroga ogator tor with ith a mean means s to rew reward ard the the EPW EPW for cooperating. Acquire Acquire the items items needed. needed. It is importan important t to understan understand d resource resource limits. limits. At brigade or battalion level, those resources will be meager. During incentive approach implementation, comb combi ine/ ne/orc orchest hestr rate ate it with with othe other r app approa roache ches "futility," and "pride and ego."
you such such
will normally as "emo emotion tiona al," l,"
As with developing rapport, the incentive approach can be broken down into two incentives. The determination determination rests rests on when the source expects expects
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to receive the incentive offered.
o
Short Short term-term--rec receiv eived ed wounded buddies.
o
Long term--receiv term--received ed within within a period period of time; time; asylum.
immedi immediate ately; ly;
for
exampl example, e,
letter letter
home, home,
seeing seeing
for example, political political
The EPW may say say anythin anything g to gain the comfort comfort items. items. Be alert alert the EPW does does not provid provide e false false or inaccu inaccurat rate e inform informati ation on to gain gain the desire desired d comfor comfort t item. As mentioned mentioned earlier, earlier, basic basic human human needs are are not negotiable negotiable. . You may not, not, for example, use food, water, clothing, or shelter as an incentive for the EPWs EPWs cooper cooperati ation. on. You may use bette better r or more more elabora elaborate te satisfa satisfacti ction on of those needs. needs. For example, example, if you you were at brigad brigade e and the only only shelter shelter you had for the EPW was a small tent, you may, as an inducement, tell the EPW by cooperating, you could expedite movement to a higher echelon where there are more comfortable comfortable facilities. facilities. You may not not deny the the EPW food, food, but could offer a favorite dish (if available), or perhaps an additional serving of food. "EMOTIONAL" APPROACH. By nature, man is an emotional animal. Under normal circumstances, most people are able to control or disguise their emotions. Howe Howeve ver, r, duri during ng peri period ods s of cris crisis is or trau trauma mati tic c even events ts such such as floo floods ds, , earthq earthquak uakes, es, fires, fires, and so on, we know know people people's 's emotio emotions ns become become intens intense. e. There is probably probably nothing nothing more traumatic traumatic than combat. Added to the the shock of capture and internment, it is easy to see the EPW is likely to demonstrate dominant emotions. The interrogator interrogator employs verbal and emotional emotional ruses ruses in applying pressure pressure to the EPWs dominant emotion(s). The interrogator interrogator can can use this approac approach h positively positively or negativ negatively. ely. These domina dominant nt emotions emotions normally normally fall into into three three categorie categories: s: fear, fear, love, and and hate. hate. Let us concen concentrat trate e on those three, and then briefly cover other possibilities. Fear Fear will will usuall usually y manife manifest st itself itself in the genera general l anxiet anxiety y of surviv survival, al, physical danger, danger, and the dread of the unknown--the uncontrollable. Failure at a particular task, or the sudden occurrence of an unexpected event, can result result in undesirabl undesirable e consequenc consequences. es. Both of these these general general fear fear concepts concepts will will normall normally y be present present in the EPW. EPW. There There are actual actually ly two metho methods ds an interrogator can employ to manipulate manipulate fear as an approach. They are-* Fear-Up Fear-Up is normally normally used used again against st an an EPW who is is nervous nervous or afraid. afraid. It is used when intelligen intelligence ce requireme requirements nts dictate dictate the interroga interrogation tion be comp comple lete ted d as quickl quickly y as possi possibl ble. e. The The inte interr rrog ogat ator or attem attempt pts s to incr increa ease se fear fear and induc induce e the EPW to coope coopera rate te. . To do this, this, the interrogator makes initial EPW contact in a very forceful manner and emotionally overwhelms the EPW. EPW. Remember, the EPW EPW expects expects the worst. The EPW is already convinced something horrible is going to happen. In many instances, the EPW has been subjected to propaganda which may have led the EPW to
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expect expect harsh harsh treatm treatment ent when capture capture. . The interro interrogat gator or should should build build upon this misconception. The interrogator interrogator cannot physically abuse any prisoner. The interrogation interrogation must must comply comply to the letter letter with the Geneva Geneva Conven Conventio tions. ns. Additi Additiona onally lly, , care must must be taken taken so the EPW does not not relate, out of fear, what he thinks you want to hear. Remember, this this techni technique que should should only only be used used in an immedi immediate ate tactic tactical al enviro environme nment nt when a response to a specific priority intelligence requirement/information requirement/infor mation requirement (PIR/IR) is desired. * Fear-D Fear-Down own approa approach ch is employed employed when when an EPW is so full of fear it is impossible to interrogate interrogate in a rational rational manner. The point here is to calm calm the per-son per-son down, down, relieve relieve fears fears, , and establi establish sh rappor rapport. t. The inte interr rrog ogat ator or init initia iall lly y ques questi tion ons s the the EPW EPW on nonp nonper erti tine nent nt fact facts s relating relating to persona personal l or family family life. Primarily Primarily, , questions questions should should be used to steer the EPW back into reality. reality. Be careful not to initially discuss the circumstances of capture, or the combat experience which caus caused ed the EPW to becom become e so frigh frighte tene ned. d. As the EPW EPW becom becomes es more more relaxed, relaxed, alert, alert, and rational, rational, begin begin interject interjecting ing questions questions pertinent pertinent to the interrog interrogation ation objecti objective. ve. This approac approach h requires requires considera considerable ble patien patience. ce. It may be necess necessary ary to repeat repeat the the process process many many times times to obtain the EPWs cooperation. Love approach approach exploits exploits the EPWs EPWs love of family, comrades, and and country. The inte interr rrog ogat ator or must must conv convin ince ce the the EPW EPW he will will help help his his love loved d ones ones by coop cooper erat atin ing. g. Help Help the EPW to rati ration onal aliz ize e by helpi helping ng you, you, he may help help shor shorte ten n the the war, war, redu reduce ce casu casual alti ties es, , or save save the the live lives s of his his fell fellow ow soldiers. This places the burden on the EPW to cooperate. Convince the EPW if he cooperates, cooperates, his family will be provided protection and so on. This is not a very very valid valid approa approach ch in conven conventio tional nal warfare warfare with with any but the most naive of of soldiers. soldiers. This approa approach ch is normally normally used used with with the futilit futility y and incentive approaches. Hate Hate approa approach ch is used used when when an immatu immature re and/or and/or timid timid EPW openly openly displa displays ys hatred for his unit or fellow soldiers. In some instances, instances, hate may be used used succ succes essf sful ully ly when when deal dealin ing g with with an ethn ethnic ic mino minori rity ty memb member er who who feel feels s discri discrimin minate ated d agains against. t. This This approa approach ch is effect effective ive agains against t a person person who likes to blame others for his own failures or adverse predicaments. During the approach, phrase questions in such a way as to suggest to the EPW he is justified justified in his feelings. feelings. Once the EPW accepts this, help him along to rationalize desire for revenge against his unit, commander, country, and so on is is justified. For example, example, suppose the EPW was part of a small small group of five soldier soldiers s who were trying trying to exfiltr exfiltrate ate to friendly friendly lines. lines. The EPW had had a slig slight ht leg woun wound d that that held held the othe others rs up. Duri During ng a surp surpri rise se engagement, the others left the EPW behind and he was subsequently captured. The EPW appears to be angry and dismayed dismayed his group group left him behind. behind. During initia initial l contac contact, t, ask the follow following ing questi question: on: "Since "Since when when is it standa standard rd proc proced edur ure e in your your army army to leav leave e woun wounde ded d behi behind nd?" ?" If the the EPW EPW feel feels s any any antagonism toward toward the group, group, this would throw fuel on the the fire. Later, when the EPW openly displays anger, shift into phase two: "They do not care about you, why should you care about IT 0599
2-6
them?" Again, exercise patience patience when using this approach. Do not expect the EPW to immedia immediatel tely y capitul capitulate ate. . Develo Develop p the EPWs ration rationale ale to the point point where he decides to cooperate. Other Emotions. Emotions. Obviously you are not limited limited to the number of exploitable exploitable emotio emotions. ns. Below Below are three three you shoul should d recogni recognize, ze, and and be able to use in manipulating an EPW-* Greed. * Sorrow. * Joy. To properly use the emotional approach requires intensity on the inte interr rrog ogat ator or's 's part part. . Ofte Often n the the inte interr rrog ogat ator or beco become mes s too too emot emotio iona nall lly y involved to to interrogate interrogate effectively. effectively. The interrogator interrogator must be a good actor whil while e deli delive veri ring ng the the appr approa oach ch in a most most sinc sincer ere e and and conv convin inci cing ng mann manner er. . Emotional Emotional interact interaction ion is a must. must. At the same same time, the inter interrogat rogator or must remain aloof so effective manipulation and control can be maintained. The fear-up approach is never reinforced during the termination phase. "PRIDE "PRIDE AND EGO" APPROACH. APPROACH. This approach approach strate strategy gy is to manipula manipulate te the EPW into revealin revealing g desired desired informatio information n through through goading goading or flattery. flattery. A real or imag imagin inar ary y defi defici cien ency cy conc concer erni ning ng the the EPWs EPWs phys physic ical al char charac acte teri rist stic ics, s, mannerisms mannerisms, , intelligen intelligence, ce, or loyalty loyalty can be powerful powerful weapons in applying applying this approac approach. h. The attitude attitude and and behavior behavior of other other EPW toward toward him, or more more importantly, the EPWs circumstances of capture can provide a base to develop this approac approach. h. Documents Documents capture captured d with the EPW EPW may also provide provide a base base to develo develop p this approa approach. ch. This This approac approach h is successf successful ul against against an EPW who who disp displa lays ys a weak weakne ness ss or feel feelin ing g of infe inferi rior orit ity, y, or who who is prou proud d and and egotistical. There are two methods of employing employing the pride and ego approachapproach* Prid Pride e and and Ego Ego "Up" "Up" appr approa oach ch is empl employ oyed ed by buil buildi ding ng the the EPW EPW up. up. Compliment the EPW on his professional military bearing, or praise him for for his his lead leader ersh ship ip abili ability ty, , and and so on. For For exam exampl ple, e, rake rake the the following statement: "This was one of the smoothest operations I have ever seen. I have seen a lot of other attempts fail miserably. Tell me, how did you pull it off?" * Pride Pride and and Ego "Dow "Down." n." In using using this this appr approac oach, h, espec especial ially ly if the the EPW displays arrogance, belittle the EPW regarding his person, intellect, leadership ability, or his knowledge of military military operations. operations. Put the EPW EPW on the defen defensi sive ve. . This This is effe effect ctiv ive e agai agains nst t the the vain vain, , the the excu excuse ser, r, or one one who who can can neve never r acce accept pt resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty for for his his own own action actions s or mistakes mistakes. . For examp example, le, open open the inter interrog rogati ation on in the following following manner: manner: "Why did did you surrend surrender er when you you could could have easily easily escaped by crossing the river?"
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The The defen efens sive ive EPW EPW will will resp espond ond to defe defen nd hims imself elf thus hus revea eveal ling ing informati information on for further further exploita exploitation tion such such as: "I could could not cross cross the river because it is mined. "You can see how this will open up a whole new questioning sequence of intelligence value. Sequence of Usage. Normally, the interrogator will will not employ employ both usage usage of the pride and ego approach on the same EPW, but, there are times when he may elect to do do so. so. It is is importan important t to use the "up" method method first. first. It is very difficult to tell an EPW he is a ragtag military misfit, and then later praise him for his military genius. It is obvious your your credibility credibility and the approach's credibility credibility would be destroyed. Use the pride and ego "down" as a last resort, or only if positive of success. For obvious reasons, reasons, the pride and ego "down" "down" approach approach is never reinforced reinforced during the termination phase.
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LESSON 2 Practice Exercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson lesson. . There There is is only only one one corr correct ect answer answer for each each item. item. When When you you have have completed the exercise, check your answers with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson which contains the portion involved. 1.
2.
3.
You have have an EPW EPW who has has been complainin complaining g to other other EPW he he was left left behind behind and subsequently subsequently captured. Which approach should you use? A.
Hate.
B.
Love.
C.
Fear up.
D.
Prid Pride e and and ego ego "up. "up." "
You have have an EPW who has has been crying crying, , shaking shaking, , and showin showing g unusual unusual fear fear toward the the guards. guards. Which approach approach would most most likely succeed? A.
Prid Pride e and and ego ego "do "don. n." "
B.
Emotional.
C.
Fear do down.
D.
Fear up.
You have have an an EPW EPW who who is is vain vain and and disp display lays s arrog arroganc ance e towa toward rd you. you. approach should you use? A.
Fear up.
B.
Emotional.
C.
Incentive.
D.
Prid Pride e and and ego ego "do "down wn." ."
2-9
Which Which
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LESSON 2 PRACTICE EXERCISE Answer Key and Feedback Item
Correct Answer and Feedback
1. 2. 3.
A. C. D.
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Ha Hate. (p (page 2-6). Fear down. (page 2-6). Pride and ego "down." (page 2-7)
2-10
LESSON 3 OTHER APPROACHES CRITICAL TASK: 301-337-1400 OVERVIEW LESSON DESCRIPTION This lesson will enable you to know the seven "other" approaches used to gain the EPWs willful cooperation. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTIONS:
Although infrequently used in a tactical approaches can be effective on some EPW.
environment,
these
CONDITIONS:
Performed in a tactical environment. Given an EPW, inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n plan plan, , esco escort rt guar guard, d, capt captiv ive e tag, tag, docu docume ment nts s captured captured with the EPW, screening screening and previous previous interrogation interrogation reports, and an interrogation area.
STAN STAND DARD ARD:
To use use selec elect ted appr appro oach aches, es, and app approac roach hes indi indic cate ated leads, in a smoothly orchestrated technique.
REFE REFER RENC ENCE:
The The mat materi erial cont conta ained ined in this this lesso lesson n following publications:
by EPW EPW
was deri erived ved from from the the
FM 34-52. STP 34-97E1-SM INTRODUCTION The approach approaches es in this lesson lesson are infreque infrequently ntly used. used. However, However, they can can be effect effective ive on sane EPW. EPW. Bear Bear in mind, mind, sane sane approach approaches es discuss discussed ed are not suited for a tactical environment. "FIL "FILE E AND AND DOSS DOSSIE IER" R" APPR APPROA OACH CH. . This This appr approa oach ch is basi basica call lly y wher where e the the interrogator prepares prepares a file on the the EPW and his unit. The interrogator interrogator then proc procee eeds ds to indu induce ce the the EPW EPW to beli believ eve e he poss posses esse ses s such such a volu volume me of info inform rmat atio ion n the the EPW EPW may may as well coope coopera rate te. . This This approa approach ch is normal normally ly employed concurrently with other approaches, for example, "we know all" and "futility." The interrogator interrogator should be aware of of two things: things: First, this this approach is not commonly used, particularly at lower echelons because of the time factor and resources resources involved involved. . Second, Second, the approac approach's h's success success depends depends upon upon the EPWs naiv naive eté, té, amou amoun nt of info infor rmat mation ion avai avail lable able, , and mos most impo mporta rtant, nt, the the interrogator's skill in presenting this this approach. approach. Only the more experienced experienced interrogator should attempt this approach. 3-1
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File File Prepar Preparat atio ion. n. Once Once havin having g revi review ewed ed all availa availabl ble e EPW EPW data data, , and and dete determ rmin ined ed the the "fil "file e and and doss dossie ier" r" appr approa oach ch is to be empl employ oyed ed, , star start t preparing the file. file. The following following is a suggested format-* EPW.
The following following background background information should be accumulated-accumulated--
Personal background. The EPWs EPWs personal personal background background is developed developed to to include include date and place of birth, family members, marital status, and anything else relating to his personal background or habits. Employment record. This should should relate to the EPWs nonmilitary nonmilitary employment. For example, you could determine the EPW had been a bricklayer prior to military induction. Military Military service. service. Include Include such items items as when when and where where the EPW took took basic training, the military military specialty specialty he was trained to perform. perform. Additionally, include include the EPWs EPWs military military ID ID number number and unit unit of assignmen assignment. t. Include Include any known missions, and recent combat experiences. Friend Friends s or associa associates tes names names. . This This could includ include e milita military ry and civilia civilian. n. Include their relation to the EPW, for example, unit commander, schoolmate, or relative. * EPWs Unit-Unit organizations. organizations. You can normally gather this this information information from from order of battle battle (OB) files. files. If specific specific informat information ion is not availab available, le, arrange arrange the organizations based upon the standard organization of a particular type of unit. Loca Locati tion on. . Incl Includ ude e any any know known n unit unit locat locatio ions ns, , such such artillery positions, supply, fuel points, and so on.
as
comm comman and d
post posts, s,
Recent Recent comba combat t history history. . Record Record the the tine and place place of any recen recent t combat combat engagement the EPWs unit was involved in. in. If possible, possible, list any known unit personnel and equipment losses. Miscellane Miscellaneous ous data. data. Include Include any any informati information on passwords, reinforcements, and unit morale.
on
tactic tactics, s,
communi communicatio cation, n,
* EXTRA EXTRA padding: padding: To make make the file file appear appear to have have ,ore ,ore inform informati ation on than it actu actual ally ly cont contai ains ns, , inde index x each each sect sectio ion n and and put put each each piec piece e of informati information on on a separate separate sheet sheet of paper. paper. Also, insert insert blank blank pieces pieces of paper, or nonrelated documents into the file. File Use. Use. When the the file is comple completed ted and checke checked d over, confr confront ont the EPW. EPW. Be deliberate as if studying its contents, stopping occasionally to glance up at at the the EPW. EPW. You want want to increa increase se the the EPWs EPWs anxiet anxiety. y. Read Read some some item items s under various various topics. topics. Then questi question on the EPW about about somethin something g to which you you have the answer. If the EP does not respond, respond, provide the information information
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from the the "file." "file." Convince Convince the the EPW there there is no point point in refusing refusing to answer answer questions since you you have the information information anyway. At this point, you you would normally introduce the "futility" and "we know all" approaches to convince the EPW there is no no point point in resis resisting. ting. You have all the informati information. on. If the EPW is duly impressed with the volume of information, he will conclude there is no real reason for further resistance. resistance. Additionally, you could use the "incentive" approach to further convince the EPW it is to his advantage to start cooperating. "WE KNOW ALL" APPROACH. APPROACH. This approach approach may be used effectively on an EPW who appears very naive or who who has displayed displayed weak resolve. It technically technically may be used alone, but is normally used with the "futility" or "file and dossier" appr approa oach ches es. . The The basi basic c prem premis ise e is to conv convin ince ce the EPW you you know know all information, so he may as well respond respond to your your questions. Some ideas are-* Prepare Prepare questions questions in a logical logical sequence sequence based upon the EPWs background background and and his his unit unit. . The The info inform rmat atio ion n you you alre alread ady y poss posses ess s is the same same information the EPW would probably know. * Question Question the the EPW EPW using using prepare prepared d question questions. s. Whenever Whenever the EPWs EPWs does does not respond or is slow to reply, supply the answer. * Whenev Whenever er the EPW begins begins to respon respond d to which will elicit the red information.
querie queries, s,
interj interject ect question questions s
* You should should withhold withhold some prepared prepared questions questions to be used later to check the EPWs truthfulness, and to reinforce the facade you are presenting - you already know the information. “RAPID “RAPID FIRE" APPROACH APPROACH. . This approac approach h involves involves a psychologi psychological cal ploy ploy based upon upon the the prin princi cipl ple e ever everyo yone ne like likes s to be hear heard d when when he spea speaks ks, , and and is confused when when interrupted interrupted in mid-sentence. This approach approach nay be employed by one or two interrogators. If two interrogators interrogators are are used, they they should be the more more experien experienced ced interr interroga ogator tors. s. The rapid rapid fire fire approach approach requi requires res one interr interroga ogator tor to "read" "read" the other other interr interroga ogator tor's 's mind mind and antici anticipat pate e his actions. This can be a very effective approach if properly conducted. In employing this approach, ask a series of questions in such a manner the EPW does does not not have have time time to comp comple lete tely ly answ answer er each each ques questi tion on befo before re you you ask ask another. This tends to confuse the EPW and he is apt to to contradict himself as he has little little time time to formulate formulate an answer. answer. Then confro confront nt the EPW with with his inconsist inconsistenci encies es causing causing him to make make further further contradi contradiction ctions. s. In many instances, the EPW will begin to talk freely in an attempt to explain or deny the inconsistencies. In attempting attempting to explain explain his answers, the the EPW is likely likely to reveal reveal more more than than intend intended, ed, thus thus creati creating ng additi additiona onal l leads leads for further exploitation.
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Besi Beside des s exte extens nsiv ive e prep prepar arat atio ion, n, this this appr approa oach ch requ requir ires es an expe experi rien ence ced, d, competent interrogator, one who has a comprehensive knowledge of the case, and extreme extreme fluency fluency in the EPWs EPWs language language. . This approa approach ch is most effectiv effective e immediately after capture because of the EPWs state of confusion. “SILENT” APPROACH. APPROACH. This approach approach may be successful successful when used on the nervous or confident confident EPW. EPW. When employing employing this approach, approach, say say absolutely absolutely nothing nothing to to the EPW, but look him square in the eye, preferably with a slight smile on your face. It is important not not to look look away from the EPW, but to force EPW to break eye-to-eye eye-to-eye contact contact first. The EPW will will become nervous nervous and begin to shift around around in his his chair. chair. The EPW may may ask question questions, s, but do not respon respond d unti until l good good and ready ready to brea break k the the deaf deafen enin ing g sile silenc nce. e. Be patie patient nt when when employ employing ing this this approac approach. h. It may appear appear for for awhile awhile the approac approach h is not succeeding succeeding, , but it usually usually does when when given given a reasonable reasonable chance. chance. When time time is critical, care must be used when employing this approach. "CHANGE "CHANGE OF SCENE" SCENE" APPROACH APPROACH. . The idea idea in using this this approach approach is to get the the EPW away from from the atmospher atmosphere e of the interrogat interrogation ion setting. setting. If confronte confronted d with with an EPW EPW who who is frig fright hten ened ed or appr appreh ehen ensi sive ve of the the inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n environmen environment, t, this approach approach could could prove prove effective. effective. In some circums circumstance tances, s, invite the EPW for coffee and pleasant conversation or take a walk with the EPW into a more relaxed environment. environment. During the conversation, in this more rela relaxe xed d atmo atmosp sphe here re, , stee steer r the the conv conver ersa sati tion on to the the topi topic c of inte intere rest st. . Thro Throug ugh h this this some somewh what at indi indire rect ct meth method od, , atte attemp mpt t to elic elicit it the the desi desire red d information. The EPW may never realize he is being interrogated. You might pose as a guard, engage the EPW in conversation, and then elicit the desired information. The approach approach requires requires skill and patience, patience, should only be used by an experienced interrogator, and when time is not a critical factor. "REPETITION" APPROACH. This approach approach is normally used used to induce cooperation cooperation from from a hostil hostile e EPW. The purpo purpose se is to bore bore the EPW EPW to such such a degree degree he answers answers questions questions, , out of frustrati frustration, on, fully and candidly to gain relief from from the monoton monotony. y. This This method method may be employ employed ed in one of the follow following ing manners-* Ask Ask a ques questi tion on, , question.
and and
when when
* Ask Ask a ques questi tion on, , and and question and answer.
when when
the the
the the
EPW EPW
EPW EPW
answ answer ers, s,
imme immedi diat atel ely y
repe repeat at
the the
resp respon onds ds, ,
imme immedi diat atel ely y
repe repeat at
the the
* Ask a differ different ent questi question, on, then then go back to a previo previous us one, and repeat repeat the question or question and answer.
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* One interrog interrogato ator r asks asks the EPW repeat repeated ed interrogator asks the same questions.
questi questions ons, ,
then then
a
differ different ent
This approach approach requires requires interrogator self-control. It is not very very adaptive adaptive to an EPW who is introverted introverted or displays good good self-control. self-control. In fact, it may buy the EPW time to regain composure, and delay the interrogation. "ESTABLISH "ESTABLISH YOUR YOUR IDENTITY" IDENTITY" APPROA APPROACH CH. . This approac approach's h's basic basic premise premise is to create create a situat situation ion where where the interr interroga ogator tor accuses accuses the EPW of being being some some infamous person wanted by higher authority as the perpetrator of a serious offense. In a genuine genuine effort to to clear himself, himself, the EPW is forced forced to provide provide information to establish establish his true true identity. The approach approach is most most useful in dealing dealing with insurgents, insurgents, but not normally normally adaptive adaptive to a traditiona traditional l combat combat environment against conventional forces.
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LESSON 3 Practice Exercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson lesson. . There There is is only only one one corr correct ect answer answer for each each item. item. When When you you have have completed the exercise check your answers with the answer key that follows. If you answer any question incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson which contains the portion involved. 1.
2.
3.
You have an surroundings.
EPW who appears apprehensive or frightened Which approach would you most most likely likely use?
A.
"Silent."
B.
"Cha "Chang nge e of scen scene. e." "
C.
"Fil "File e and and doss dossie ier. r." "
D.
"Est "Estab abli lish sh your your iden identi tity ty. .
of
his
The "file "file and dossier dossier" " approach approach is effectiv effective e against against a naive EPW. A.
True.
B.
False.
The "silen "silent" t" approach approach is effecti effective ve against against a confident confident EPW. A.
True.
B.
False.
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LESSON 3 PRACTICE EXERCISE Answer Key and Feedback
Item
Correct Answer and Feedback
1.
B.
"Change of scene."
2.
A.
Tr True.
(p (page 3-1)
3.
A.
Tr True.
(p (page 3-4)
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(page 3-4)
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LESSON 4 APPROACH COMBINATIONS CRITICAL TASK: 301-337-1400 OVERVIEW LESSON DESCRIPTION This lesson will enable you to develop primary and alternate approaches, approaches, and initial contact material, so the presentation of arguments and information are are orde orderl rly y and and mutu mutual ally ly reinfo reinforc rcin ing. g. To chang change e from from the primar primary y to altern alternate ate approa approach ch withou without t breaki breaking ng moment momentum, um, and to recogn recognize ize the EPWs EPWs breaking point. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE ACTI ACTIO ONS: NS:
To und under ers stan tand app approa roach tec techn hni ique que appl applic ica atio tions thr throu ough gh pro prope per r interrogation planning and preparation
CONDITIONS:
Performed in a tactical environment. Given an EPW, inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n plan plan, , esco escort rt guar guard, d, capt captiv ive e tag, tag, docu docume ment nts s captured captured with the EPW, screening screening and previous previous interrogation interrogation reports, and an interrogation plan.
STAN STANDA DARD RDS: S:
To use use sele select cted ed appr approa oach ches es, , and and appr approa oach ches es indi indica cate ted d leads, in a smoothly orchestrated technique.
REFE REFER RENC ENCE:
The The mate materi ria al cont ontaine ained d following publications:
in this this less lesson on as
by EPW EPW
deri deriv ved fro from
the the
FM 34-52. STP 34-97E1-SM In previous lessons, you learned about different approaches, how, and under what circumstances circumstances to use them. In this lesson, you you will learn learn how to take the "nuts" "nuts" and "bolts "bolts" " and fit them them all together. together. Since there there are are so many variables when dealing with another human being, no one approach is set in concrete. concrete. You must must study and and understa understand nd the applicati application on of the approac approach h phas phase e of inte interr rrog ogat atio ion n to effe effect ctiv ivel ely y acco accomp mpli lish sh your your miss missio ionn--t -the he extraction of intelligence information. PART A - IDENTIFY APPROACH COMBINATIONS There are a myriad of approach combinations available to the interrogator, and he is limited only by imagination as to what approach combinations to use. The interrog interrogator ator does does not arbitra arbitrarily rily choose choose an approa approach ch because because it worked on another EPW. The interrogator interrogator must do homework to choose a viable primary and alternate approach strategy. strategy. The success/failure success/failure of an approach largely depends on how well the interrogator planned and prepared 4-1
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for the interrogation. Initial EPW EPW contact is based upon prior assessment accomplished during the planning and preparation phase of the interrogation. The interrogator must have a logical alternate readily available should the primary approach fail. In some cases, due to circumstances beyond control, the interrogator will not have sufficient background and behavioral behavioral data available on the EPW. It then becomes necessary, during the initial contact, to quickly and correctly assess assess the EPW. Even if the the interrogato interrogator r did have time time to assess assess the EPW prior prior to initia initial l contac contact, t, the occasi occasion on could could presen present t itself itself whereb whereby y the interrogator must make an on-the-spot on-the-spot adjustment adjustment in approach strategy. The import important ant thing thing to remembe remember r is to make make this adjust adjustmen ment t gradual gradually. ly. The approach cannot cannot be altered in mid-sentence and be effective. This would be like switching from English to Russian in mid-sentence. PART B – RECOGNIZE THE BREAKING POINT The failure of the interrogator to recognize the EPWs breaking point can be disast disastrou rous s and negate negate the approach approach. . Overki Overkill ll can cause cause the EPW, who is willing willing to talk, talk, to retain retain silent. silent. The EPW is is not going going to wave wave a bright bright red flag, jump up and say: "Okay, What do you want to know?" The EPW will give indicat indications ions, , no matter matter how subtle, subtle, he he is willing willing to cooper cooperate. ate. The interrogator must be ever vigilant for those indicators. Two blatant indicators the EPW is responding to an approach are-* Answering questions. * Voluntarily divulging information. Other indicators ray require the interrogator to help the EPW rationalize his cooperation, or may require a gentle verbal nudge are-* The EPW EPW attempt attempts s to bargain. bargain. Once an EPW EPW starts starts to bargain bargain, , he has no no objections to answering questions, but this may require some assurance of material benefits or status change. * Requ Reques ests ts for for assu assura ranc nce e (aga (again in the the cooperation). Help the EPW along.
EPW EPW
is tryi trying ng to rati ration onal aliz ize e
his his
* The EPWs EPWs stat stateme ement nt of appre apprecia ciatio tion n for any any kindn kindness ess show shown. n. The EPW EPW will will normal normally ly indica indicate te he wishes wishes to ingrat ingratiat iate e himsel himself, f, and with with a gent gentle le verb verbal al nudg nudge e in the the righ right t dire direct ctio ion, n, he shou should ld resp respon ond d to questions. * Statements from from the EPW indicate resignation resignation or approach acceptance. acceptance. * The EPW who previousl previously y was quick to refuse refuse to answer or rebut suddenl suddenly y seems hesitant to do so.
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* Reques Requests ts for for specia special l treatm treatment ent or or luxury luxury item items. s. you bow to break him.
The EPW EPW is tell telling ing
* Obvious Obvious loss loss of composure composure or or confidence confidence. . * The EPWs abrupt abrupt attitude attitude change change normal normally ly indica indicates tes a relaxa relaxatio tion n of resistance. However, this is not always the case. An abrupt attitude change could also indicate the failure of a particular approach, time to change approach strategy. Rememb Remember, er, the greate greatest st asset asset to an interr interroga ogator tor is to remain remain flexib flexible. le. Interrogation is not a cut and dry manual function that can be applied in rote fashion. fashion. Interrogation is a soft skill skill requiring requiring subjective subjective judgment on a continuing continuing basis. basis. The interaction interaction between an interrogator interrogator and the EPW cannot be expressed on a piece of paper. All of the judgment factors factors cannot be listed. listed. It takes takes extensi extensive ve traini training ng to became became highly highly profic proficien ient t in appr approa oach ch techn techniq ique ues. s. Sinc Since e the the huma human n elem elemen ent t can can neve never r be remov removed ed, , application of approaches must be used on a recurring basis to maintain the skill. skill. A person person can be superb superb at at the other other four phases phases of inter interrogat rogation, ion, but if a person can not persuade an EPW to cooperate through the use of an approach - then what?
4-3
IT 0599
LESSON 4 PRACTICE EXERCISE The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson lesson. . There There is is only only one one corr correct ect answer answer for each each item. item. When When you you have have completed the exercise, check your answers with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson which contains the portion involved. 1.
2.
3.
The interr interrogato ogator r must must remain remain how how when when using using a specif specific ic approac approach? h? A.
Firm.
B.
Flexible.
C.
Cautions.
D.
Lang Langua uage ge pro profi fici cien ent. t.
What What is a approach?
blat blatan ant t
indi indica cato tor r
that that shows shows the EPW is
A.
Requ Reques ests ts for for assu assura ranc nce. e.
B.
Obvi Obviou ous s los loss s of of com compo posu sure re. .
C.
The The EPW EPW atte attemp mpts ts to to barg bargai ain. n.
D.
Volunt Voluntari arily ly divu divulgi lging ng info informa rmatio tion. n.
Fail Failur ure e by the the inte interr rrog ogat ator or negate the approach? A.
Brea Breaki kin ng poi poin nt.
B.
Emot Emotio ion nal sta state te. .
C.
Injuries.
D.
Arrogance.
to
reco recogn gniz ize e
4-5
what what
on
resp respon ondi ding ng to
the the
EPWs EPWs
part part
an
can can
IT 0599
LESSON 4 PRACTICE EXERCISE Answer Key and Feedback Item
Correct Answer and Feedback
1.
B.
Flexible.
2.
D.
Voluntarily divulging information.
3.
A.
Br Breaking point.
IT 0599
(page 4-3.
(p (page 4-2).
4-6
(pages 4-2).
