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Little things can kill you and little things can keep you alive on the road. What are those little things?
The little things that may kill you on the road are as follows:1. Not Not putt puttin ing g on sea seatt elt elts. s. !. goin going g eyo eyond nd spee speed d ment mentio ion n ". With With high high eam eam light lightss on during during the the night. night. #. $se of cellph cellphone oness whil whilee drivi driving. ng. %. &mok &mokin ing g whi while le driv drivin ing g '. (hecki (hecking ng mirro mirrors rs for for makeup makeup while while driv driving ing ). *oad ra rage +. ,ggr ,ggres essi sive ve driv drivin ing g . rivin riving g during during ad heal health th condi conditi tions ons 1/. Not checking lind spots and mirrors mirrors while changing lane and taking taking turns. 11. 11. rink rink and drive drive
The little things that may keep you alive on the road are as follows:1. ,lways ,lways wear seat elt elt while while driving driving or as as a passeng passenger. er. !. ,lways ,lways try to to maintain maintain the speed limit limit as as shown shown on the road road signs. signs. ". $s $see only only low low eam eam headl headlig ight hts. s. #. Never Never use use cell cellpho phones nes whil whilee drivi driving. ng. %. Neve Neverr &mok &mokee whil whilee driv drivin ing g '. o not check check mirr mirrors ors for for makeup makeup whil whilee drivin driving g ). on0 on0tt e e a par partt of of *oad *oad rag ragee +. on0t on0t e an aggress aggressive ive driver driver . ,lways ,lways make sure sure your your that your your health health conditions conditions are good to drive drive vehicle. vehicle. 1/. ,lways check lind spots and mirrors while changing lane and taking taking turns. 11. Never mi drinking and driving together. together.
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What is road rage? What factors cause road rage? What can you do to prevent it?
*oad *age : 2t0s a known fact for many years that when we are ehind a wheel3 we feel in control of not only the car ut of the road that we drive on. 2n doing so3 this is our first fatal error3 which leads to ad driving and irritant fellow drivers and even3 in the worst cases3 angry drivers that we hear aout in the newspaper who are commonly referred to as *4, *,56. We do not own the road. We share the road
7actors of road rage are as follows:1. Tailgat gating !. (hanging (hanging lanes lanes without without using signals signals or signalling signalling late late ". &peeding #. 8onk 8onkin ing g at at dri drive vers rs %. *ude *ude gestu gestures res33 like like the finger finger '. (uttin (utting g drivers drivers and and then sudden suddenly ly slowin slowing g down ). 9ulling 9ulling up in front front of someone someone and then then taking taking too long long to get get up to speed speed +. Weavin aving g in and and out out of of lanes lanes . locki locking ng the inter intersec sectio tion n or hogging hogging the lane lane 1/. 9laying the radio too loud with the windows rolled rolled down
7actors of road rage are as follows:1. Neve Neverr do do Ta Tailgat ilgatin ing g !. Never change change the the lanes without without using using signals signals or signalling signalling late late ". on0 on0tt over over spee speed d #. on0 on0tt honk honk at driv driver erss %. on0t on0t show show rude rude gestu gestures res33 like like the fing finger er '. on0t do things things such such as cutting cutting drivers drivers and and then suddenly suddenly slowing slowing down ). on0t pull up in front front of someon someonee and then taking taking too too long to to get up to to speed +. on0 on0tt weav weavee in and and out out of of lanes lanes . on0t on0t lock lock the the inters intersect ection ion or hoggi hogging ng the lane lane 1/. on0t play the radio radio too loud with the windows rolled down
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What is road rage? What factors cause road rage? What can you do to prevent it?
*oad *age : 2t0s a known fact for many years that when we are ehind a wheel3 we feel in control of not only the car ut of the road that we drive on. 2n doing so3 this is our first fatal error3 which leads to ad driving and irritant fellow drivers and even3 in the worst cases3 angry drivers that we hear aout in the newspaper who are commonly referred to as *4, *,56. We do not own the road. We share the road
7actors of road rage are as follows:1. Tailgat gating !. (hanging (hanging lanes lanes without without using signals signals or signalling signalling late late ". &peeding #. 8onk 8onkin ing g at at dri drive vers rs %. *ude *ude gestu gestures res33 like like the finger finger '. (uttin (utting g drivers drivers and and then sudden suddenly ly slowin slowing g down ). 9ulling 9ulling up in front front of someone someone and then then taking taking too long long to get get up to speed speed +. Weavin aving g in and and out out of of lanes lanes . locki locking ng the inter intersec sectio tion n or hogging hogging the lane lane 1/. 9laying the radio too loud with the windows rolled rolled down
7actors of road rage are as follows:1. Neve Neverr do do Ta Tailgat ilgatin ing g !. Never change change the the lanes without without using using signals signals or signalling signalling late late ". on0 on0tt over over spee speed d #. on0 on0tt honk honk at driv driver erss %. on0t on0t show show rude rude gestu gestures res33 like like the fing finger er '. on0t do things things such such as cutting cutting drivers drivers and and then suddenly suddenly slowing slowing down ). on0t pull up in front front of someon someonee and then taking taking too too long to to get up to to speed +. on0 on0tt weav weavee in and and out out of of lanes lanes . on0t on0t lock lock the the inters intersect ection ion or hoggi hogging ng the lane lane 1/. on0t play the radio radio too loud with the windows rolled down
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2f ,( ;lood alcohol concentration< does not depend on what you drink3 and then what does it depend on? =>now your limit 6ercise: @r , ;1!% ls< goes to a party at + pm3 has ! drinks the first hour3 1 drink the second hour3 1 drink the third hour3 ! drinks the fourth hour and 1 for the road. (alculate his ,( at ! am and 1/ am. Body weight 45 kg or 100 lbs 56 kg or 125 lbs 68 kg or 150 lbs 79 kg or 175 lbs 90 kg or 200 lbs 102 kg or 225 lbs 113 kg or 250 lbs
BAC per drink 43 34 29 25 22 19 17
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What is the relationship etween vehicle3 driving and environment? What can you do to reduce the impact of driving on the environment for future generations?
There is a strong relationship among vehicle driving and environment. To drive a vehicle3 we need fuel. 2n engine3 the miture of fuel and air enters the engine cylinder and gets urn to produce the power. ,fter the urning of fuel3 the urnt miture gets ehausted in the atmosphere. These ehausted gas contain various type of gases such as poisonous gas (43 greenhouse gases (4!3 (8#3 8!4 etc.3 and acidic gases like &4! and N4. Effect of CO on environment: - (aron monoide enters the loodstream and reduces oygen delivery to the odyAs organs and tissues. The health threat from eposure to (4 is most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease. 8ealthy individuals are also affected3 ut only at higher levels of eposure. 6posure to elevated (4 levels is associated with visual impairment3 reduced work capacity3 and reduced manual deterity3 poor learning aility3 and difficulty in performing comple tasks. 69,As health-ased national air Buality standard for (4 is parts per million ;ppm< measured as an annual second-maimum +-hour average concentration. Effect of Greenhouse gases: - They uild up in the atmosphere and warm the climate3 leading to many other changes around the worldCin the atmosphere3 on land3 and in the oceans. Effect of Acidic gases : - These types of gases are responsile for acid rain. 2t means rain that is acidic in nature due to the presence of certain pollutants in the air due to cars. ,cid rain can occur in form of rain3 snow3 fog or dry material that settle to earth.
There are many ways y which we can reduce the environmental effect of driving on environment. 1. We should avoid idling. 2dling urns fuel which we can save y turning engine 477. !. We should maintain proper tyre pressure. ". *egularly changing the filters. #. We should consolidate trip to avoid suseBuent trips %. (onsider walk for a shorter distance '. $se pulic transport whenever possile.
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What is the difference etween stopping distance and following distance? o not forget to eplain perception3 reaction and raking time.
&topping istance is the summation of distraction time3 perception time3 reaction time and reaking time. 2.e & D 9* 7ollowing distance is the summation of istraction time3 9erception time and *eaction Time 2.e 7 D 9* erce!tion Time:- 6yes take pictures and send to rain. rain ased on knowledge and eperience3 take a decision and send order to foot or hands to do something. Time rain needs to do this is perception time. ,verage person0s average perception time is E seconds. 7aster you go more information flood in your rain3 therefore rain slows down so your perception time will e more. Reaction Time :- *eactionTime is the time driver needs to move foot from one pedal to other pedal; from gas to rake or from rake to gas <. ,verage person0s average reaction time is E seconds. 2f you are tired3 impaired or sleepy3 your reaction time will e more.
rakingTime :- reaking time is the time you need to stop after you hit the rake. ,verage raking distance in the city at %/ kmFhr is ! seconds.7aster you go more will e the raking distance.
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@omentum is your friend and traction is your enemy. 6plain in details.
2 do not agree with the aove statement. 2n case of safe driving the traction is friend and momentum is enemy. The reasoning has een eplained elow. "omentum:- ,s per the scientific definition of momentum3 the momentum is eBual to the product of Weight or @ass of oGect and velocity of oGect y which is the moving.
2.e @ D m v H m D mass and v D velocity #orce of im!act is the amount of force with which something hits something else. 2n other words it is the amount of force that the oGect is acted upon. 2t is the force that something hits or is hit with. Time of im!act is the time that it takes something eperience the force of impact. riving and impulse: 2f two cars with different masses crash head on into each other at identical speeds3 the car with less mass will proaly suffer more damage than the car with more mass. The car with the smaller mass is unale to withstand the impact of the car with the greater mass ecause the car with more mass has more momentum. @omentum is mass times velocity 7or eample3 when you have a large truck and a small car traveling at the same speed the large truck is harder to stop ecause it has a igger mass3 and therefore a igger momentum. oth vehicles are going at the same speed ut the truck has the igger mass. @ass is the amount of matter in an oGect. Ielocity is the speed together with direction of motion. 2mpulse is a change is momentum. Traction :- Traction is the reactive force in the direction to the force applied There are different kinds of traction. 7or instance3 thereAs one kind of traction when we rake3 another when we accelerate3 and still another when we turn. Traction control deals specifically with lateral ;front-to-ack< loss of friction during acceleration. 2n other words3 when your car accelerates from a dead stop3 or speeds up while passing another vehicle3 traction control works to ensure maimum contact etween the road surface and your tires3 even under less-than-ideal road conditions. 7or eample3 a wet or icy road surface will significantly reduce the friction ;traction< etween your tires and the pavement. ,nd since your tires are the only part of your car that actually touches the ground3 any resulting loss of friction can have serious conseBuences.
&ince traction if important in driving to take turn3 stop and to apply rakes3 it the essential part of driving whereas the momentum kills and as the weight of vehicle is constant the only way to reduce is y driving under safe limits and keeping safe distance etween the vehicle.
“SEVEN STAR” ,ccurate risk-perception is also a kind of responsile driving. True or false? What are the factors which affect risk-perception?
2 agree with the statement that =,ccurate risk-perception is also a kind of responsile driving. efensive driving is also accurate perception of personal limits3 ailities and risk tolerance ,ccurate risk-perception contriutes to safe driving ehaviour. ifferent types of drivers angerous driving ,ggressive driving &treet racing (onseBuences ;personal3 social3 legal3 economic< 9ersonal risk-tolerance (aution versus risk Judging risks in various situations *ole of over-confidence and under-confidence in inaccurate risk-perception ,ccurate risk perception Kuick and effective reaction times 9roactive versus reactive driving action 6pectations of other road-users (onseBuences of not doing what other road-users epect &afe time margins #actors that affect driver ris$-!erce!tion river age 6perience riving environment @ental factors self-esteem3 aggression o frustration3 impatience o feelings of power o overconfidence o awareness of conseBuences o 9hysical factors *ole of self-control Need for peer approval 9erception of other drivers 2mpairment • •
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“SEVEN STAR” istracted driving causes at least 1 out of " collisions. @ake a list of at least !/ distractions and circle the top % which cause collisions.
The list of !/ distractions is as follows: 1. $sing cell phones while driving !. &moking while driving ". 6ating food #. rinking alcohol %. Taking eyes off road to search something. '. Listening loud music ). (hanging music too freBuently. +. riving a noisy vehicle. . Thinking aout something else while driving 1/. Work &tress 11. *oad rage 1!. Talking to passengers. 1". Wipers not running smoothly in rainy season. 1#. ,pplying make-up 1%. riving for long time without taking reak 1'. 8ealth condition is not good 1). ,( F heaters are not working properly during summer and winter season resp. 1+. Wearing uncomfortale footware and clothes while driving. 1. reaks are weak. !/. Wheels are not alanced align.
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@ake a list of all the collision factors for new drivers and provide solutions for each factor.
%ist of co&&ision factors
So&utions for co&&ision factors
rink and drive
Never comine drinking with driving
4ver speeding
,lways maintain the speed limit as per the road sign
Tailgating
Never tailgate someone.
@aintain less space than desired
,lways maintain the space etween the vehicle
Not stopping at &T49 sign
,lways stop at &T49 sign
Not signalling while taking turns and changing lanes
,lways signals while taking turns and changing lanes
Not looking at mirrors and lind spots efore turns and changing lanes
,lways look into the mirrors and check lind spots efore changing lanes and turning Never use cell phone while driving
$sing cell phones while driving
2mproper health condition
Never drive a vehicle when health condition doesn0t permit
&moking while driving
o not smoke while driving
“SEVEN STAR” ,ll collisions are preventale. What can and will you do to make the roads safer?
The things that 2 will do prevent collisions are as follows:1. 2 will not use cell phones while driving !. 2 will not smoking while driving ". 2 will not eat food while driving #. 2 will never rink and drive together. %. 2 will never speed up than the limit mentioned '. 2 will not tailgate someone. ). 2 will keep proper distance etween the vehicle +. 2 will calm down from my stress efore driving. . 2 will follow the &T49 sign and signals 1/. 2 will always signal efore taking turns and changing lanes. 11. 2 will check the vehicle condition efore driving. 1!. 2 will not drive if my health doesn0t permit me to do so.
5ive your definition of efensive riving and eplain what will you do to e a defensive driver and how will you promote defensive driving to your loved ones?
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efensive riving is a techniBue to epect the unepected like collisions or ad weather and how to avoid such things. efensive riving is a comination of visiility3 space3 communication. Iisiility Iisiility in this case refers to the awareness of your fellow drivers and road users and their awareness of you. When the driver is more aware of hisFher surroundings3 they0re ale to anticipate dangerous situations and respond accordingly to prevent them. , good defensive driver checks the mirror every five seconds or so3 scanning the traffic ehind them as well as constantly scanning the roads ahead and ehind them. The driver also needs to ensure that their fellow drivers can see them and that their intentions are clear y using signal lights and staying out of one0s lind spot. &pace The key to the safety of the driver is allowing for space etween the vehicles3 not only in front and ehind3 ut on oth sides of the lane. 5enerally3 the greatest risk of a collision is in front of the driver. Therefore leaving a cushion of space ahead gives the driver time and space to avoid an accident. (ommunication , driver should courteously communicate with other road users for mutual safety. Whenever necessary3 they should make eye contact with other drivers3 pedestrians3 cyclists... This is especially important when the driver wants to turn o r change lanes3 or stop or proceed at an intersection. ,lthough not encouraged3 if one needs to3 one can use their horn to attract a person0s attention. 2 will definitely promote the defensive driving y educating my friends and family aout the enefits of it. 2 will suggest all my young friends to opt the defensive driving course which will reduce the proaility of collision and increase awareness aout the skills to avoid unepected conditions.
Which situation is more dangerous: a truck following you too closely or you driving ehind the ig truck which is locking your view ahead? 6plain.
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oth the situations are dangerous. 8owever3 2 my opinion the situation where the ig truck is following too closely is more dangerous.
Situation ': (hen the truc$ is fo&&o)ing *ou too c&ose&*
The ig truck in comparison to a small car is having more weight and velocity almost eBuals to the car as the truck is following too closely. Now as per the law of momentum we know that the @omentum D weight velocity &o lets consider the mass3 velocity and momentum of car as w13 v13 and @1 resp. and that of ig truck is w!3 v! and @!resp. Now as the velocities are same ; that is v1Dv!< the momentum is now the function of mass. 8ence the momentum of truck will e more than that of car. Now in the condition of sudden stopping3 a car can stop at the safe distance due to less momentum. 8owever the truck will need more distance to stop completely. This )i&& resu&t in a definite co&&ision+
Situation ,: (hen driving ehind the truc$ is &oc$ing the vie)
When the ig truck is moving ahead the car it is perhaps locking the view of car driver. 8owever3 the car driver can increase the space etween them and hence increase the view. 2n this case the collision can e avoided y increasing the space etween the vehicles there y reducing the proaility of collision. 8ence this is a less risky situation than the one mentioned aove.
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Session .' /enefits of driving education Why are you here? 2nsurance discount • *educe waiting period for road test • To gain parent0s confidence • To learn and ecome a defensive driver •
$p to date knowledge of traffic rules ,dapting ad haits from others 6nvironmental effect 2n-class will ecome an essential foundation to what will e epected in the car. ,ll the things you will learn here in #/ hrs3 you are going to use for net '! years. • • •
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Safe0 Res!onsi&e and 1efensive 1riving
When one starts learning to drive3 the student focuses on the asic driving techniBues and adhering to the rules of the road ;e. traffic lights3 stop signs3 crosswalks3 etcM<. The school0s role is to teach their students not only the asics descried ut also to go eyond y teaching them to ecome safe and responsile drivers. 8ence3 the students are taught to epect the unepected like collisions or ad weather and how to avoid such things. 2n other words3 students are taught =defensive driving. efensive riving is a comination of visiility3 space3 communication. Iisiility Iisiility in this case refers to the awareness of your fellow drivers and road users and their awareness of you. When the driver is more aware of hisFher surroundings3 they0re ale to anticipate dangerous situations and respond accordingly to prevent them. , good defensive driver checks the mirror every five seconds or so3 scanning the traffic ehind them as well as constantly scanning the roads ahead and ehind them. The driver also needs to ensure that their fellow drivers can see them and that their intentions are clear y using signal lights and staying out of one0s lind spot. &pace The key to the safety of the driver is allowing for space etween the vehicles3 not only in front and ehind3 ut on oth sides of the lane. 5enerally3 the greatest risk of a collision is in front of the driver. Therefore leaving a cushion of space ahead gives the driver time and space to avoid an accident. (ommunication , driver should courteously communicate with other road users for mutual safety. Whenever necessary3 they should make eye contact with other drivers3 pedestrians3 cyclists... This is especially important when the driver wants to turn o r change lanes3 or stop or proceed at an intersection. ,lthough not encouraged3 if one needs to3 one can use their horn to attract a person0s attention. Safe0 res!onsi&e and defensive driving &afe driving is a form of training for motor vehicle drivers that goes eyond mastery of the rules of the road and the asic mechanics of driving. 2ts aim is to reduce the risk of driving y anticipating dangerous situations3 despite adverse conditions or the mistakes of others. This can e achieved through adherence to a variety of general rules3 as well as the practice of specific driving techniBues. *esponsile driving: riving predictaly • riving courteously •
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riving artfully eing a safe and responsile driver takes a comination of knowledge3 skill and attitude. •
To egin3 you must know the traffic laws and driving practices that help traffic move safely. reaking these rules of the road is the maGor cause of collisions. ut you need to do more than Gust oey the rules. Oou must care aout the safety of others on the road. 6veryone is responsile for avoiding collisions. 6ven if someone else does something wrong3 you may e found responsile for a collision if you could have done something to avoid it. ecause drivers have to cooperate to keep traffic moving safely3 you must also e predictale3 doing what other people using the road epect you to do. ,nd you must e courteous. (ourteous driving means giving other drivers space to change lanes3 not cutting them off and signalling your turns and lane changes properly. Oou must e ale to see dangerous situations efore they happen and to respond Buickly and effectively to prevent them. This is called defensive or strategic driving. 1efensive driving is ased on three ideas: visii&it*0 s!ace and communication+ Visii&it* is aout seeing and eing seen. Oou should always e aware of traffic in front3 ehind and eside you. >eep your eyes constantly moving3 scanning the road ahead an d to the side and checking your mirrors every five seconds or so. The farther ahead you look3 the less likely you will e surprised3 and you will have time to avoid any haPards. @ake sure other drivers can see you y using your signal lights as reBuired.
@anaging the s!ace around your vehicle lets you see and e seen and gives you time and space to avoid a collision. Leave a cushion of space ahead3 ehind and to oth sides. ecause the greatest risk of a collision is in front of you3 stay well ack. Communicate with other road users to make sure they see you and know what you are doing. @ake eye contact with pedestrians3 cyclists and drivers at intersections and signal whenever you want to slow down3 stop3 turn or change lanes. 2f you need to get another personAs attention3 use your horn.
Defensive Driving Quiz 1. The term 6ye Lead Time refers to the need to stare at the vehicle ahead of you when you are driving. !. 2f your vehicle catches on fire or is under water as a result of a collision3 your chances of survival are etter if you are wearing your seat elt.
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". When you drink eer or alcohol3 your aility to drive is not impaired until you have a lood alcohol concentration ;,(< in ecess of +/ mg per 1// ml of lood ;./+<. #. The most effective way to deal with a person who is tailgating you is to speed up to increase the distance etween their vehicle and yours. %. The most freBuent cause of loss of control of a vehicle is speed too fast for conditions. '. When you are stopped in an intersection waiting to make a left turn3 your front wheels should e turned to the left ;the direction in which you will e turning<. ). , rear-facing infant child-seat must not e used in a vehicle seating position which is eBuipped with an air ag. +. 2f you travel a certain roadway at )/ kmFh during daylight hours3 after dark you should reduce your speed y at least 1/ kmFh3 depending on conditions.. . 2f you have an ,& ;anti-lock rake system< eBuipped vehicle and are faced w ith an emergency raking situation3 you should pump your rakes. 1/. 8ydroplaning ;when a vehicleAs tires are riding on a film of water rather than contacting directly with the road surface< can only happen if you are travelling at a speed of more than )/ kmFh.
9rint this page
eing a safe and responsile driver takes a comination of QQQQQQQQQ3 QQQQQ and QQQQQQQQ.
efensive driving is ased on three ideas: QQQQQQQQQQ3 QQQQQ and QQQQQQQQQQQQQ +
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istracted driving causes at least QQ out of QQ collisions.
@ake operation of your vehicle your primary QQQQQ and always QQQQQQQQQQQ on your driving.
Ce&& !hones and Canadian 1octors
(anadian doctors have warned that using cell phone while driving adversely affects the rain0s capacity to identify the danger3 its visual concentration3 the speed to process information and hence its reaction time.asing their research o n various studies from around the world3 the 4ntario @edical ,ssociation ;4@,< doctors here say that there is a strong link etween moile use y drivers and road accidents around the world. Their research points out that moile use y drivers automatically led to a ig reduction in their functional field of view3 decreased safe distance etween vehicles and slowed their rake reaction time. The use of moile slowed the drivers0 response time to traffic light changes3 1% percent less response to traffic lights3 and slowed raking y 1+ percent. 7urther3 the use of moile y the drivers reduced their visual monitoring of mirrors and instruments3 with some aandoning them entirely. 2t also led to fewer glances at traffic lights and an increased tendency for hard raking.
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=The evidence is clear that driving while using a moile phone is dangerous to the driver3 their passengers and others on or near the roadway3 said >en ,rnold3 president of the 4@,. =Too many drivers treat talking on a phone while driving as a harmless practice.it0s not an easy prescription to give3 ut this practice has to e curtailed3 he said. ,rnold added3 =Roctors know all too well the conseBuences of driving while distracted and it is time that the right steps are taken to ensure the safety of people. &ome states in ,merica3 ,ustralia and many 6uropean countries have anned the use of cell phone while driving. 2n (anada3 only four of the 1/ provinces have put restrictions on the use of cell phones y drivers. &ince 4ntario3 which has more than #/ percent of the total (anadian population of "" million3 has no such laws to an the practice3 doctors have called for a legislation to discourage this hait. Can Co&&ision (arning S*stems "itigate 1istraction 1ue to 2n-Vehic&e 1evices3 *ear-end collisions account for approimately !+S of automotive crashes. ecause driver inattenti on is a contriuting factor in more than '/S of these collisions3 rear-end collision avoidance systems ;*6(,&< offer a promising approach to reduce crashes and save lives. , *6(,& is a device that uses electronic sensors ;e.g. radar< to detect the motion of a leading vehicle3 compute whether a collision is likely3 and trigger an alarm to alert the driver of the impending collision. The aility of a *6(,& is to aid distracted drivers in avoiding an imminent collision. ,n early warning helps drivers react more Buickly and avoid more collisions compared to late warning or no warning.
*ear-end collisions cause approimately 1%) million vehicle-hours of delay annually3 which is approimately one-third of all crash-caused delay. river inattention has een identified as a contriuting factor in over '/S of these crashes. (ompared to driver inattention3 environment-related factors have a very small contriution to rear-end collisions. &pecifically3 poor visiility was identified as a contriuting factor in only !S of t he crashes. *ear-end collisions are a particularly prevalent crash type for distracted drivers. riving reBuires attentional resources associated with visual perception ;e.g.3 watching the road< and manual response ;e.g.3 steering and raking<. Iisual displays for in-vehicle systems reBuire the same resources3 and many researchers and designers have recogniPed the potential of visual displays to distract drivers. Iisual displays pose a structural distraction to drivers ecause they cause drivers to look away from the road. &peech-ased interaction reBuires attentional resources associated with auditory perception and vocal response. ecause speech-ased interaction ;e.g.3 cellular telephone conversation< reBuires perceptual and response resources that are different from those reBuired y the driving taskH t he driver can keep his eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. &peech-ased interaction does not pose a structural di straction to the
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driverH however3 speech ased interaction may demand common cognitive resources associated with thinking aout the road and the in-vehicle information system3 posing a cognitive distraction to the driver. The two maGor types of distractions are: Structural distraction3 which occurs when the driver looks away from the road or t akes his hands off the steering wheel. Cognitive distraction3 which is less ovious and occurs when the drivers0 cognitive activity is directed away from the road as in a comple conversation. (ollision warnings may mitigate oth the structural and cognitive distraction posed y in-vehicle devices. 2ncreased driving safety through rear-ends collision warning systems ;*6(,&<: These systems use electronic sensors ;e.g. radar< to detect the motion of a lead vehicle3 compute whether a collision is likely3 and trigger warning to alert the driver of the possile coll ision situation. The goal of these systems is to alert the driver to a potential collision situation3 return the driver0s attention to the roadway3 and promote a response that avoids the collision.
(hat is *our inter!retation of this artic&e3 Ris$-!erce!tion 1efensive driving is a&so accurate !erce!tion of !ersona& &imits0 ai&ities and ris$ to&erance ,ccurate risk-perception contriutes to safe driving ehaviour. ifferent types of drivers angerous driving ,ggressive driving &treet racing (onseBuences ;personal3 social3 legal3 economic< 9ersonal risk-tolerance (aution versus risk Judging risks in various situations *ole of over-confidence and under-confidence in inaccurate risk-perception ,ccurate risk perception Kuick and effective reaction times 9roactive versus reactive driving action 6pectations of other road-users (onseBuences of not doing what other road-users epect &afe time margins #actors that affect driver ris$-!erce!tion river age 6perience riving environment @ental factors self-esteem3 aggression o frustration3 impatience o feelings of power o • •
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overconfidence awareness of conseBuences o 9hysical factors *ole of self-control Need for peer approval 9erception of other drivers 2mpairment o
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How's my driving? Take this test and ask yourself these questions: • • •
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,m 2 eperiencing an increasing numer of near collisions? 8ave 2 een directly involved in minor collisions? o 2 have difficulty driving through intersections3 Gudging distance or seeing pedestrians3 road signs or other vehicles? o 2 have difficulty concentrating while driving? o 2 get lost or disoriented on familiar roads? o 2 have difficulty coordinating hand and foot movements? ,m 2 eperiencing vision prolems3 especially at night? o 2 get nervous ehind the wheel? o other motorists freBuently honk at me? o family memers epress concern aout my driving aility? 8ow important is driving to me?
Oour answers to these Buestions can help you decide whether to continue to drive3 cut ack to certain times such as daylight hours3 or stop driving altogether. 2f you have checked one or more of the warning signs and are concerned aout your driving aility3 talk to your doctor or family and get their opinions.
How aging affects driving safety • • • • • • • •
*educed vision - especially at night ifficulty Gudging distance and speed Limited movement and range of motion &lower reaction time ifficulty focusing attention for long periods of time 6asily distracted @ore time needed to understand what you see and hear @ore use of prescription andFor over-the-counter drugs that may impair your driving aility
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What you can do to make your driving safer Oour health is a key factor in your aility to drive. To help you handle the demands of safe driving: •
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(heck with your doctor or pharmacist to make sure current and new medications will not negatively affect your aility to drive. 4ver-the-counter drugs and cominations of drugs can also impair your driving. *eport to your doctor: vision changes3 uneplained diPPiness or fainting spellsH o 7reBuent3 chronic or severe pain. o ,void driving if youAre eperiencing pain. 2t can decrease your aility to concentrate and limit your movement ehind the wheel. 8ave your hearing and eyes checked regularly. 9eripheral vision and depth perception tend to decline over the years. Oour doctor can recommend an eercise program to improve fleiility and maintain strength3 which can help your aility to drive safely. (onsider taking a driverAs course to refresh your knowledge of the rules of the road and safe driving practices.
4ntario has licence echange agreements with every (anadian province and territory3 the $nited &tates3 Japan3 >orea3 ,ustria3 5ermany3 &witPerland3 5reat ritain3 7rance and elgium. ;2f two or more years of eperience3 you may get full 5 licence privileges without taking knowledge test or road test. 2f less than two years of eperience3 you get credit and enter Level Two until you have two years of eperience then take road test to get 5<
Session ., Why do we need traffic laws? Who makes traffic laws? Who enforces traffic laws? Why traffic laws and regulations? (urrent road safety issues &peed 2mpaired driving istracted driving 6mergency vehicles Licensing reBuirements 2nsurance What are traffic control devices? *oad &igns Traffic &ignals 9edestrian signals @otor vehicle signals • • • • • • •
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Traffic officer directions Lane use lights *oad @arkings (hevrons ,rrows icycles (rosswalks (rossovers &top lines *ailroad crossings Conse4uences of rea$ing traffic &a)s: 7ine Jail Licence suspension emerit points suspension
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Other )a*s to &ose &icence: • •
@edical suspension ; 4verhead < 8T, suspension ; 4verhead <
(riminal (ode of (anada suspension /asic traffic &a)s • river licence ,re you allowed to orrow someody else licence? ,re you allowed to lend your licence to someody else? Licence lost? Licence epired? *estrictions or conditions? 7orgetting your licence at home? ,ddress change? ,ltered licence? @ore than one licence? 7ictitious or imitation licence? • &top sign ,ll way versus not all way Where to stop? 8ow long to stop? Who has the right of way? Lack of oservation? Lack of knowledge? 8ow can you reduce your risk at stop sign? Two vehicles stopped at the same time? Three vehicles stopped at the same time? 7our vehicles stopped at the same time? &top sign is too far from intersection? • Oield sign Oield to whom? Oield sign in comination with stop sign ; overhead <
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&peed limit @a speed in city3 highways3 freeways? 9eople who drive slow and people who drive fast3 they oth are haPards on the road? $nnecessary &low driving: ! demerit points &peeding: "3 # or ' demerit points &peed of traffic? (ommon speed? &peed limit change ahead? ad weather Night (onstruction Pone 8eavy traffic &chool us (hrome yellow? *oads without median? *oads with median? !/ metres? 7irst offence: #//-!/// fine U ' demerit points &econd offence within % years: 1///-#/// fine U ' demerit points U Gail up to ' months &chool uses near railway crossings? 6mergency vehicles @ust get out of the way? Two way road? 4ne way road with more than two lanes? 7ollowing within 1%/ metres in the same direction? Iolunteer firefighters and flashing green light? Traffic lights *ed light 5reen light ,mer light *ed light igger than others? Why red means stop? ,dvanced green light or arrow 7lashing green light 7lashing red light 7lashing amer light Left turn signal ; fully protected left turn < lank traffic light Transit priority signals Traffic eacons 7lashing red eacon 7lashing yellow eacon 9edestrian signals White walking symol 7lashing orange hand &teady orange hand 9edestrian pushuttons Numers system 9avement markings
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White versus Oellow White solid versus White roken Oellow solid versus Oellow roken (ontinuity lines &top line (rosswalk lines White arrow on a lane (rossover lines &ignalling 9roper communication Just signalling is not enough 5ive others a chance to co-operate Turn signals 8and signals &ignal efore &topping &lowing down Turning (hanging lane Leaving the road @oving out from a parked position Transit uses Oield sign ehind the uses &treet cars 9ass on the right unless on a one-way road ,t least ! metres ehind the rear door 6ception to the aove rule
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9arking
9arking on the travelled part of the road (urve3 hill 1!% metres clear view locking other vehicle locking side walk3 crosswalk3 road entrance 7ire hydrant-" metres ridge-1// metres hotel3 theatre3 pulic hall-' metres 2ntersection- metres 2ntersection with traffic lights-1% metres 9arking for people with disailities 8igh occupancy vehicle ; 84I < lane uses passenger vehicles carrying a specified minimum numer of passengers " demerit points 2ntersections (ontrolled ; usually safer as long as everyody oeys the lights < Traffic lights 5reen ,mer *ed •
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&top sign
7irst stop first go Oield sign @ust slow down or stop if necessary $ncontrolled river on the left must let the driver on the right go first Why? lind uilding3 illoard3 Tree $se etreme caution ,ccident risk is higher &low down Cornering *ight turn 5reen light *ed light ,mer light &top sign Oield sign 7rom private property onto pulic property pedestrians Wide right turn 8ugging the cur 5ood speed for right turn 7rom which lane To which lane &eparate right turn lane Left turn 5reen light Too wide L4( ; left of centre < &peed 7rom which lane To which lane &eparate left turn lane &-end *ed light ; one way to one way < (urve &peed Left of centre 7irst half of the curve is more critical @ore chances of skidding oint of no-return 8ow to find out point on no-return 9oint of no-return versus speed anger to you when you still efore point of no-return anger to you when you have passed the point of no-return •
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7ailing to remain at the scene of a collision
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7ailing to stop for police
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(areless driving
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*acing
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6ceeding the speed limit y %/ kmFh or more
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7ailing to stop for a school us
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river of us failing to stop at unprotected railway crossing
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6ceeding the speed limit y "/ to # kmFh
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7ollowing too closely
6ceeding the speed limit y 1' to ! kmFh riving through3 around or under a railway crossing arrier
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7ailing to yield the right-of-way
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7ailing to oey a stop sign3 traffic light or railway crossing signal
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7ailing to oey traffic control stop sign
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7ailing to oey traffic control slow sign
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7ailing to oey school crossing stop sign
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7ailing to oey the directions of a police officer
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riving the wrong way on a divided road
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7ailing to report a collision to a police officer
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2mproper driving where road is divided into lanes
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(rowding the driverAs seat
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5oing the wrong way on a one-way road
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riving or operating a vehicle on a closed road
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(rossing a divided road where no proper crossing is provided
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7ailing to slow and carefully pass a stopped emergency vehicle
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7ailing to stop at a pedestrian crossing
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7ailing to move3 where possile3 into another lane when passing a stopped emergency vehicle
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riving a vehicle that is eBuipped with or carrying a speed measuring warning device ;such as a radar detector<
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2mproper use of a high occupancy vehicle ;84I< lane
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7ailing to lower headlight eam
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2mproper opening of a vehicle door
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9rohiited turns
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Towing people - on tooggans3 icycles3 skis3 for eample
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7ailing to oey signs
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7ailing to share the road
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2mproper right turn
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2mproper left turn
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7ailing to signal
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$nnecessary slow driving
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*eversing on a highway
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river failing to wear a seatelt
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river failing to ensure infant passenger is secured
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river failing to ensure toddler passenger is secured
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river failing to ensure child is secured
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river failing to ensure passenger under 1' years is wearing seatelt
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1E"ER2T O2NTS
The demerit point system encourages drivers to improve their ehaviour and protects people from drivers who ause the privilege of driving. rivers convicted of driving-related offences have demerit points recorded on their records. emerit points stay on your record for two years from the date of the offence. 2f you accumulate too many demerit points3 your driverAs licence can e suspended. Ne) drivers - 1emerit oint S*stem for %eve& One or %eve& T)o 1rivers , or more !oints
Oou Oou will receive a warning letter. 7 !oints
Oou Oou may have to attend an interview to discuss your record and give reasons why your licence should not e suspended. 2f you do not go to the interview3 your licence may e suspended. suspended. or more !oints
Oour Oour licence will e suspended for '/ days from the date you surrender it to the @inistry of Transportation. Oou Oou can lose your licence for up to two years if you fail to surrender your licence. ,fter the suspension3 the numer of points on your record will e reduced to four. ,ny etra points could again ring you to the interview level. 2f you reach nine points again3 your licence may e suspended for si months. ,s a Level 4ne or Level Two Two driver3 you will have your licence li cence suspended if you accumulate nine or more demerit points during a two-year period. #u&&* &icensed drivers - 1emerit oint S*stem for #u&&* %icensed 1rivers 7 !oints
Oou Oou will e told t old aout your record and urged to improve your driving skills. !oints
Oou Oou may have to go to an interview to discuss your record and give reasons why your licence should not e suspended. Oou Oou may also have to complete a driver re-eamination. 2f you fail this test3 your licence can e cancelled. 2f you fail to attend an interview3 or fail to give good reasons for keeping your licence3 your licence may e suspended. '8 !oints
Oour Oour licence will e suspended for "/ days from the date you hand over your licence to the @inistry of Transportation. Oou Oou can lose your licence for up to two years if you fail to surrender it. ,fter the suspension3 the numer of points on your driverAs record will e reduced to seven. ,ny etra points could again ring you to the interview level. 2f you reach 1% points again3 your licence will e suspended for si months.
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CRIMINAL CODE SUSPENSIONS •
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DRIVING OR HAVING CARE AND CONTROL OF A VEHICLE WHILE YOUR ABILITY IS IMPAIRED BY ALCOHOL OR DRUGS. REFUSING TO SUBMIT TO A BREATH TEST FOR ALCOHOL. FAILING OR REFUSING TO PROVIDE A BREATH BREATH SAMPLE FOR ROAD SIDE TESTING. DRIVING OR HAVING HAVING CARE AND CONTROL OF A VEHICLE WHEN YOUR BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION CONCENTRATION IS MORE THAN .08% FAILING TO REMAIN AT THE SCENE OF A COLLISION. DANGEROUS DRIVING. CAUSING BODILY HARM. CAUSING DEATH. DEATH.
!"#T $%&!$T!%&
ONE YEAR LICENCE SUSPENSION FINE #($%&D $%&!$T!%&
THREE YEAR LICENCE SUSPENSION FINE TH!"D $%&!$T!%& LIFETIME LICENCE SUSPENSION ( POSSIBILITY OF REINSTATEMENT REINSTATEMENT AFTER 10 YEARS ) FINE %)"TH $%&!$T!%& LIFETIME LICENCE SUSPENSION ( WITH NO POSSIBILITY OF REINSTATEMENT REINSTATEMENT ) $%&!$T!%&# W!** "(+,!& %& -%)" D"!(".# "($%"D %" , +!&!+)+ % /0 -(,"#1
DRIVING UNDER SUSPENSION SUSPENSION
O4$ @,O N4T *2I63 $N6* ,NO (2*($@&T,N(6&3 W86N O4$* L2(6N(6 2& &$&96N6. 27 O4$ ,*6 (4NI2(T6 47 *2I2N5 W82L6 O4$* L2(6N(6 2& &$&96N6 74*8T, 4776N(6
FIRST OFFENCE: $ 1000 - $ 5000 FINE SUBSEQUENT OFFENCE: !000 " #000 FINE $ UPTO MONTHS &AIL ( WITHIN # YEARS ) ADDITIONAL MONTHS SUSPENSION
CRIMINAL CODE OFFENCE FIRST OFFENCE:
#000 " !#000 FINE ADDITIONAL 1! MONTHS SUSPENSION SUBSEQUENT OFFENCE: 10000 " #0000 FINE $ UPTO !' MONTHS &AIL ( WITHIN # YEARS ) ADDITIONAL !' MONTHS SUSPENSION
;2G;(A< TRA##2C ACT S=SENS2ONS
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IF YOU DONT TELL THE TRUTH: IN AN APPLICATION DECLARATION DECLARATION OR ABOUT VEHICLE LIABILITY INSURANCE.
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IF YOU FAIL TO INSURANCE YOUR VEHICLE.
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CARELESS DRIVING.
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DRIVING #0 *M+HR OR MORE OVER THE SPEED LIMIT.
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IF YOU DONT PAY TRAFFIC FINE WHEN ORDERED BY THE COURT.
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MEDICAL SUSPENSION /< %A(0 A%% 1OCTORS "=ST REORT T;E NA"ES AN1 A11RESSES O# EVER
ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL ALCOHOL OR DRUGS IS CONDITIONS THAT THAT AFFECT AFFECT YOUR ABILITY TO DRIVE. DOCTORS REPORT THIS INFORMATION TO THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION AND IT IS NOT GIVEN TO ANYONE ELSE. YOUR DRIVERS LICENCE MAY BE SUSPENDED UNTILL NEW MEDICAL EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THE CONDITION DOES NOT POSE A SAFETY RIS*.
1riving is a rivi&ege not a Right
ictionary.com ictionary.com defines a right as =a Gust claim or title that i s legal. , privilege privilege is =a special advantage3 right or enefit. &6(T24N "1 ;8.T.,.< ;8.T.,.< ;a< ;< "1. riving a privilege The purpose of this part is to protect the pulic y ensuing that a< <
the privilege privilege of driving driving on on a highway highway is granted granted to3 and retained retained y3 y3 only those those person person who demonstrate that they are likely to drive safely3 and full driving privileges are granted to novice and proationary drivers only after they acBuire eperience and develop or improve safe driving skills i n controlled conditions.
SC;OO% /=SES
&chool uses in 4ntario come in i n a range of siPes. ,ll are chrome yellow and di splay the words &chool us. Oou Oou must stop whenever you approach a stopped school us with its upper alternating red lights flashing3 regardless of whether you are ehind the us or approaching it from the front. When approaching the us from the front3 stop at a safe distance for children to get off the us and cross the road in front of you. 2f
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you are coming from ehind the us3 stop at least !/ metres away. o not go until the us moves or the lights have stopped flashing. 2f you are on a road with a median strip3 only vehicles coming from ehind the us must stop. ;, median is a physical arrier such as a raised3 lowered3 earth or paved strip constructed to separate traffic travelling in different directions. Iehicles cannot cross over a median strip.< Oou must oey the school us law on any road3 no matter how many lanes or what the speed limit. e prepared to stop for a school us at any time3 not Gust within school hours. ,s well as the upper alternating red flashing lights3 school uses use a stop sign arm on the driverAs side of the us. This arm3 a standard stop sign with alternating flashing red lights at top and ottom3 swings out after the upper alternating red lights egin to flash. *emain stopped until the arm folds away and all lights stop flashing. Note: 2t is illegal to fail to stop for a stopped school us that has its red lights flashing. 2f you donAt stop3 you can e fined #// to !3/// and get si demerit points for a first offence. 2f you are convicted a second time within five years3 the penalty is a fine of 13/// to #3/// and si demerit points. Oou could also go to Gail for up to si months. 2n 4ntario3 school us drivers and other witnesses can report vehicles that have illegally passed a school us. 2f you are the vehicleAs registered owner3 these same fines may e applied to you. 2f you do not pay the fine3 you will not e ale to renew your vehicle permit. Watch for school uses near railway crossings. ,ll school uses must stop at all railway crossings. The upper alternating red lights are not used for these stops3 so e alert.
#to22ing at school crossings Where a school crossing guard displays a red and whi te stop sign you must stop efore reaching the crossing and remain stopped until all persons3 including the school crossing guard3 have cleared your half of the roadway and it is safe to proceed. 2f you have any douts on when it is safe to drive forward3 wait until all the children and the guard have cleared the crossing. rivers who donAt follow the stopping reBuirements may e fined etween 1%/ and %// and get " demerit points.
A!!roaching a sto!!ed emergenc* vehic&e )ith red &ights f&ashing When you see an emergency vehicle stopped with i ts red lights flashing in a lane or on the shoulder in your direction of travel3 you must slow down and pass with caution. 2f the road has two or more lanes3 you must move over into another lane to allow one lane clearance etween your vehicle and the emergency vehicle3 if it can e done safely.
7ailing to follow these rules can result in a conviction and a fine and demerit points on your driving record. Sharing the road )ith !edestrians
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9ay special attention to pedestrians3 whether they are crossing roads in traffic3 walking or Gogging alongside roads3 or using crosswalks or crossovers ;generally known as crossings<. Watch for children. rive slowly and cautiously through school Pones3 residential areas and any other area where children may e walki ng or playing. Oou never know when a child might dart out from etween parked cars or try to cross a street without checking for oncoming traffic. e very cautious at twilight when children may still e playing outside3 ut are very difficult to see. Watch out for (ommunity &afety Vone signs as they indicate areas where the community has identified that there is a special risk to pedestrians. 6lderly pedestrians or those with disailities need etra caution and courtesy from drivers as they may e slow in crossing the road. e alert for pedestrians who are lind3 visually impaired3 hearing impaired3 people in wheelchairs or people walking slowly due to some other physical impairment and give them appropriate consideration. 9edestrians who are lind or visually impaired may use a white cane or guide dog to help them travel safely along sidewalks and across intersections. (aution signs are posted in some areas where there is a special need for drivers to e alert. 9ersons operating moility devices ;motoriPed wheelchair and medical scooters< are treated the same way as pedestrians. $sually these operators will travel along a sidewalk ut if there is no sidewalk availale3 persons using a moility device should travel3 like pedestrians3 along the left shoulder of the roadway facing oncoming traffic. &ome streetcar stops have a special safety isl and or Pone for passengers getting on and off. 9ass these safety islands and Pones at a reasonale speed. ,lways e ready in case pedestrians make sudden or unepected moves. Sharing the road )ith c*c&ists icycles and mopeds that cannot keep up with traffic are epected to keep to the right of the laneH however3 they can use any part of the lane if necessary for safety3 such as to avoid potholes and sewer grates. (yclists need a metre on either side of themselves as a safety Pone. When passing a cyclist3 allow at least one metre etween your car and the cyclist.
2f the lane is too narrow to share3 change lanes to pass the cyclist. When turning right3 signal and check your mirrors and the lind spot to your right to make sure you do not cut off a cyclist. When parked on the side of the street3 look ehind you and check your mirrors and linds spots for a passing cyclist efore opening a door. edestrian crossovers ;also commonly called crosswalks< are designated areas that allow pedestrians to safely cross roads where there are no traffic lights.
,lways watch for pedestrians and people using wheelchairs at these crossings. 9edestrians may push a utton to make overhead yellow lights flash to warn drivers. 9edestrians should point across the road to show they want to cross efore entering t he roadway. rivers3 including cyclists3 must stop and allow pedestrians to cross. 4nce people have cleared your side of the road3 you can proceed with caution.
o not pass any vehicle within "/ metres of a pedestrian crossover
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Ti2s for Drivers #hare the road with motorcycles 3 in almost half of all motorcycle collisions the motorist is at fault4 not the motorcyclist • •
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@otorcycles use a full laneH treat them like other vehicles when driving. , safe following distance is at least two seconds ehind the vehicle in front of you. This lets you see around the vehicle ahead and gives you enough distance to stop suddenly. @any motorcycle collisions occur etween 11 a.m. and + p.m.3 so take etra caution at these times.
W,-/ 2 3-24567 ,- 9-6276-97 ;62 96 -/2< 3-2456 55797 ,26 9-6276-9 265,-6<. •
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e sure that you are safe to proceed efore doing so y checking your mirrors and around your car. &low down as you come to intersection and look carefully for traffic3 yield signs3 stop signs3 traffic lights3 cyclists and pedestrians. e etra cautious when turning left in front of a motorcycle. 2t0s difficult to Gudge their speed and their turn signal may e accidentally left on as they don0t automatically shut off.
Watch for clues •
@otorcycle turn signals can e hard to see. Watch for signs3 such as shoulder checking or leaning that indicate the o rider is going to turn or change lanes.
$arefully assess an oncoming motorcycle.s s2eed •
, motorcycle is more difficult to see than other vehicles and its profile is smaller from most angles. , motorcycleAs speed and distance can easily e misGudged y drivers. o @ake sure you donAt pull out in front of3 or cut off3 a motorcycle. o
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*espect motorcyclists - they are Gust as entitled to use the road as you are. &peed and other aggressive tactics such as tailgating can potentially e o more dangerous to the motorcyclist3 who has less protection on a smaller3 open vehicle. 5ive other drivers space to change lanes3 avoid cutting them off and signal o your turns and lane changes properly.
B6 ,>,26 3-24567 (,9< -/62 ;6/567) ,2=9< 4=2 ,2 •
(heck your mirrors freBuently so you are aware of the other vehicles around you and how close they are.
*ememer to check your lind spot3 especially efore changing lanes. , motorcycle is small enough to e entirely hidden within your lind spot.
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#H,"!&5 TH( "%,D W!TH T")$6#
Stay visible when behind a truck. When you come to a stop, keep to the left of your lane so the driver can see you in the side mirror. If you can’t see one of the truck’s mirrors, he/she probably can’t see you Roll back – lways leave plenty of room between your vehicle and the truck to prevent roll back incidents, which can happen when the truck driver is forced to stop on an up!rade void tail!atin! – "he truck’s si#e will almost totally block your view and you will have to rely on the truck’s brake li!hts for a si!nal that somethin! is happenin! in front. t the same time you will be in one of the truck driver’s blind spots Stoppin! distances – $ever pull in front of a truck without leavin! ade%uate room between your vehicle and the front of the truck &ackin! up – When a truck driver is backin! up he/she has to use side mirrors. 'ven thou!h they are very lar!e mirrors, they still leave a bi! blind spot. &e patient and never cross behind a truck which is a preparin! to back up (assin! trucks – "he same rules apply for passin! a truck as for passin! a car. &e sure you maintain your speed when you are in front of a truck. "ruck drivers sometime shift throu!h as many as )* !ears to !et up to normal hi!hway speeds. +or this reason trucks take lon!er to !et up to hi!hway speed and must work harder to maintain their speed Ri!ht hand turns – lways pay close attention to truck turn si!nals. any car drivers don’t reali#e that a truck approachin! an intersection to make a ri!ht turn may move to the left to avoid runnin! the trailer on the curb -eep the centre lane open – "he centre lane is the trucker’s passin! lane as on many maor roadways transport trucks are forbidden from usin! the hi!h speed far left0 lane. If you travel in the centre lane be sure you are travelin! at the posted speed limit. -eep your distance – 1ar!e vehicles need e2tra space and time to man3uvre and stop
Oe* o&ice
When police officers are directing traffic3 you must follow t heir directions3 even if the directions are different from traffic lights or signs. When a police officer signals you to pull your vehicle over3 you must pull over as far t o the right as you safely can and come to a complete stop. &tay in your vehicle and wait for the police officer. Oou must immediately3 upon the police officerAs reBuest3 surrender your driverAs licence3 vehicle permit ;or copy< and insurance. (ontrary to popular elief3 you do not have !# hours to present these documents. 2f you do not oey a police officerAs direction to pull over3 you risk eing fined ;up to !%3///<3 having your licence suspended or even serving time in prison.
, Quick *ook at !ntersection $rashes in $anada #act Sheet T ,967E RS-,[email protected] "a* ,..@ Road Safet* and "otor Vehic&e Regu&ation 1irectorate
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This report looks at fatal and serious inGury intersection crashes during the years !//!-!//#. (anadian road safety researchers often use the years 1'-!//1 as a asis for comparison to measure the amount of progress that has een made since then. 2n this report3 the years !//!-!//# will freBuently e compared to the 1'-!//1 period to see whether t he situation is improving or getting worse for various aspects of intersection crashes.
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2n !//!-!//#3 aout +// people were killed and +3/// were seriously inGured annually in intersection-related crashes. This was a small decrease from 1'-!//1. $ran crashes account for over half of all fataliti es and almost three-Buarters of serious inGuries from intersection crashes. @ore middle-aged motorcyclists are eing killed or seriously hurt in intersection crashes. @ore pedestrians3 especially seniors3 are eing killed in intersection crashes. 7ewer children under 1' are eing killed or seriously inGured in crashes at intersections. 2ntersection-related fatalities among drivers aged 1' to 1 decreased y almost twenty percent etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#. 7orty percent of all intersection fatalities involve a driver failing to yield the right of way or disoeying a traffic sign or signal. 4lder drivers ;aged '% years or older< are much more l ikely to commit an infraction leading up to an intersection crash than most other drivers. @ore deaths and serious inGuries from intersection crashes are occurring during morning hours.
Introduction: Aroac! Int"r#"ction# it! Caution etween !//! and !//#3 aout +// people were killed and +3/// were seriously inGured annually at intersections. 2n other words3 almost "/ percent of deaths from vehicle crashes and more than #/ percent of serious inGuries from vehicle crashes involved an int ersection. The tragedy is that these deaths and i nGuries are unnecessary and mostly preventale. 2ntersections pose particular challenges to road users ecause a lot happens at Gunctions. (ars3 trucks3 and motorcycles are traveling in various directions and making turns. 9edestrians are crossing the street. There are signs to read and traffic signals to oey. Taking Taking in all this information and reacting correctly to it reBuires focused attention3 sound Gudgment3 and Buick decisions y every driver. &ometimes the intersection environment it self makes matters worse. There may e distracting visual clutter or ostructed views. (ongested roads and the lack of turning lanes or signals can make a driverAs Go more difficult. 2ntersections are often made more haPardous y the careless or risky ehaviour of drivers. , driver who is distracted y a wailing child or talking on a cell phone might fail to notice a vehicle turning in front of him. , speeding driver might run through a red light. , person whoAs een drinking could attempt to drive home after a night on the town.
%!o i# &"!ind t!" %!""'( rivers of all ages get involved i nvolved in maGor intersection crashes. uring !//!-!//#3 aout one in five drivers in a fatal or serious inGury intersection crash was aged "%-## years. 8owever3 there is a trend towards more involvement y drivers over #% years.
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, greater numer of drivers aged %%-'# years are getting into intersection crashes ecause the numer of licensed drivers in this age group is growing. ut there is no ovious eplanation why drivers aged #%-%# years are ecoming involved in fatal and serious inGury crashes more often. 6ven though drivers '% years and older are getting into fewer deadly intersection crashes3 they are still a concern ecause their involvement in serious inGury crashes is growing.
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%!o ar" t!"
)ictim#( etween !//!-!//#3 sustantially fewer children under 1' years of age were killed or seriously inG ured in an intersection crash3 compared to 1'-!//1. 4n the other hand3 a growing numer of people aged "% to '# were dying in i ntersection crashes. The largest increase was among those aged #% to %# years. 2n general3 driver and passenger deaths and serious inGuries from int ersection crashes are slowly decreasing. ,irags and other vehicle safety features3 which help protect people riding in a car or light truck3 are responsile for at least part of the improvement. Looking at driver fatalities in particular3 two groups stand out in a favourale way. 2ntersection deaths among drivers aged 1'-1 dropped almost !/S etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#. The improvement could e a result of the graduated licensing programs that most Gurisdictions have adopted. 2n addition3 intersection-related deaths among senior drivers ;those aged '% or older< decreased y aout 1%S over the same time period. ,lthough the numer of drivers and passengers getting killed or seriously hurt at intersections has decreased3 the picture doesnAt look as rosy for motorcyclists or pedestrians. eaths from intersection crashes increased for oth types of road users etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#.
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S""din* +i''# 9olice are reporting speeding more regularly as a factor in fatal and serious inGury i ntersection crashes. &peeding is typically a younger personAs offence. ,s ,s might e epected3 it is drivers under #% years of age who are taking increased chances with speed Gust prior to a fatal or serious inGury crash at an intersection. uring !//!-!//#3 the most freBuent speeders were young drivers ;aged 1' to !# years<. ,lmost one in five young drivers was speeding at the time of a fatal intersection crash3 and this numer was up from 1'!//1.
So Do"# Drin,in* and Driin* etween !//! and !//#3 at least 1! percent of drivers who got into a fatal intersection crash had een using alcohol. &adly3 this was a higher percentage than during 1'-!//1. rinking drivers have a huge effect on the safety of other drivers3 passengers3 and pedestrians. ,lmost one in five persons kill ed at an intersection was in a crash that involved a drinking driver. Ooung Ooung drivers were the worst offenders when it comes to drinking and driving. 4ne in i n three drinking drivers who ecame involved in a deadly intersection crash was aged 1' to !# years3 and their numer increased faster than the numer from any other age group etween 1'!//1 and !//!!//#.
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2tAs een shown that a person who is willing to comine alcohol and vehicle operation is likely to do other risky things while driving. 7or eample3 aout "/S of drinking drivers involved in fatal intersection crashes were also speeding3 as were aout !/S of those in serious inGury crashes.
&r"a,in* t!" La Cau#"# Cra#!"# rivers who ignore the rules of the road are a maGor cause of fatal and serious inGury intersection crashes. 2n fact3 #/S of all drivers who got into a fatal or serious inGury intersection crash had committed some type of driving infraction3 such as disoeying t raffic controls or failing to yield the right of way. That figure rises to %/S for drivers aged 1' to !#3 and skyrockets to almost )/S for drivers aged )% years and older.
.ay
Att"ntion at Int"r#"ction# ,t least 1!S of drivers who ecame involved in a fatal or serious inGury intersection crash were distracted and not paying enough attention to the road. rivers aged 1' to !# were the most likely to e distracted3 followed closely y drivers aged %% to '#.
C!"c, t!" C'oc, 9oor lighting or ad driving conditions are rarely factors in maGor int ersection crashes. 8owever3 intersection crashes were more likely to happen at certain points during the day. @ore than one in five intersection deaths and serious inGuries occurred etween " p.m . and ' p.m.3 which corresponds to the typical afternoon rush hour. 2nterestingly3 mornings are ecoming more dangerous when it comes to intersection crashes. etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#3 fatalities from ' a.m. to a.m. increased y !/S3 while fatalities from " a.m. to ' a.m. increased y 1"S.
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Int"r#"ction# and O'd"r Dri"r# The natural process of aging may include worsening eyesight3 poorer hearing3 and reduced range of movement. @ental sharpness can also decrease3 sometimes so gradually that it escapes notice. @ore time is needed to Gudge a situation3 decide what to do3 and then take the correct action. ,ny of these age-related prolems will hinder a driverAs aility to travel safely and lawfully through an intersection. ThatAs why senior drivers ;those aged '% years or older< seem to have more difficulty with intersections than the average driver. 8ere is an eample of that difficulty. Looking at drivers in general3 aout one in eight had failed to yield the right of way Gust efore they got into a fatal or serious inGury crash at an intersection. ut when it comes to senior drivers involved in such crashes3 one in four had made this dangerous error of attention and Gudgment. 8ereAs another eample. 4ne in four senior drivers in a fatal intersection crash was trying to turn left Gust prior to the crash. To put it in comparative terms3 a driver aged '% years or older was twice as likely as the average driver to e turning left at the time of a fatal intersection crash.
Int"r#"ction# and Motorcyc'i#t# The numer of motorcyclists eing kill ed or seriously inGured in intersection crashes is rising. ,lthough intersection-related deaths and serious inGuries among motorcyclists under the age of !% actually decreased etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#3 that improvement was more than offset y a higher numer of middleaged and older victims. @otorcycle registrations have increased sustantially over the past few years3 and many of the motorcycles are owned y middle-aged or ay oomer riders. This is translating into more crash victim s from this age group. 7or eample3 the numer of motorcyclists aged #% to %# years who died in intersection crashes grew y '/S and the numer who were seriously inGured increased y #/S. 7or those aged %% to '#3 fatalities have actually tripled and serious inG uries more than douled.
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@otorcyclists are Buite vulnerale on the road and at intersections. They can e hard for drivers to see3 especially on usy uran streets3 and motorcycles donAt provide the same protection that occupants of cars and trucks enGoy. @otorcyclists often add to their own risk at intersections y speeding. uring !//!-!//#3 a motorcyclist who got into a fatal or serious inGury intersection crash was three times as likely as the average driver in such a crash to e speeding.
Aroac!in* on Foot 9edestrians account for one in five persons killed in crashes at intersection3 and3 as with motorcyclists3 the numer of victims is increasing. Not surprisingly3 most pedestrians deaths and inGuries happen in uran areas. rivers concentrating on traffic signals and the flow of vehicles sometimes fail to notice pedestrians against the ackdrop of uran commotion. 9edestrians endanger themselves y crossing against the light or ignoring their surroundings. 6ven so3 etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#3 it ecame more likely that the driver was at fault in the crash rather than the pedestrian. This suggests a growing carelessness on the part of drivers. 4ne group that is at great risk when it comes to intersection crashes is pedestrians aged '% years or older. &eniors accounted for almost %/S of pedestrians killed in an intersection crash3 up from ##S during 1'!//1. This percentage is likely to grow even higher as the ay oomer generation turns '% years old.
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The numer of seniors eing killed at intersections is rising steadily too3 increasing y 1!S etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#. &eniors are in more
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peril at intersections ecause they often have decreased sight3 hearing3 and alertness3 making them less likely to notice vehicles coming towards them. They may take additional time to cross the street and are unale to react Buickly to sudden danger. 7or eample3 older pedestrians are much more likely than the average pedestrian to e killed or seriously inGured y a vehicle turning left.
/i*!ay# and &yay# , growing percentage of intersection fatalities and serious inGuries are occurring in uran areas where the speed limit is )/ kmFh or lower. uring !//!-!//#3 more than half of intersection-related fatalities and almost three-Buarters of serious inGuries occurred in uran areas. ,lcohol use among drivers who ecome involved in maGor intersection crashes was highest in uran areas. *ural crashes on undivided roads with a speed limit of +/ kmFh or higher accounted for aout #/S of intersection fatalities and almost !%S of intersection serious inGuries. The good news on rural roads is that intersection-related deaths of persons under the age of !% dropped y more than !%S etween 1'-!//1 and !//!-!//#. The numer of young drivers getting int o fatal crashes decreased y almost "/S. ,lcohol use y drivers involved in intersection crashes also declined during the same time frame. 4nly a small numer of intersection deaths and serious inGuries occurred on motorways wit h speeds of 1// kmFh or higher. river distraction was a factor in aout !/S of those fatalities and inGuries3 a higher percentage than in rural or uran areas. @otorways had the highest involvement of heavy trucks and uses in maGor intersection collisions.
Ma,in* Canada# Road# t!" Sa"#t in t!" %or'd (learly3 intersections can e dangerous places for all types of road users. 2t is possile to reduce the numer of people killed and seriously hurt in intersection crashes each year in (anada. ut making intersections safer will take action on everyoneAs part. 8ere are some ideas that could help: • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
,dd or improve signage that helps drivers understand an intersection. @inimiPe unnecessary signage and reduce visual clutter at i ntersections. &implify intersection layouts. ,dd more left-turn lanes and signal-controlled left-turn opportunities. @ake the most of limited police resources y focusing traffic safety enforcement where it will do the most good. 4ffer driving refresher courses for older drivers. 2mprove the process to get unsafe older drivers off the road. evelop transportation options that give seniors an alternative to driving. 6ducate pedestrians on the importance of paying attention to vehicle movement. esign intersections with senior drivers and pedestrians in mind. 2nstall longer pedestrian walk signals that allow for safe crossing. 6ducate motorcyclists3 especially middle-aged riders3 aout safe motorcycling practices. 6ducate drivers to watch for motorcycles3 pedestrians and icyclists and to respect the rights of other road users.
#afe "oads There are three main things that all work together to make (anadaAs roads and highways as safe as possile. 6ducation and driver training ensure that people actually know what theyAre doing when they get ehind the wheelH the police do their est to make sure everyone follows the rulesH and3 last ut not least3 the actual roads themselves have to e well-designed and in good shape.
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“SEVEN STAR” &o3 what makes a =good road a =safe road? Things like how and where it is uilt3 speed limits3 traffic lights3 stop signs3 roundaouts and much more. This section looks at four areas:
"oadway #afety 7enchmarks %ver Time Prepared by: 8amilton ,ssociates @ontufar and ,ssociates
T '9,6@ E "arch ,..6
Prepared for: Transport (anada3 *oad &afety and @otor Iehicle *egulation irectorate
EEC=T2VE S=""AR<
2mproving road safety reBuires a comination of enforcement3 education3 and engineering initiatives. 2t has een well recogniPed that legislative and enforcement initiatives3 such as seat-elt laws and impaired driving enforcement3 have reduced the numer of crashes on (anadaAs roads. &im ilarly3 new passive invehicle safety systems3 such as air ags and daytime running lights3 have also helped to reduce collision freBuency and severity. This study identifies the most effective road engineering improvements that have een introduced in t he past #/ years in (anada and the $nited &tates. 2t also contains research on the road safety enefits that have een achieved due to etter road engineering3 specifically improved road design and traffic operations. The study was Gointly conducted y 8amilton ,ssociates of Iancouver and @ontufar ,ssociates of Winnipeg. ,fter an initial review of the literature3 a =master list of #1 engineering countermeasures was selected for further review. These improvements were gradually introduced in (anada from the early 1'/As through to the late 1/As. , survey was then prepared and distriuted to '" eperts in road safety engineering3 mostly in (anada ut also including the $nited &tates. The eperts were asked to rate the effectiveness of each countermeasure3 in terms of reducing collision freBuency and severity. !' responses were received3 and the ranked list of countermeasures is shown in T,L6 6&-1. The maimum point score that any one countermeasure could receive was )+ points. The top 1# ranked countermeasures were carried forward for further analysis3 plus =*oundaouts and =*umle &trips3 to represent recent safety countermeasures from the 1/s. Ta&e ES-': Ran$ed %ist of Engineering Countermeasures Countermeasure
oints
1ate
1
ivided 8ighways
')
mid 1'/As
!
2ntersection (hanneliPation ;left-and right-turn lanes<
%+
late 1'/As
"
(lear Vone Widening
%%
mid 1)/As
#
reakaway evices ;for luminairs3 sign ases<
%"
late 1)/As
%
6nergy-,soring arrier 6nd Treatments
%"
early 1+/As
'
9rotected Left-turn 9hases
%1
late 1)/As
)
*ail (rossing Warning evices ;gates3 signals<
%1
late 1'/As
+
,ccess @anagement
%/
late 1)/As
*igid arriers ;median and roadside<
%/
mid 1)/As
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#+
mid 1'/As
11 8oriPontal (urve 7lattening
#"
mid 1)/As
1! 9assing Lanes ;along two-lane highways<
#!
mid 1)/As
1" 9ositive 5uidance
#!
mid 1+/As
1# &treet Lighting
#1
mid 1)/As
1% ecision &ight istance
#/
mid 1)/As
1' *oundaouts
#/
late 1/As
1) Two-way Left-turn Lanes
#/
mid 1)/As
1+ (liming Lanes ;along mountainous highways<
"
mid 1)/As
1 *umle strips ;edge-line or centre-line<
"
mid 1/As
!/ &ignal isplay (onspicuity
"'
mid 1+/As
!1 Iulnerale *oad $ser ,ccommodation ;sFwalks3 etc.<
"%
late 1+/As
!! ,ll-*ed &ignal 9hases
"%
mid 1)/As
!" 8ighly-*eflecting 9avement @arkings
"#
mid 1+/As
!# 8ighly-*eflective &igns
"#
mid 1+/As
!% &uper-elevation 2mprovements
"#
early 1)/As
!' 8igh 7riction F 4pen Tetured 9avement
""
mid 1+/As
!) Travel Lanes Widening
""
early 1)/As
!+ &houlders Widening
"!
mid 1)/As
! 9rohiiting 9arking ,long ,rterials
"1
mid 1'/As
"/ Longer Taper Lengths
!
late 1)/As
"1 ,dvance Warning 7lashers
!)
mid 1+/As
"! &ignal 9rogression along (orridors
!)
late 1'/As
"" Truck 6scape *oads or *amps
!)
late 1)/As
"# 9avement Turn-5uidance @arkings
!#
late 1)/As
"% 4verhead 7lashing eacons
!!
mid 1)/As
"' Traffic (alming
!!
late 1+/As
") Larger Traffic &igns
!/
early 1/As
"+ *est ,reas
!/
mid 1)/As
" Travel emand @anagement
!/
mid 1+/As
#/ 2ntelligent Transportation &ystems
1
late 1/As
#1 Larger &treet Name &igns
1)
late 1+/As
#!
etailed research was conducted on the Buantifiale enefits that have een demonstrated for each countermeasure3 in terms of reductions in crash freBuency3 rate3 and severity. ,n estimate was t hen prepared3 at the =order of magnitude level of accuracy due to a lack of relevant literature3 of the crash reduction enefits that have een achieved y road safety engineering countermeasures in (anada. 2t is estimated that approimately 113/// lives were saved and approimately %//3/// inGuries were prevented in (anada etween 1) and !///3 due to road engineering improvements.
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#haring the "oad #afely
2nd"r#tandin* Lar*" )"!ic'"# When a passenger vehicle collides with a larger truck or us3 the results can e t ragic. While crashes involving trucks and uses represent only +.)S of total collisions3 they account for !1S of fatalities. ,nd itAs the occupants of the smaller vehicle who are more likely to suffer. , etter understanding of how large vehicles operate and move can help motorists reduce the risk of collision. Large trucks and uses are not like cars-not even ig cars. riving these large vehicles reBuires etra skill and training3 especially when the road is difficult3 the weather ad or the traffic heavy. When trucks and uses speed up3 slow down3 clim hills3 switch lanes and make turns3 they perform in ways that are not the same as cars. The igger the vehicle3 the larger its lind spots3 the more room it needs to manoeuvre3 and the longer it takes to speed up or to stop. ut no matter how skillful professional drivers may e3 their vehicles impose physical limits on how effectively they can react to unepected moves y other road users. Rememer: 6ercise patience and courtesy towards all ot her road users. >eeping them safe keeps you safe.
While trucks and uses have more powerful engines than cars3 they must also pull much more weight. , heavy truck may need 1/ gear changes to reach the speed limit3 and may take twice as much time and distance as a car to stop. Large trucks and uses make wide turns3 and may first have to move in the opposite direction ;left for a righthand turn3 right for a left-hand turn< in order to turn some corners. Truck and us drivers are aware of the limitations and the power of their vehicles3 and therefore take their driving very seriously. ,re you a car driver who occasionally drives larger vehicles3 such as a moving van or a motor-home? The &haring the *oad with passenger cars section will e particularly helpful.
Tips and ,dvice for (ar drivers lind &pots rivers of large trucks and uses enGoy a etter forward vi ew and have larger side mirrors. ut rememer that they also have more and larger lind spots. ,void staying in one of their lind spots-if you canAt see the driver in his or her side mirror3 the driver proaly canAt see you.
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,22roaching *arge ehicles Larger vehicles create more air turulence at highway speeds. When approaching3 keep a steady grip on your steering wheel. Truck and us wheels spray a lot of rain in the summer and slush in the winter. When the road is wet3 turn on your wi ndshield wipers when approaching trucks and uses so youAll e ale to see more clearly at all times.
ollowing a *arge ehicle Tailgating is always dangerous3 ut tailgating a large truck or us is especially dangerous. Not only does this reduce your aility to see whatAs happening on the road ahead3 ut the driver of the truck or us canAt see you. >eep a safe distance when following. ,nd rememer3 if you canAt see the driver in his or her side mirror3 the driver canAt see you. When possile3 stay to the left side within your lane. This increases your own field of vi sion and makes you more visile to the us or truck driver. Leave plenty of space when coming to a stop ehind a large vehicle on an incline. 8eavy vehicles can roll ack as much as #.% metres ;1% feet< when the driverAs foot is taken off the rake to accelerate.
7raking Distance onAt sBueePe your vehicle into the space that a truck or us driver leaves etween the truck or us and the vehicle ahead of it. The driver is leaving enough room to rake safely. 2f you reduce this raking distance3 you may e forcing the driver ehind you to make a difficult choice: rake hard ;possily causing prolems like Gackknifing<3 or risk rear-ending your vehicle.
Wide Turns &ometimes large vehicles must swing wide to turn safely-theyAll swing right for a left turn and left for a right turn. Watch their turn signals and give them room to manoeuvre. Never drive etween a turning t ruck or us and the side of the road-your car could get stuck etween the large vehicle and the cur.
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8assing onAt stay in the passing lane after overtaking a truck or us. When you can see the entire front of the truck or us in your rear-view mirror3 make a shoulder check3 signal and return to the right lane. Never overtake a us or truck on the right side-this is the side with the largest lind spot. 2f the larger vehicle needs to move to the right3 he or she may not see you in time to avoid a collision.
"eversing rivers of large vehicles canAt see oGects that are close ehind them. $nless they have someone assisting them3 stay clear of a truck or us that is acking up.
&ignal Oour 2ntentions Trucks and uses take more time and need greater distances than cars to speed up3 manoeuvre and stop. When driving near a large vehicle3 signal your intentions early so that the truck or us driver has enough time to react safely.
!n Hilly Terrain The speed of large vehicles will vary in hilly areas-faster down an incline and slower going up. 5oing faster down a slope helps a driver develop enough momentum to drive up the net hill at a reasonale speed. e prepared to adGust your speed to maintain a safe distance. 2f youAre driving up a hill ehind a large vehicle that is going slower3 rememer that the driver is proaly doing his or her est to keep up speed. e patient and slow down to maintain a safe distance. 2f youAre driving down a hill ahead of a large vehicle that is fast approaching3 speed up a little3 if itAs safe to do so3 to keep a safe distance etween your vehicles. The truck or us driver may e trying to slow down safely without losing the momentum needed to clim the net hill at a reasonale speed.
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Highway Driving 4n many highways with three or more lanes3 large vehicles are not all owed to use the far left lane3 even for passing slower vehicles. When a large vehicle is following you in a centre lane3 give it the opportunity to pass y moving to the right lane. When a truck or us moves to the left lane to allow you to merge with traffic on a highway3 slow down a little to let it return to the right lane in front of you. This will allow you to pass safely on the left3 if you wish3 and will help the larger vehicle get out of faster-moving left-lane traffic.
"oad Trans2ortation @ost (anadians drive or ride in cars3 vans3 uses or trucks to get where they want and need to go. (anada has nearly //3/// kilometres of road C enough to circle the gloe !! timesX (anadaAs national highway system is made up of over "+3/// kilometres of important national and regional highways. ,ll levels of government3 as well as several instrumental pulic- and private-sector partners3 are working together to support the Road Safety Vision !"! plan and make (anadaAs roads the safest in the world.
(mergencies Local or provincial police forces investigate motor vehicle accidents on pulic roads3 as well as accidents that involve off-road vehicles. 2n case of an accident
2f you are involved in or witness a car accident3 call 11 or your local emergency numer. Tell the person who answers the phone where you are3 what happened3 and what you need. 2f needed3 they will send an emergency vehicle;s< to your location. 2ncident invo&ving dangerous goods
The !!# E$ergency Res%onse Guide&oo' ;6*5!//+< has een developed for use y the fire fighters3 police3 and other emergency services personnel who may e the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving dangerous goods.
ecoT",%"T The ecoT*,N&94*T &trategy is part of the 5overnment of (anadaAs amitious agenda to protect our environment and the health of (anadians and to further our economic prosperity. 2nitiatives announced to date include: •
•
The eco7*6258T 9rogram is aimed at reducing the environmental and health effects of freight transportation through the use of technology. The eco@42L2TO 9rogram will help municipalities reduce uran passenger transportation emissions y increasing transit ridership and the use of other sustainale transportation options.
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The ecoT6(8N4L45O for Iehicles 9rogram will involve purchasing and testing a range of advanced technologies and showcasing them at pulic events across (anada.
The eco,$T4 *eate 9rogram
Session .6 The ne) ru&es of driving: ;o) to use momentum instead of fue& to move *our vehic&e+ @omentum is mYv ;mass times velocity<. 7or eample3 when you have a large truck and a small car traveling at the same speed the large truck is harder to stop ecause it has a igger mass3 and therefore a igger momentum. oth vehicles are going at the same speed ut the truck has the igger mass. @ass is the amount of matter in an oGect. Ielocity is the speed together with direction of motion. 2mpulse is a change is momentum. 7or eample3 if the momentum of an oGect changes that means that the mass or velocity must have changed. 2f the mass is unchanged3 as it is most often3 then velocity has changed and acceleration has occured. 7orce produces acceleration3 so the greater the force acting on an oGect3 the greater its change in velocity and the greater the change in momentum. The greater the net force acting upon an oGect3 the greater the impulse. 2mpulse is also defined as force of impact times time of impact.
@omentum3 like velocity3 is relative. (onsider a 13///-kg car moving at !/ mFs with respect to the surface of a highway3 traveling northward. 2f you are driving the car3 the momentum of the car relative to your ody is Pero. 2f you stand y the side of the road3 the momentum of the car relative to you is !/3/// kg Z mFs northward. 2f you are driving a 13///-kg car at 1% mFs with respect to the road and are traveling northward3 and a truck of mass 13%// kg is moving !/ mFs with respect to the road and comes up ehind you in the same direction3 the truckAs momentum relative to you is the product of its relative velocity ;% mFs northward< and its mass ;13%// kg<3 or )3%// kg Z mFs northward. *elative to the truck3 the momentum of your car will e in the opposite direction3 and will e smaller: % mFs 13/// kg D %3/// kg Z mFs southward. Thus3 if a collision occurs3 the danger is greater to the oGect that is less massive. 2f the aove mentioned truck passes you going the opposite way on the road3 its momentum relative to you is "% mFs 13%// kg southward3 or %!3%// kg Z mFs southward. *elative to it3 your momentum is "% mFs 13/// kg northward3 or "%3/// kg Z mFs northward. 2n that situation3 as with the rear-end scenario3 the peril is greater to the less massive vehicle in the event of a collision.
TRACT2ON AN1 #R2CT2ON
There are different kinds of traction. 7or instance3 t hereAs one kind of traction when we rake3 another when we accelerate3 and still another when we turn. Traction control deals specifically with lateral ;front-to-ack< loss of friction during acceleration. 2n other words3 when your car accelerates from a dead stop3 or speeds up while passing another vehicle3 t raction control works to ensure maimum contact etween the road surface and your tires3 even under less-thanideal road conditions. 7or eample3 a wet or icy road surface will significantly reduce the friction ;traction< etween your tires and the pavement. ,nd since your tires are the only part of your car that actually touches the ground3 any resulting loss of friction can have serious conseBuences.
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Traction control works at the opposite end of the scale from ,& C dealing with acceleration rather than deceleration. &till3 since many of the same principles apply to oth systems3 it might e est to visualiPe it as sort of ,& in reverse. ,& works y sensing slippage at the wheels during raking3 and continually adGusting raking pressure to ensure maimum contact etween the tires and the road. Oou can actually hear the system working ;a grinding sound< and feel it ;the pedal pulsing<. LetAs say youAre at a stoplight on wet pavement. The light turns green and you press too firmly on the accelerator pedal. There is slick asphalt under your tires and the wheels egin to spin. The traction control system instantaneously kicks in3 sensing that the wheels have egun to slip. Within a fraction of a second3 this data is fed ack to the control unit3 which adGusts throttle input and applies raking force to slow the wheels ;some older systems also retarded engine spark<. The wheels are thus prevented from spinning and the car maintains maimum traction. Reduced traction0 *our car can go into s$id
M7- 339 7?< <2;627 69=9-62 "" -/6 @;627-662@ 7?<. T/7 7 >/69 -/6 ,? 69< -/6 ,2 7>62;67 =- 7663954 =559 -/6 267- -/6 ;6/56 >-/ -. W/69 >6 <7=77 7?<<9 >/,- >626 26,554 -,5?9 ,=- 7 2-9. H> >655 <67 -/6 ;6/56 /5< -/6 2,< T2,-9 "" -/6 -69<694 , ,2 - @7-?@ - -/6 2,<>,4 "" /,7 , <26- 265,-9 - >/6-/62 - >55 7?< 2 9-. T/6 55>9 ,-27 9-2=-6 - ;6/56 -2,-9 ,9< -/6 5?65/< -/,- , ,2 >55 9- , 7?<: 2,< 7=2,6 ;6/56 ;65-4 2,< 9<-97 >6,-/62 5/-9 -26 >6,2 -26 95,-9 -6362,-=26 -46 ;6/56 7=76979 747-63 ,9< ;6/56 5,< ,39 -/627. "oad #urface: T/6 7956 37- 32-,9- ,-2 ,6-9 -/6 -69-,5 2 , ,2 - 7?< 7 -/6 9<-9 -/6 2,<>,4. I7 - ,7/,5- 2 926-6 R=/ 2 73-/ T/9? 7,9<,62. I- /,7 <6269- 2,<67 2=/9677. T/6 ,2762 -/6 7,9<,62 -/6 326 2-9 - 26769-7 - -/6 7=2,6 69 7,9<6< "" .6. -/6 ,7-62 - @-,?67 <>9@ -/,- 7=2,6. T/7 7 735,2 - , ,27 ,5-4 - /5< 9- -/6 2,<. I- 6367 6;69 326 2-,5 >/69 =56< >-/ =2 769< ,-2 2,< 9<-97. "oad $onditions: T/7 7 9- -/6 7,36 -/9 ,7 2,< 7=2,6. F2 97-,96 >/69 4= /,;6 , 2=/ 2,< 7=2,6 ;626< >-/ 6 -/6 -267 3,4 96;62 ,-=,554 @766@ -/6 2=/9677 696,-/. D6269- 2,< 9<-97 26769- ;,249 2-9 2-=9-67 - -/6 -267. A ,276 2,<>,4 9 -/6 2,9 >55 /5< 5677 2354 -/,9 -/,- 7,36 //>,4 96 <24 5?6>76 79>";626< ,;6369>55 26769- 6;69 6>62 2-9 775-67 - -/6 -267. A7 9 2,?9 -/6 267 >2?9 =9 , ;6/56 636 =76< ,- -/6 9- 9-,- "" 5-62,554 >/626 -/6 2=62 366-7 -/6 2,<. T/2> ,9 6 7-23 2 -> 9 -/626 ,9< -/6 2-9 669- ,9 ,2,/ 62. S >/,- ,26 -/6 9<-97 -/6 2,< I7 - 2,99 S9>9 W,7 -/626 ,9 ;629/- 2666 A55 -/676 9<-97 95=696 76,2,-654 2 -6-/62 -/6 -69<694 , ;6/56 - 7?<. #2eed and Direction of ehicle: H> ,7- 7 -/6 ;6/56 9 ,9< >/626 7 - /6,<6< E9624 926,767 ,7 , 7=,26 -/6 ;65-4. S -/6 ,7-62 4= -/6 326 69624 -/6 ;6/56 3=7<77,-6 626 - 367 - , 7-. I9 >/,- <26-9 7 -/6 ;6/56 -2,;659 I -/6 2,< 7 /6,<9 6,7- ,9< 4=2 ,2 7 9 92-/ 4= /,;6 , 2563. $ondition of Tires: T/7 95=<67 -26,< >6,2 -26 95,-9 ,9< -26 -6362,-=26. H> 3=/ @36,-@ 7 9 -/6 -26 A 96> -26 >-/ 5-7 -26,< >55 2 -/6 2,<>,4 3=/ 326 66-;654 -/,9 , ,5< -26. H> 3=/ ,2 <67 -/6 -26 /,;6 9 - A <65,-6< -26 /,7 - 3=/ 5,4 9 - ,9< >55 9- 26,- 26254 - /,99 2,< 9<-97 9;627654 ,9 ;62"95,-6< -26 >55 -69< - @7?3@ ,277 -/6 ,;6369-. L,7-54 /> /- ,26 -/6 -267 A9 ;62/6,-6< -26 >55 7-69 ,9< 576 29 >62.
#orce of im!act
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#orce of im!act is the amount of force with which something hits something else. 2n other words it is the amount of force that the oGect is acted upon. 2t is the force that something hits or is hit with. Time of im!act is the time that it takes something eperience the force of impact. 1riving and im!u&se:
2f two cars with different masses crash head on into each other at identical speeds3 the car with less mass will proaly suffer more damage than the car with more mass. The car with the smaller mass is unale to withstand the impact of the car with the greater mass ecause the car with more mass has more momentum. @omentum is mass times velocity. ,irags and crumple Pones cannot change the impulse of an accidentH however they can help protect drivers and passengers. ,irags can protect the passengers and drivers from aruptly hitting the windshield or dashoard and crumple Pones protect the drivers from a high force of impact. They oth also decrease the force of impact y increasing the time of impact. 7orce of 2mpact and Time of 2mpact are also related to raking a car. The reason why a hard slam on the rakes will e less comfortale than the soft slow pressure is ecause if you slam on the reaks Buickly3 you will Gerk forward as the car comes to a Buick stop --making a Buick change in velocity. With a hard slam on the rakes Time of 2mpact is shorter therefore increasing the 7orce of 2mpact. ,dditionally3 your ody has a tendency to resist a change in motion so when the car stops Buickly your ody is going to continue to move forward unless you are wearing your seatelt. Can *ou foo& "other Nature3
2f you have enough QQQQQQQQQQQ3 and do not have too much QQQQQQQQQQQ3 you can save a ad situation from ecoming an accident.
2f you violate the law of physics3 you are going to e in QQQQQQQQQQ for sure3 ecause you get caught QQQQQQQQQQQ.
#ORCES B=2
1.< What is momentum? ;formula< a.< mYv .< fYt c.< mYt d.< and c !.
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+.< What will have more momentum3 a group of " marles rolling down a ramp or 1 marle rolling down an identical ramp? Why? a.< Neither has more momentum .< 1 marle3 ecause the mass is greater c.< oth marles d.< The group of " marles have the more momentum ecause the mass is greater. .< 9lease consider this Buestion: Which will e easier to stop-- a "//l car traveling at !/mph or a !/l car traveling at "//mph? Which choice is the correct way to solve this prolem? a.< mYt Oou multiply mass and the time and you will get the answer .< mYv Oou multiply mass and velocity for oth cars and you will get the answer.
1/.< What do the letters v3 t3 f and m stand for? a.< volume3 teture3 force3 @omentum .< Ierte3 topography3 formula3 molasses c.< Ielocity3 time3 force3 mass d.< @otion3 tendency3 friction3 magnetic
11.< , !//l car moving at the same speed as a 1//l car has a igger momentum.
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“SEVEN STAR” True or 7alse 1!.< , %/l person moving at !//mph is easier to stop than a "//l person moving at 1'mph. True or 7alse
Dno) *our vehic&e for safe hand&ing The deve&o!ment of cars • The interna& comustion engine 7our strokes # cylinders ' cylinders + cylinders O!eration devices and features • CONTRO% 1EV2CES 25N2T24N &W2T(8 Lock 4ff ,cc 4n &tart &T66*2N5 W866L 9ower 9ower assist @anual 5,& 96,L *,>6 96,L isc rakes rum rakes 9,*>2N5 *,>6 56,* &6L6(T4* ;automatic< 9 * N ! 1 56,* &6L6(T4* ;standard< (L$T(8 96,L; standard< (84>6 (4NT*4L >no 5as pedal •
V2S2/2%2T< 1EV2CES @2**4*& L258T& 86,L258T& T,2L L258T&
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&26 L258T& ,&84,* L258T& 2NT6*24* 4@6 L258T W2N&826LFW,&86* 7L$2& 67*4&T6* &$N I2&4*&
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CO""=N2CAT2ON 1EV2CES 84*N 2*6(T24N,L &25N,L L6I6* 2*6(T24N,L &25N,L L258T& 8,V,* W,*N2N5 &25N,L& *,>6 L258T& *6I6*&6 L258T&
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2N#OR"AT2ON 1EV2CES 5,$56& 7$6L 5,$56 T6@96*,T$*6 5,$56 2N2(,T4* L258T& (44L,NT T6@96*,T$*6 L4W 42L 9*6&&$*6 8258 6,@ *,>6 W,*N2N5 ,2* ,5 @,L7$N(T24N &6,T 6LT 44* 496N
@6T6*6& 44@6T6* T*29 44@6T6* T,(84@6T6* &9664@6T6*
ROTECT2ON 1EV2CES AN1 #EAT=RES • &,76TO &6,T 6LT &6,T 6LT ,N T86 L,W 86, *6&T*,2NT ,2* ,5& • (4@74*T ,2* I6NT& 86,T6* ,2* (4N2T24N6* (*$2&6 (4NT*4L • &6($*2TO ,ccording to &tatistics (anada3 in !//%3 the latest year for which data is availale3 a total of "3#+" motor vehicle thefts occurred in 4ntario3 includi ng more than 1'3!// in the city of Toronto alone. 4verall3 more than 1'/3/// vehicles were stolen nationwide. 44* L4(>&
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&T66*2N5 (4L$@N L4(> 25N2T24N >6O *6@2N6* ,L,*@&
SEAT /E%T
(,* (*,&86& ,*6 T86 L6,2N5 (,$&6 47 6,T8 ,@4N5 (82L*6N ,N O4$T8. (4**6(TLO $&6 (,* &6,T& (,N *6$(6 T86 94&&22L2TO 47 2NJ$*O 4* 6,T8 2N , (4LL2&24N O )% 96*(6NT. &6,T 6LT& ,*6 6&25N6 74* O4$N5 ,N L,*56* (82L*6N. , &6,T 6LT ,L4N6 (,N (,$&6 &6*24$& ,4@2N,L ,N 2NT6*N,L 2NJ$*26& T4 , O4$N5 (82L. , 44&T6* &6,T 2& 6&25N6 T4 9*496*LO 94&2T24N T86 &6,T 6LT ,(*4&& , (82L0& 4O3 *6$(2N5 T86 *2&> 47 2NJ$*O. 2N7,NT& ;$N6* >5; !/ L&<< *6,*-7,(2N5 &6,T T4L6*& ; T4 L6&& T8,N 1+ >5; !/-#/ L& < 74*W,* 7,(2N5 &6,T 9*6-&(844L T4 + O6,*& ;1+-"' >5 4* #/-+/ L& W84 8,& &T,N2N5 86258T 47 L6&& T8,N 1#% (@ 4* #0< 44&T6* &6,T. T;E %A( 1R2VERS ARE RESONS2/%E #OR ENS=R2NG A%% ASSENGERS =N1ER '7
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"A2NTENANCE
Tire pressure: a single tire under-inflated y Gust + spa can lose 1%3/// km from its lifespan and increase fuel consumption y #S. (heck tread wear: insert pencil or other thin oGect into the groove etween two treads. 2f there is less than 1.% mm of tread left3 or the tread wear ars are showing3 then you need to replace the tire. ,ir filter: the air filter removes dust and dirt from air eing fed into the engine. , clogged air filter can increase fuel consumption y 1/S. (hecking the coolant (hecking the lights (hecking the oil (hecking the washer fluid: top up the washer fluid regularly
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&afety is an important area to consider as you shop for your new car. No one likes to think aout getting involved in an accident3 ut if the worst does happen3 youAll stand a etter chance of walking away from it if your vehicle is properly eBuipped. 8ere are 1/ tips designed to help you make sure that the vehicle you uy has the safety features you need: '+
;igh crash test scores: these rates how a given vehicle fares in different collision scenarios. &pecifically3 look for a four- or five-star crash test rating ;for oth front and side impacts<.
,+
Stai&it* contro&: These systems use multiple electronic sensors to m onitor the driverAs intended path and the actual direction the car is headed. &hould the two egin to divergeH the systemAs computer will actuate individual rakes andFor reduce engine power to restore control. ,s well as these systems work3 they cannot overcome the laws of physics and therefore should not e relied upon to avoid all types of accidents.
6+ Navigation s*stem: These electronic atlases not only provide detailed maps down to the street level3 they can also e programmed to give point-to-point driving directions. The latest s ystems can also pinpoint gas stations3 ,T@s as well as restaurants and hotels among other things. @ost systems now use I-*4@ technology which allows all information to reside on one (3 while older (-*4@ systems reBuire multiple discs to cover the entire country. 9+ Side-im!act airags: 4ftentimes3 side-impact collisions are the worst3 usually involving one car plowing headlong into the side of another3 as when some dimwit runs a red light or stop sign. $nlike a frontal collision3 where the carAs crumple Pone can help asor some of the crashAs force3 a side-impact collision has only the thickness of the carAs door for protection. &ide-impact airags help asor the low and protect the occupants from contact with hard surfaces. 8+ Rear !ar$ing sensors: This high-tech feature determines how close the vehicle is getting to anything ehind it and provides an audile warning ;usually via eeps that increase in freBuency< to let the driver know that he is getting closer and closer to the oGect;s<. &ome vehicles also provide a visual warning as well. &ometimes called park assist3 this technology is invaluale for keeping oth the umper and small children ;or for that matter3 anyone or anything out of the driverAs sight lines< safe. 7+ Side curtain airags >a&so ca&&ed head curtain airags?: Not to e confused with side-impact ags3 which help protect the torso3 the curtain variety is designed to protect the precious noggins of the vehicleAs occupants. ,lso3 they often etend to the rear seats. 5+
Anti&oc$ /ra$ing S*stem >A/S?: ,&3 which prevents a vehicleAs wheels from locking up y automatically and rapidly pumping the rakes3 has two chief enefits: shorter stopping distances on slippery surfaces and the maintenance of steering control. , locked-up wheel ;or wheels< will slide3 and thus canAt e steered3 so the chance to steer around a potential collision is lost. ,lthough ,& has een around for a long time3 many drivers still arenAt aware of what it feels like when it kicks in ;most systems make noise and virate the rake pedal<. We recommend that you educate yourself aout the feel of ,& efore itAs needed. 7or instance3 go to a wet3 vacant parking lot after the stores have closed and slam on the rakes several times. etter yet3 att end driving school and get some professional instruction.
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Consider not u*ing an S=V: No3 we donAt consider sport-utility vehicles evil C so hold those emails C ut conclusive evidence shows that3 due chiefly to their higher center of gravity3 they are more prone to rolling over than other family vehicles. $nless you really need that off-road or heavy haulingFtowing aility3 think aout a minivan or station wagon instead. Not only are they safer3 theyAre generally less epensive and much easier on fuel.
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Good tires: This one might seem a little ovious3 ut make sure youAve got a good set of tires on the car. *ememer3 the tires are literally where the ruer meets the road and they are critical in terms of driving safety. 2f youAre uying a used vehicle and the tires are worn3 ask the seller to replace them or reduce the price y a couple hundred ucks so you can install some good ruer on the car. ,nd we recommend keeping your wheels aligned and checking your tire pressure once a month. '.+ Cargo netting or cargo cage: 6specially important in a station wagon or other vehicles with an open cargo area in the rear3 cargo netting can prevent a kidAs toy or heavy luggage from +
OntarioFs 1rive C&ean rogram
&mog is a serious health-related prolem i n 4ntario and motor vehicles are the single largest domestic source of smog and a source of several other t oic contaminants. &mog is ad news for many people3 particularly children3 the elderly and those with respiratory and cardiovascular illness. The 4ntario @edical ,ssociation estimates that smog is responsile for more than % // premature deaths3 aout 1) /// hospital admissions and more than '/ /// emergency department visits each year. Through rive (lean3 vehicle owners have an opportunity to make a positive contriution to the Buality of our air through good vehicle maintenance and y identifying emissions prolems so that they can e corrected. The advance emissions control technology in t oday0s vehicles and the development of hyrids and alternate fuel vehicles3 along with cleaner fuels3 are sharply reducing harmful emissions. 8owever3 there will e vehicles on the road without that advanced technology for many years and even t he more advanced vehicles reBuire regular maintenance to keep them operating cleanly. , well-maintained vehicle that is using l ess fuel saves us money at the gas pumps as well as emitting fewer pollutants. 6arly identification of emissions prolems can also help avoid maGor repair ills and give us vehicles that are more reliale3 run more smoothly and will likely last longer on the road. %ight-dut* vehic&es The light duty rive (lean program reBuires most passenger cars3 vans3 light trucks under #%//kilograms and sport utility vehicles to e tested in order to renew the stickers on their licence plates. Iehicles that are 1++ model year and newer reBuire testing every two years eginning in the fifth calendar year after their model year. 2f your plate epires and you delay renewal until the net calendar year3 an emission test will still e reBuired. ,n emission test is reBuired for a resale vehicle eing licensed for the road for vehicles with a model year older than the current calendar to protect the consumers against uying a used vehicle with emissions prolems. %ight-dut* vehic&e eHem!tions: • ,ll hyrid vehicles ;powered y comination of engine and electric motor< • Iehicles of the 1+) model year and older • ,ll vehicles currently designated as =historic under the 8ighway Traffic ,ct • Light duty commercial farm vehicles • @otorcycles • >it cars
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;o) is the 1rive C&ean test done3
Test is performed on a dynamometer3 a treadmill-like device. The vehicle is warmed up t o normal operating temperature. , gas analyPer3 connected to the vehicle through a proe in the tail pipe3 then measures the concentrations of oides of nitrogen3 hydrocarons and caron monoide while the vehicle is eing =driven on the dynamometer and again when the vehicle is idling at the end of the test. The test results are compared y a commuter to emissions standards for the vehicle and its model year3 with an allowance for vehicle age and wear and tear.
(hat ha!!ens after m* 1rive C&ean test3
Oou will receive a computer-generated report at the rive (lean facility. 2t will state i f your vehicle passes or fails and give you an analysis of the pollutants coming from the tailpipe. 2f your vehicle does not meet emissions standards3 you will receive a fact sheet descriing some of the possile causes of failure and information on what to do net. Test results are automatically recorded in the provinceAs vehicle registration data ase. 8owever3 vehicle owners should ring a copy of their pass report to a licence issuing office or a self-service kiosk when renewing their registration3 in the event there are any Buestions. The rive (lean pass report for your vehicle is valid for registration renewals and ownership transfers for up to 1! months from the date of the test. The licence epiry date or transfer date must fall within that 1!month period.
W/,- >55 , D2;6 C56,9 -67- 7- The maimum fee for a light-duty vehicle test or re-test is set y rive (lean. The most that you can e charged is "%3 plus applicale taes for the test. 2f your vehicle fails to meet emissions standards3 the maimum fee for a re-test after repairs is set at 1).%/3 plus applicale taes. Oou are entitled to two retests at the 1).%/ rate3 if they are performed at the rive (lean facility where the initial test was conducted.
W/,- 34 ;6/56 <67 9- 366- -/6 637797 7-,9<,2<7 2nformation from rive (lean3 and more t han "/ North ,merican Gurisdictions with programs similar to 4ntarioAs3 shows that an average of aout +% per cent of passenger cars and light-duty trucks pass inspection at their first test. 8owever3 if your vehicle fails to meet emissions standards3 you will need to either have the vehicle repaired to otain a full pass or to comply with the reBuirements of the *epair (ost Limit ;*(L< and otain a conditional pass. Oou will receive a report indicating your vehicleAs emissions results from t he test3 as well as information on the most common reasons for failing the test. 2f you want to take advantage of the *epair (ost Limit ;*(L< to otain a conditional rive (lean pass3 you must use the services of an accredited rive (lean facility for an emissions system diagnostic3 repair cost esti mates and repairs. 8owever3 you may do repairs yourself or go to any local garage ut the *(L will not appl y. The *(L sets a maimum on the amount that you must spend on repairs to Bualify for a conditional pass for registration renewal only. ,ny other repairs that put the total cost aove t he *(L may e deferred. 2f your vehicle continues to fail its emissions tests for future registration renewals3 you may continue to otain conditional passes - ut you will have to meet the reBuirements of the *(L each time.
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The *(L does not apply to repairs covered y a manufacturerAs warranty or repairs that are reBuired efore a rive (lean facility will test a vehicle. The conditional pass may not e used to transfer ownership of a vehicle and plate it for the road3 as a protection measure for purchasers of used vehicles. The *(L varies3 depending on where in the rive (lean program area your vehicle is registered. 7or full details on the *epair (ost Limit3 contact the rive (lean (all (entre3 visit the rive (lean we site or ask an accredited rive (lean facility for an *(L information card.
W/,- I <7,266 >-/ -/6 -67- 267=5-7 2 26,27 2f you disagree with the results of the test or the repairs performed at a rive (lean facility3 you will e ale to contact the rive (lean (all (entre to get information that may resolve any concerns. 2f a dispute cannot e settled3 you and the other party may e referred to an independent dispute resolution process. This dispute resolution process is only availale if you deal with rive (lean facilities.
O9"2,< 6926369- >-/ -/6 S3 P,-25. ,ll vehicles on 4ntarioAs highways - whether registered in 4ntario or from out-of-province - are suGect to provisions of the 6nvironmental 9rotection ,ct regarding ecessive ehaust smoke or emissions control eBuipment that has een altered or is missing. The &mog 9atrol of the @inistry of the 6nvironment enforces the act throughout 4ntario y conducting roadside inspections and tests of oth heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles. The &mog 9atrol is funded y the rive (lean program. 2t includes investigators who are the enforcement arm of rive (lean in investigating possile legal infractions at rive (lean facilities. Iehicle owners are reminded that a rive (lean pass or a conditional pass does not eempt a vehicle from the provisions of the act concerning ecess smoke or emissions control eBuipment. 2t only shows that a vehicle met rive (lean reBuirements at the time of the test. 1rive C&ean ma$es a difference
4ntarioAs rive (lean program is resulting in maGor reductions of smog-causing pollutants from vehicles. 4ntarioAs rive (lean program is concerned with helping us make smart choices aout the way we maintain and drive our vehicles. riving clean can save you up to 1/ per cent in annual fuel consumption and prolong the life of your vehicle. ut more importantly3 you will e doing the right thing for the air we reathe.
The Environmenta& rotection Act >EA?
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Can Co&&ision (arning S*stems "itigate 1istraction 1ue to 2n-Vehic&e 1evices3
*ear-end collisions account for approimately !+S of automotive crashes. ecause driver inattenti on is a contriuting factor in more than '/S of these collisions3 rear-end collision avoidance systems ;*6(,&< offer a promising approach to reduce crashes and save lives. , *6(,& is a device that uses electronic sensors ;e.g. radar< to detect the motion of a leading vehicle3 compute whether a collision is likely3 and trigger an alarm to alert the driver of the impending collision. The aility of a *6(,& is to aid distracted drivers in avoiding an imminent collision. ,n early warning helps drivers react more Bui ckly and avoid more collisions compared to late warning or no warning. *ear-end collisions cause approimately 1%) million vehicle-hours of delay annually3 which is approimately one-third of all crash-caused delay. river inattention has een identified as a contriuting factor in over '/S of these crashes. (ompared to driver inattention3 environment-related factors have a very small contriution to rear-end collisions. &pecifically3 poor visiility was identified as a contriuting factor in only !S of t he crashes. *ear-end collisions are a particularly prevalent crash type for distracted drivers. riving reBuires attentional resources associated with visual perception ;e.g.3 watching the road< and manual response ;e.g.3 steering and raking<. Iisual displays for in-vehicle systems reBuire the same resources3 and many researchers and designers have recogniPed the potential of visual displays to distract drivers. Iisual displays pose a structural distraction to drivers ecause they cause drivers to look away from the road. &peech-ased interaction reBuires attentional resources associated with auditory perception and vocal response. ecause speech-ased interaction ;e.g.3 cellular telephone conversation< reBuires perceptual and response resources that are different from those reBuired y the driving taskH t he driver can keep his eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. &peech-ased interaction does not pose a structural di straction to the driverH however3 speech ased interaction may demand common cognitive resources associated with thinking aout the road and the in-vehicle information system3 posing a cognitive distraction to the driver. The two maGor types of distractions are:
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Structural distraction3 which occurs when the driver looks away from the road or t akes his hands off the steering wheel. Cognitive distraction3 which is less ovious and occurs when the drivers0 cognitive activity is directed away from the road as in a comple conversation.
(ollision warnings may mitigate oth the structural and cognitive distraction posed y in-vehicle devices. 2ncreased driving safety through rear-ends collision warning systems ;*6(,&<: These systems use electronic sensors ;e.g. radar< to detect the motion of a lead vehicle3 compute whether a collision is likely3 and trigger warning to alert the driver of the possile coll ision situation. The goal of these systems is to alert the driver to a potential collision situation3 return the driver0s attention to the roadway3 and promote a response that avoids the collision.
(hat is *our inter!retation of this artic&e3
Session .9 1river ehaviour
(very driver must take res2onsi9ility Oou canAt change the road conditions. Oou canAt change other drivers. ut you can control your own ehaviour. Oou can drive defensively. ,dGusting driving ehaviour for different conditions riving attitudes and ehaviour 9ersonal factors and influence &ocial factors and influence *esisting negative pressure 9ositive driving attitudes • • • •
2mpact of driver ehaviour on other road users To protect against aggressive drivers3 the (anada &afety (ouncil recommends you plan ahead efore taking trips3 consider alternative routes to avoid traffic congestion3 oey the speed limit and always take a courteous attitude toward other drivers. 2n addition3 try to ensure your car is comfortale on the inside to keep yourself calm on the road. This includes playing relaing music and setting the air conditioning or heat to acomfortale temperature.
Aggressive driving
Defi ni t i on Aggr e ss i v eDr i v i ng (hat is Aggressive 1riving3
“SEVEN STAR” Signs of Aggressive 1riving
Road rage
Defi ni t i on RoadRage
7act: )! per (ent of (anadians lame *oad *age on the stress and frustration of daily life. ,voiding road rage
2nsurance No-fau&t insurance Guaranteed access to automoi&e insurance
rivers with poor driving record 2nsurance ris$ !oints Cost of insurance (hat to u*3 2nsurance offences Starting and moving the car re-driving haits •
Outside chec$s
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2nside chec$s
(2*(L6 (86(> 7L$2& 72LT8 7*,(T$*6 7*664@ 7L,T
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2nside adIustments
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/asic !rocedure to start the engine 9arking rake is set • &elector lever in park position • Turn key- clockwise towards windshield 4N position • (heck all lights are working • Turn key &T,*T position to crank the engine • *elease key • (heck whether all the lights disappear ecept rake light • &ee any red light3 do not drive3 get rid of it efore driving • 2s there enough fuel in the car? • 2dling: no more than "/ seconds • Starting a co&d engine in co&d )eather $sing automatic choke y depressing gas pedal once to enrich air-fuel • miture. ,ir:7uel::///:1 • Starting a f&ooded engine 9umping the gas pedal can flood the engine • &lowly depress gas pedal and hold it there while you turn the key • 2f does not work3 let engine stand for several minutes • "oving the car "oving an automatic transmission car • 9ress firmly on the rake pedal &elector lever to drive *elease parking rake &ignal
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*ear-view mirror &ide mirrors 4ver shoulder 9edestrians 7oot off rake pedal 7oot on gas pedal Take at least 1/ seconds to reach %/ kmFh "oving a manua& transmission car 9ress clutch ; left foot < &hift lever to first gear 9ress foot rake ; right foot < *elease parking rake &ignal *ear-view mirror &ide mirrors 4ver shoulder 9edestrians Let up the clutch pedal until friction point *ight foot to gas pedal (oordinate moving clutch pedal up and gas pedal down To change gear 9ress down the clutch while letting up on the gas pedal &hift gear Let clutch up while pressing down the gas pedal ; to match speed of engine with speed of wheels < "oving the car on a hi&& &pecial use of parking rake to prevent the car from rolling ackward ,ccelerate while releasing the parking rake
AGGRESS2VE 1R2V2NG Defi ni t i on Aggr e ss i v eDr i v i ng At r afficoff enc eorc ombi nat i onofoff enc es ,s uc ha sf ol l owi ngt oocl os el y , s pee di ngoruns af el a ne c hanges .Th et r i ggerf ort h eaggr es s i v edr i v eri sus ual l yt r afficc onges t i onc ombi nedwi t ha s chedul et hati snear l y
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I mp os s i bl et ome et . • • • • •
Tailgating ;" per cent< 9assing on the shoulder of the road ;++ per cent< @aking rude gestures ;+' per cent< 9ulling into a parking space someone else is waiting for ;+/ per cent< (hanging lanes without signalling ;)% per cent<
(hat is Aggressive 1riving3 ,ggressive driving is defined as a progression of unlawful driving actions such as: speeding3 improper or ecessive lane changing3 failing to signal intent3 failing to see that movement can e made safely3 or3 improper passing ;such as using an emergency lane to pass3 or passing on the shoulder<. ,ggressive drivers know that you donAt know who they are3 so they feel like they have more power and can do as they please. They donAt elieve there will e conseBuences to their actions. Signs of Aggressive 1riving: Oou may not even e aware of it3 ut if some of the following items sound like you when you drive3 you are proaly an aggressive driver: • •
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6pressing frustration3 cursing3 yelling3 gesturing to other drivers. Not paying attention. 6ating3 drinking3 talking on the phone3 reading while driving. 7reBuently changing lanes *unning red lights &peeding
Oou can change these driving patterns y concentrating on the issue at hand--driving. e calm3 drive at the same speed as the cars around you ;although this is not a legal ecuse for driving too fast<3 take less congested or easier routes ;making a series of right turns may e a lot easier than trying to make a left turn through si lanes of traffic<3 leave yourself enough time to get where you are going without driving like a maniac3 and3 if necessary3 decide youAll e a little late and stay calm. 2f you are confronted y an aggressive driver3 your est course of action is to get out of his way. &wallow your pride3 and let him do whatever he pleases3 so he can get away from you. *esist the urge to not let him pass3 or not let him merge. o not make eye contact. Oou donAt want to see any gestures he may e using3 and you donAt want to e tempted to return the sentiment. This ack and forth is eactly what often leads to road rage
Rod Rge It’s a known fact for many years that when we are behind a wheel, we feel in control of not only the car but of the road that we drive on. In doing so, this is our first fatal error, which leads to bad driving and irritant fellow drivers and even, in the worst cases, angry drivers that we hear about in the newspaper who are commonly referred to as ROAD RA!. "e do not own the road. "e share the road.
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#et’s face it, when we drive, the driver’s mind is not a blank canvass. $here are so many things crowding our mind that we are constantly multi%tasking. "e are trying to be good drivers, but at the same time, our mind is processing other more personal thoughts. #ike &Oh, I have to be there in ' minutes or my daughter will be waiting at school.( Or &If I don’t get to work on time today, I’m going to be fired)( *ow combine this with other influences, i.e. taking medicine, drugs or alcohol, do you honestly think that a driver will always drive safely+ $his is a rhetorical uestion. *ow, let’s go into this topic in more detail. "hat would this lead to+ $he ten top things that &annoy( or &irritate( or &piss off( fellow drivers are the following% $ailgating % hanging lanes without using signals or signalling late % Running through a red or yellow light at an intersection % $alking on a cell phone while driving % /peeding % 0onking at drivers % Rude gestures, like the finger % 1eing a &hog( parker 2 like parking in two spots % utting drivers and then suddenly slowing down % 3ulling up in front of someone and then taking too long to get up to speed % "eaving in and out of lanes % 1locking the intersection or hogging the lane % 3laying the radio too loud with the windows rolled down "hat do those above points demonstrate+ "hat do they have in common+ $hese drivers are not courteous and they do not follow the traffic laws. /o how does this lead to road rage+ It depends on the other driver that had to e4perience this irritant. As we mentioned above, when we are driving, we are multi%tasking, mentally and physically. Depending on the day we are having and the mood we are in, the above acts will trigger5. 6ildly irritation 7. /trong annoyance 8. Dangerous Anger And I9 we choose to e4press:communicate these emotions to the bad driver and how we e4press them can lead to road rage. Inadvertently, what may happen is that ;O< now are sub=ect to road rage> and so now ;O< are, in return, e4pressing your feelings in a rude fashion 2 and now you have become the uncourteous driver. $his can in fact trigger a chain reaction. *ow, what would lead to happy drivers+
“SEVEN STAR” $he !?A$ O33O/I$!) DO*’$% 1lock % "eave % 0onk % /peed % 0og Acknowledge your mistakes and errors) One very important way to avoid Road Rage is to avoid !;! O*$A$) "hy+ It is scientifically known that eye to eye contact is interpreted as threatening and challenging. #ook straight ahead and do not look the antagonist in the eye) If the behaviour of the driver becomes increasingly aggressive and dangerous, safely pull off the road, call @55 with the location, license of the offender, and car type and DO *O$ get out of your car to challenge or pacify them. ;ou know help is coming so stay put.
(hat is *our inter!retation of this artic&e3
%ist things *ou can do to anno* other drivers+
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No-fau&t insurance 2N ONTAR2O0 (E ;AVE A NO-#A=%T 2NS=RANCE #OR /O12%< 2NJ=R<+T;2S "EANS 2#
Guaranteed access to automoi&e insurance T;E %A( G=ARANTEES T;AT "OST 1R2VERS 2N ONTAR2O CAN GET COVERAGE #RO" 2NS=RANCE CO"AN< AT REG=%AR "ARDET RE"2="S+
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1rivers )ith !oor driving record TO ENSURE EVERYONE CAN OBTAIN INSURANCE REGARDLESS OF THEIR DRIVING RECORD INSURANCE INDUSTRY HAS CREATED THE FACILITY ASSOCIATION (FA).
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FA PROVIDES INSURANCE TO THOSE DRIVERS WHO REPRESENT A HIGH RIS* TO INSURANCE COMPANY. YOU WILL BE REFERRED TO FA IF YOUR DRIVING RECORD GENERATES FOUR OR MORE INSURANCE RIS* POINTS. FA MAY BE YOUR ONLY OPTION IF YOUR RECORD GENERATES FOUR OR MORE INSURANCE RIS* POINTS. IF YOUR ACCIDENT CONVICTION OR INSURANCE HISTORY PUTS YOU IN A CATEGORY OF HIGH RIS* DRIVERS YOU COULD END UP IN THE FA PAYING A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PREMIUM.
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“SEVEN STAR” $ost of insurance • • • • • •
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,ge ,ddress Type of car riving history 5ender 8ow much deductile , =deductile is part of a claim you must pay. 8igher deductiles mean lower premiums ut higher financial risk. (overage you uy
(hat to u*3 Y means compulsory in 4ntario %iai&it* odily inGury Y 9roperty damage Y Accident enefits asic enefits Y 4ptional increased =ninsured automoi&e K 1irect com!ensation-!ro!ert* damage K ;eductile< %oss or damage ;eductile< &pecified perils 7ire3 theft or attempted theft3 lightning3 windstorm3 8ail or rising water3 earthBuake3 eplosion3 riot3 7alling or forced landing of aircraft (omprehensive 7alling or flying oGects3 missiles3 vandalism (ollision (ollision with another oGect or tips over ,ll perils (omines collision and comprehensive
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2nsurance offences
2t is an offence under the 2nsurance ,ct to knowingly make a false or misleading statement or representation to an insurer in connection with the person0s entitlement to a enefit under a contract of insurance3 or to wilfully fail to inform the insurer of a material change in circumstances within 1# days3 in connection with such entitlement. The offence is punishale on conviction y a maimum fine of 1//3/// for the first offence and a maimum fine of !//3/// for any suseBuent conviction. 2t is an offence under the federal (riminal (ode for anyone to knowingly make or use a false document with the intent it e acted on as genuine and the offence is punishale3 on conviction 3 y a maimum of 1/ years imprisonment. 2t is an offence under the federal (riminal (ode for anyone3 e deceit3 falsehood or other dishonest act3 to defraud or to attempt to defraud an insurance company. The offence is punishale3 on conviction3 y a maimum of 1/ years imprisonment for cases involving an amount over %/// or otherwise a maimum of ! years imprisonment.
Canadian drivers and s!eeding
4verall findings reveal that (anadians view speeding as dangerous3 and they associate it with increased risk of collision3 inGury and death. 6conomic impacts ;e.g.3 increased fuel consumption< are also apparent to most3 while potential environmental conseBuences are oth more difficult to grasp and seen as less significant. There appears to e little agreement among (anadian drivers regarding road safety trends. &urvey respondents3 for eample3 have mied views regarding the safety and security of road travel in (anada ;"" per cent feel it is less safe and !) per cent think it is safer<3 while the maGority of focus group participants are generally of the view that driving is ecoming less safe. espite this difference of opinion3 many agree that speeding ;#) per cent< and driver distraction ;#1 per cent< are the main causes of serious traffic collisions3 along with impaired driving ;!) per cent<. ,ccording to (anadian drivers3 four of the top si causes of traffic collisions on (anadian roads stem from conscious decisions made y those ehind the wheel. 4verall3 we find that the definition of speeding is elastic3 that (anadians perceive themselves to speed much less than other drivers3 and that their assessment and descriptions of their personal instances of speeding are often relatively enign. &even in 1/ drivers admit to eceeding the speed limit at least occasionally3 particularly on highways ;+1 per cent<. The average speeding amount is 1! kilometres over the limit on highways3 1/ kilometres on two lane highwaysFcountry roads and ) kilometres on residential streets. 7rom a definitional standpoint3 many people elieve that while they might e =technically speeding3 they are not driving in a way that endangers either themselves or others. @oreover3 one in two drivers ;%! per cent< agrees that people should keep up with the flow of traffic regardless of the speed limit. 2t is also interesting
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to note that most people elieve it is Gust as dangerous to drive !/ kilometres under the speed limit3 as it is to drive !/ kilometres over it. Those who have admitted speeding are most likely to do so ecause they do not want to e late ;%) per cent<3 ecause they elieve that speed limits are set too low ;%1 per cent< or ecause they are not paying attention to the speed at which they are driving ;%1 per cent<. 4nly one in five drivers say that enGoying the feeling associated with driving fast has een a reason for them to speed ;however3 oth the Bualitative research and the regression analysis suggest that this factor is linked to the more etreme instances of speeding<. The results of the cluster analysis group (anadians into five distinct cohorts3 with aout "/ per cent of drivers falling into two groups of people characteriPed y their tendency to 1< speed more than other drivers3 and !< have less negative attitudes to speeding and its potential conseBuences. rivers elonging to these two groups also travel at higher speed when they do drive over the limit. 4ne group ;the *isk-Takers< seems to want to speed ecause they enGoy taking risks and defying authority. 2n short3 they enGoy it and they do it on purpose. The second group3 9ragmatic &peeders3 drive over the speed limit for more practical reasons: they want to get to their destination as Buickly as possile. They are also conscious speeders. (anadian drivers were also asked cite what they thought to e the main disadvantages of speeding. (onsistent with other survey and Bualitative results3 we find that an increased risk of collision ;cited y %# per cent of survey respondents< is mentioned most often. This is followed y the greater risk of inGury in the event of a collision and the risk of getting a speeding ticket ;oth cited y roughly one-third of drivers<. While nearly one in five respondents ;1+ per cent< think that speeding results in the use of more gas3 few ;Gust si per cent< were likely to cite adverse impacts to the environment ;such as climate change and air pollution< as a conseBuence of driving at high speeds. 2ndeed3 opinions and knowledge are clouded regarding speeding and its connection to climate change. While scientific evidence has demonstrated that speeding does indeed contriute to climate change3 only aout half of drivers ;#% per cent< actually elieve this to e true ;and roughly the same proportion #) per cent say this is false<. Notwithstanding the inclination of drivers to speed despite their awareness of the potentially negative impacts3 there appears to e significant support for measures aimed at curing speeding. The results show strongest support for the wider use of electronic roadside signs that warn drivers if they are speeding ;)! per cent of survey respondents think this is a good idea<3 as well as in-vehicle electronic systems that indicate speeds over 11/ kmFhr ;with the Bualitative research suggesting an assumption on the part of many that such eBuipment would e optional or under the control of the driver<. oth these approaches are seen as relatively innocuous and inepensive3 ut also more likely to e effective with inattentive speeders as opposed to the more conscious and etreme speeders ;i.e.3 the *isk-Takers and 9ragmatic &peeders<.
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@any of the other speed reduction strategies are also considered sound. These include increased police enforcement ;') per cent< and =lack o technology to collect data for use in the investigation of accidents ;'! per cent<. ;With respect to the latter3 however3 the Bualitative research suggests its support is ased more on its perceived worth as an accident investigation tool than its deterrent potential.< Lowering speed limits y 1/ kilometres on two-lane highways and rural roads garnered the least amount of support from survey respondents and focus group participants alike: %+ per cent of survey respondents thought this particular speed reduction strategy was a ad idea3 as did the maGority of focus group participants. There is significant support for a pulic awareness and education campaign aimed at reducing speeding3 although it is worth reiterating that the Bualitative research suggests that their might e greater support for an integrated campaign aimed at reducing all forms of dangerous driving3 including speeding. To (anadian drivers enforcement appears to e the most effective to way to cur speeding in the immediate term3 ut to a significant group of drivers social marketing represents the est hope for a cultural change that would see speeding ;and other dangerous ehaviours< ecome socially unacceptale3 and as a result3 relatively rare. ,s previously mentioned3 the environmental impacts of speeding tend not to e top of mind3 as a numer of indicators reveal ;e.g.3 only #% per cent agrees that driving over the speed limit contriutes to climate change<. @ost people are ale to make the link with some prompting given their understanding of the positive correlation etween speed and fuel consumption. This relationship appears crucial from a communications standpoint3 in that messages aout environmental impacts appear much more likely to e understood if they are tied closely to the more significant and resonant messaging aout the financial impacts of speeding3 particularly with respect to fuel consumption. e spite a lack of top of mind knowledge of the environmental impacts of speeding3 however3 it should e noted that +1 per cent of survey respondent say they are either etremely interested ;%% per cent< or somewhat interested ;!' per cent< in receiving information on ways of reducing the impact that speeding has on the environment. &uggestions for messaging revolve around the three main categories of negative impacts of speeding ;i.e.3 health3 economic3 environmental<3 conveyed y means of a comination of emotional and logical appeals. 2n terms of specific messaging3 one of the key knowledge gaps appears to centre on the relationship etween increased speed and risk ;while holding contetual variales such as road surface conditions constant<: 8ow much does one0s risk increase when they drive 1!/kms in a 1//kms Pone? What aout 1#/kms? 7rom an environmental standpoint3 the key Buestion is: What is the magnitude of the impact that the average (anadian driver ;i.e.3 ased on typical driving distances3 types and speeds< has on the environment? 8ow many trees is one =killing? The multivariate analysis suggests that communications efforts should focus on trying to change the attitudes and ehaviour of the *isk-Takers and the 9ragmatic &peeders ecause they pose the greatest danger. 5iven that their reasons for speeding are very
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different ;and that these groups have very demographic characteristics< communications efforts should e tailored for each of these audiences. 8owever3 it is instructive to note that oth these groups tend to diminish the increased proaility of collisions3 inGuries or death as a result of driving over the speed limit3 suggesting that this could e a common re-enforcing theme for these efforts.
Session .8 Visua& !erce!tion
&-&(,N 2-26NT27O 9-9*62(T -6(26 6-6[6($T6
What is visual perception? Looking far ahead &canning pattern ,ttention 2magination • • • •
Looking far ahead @,NO 6[96*26N(6 *2I6*& ,*6 , ,T T82&. @6LT;@2N2@$@ 6O6 L6, T2@6< 1%-!/ &6(4N& L44> ,& 7,* ,& 94&&2L6
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“SEVEN STAR” &canning pattern
TW4 K$2(> (86(>& ,*6 6TT6* T8,N 4N6 L4N5 (86(> *6@6@6* O4$* (,* 74LL4W& O4$* 6O6& Attention Toughest Go is to keep track of all the things. 2magination , defensive driver learns to imagine3 =what could e happening up there that 2 can not see yet? Strategica&&* driving
riving strategically
>6O &T*,T6526& 1. Looking effectively !. &pace cushion ". (ommunication Looking effectively Iisual system provides most of the information. &pace cushion Oou need enough space to stay out of troule >eep a safety gap or space cushion all around your car ,head ehind 6ither side The space cushion will let you see clearly in every direction. This will give you time and space to manoeuvre in order to avoid a collision. • • •
Ahead> #o&&o)ing distance or sto!!ing distance ?
&topping distance D time U *eaction time U raking time
9erception
7ollowing distance D time U *eaction time U?
9erception
The greatest risk of a crash is in front of your car. Oou need space for
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9erception 6yes take pictures and send to rain. rain ased on knowledge and eperience3 take a decision and send order to foot or hands to do something. Time rain needs to do this is perception time. ,verage person0s average perception time is E seconds. 7aster you go more information flood in your rain3 therefore rain slows down so your perception time will e more. *eaction Time driver needs to move foot from one pedal to other pedal; from gas to rake or from rake to gas < ,verage person0s average reaction time is E seconds. 2f you are tired3 impaired or sleepy3 your reaction time will e more. raking Time you need to stop after you hit the rake. ,verage raking distance in the city at %/ kmFhr is ! seconds. 7aster you go more will e the raking distance.
ehind , common danger in city driving is =tailgating 9ossiility of first =out with tailgaters 8ow many demerit points for following too closely? This means a car is following too closely ehind the one ahead. eing a tailgater has no advantages. Tailgating has several disadvantages. Less distance they can see ahead @ore sharply they must steer in order to pass another car @ore difficult it is to change lanes Less chance they will have to swerve around the car ahead if it stops suddenly. Less chance they will have of raking in time to avoid hitting the car ahead if it stops suddenly. Tailgating is dangerous. 8ow to get tailgater away? Try changing lanes3 if you can do so safely. Try moving slightly to right to encourage the tailgater to pass you. 2f tailgater is still glued to your umper3 pull off the road at the net eit. • • • •
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6ither side lind spot traveler Never drive in someody0s lind spot and never let any ody drive in your lind spot. ,dGust your speed accordingly. ,void driving in the lane net to the centre line to prevent a head-on collision.
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&ometimes there will e oncoming traffic on the left and parked cars on the right. 2n this case you should =split the difference What if there is oncoming car on the left and a child is riding a icycle on the right? ; do not drive etween them. &low down let car go efore passing the icycle. >eep your space cushion y handling one danger at a time < Communication @ake sure other drivers see you. Cit* driving
Lane change and lind spot lind spot @irrors have limits. *ear-view mirror covers a %% degree angle of the horiPon ehind you. ,ll vehicles have at least two lind spots. Ians have larger lind spots than cars. Trucks have three lind spots lind area Lane change ;@&@< @2**4* 8ow fast3 how far •
&25N,L &how your intention •
@2**4* ,gain. Why? •
L2N &94T efore start moving. Not while you are moving. •
&haring the in a safe and considerate manner *especting other road-users $nderstanding other road-users0 needs (ity haPards 2ntersections •
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@otorcycles 8arder to see ecause of their siPe they are less protected3 they are more likely to e inGured in a collision @otorcycles use a full laneH treat them like other vehicles when driving 6mergency vehicles 9edestrians 9edestrians cross over Transit uses &treet cars icycles 4ff-street areas 4ne-way streets 9olice officers &chool Pones &chool uses
9edestrians 9ay special attention to pedestrians. 9edestrians cross over 9edestrian crossovers are designated areas that allow pedestrians to safely cross roads where there are no traffic lights. o not pass any vehicle within "/ metres of a pedestrian crossover icycles (yclists need a metre on either side of themselves as a safety Pone. 4ne-way street Two-way road to a one-way road. Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the left cur lane. 4ne-way road to a two-way road. Turn from the left cur lane to the lane Gust right of the centre line. Then3 when you can3 move into the right cur lane. 4ne-way road to a one-way road. Turn from the left cur lane to the left cur lane.
9olice officers &chool Pones
“SEVEN STAR” &topping at school crossings 6mergency vehicles ,pproaching a stopped emergency vehicle with red lights flashing
Revie) road signs &hapes and colors of signs • + sided octagon • % sided pentagon • # sided sBuare3 rectangle3 diamond • " sided • yellow • orange • lack and white • lue • 5reen • 5reen circle and red circle • Accident statistics and Co&&ision factors
*oad safety is no accident. river errors cause +%S of collisions. @ost common driver errors are: 6very year collisions kill "/// people and inGure /3///. 6very eight hours one person dies. 6very si minutes someone is inGured. (ollisions cost 4ntario illion every year. (anada *oad Traffic Traffic (rash (ar ,ccidents. 2f all drivers drove !redicta&*0 courteous&* and artfu&&*0 there would e very few accidents. 8owever the unfortunate truth is that the numer of traffic accidents continues to e very high. Iictims Iictims y age group
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Why young drivers are more likely to have accidents? Learning to drive responsily reBuires constant practice. riving is a very demanding task. *4, (*,&86& ,N (,N,2,N O4$T8 *oad crashes are the numer one cause of teen death in (anada. (ollision factors for new drivers *emedies Conse4uences of traffic accidents , single traffic traffic accident can change your life forever. • • • •
@edical Legal 7inancial &ocial
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%oo$ing far ahead Scanning !attern Attention 2magination
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The centre of the scanning pattern should e up where you are going to e in 1%-!/ seconds3 or as far ahead as you can see. 2t0s important important to centre your vision way out ou t ahead3 so you can tell what is going on a long time efore you get to it. This gives you plenty of time to decide what to do aout some prolem on the road. Looking far ahead also makes your vision more sensitive to where your car is pointed. This makes your steering control smoother. Oou Oou can also see traffic well ahead so your speed control and choice of o f lanes are etter. Oou can get advance warning of traffic stopping y checking the rake lights of cars well out ahead. 2f you Gust watch the car directly ahead of you3 every stop is a surprise. Oou Oou have to make some effort to learn it. Scanning !attern
>eep your eyes moving in a sensile pattern. While driving keep checking QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ • • • • •
9attern ;each cycle< 1. (entre !. *I@ ". QQQQQ # . L& @ %. QQQQQ ' . *& @ ). QQQQQ + . 29 , common mistake is to keep focused on one thing for too long. TW4 K$2(> (86(>& ,*6 6TT6* T8,N 4N6 L4N5 (86(> Oour Oour eyes should not stay on one thing for more than two seconds. second s.
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&witching attention is very important for safe driving. Oou have to learn to control your attention. river0s toughest Go is to learn how to keep track of all the things that could e important. Oou have to train your rain to pay attention to the right things. 8uman rain can pay attention to only one thing at a time. When you are driving3 you can not pay attention too long to any one thing3 ecause something else can develop into a prolem while you0re ignoring it. Oou have to learn to keep switching your attention3 and directing your eyes to check out all the different things that can e important. Oou need to develop good haits so that your eyes will pick up important things around you even when you are not concentrating on your vision.
2magination
To est direct your attention and scanning in any particular situation you have to use some imagination. , good driver learns to imagine3 =what could e happening up there that 2 can not see yet? With eperience this should ecome automatic3 so that you do not have to think aout it. When you are driving3 things can pop out in front of you or emergency situations can develop very Buickly. @ost of the time though3 there are clues that can e seen ahead of time. Oou have to check side roads3 driveways3 and every place from which something could move into your lane. Smith s*stem '? Aim high in steering ,? Get a ig !icture 6? Dee! *our e*es moving 9? Dee! *ourse&f an out 8? "a$e sure the* see *ou
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(omplete the tale3 assuming good road conditions3 you are physically fit and rakes are fairly good &peed limit ;kmFhr<
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raking time
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riving reBuires attentional resources associated with visual perception ;e.g.3 watching the road< and manual response ;e.g.3 steering and raking<. Iisual displays for in-vehicle systems reBuire the same resources3 and many researchers and designers have recogniPed the potential of visual displays to distract drivers. Iisual displays pose a structural distraction to drivers ecause they cause drivers to look away from the road. &peech-ased interaction reBuires attentional resources associated with auditory perception and vocal response. ecause speech-ased interaction ;e.g.3 cellular telephone conversation< reBuires perceptual and response resources that are different from those reBuired y the driving taskH the driver can keep his eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. &peech-ased interaction does not pose a structural distraction to the driverH however3 speech ased interaction may demand common cognitive resources associated with thinking aout the road and the in-vehicle information system3 posing a cognitive distraction to the driver. The two maGor types of distractions are: Structural distraction3 which occurs when the driver looks away from the road or takes his hands off the steering wheel. Cognitive distraction3 which is less ovious and occurs when the drivers0 cognitive activity is directed away from the road as in a comple conversation. (ollision warnings may mitigate oth the structural and cognitive distraction posed y invehicle devices. 2ncreased driving safety through rear-ends collision warning systems ;*6(,&<: These systems use electronic sensors ;e.g. radar< to detect the motion of a lead vehicle3 compute whether a collision is likely3 and trigger warning to alert the driver of the possile collision situation. The goal of these systems is to alert the driver to a potential collision situation3 return the driver0s attention to the roadway3 and promote a response that avoids the collision.
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(hat is *our inter!retation of this artic&e3 ;aLard !erce!tion and driving eH!erience among novice drivers
The crash risk of novice drivers decreases rapidly during the first few months of postlicensing driving3 indicating that some important safety-relevant traffic skills are learnt during this period. The present study tested the hypothesis that the risk decrease is related to improved haPard perception skills. , video-ased haPard perceptionFreaction test3 measuring reaction times to "1 traffic scenes3 was administered to three groups of drivers3 having held a licence for 13 %3 and months3 respectively3 and to a group of drivers who had held their licences for several years. ,verage reaction times tended to decrease with eperience3 ut the decrease was not significant. There were some significant differences in the epected direction for individual test items3 indicating a possile effect of eperience. 4ne half of the situations were presented together with a secondary task3 in order to investigate effects of increased mental load on haPard perception. @ale novice drivers had relatively longer reaction times with the secondary task3 compared to oth female novice drivers and male eperienced drivers. "a$e a %ist of a&& the Cit* haLards •
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edestrians 9ay special attention to pedestrians3 whether they are crossing roads in traffic3 walking or Gogging alongside roads3 or using crosswalks or crossovers ;generally known as crossings<. Watch for children. rive slowly and cautiously through school Pones3 residential areas and any other area where children may e walking or playing. Oou never know when a child might dart out from etween parked cars or try to cross a street without checking for oncoming traffic. e very cautious at twilight when children may still e playing outside3 ut are very difficult to see. Watch out for (ommunity &afety Vone signs as they indicate areas where the community has identified that there is a special risk to pedestrians. 6lderly pedestrians or those with disailities need etra caution and courtesy from drivers as they may e slow in crossing the road. e alert for pedestrians who are lind3 visually impaired3 hearing impaired3 people in wheelchairs or people walking slowly due to some other physical impairment and give them appropriate consideration. 9edestrians who are lind or visually impaired may use a white cane or guide dog to help them travel safely along sidewalks and across intersections. (aution signs are posted in some areas where there is a special need for drivers to e alert. 9ersons operating moility devices ;motoriPed wheelchair and medical scooters< are treated the same way as pedestrians. $sually these operators will travel along a sidewalk ut if there is no sidewalk availale3 persons using moility device should travel3 like pedestrians3 along the left shoulder of the roadway facing oncoming traffic. &ome streetcar stops have a special safety island or Pone for passengers getting on and off. 9ass these safety islands and Pones at a reasonale speed. ,lways e ready in case pedestrians make sudden or unepected moves. edestrians cross over 9edestrian crossovers ;also commonly called crosswalks< are designated areas that allow pedestrians to safely cross roads where there are no traffic lights. ,lways watch for pedestrians and people using wheelchairs at these crossings. 9edestrians may push a utton to make overhead yellow lights flash to warn drivers. 9edestrians should point across the road to show they want to cross efore entering the roadway. rivers3 including cyclists3 must stop and allow pedestrians to cross. 4nce p eople have cleared your side of the road3 you can proceed with caution. o not pass any vehicle within "/ metres of a pedestrian crossover /ic*c&es icycles and mopeds that cannot keep up with traffic are epected to keep to the right of the laneH however3 they can use any part of the lane if necessary for safety3 such as to avoid potholes and sewer grates. (yclists need a metre on either side of themselves as a safety Pone. When passing a cyclist3 allow at least one metre etween your car and the cyclist. 2f the lane is too narrow to share3 change lanes to pass the cyclist. When turning right3 signal and check your mirrors and the lind spot to your right to make sure you do not cut
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off a cyclist. When parked on the side of the street3 look ehind you and check your mirrors and linds spots for a passing cyclist efore opening a door. One-)a* street Two-way road to a one-way road. Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the left cur lane. 4ne-way road to a two-way road. Turn from the left cur lane to the lane Gust right of the centre line. Then3 when you can3 move into the right cur lane. 4ne-way road to a one-way road. Turn from the left cur lane to the left cur lane. o&ice officers When police officers are directing traffic3 you must follow their directions3 even if the directions are different from traffic lights or signs. When a police officer signals you to pull your vehicle over3 you must pull over as far to the right as you safely can and come to a complete stop. &tay in your vehicle and wait for the police officer. Oou must immediately3 upon the police officerAs reBuest3 surrender your driverAs licence3 vehicle permit ;or copy< and insurance. (ontrary to popular elief3 you do not have !# hours to present these documents. 2f you do not oey a police officerAs direction to pull over3 you risk eing fined ;up to !%3///<3 having your licence suspended or even serving time in prison. Schoo& Lones Sto!!ing at schoo& crossings Where a school crossing guard displays a red and white stop sign you must stop efore reaching the crossing and remain stopped until all persons3 including the school crossing guard3 have cleared your half of the roadway and it is safe to proceed. 2f you have any douts on when it is safe to drive forward3 wait until all the children and the guard have cleared the crossing. rivers who donAt follow the stopping reBuirements may e fined etween 1%/ and %// and get " demerit points. Emergenc* vehic&es When you see the flashing lights or hear the ells or sirens of an emergency vehicle approaching from either direction3 you must immediately slow down 3 move as far to the right side of the roadway as you safely can3 and stop. *ememer to use your signals and check your mirrors and over your shoulders for other traffic efore pulling over and stopping.
o not stop in an intersection. 2f you cannot safely pull over efore you enter an intersection3 drive through. 4nce you have cleared the intersection3 signal3 and move as far to the right of the roadway as you safely can3 and stop. A!!roaching a sto!!ed emergenc* vehic&e )ith red &ights f&ashing
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When you see an emergency vehicle stopped with its red lights flashing in a lane or on the shoulder in your direction of travel3 you must slow down and pass with caution. 2f the road has two or more lanes3 you must move over into another lane to allow one lane clearance etween your vehicle and the emergency vehicle3 if it can e done safely. 7ailing to follow these rules can result in a conviction and a fine and demerit points on your driving record. Transit !riorit* signa&s
Traffic and pedestrians must yield to pulic transit vehicles at a transit priority signal. The round signal is on top of a regular traffic signal and shows a white vertical ar on a dark ackground. This allows transit vehicles to go through3 turn right or left3 while all conflicting traffic faces a red light. /&an$ traffic &ights
uring an electrical power loss3 traffic lights at intersections will not work. Oield the right-of-way to vehicles in the intersection and to vehicles entering the intersection from your right. 5o cautiously and use the intersection the same way you would use an intersection with all-way stop signs. Traffic eacons
, traffic eacon is a single flashing light hung over an intersection or placed over signs or on ostacles in the road.
lashing red 9eacon , flashing red eacon aove an intersection or stop sign means you must come to a complete stop. @ove through the intersection only when it is safe to do so.
lashing yellow 9eacon
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edestrian signa&s
9edestrian signals help pedestrians cross at intersections with traffic lights. The signal for pedestrians to walk is a white walking symol. , flashing or steady orange hand symol means pedestrians must not egin to cross. , pedestrian facing a walk signal may cross the road in the direction of the signal. While crossing3 pedestrians have the right-of-way over all vehicles. , pedestrian facing a
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flashing or steady hand symol should not egin to cross the road. 9edestrians who have already egun to cross when the hand signal appears3 should go as Buickly as possile to a safe area. While they are crossing3 pedestrians still have the right-of-way over vehicles. ,t intersections with traffic lights where there are no pedestrian signals3 pedestrians facing a green light may cross. 9edestrians may not cross on a flashing green light or a left-turn green arrow. #u&&* !rotected &eft turn
&ome intersections have separate traffic lights for left-turning traffic and for traffic going through the intersection or turning right. When a left-turn green arrow appears for traffic in the left-turn lane3 traffic going straight ahead or turning right will usually see a red light. Oou may turn left from the left-turn lane when you face a green arrow. Iehicles from the opposite direction may also e turning left. ,fter the left-turn green arrow3 a yellow light appears for left-turning vehicles only. ,fter the yellow light3 a red light appears for left-turning vehicles only. Traffic going straight ahead or turning right will face a green light or green arrows pointing straight ahead and to the right.
2n these intersections3 you may not egin turning left after the green light appears for traffic going straight ahead or turning right. 2f the light turns yellow while you are in the intersection3 complete your turn with caution. avement mar$ings 9avement markings comine with road signs and traffic lights to give you important information aout the direction of traffic and where you may and may not travel. 9avement markings divide traffic lanes3 show turning lanes3 mark pede strian crossings3 indicate ostacles and tell you when it is not safe to pass.
Oellow lines separate traffic travelling in opposite directions. White lines separate traffic travelling in the same direction. , solid line at the left of your lane means it is unsafe to pass. ;A,A should not pass.< , roken line at the left of your lane means you may pass if the way is clear. ;A,A may pass if there are enough roken lines ahead to complete the pass safely.< roken lines that are wider and closer together than regular roken lines are called continuity lines. When you see continuity lines on your left side3 it generally means the lane you are in is ending or eiting and that you must change lanes if you want to
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continue in your current direction. (ontinuity lines on your right mean your lane will continue unaffected. , stop line is a single white line painted across the road at an intersection. 2t shows where you must stop. 2f there is no stop line marked on the road3 stop at the crosswalk3 marked or not. 2f there is no crosswalk3 stop at the edge of the sidewalk. 2f there is no sidewalk3 stop at the edge of the intersection. , crosswalk is marked y two parallel white lines painted across the road. 8owever3 crosswalks at intersections are not always marked. 2f there is no stop line3 stop at the crosswalk. 2f there is no crosswalk3 stop at the edge of the sidewalk. 2f there is no sidewalk3 stop at the edge of the intersection. , white arrow painted on a lane means you may move only in the direction of the arrow. , pedestrian crossover is marked y two white doule parallel lines across the road with an [ in each lane approaching it3 and overhead yellow lights. &top efore the line and Oield to pedestrians. Two solid lines painted on the pavement guide traffic away from fied oGects such as ridge piers or concrete islands. Oellow and lack markings are also painted on the oGects themselves as warnings. Co&&ision factors for ne) drivers
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(h* *oung drivers are more &i$e&* to have accidents3
Learning to drive responsily reBuires constant practice. riving is a very demanding task. New driver0s lack of eperience and the novelty of driving may lead to make unsafe decisions or to react incorrectly in an emergency. New driver who has een drinking is running an increased risk. Ooung drivers are the most likely to have accidents. rinking drivers are the most likely to have fatal accidents. Ooung3 drinking drivers are really stacking the odds against themselves. *4, (*,&86& ,N (,N,2,N O4$T8 *oad crashes are the numer one cause of teen death in (anada. #%S of teens killed on the road have een drinking. !/S of high school students in the last year drove after smoking cannais. @ale drivers account for +)S of teen impaired driving deaths and +S of inGuries3 while girls are more likely to e killed or inGured as passengers. @ost young people see cannais as a enign drug3 far less dangerous than alcohol. They think driving under the influence of pot is risk free. (linical evidence shows that smoking pot can produce unwelcome effects ehind the wheel3 including a shorter attention span3 an altered perception of time and distances3 and slower reaction times that impair that the driver0s aility to respond to sudden events in traffic.
(h* *oung drivers are more &i$e&* to have accidents3 •
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"ost common driver errors are:
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Conse4uences of traffic accidents
, single traffic accident can change your life forever. •
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"edica& @ost serious medical conseBuence of traffic accidents is death. 6ven less serious accidents can cause a lot of pain and suffering. &ome victims suffer rain damage3 some are paralyPed for life. Less serious ut painful are whiplash which reBuire costly physiotherapy. %ega& 2f someone is killed or inGured3 you can e convicted of criminal negligence or dangerous driving. These (riminal (ode convictions remain with you as a criminal record. #inancia& 7inancial conseBuences of accidents are enormous. @edical epenses3 legal costs3 car repairs3 loss of work time. Socia& &ocial costs of accidents are impossile to measure. 2f a friend or family memer is ever killed or disaled3 the emotional pain can e enormous. 2f you are the driver responsile for death3 the guilt you will feel can last forever.
;o) to ma$e roads safer3 ,& , *6&94N&2L63 L,W ,22N5 (2T2V6N W8,T W2LL O4$ 4 T4 *6$(6 ,((26NT& ,N @,>6 4$* *4,& &,76* 74* 6I6*O 4N6?
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DONT FORGET MOMENTUM AND FORCE OF IMPACT. <1
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%!o i# at Fau't( 2f automoile =, is stopped or is in forward motion3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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2f automoile =, is turning3 either to the right or to the left3 in order to enter a side road3 private road or driveway3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
2f automoile =, is turning3 either to the right or to the left3 in order to enter a side road3 private road or driveway3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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2f automoile =, is in forward motion and is entering a parking place on either the right or the left side of the road3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
2f the automoile = is leaving a parking place and automoile =, is passing the parking place3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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2f the incident occurs when automoile = is entering a road from a private road or a driveway and automoile =, is passing the private road or driveway and3 if there are no traffic signals or signs3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
2f automoile =, collides with automoile = on a controlled access road while automoile = is entering the road from an entrance lane3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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2f automoile =, collides with automoile = on a controlled access road while automoile = is entering the road from an entrance lane3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
2f the automoile = is changing lanes3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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2f the automoile =, is turning left at a private road or a driveway and automoile = is passing one or more automoiles stopped ehind automoile =,3 the driver of automoile =, is QQQQQ per cent and the driver of automoile = is QQQQQ per cent at fault for the incident.
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8arking *ot ,ccident %!o i# at Fau't( 9arking lot accidents are oth confusing and can result in large disagreements etween parties. There really are no set laws while in the parking lot of many malls and shops3 so when a parking lot collision occurs3 many disagreements can result when dealing with fault. This is ecause parking lots3 are generally private property so normal road laws do not fully apply. 2n determining fault3 the main indicator is how the accident occurred. 2f the collision occurs while someone is acking out of a stall3 usually it is the person acking3 who is at fault3 and has the responsiility to yield to on-coming traffic. This will however differ3 depending on where the impact occurs. 2f they ack into you3 then they are almost always liale for the damage. 8owever3 if you hit the car that is acking up3 you may e found partially or fully liale. The further AupA the collision occurs ;closer to the front of the acking car< the more at liaility wil e placed on the no-acking up car. 2f you are involved in a parking lot collision3 gather as much information as possile. id his reverse lights come on? id he honk efore acking up ;in reality who does? ut this is what they teach you to do in driverAs 6d.<. e sure to gather all witness reports3 so that you can ack up your side of the story. The maGority of the time3 one driver is usually never found fully liaile in a parking lot accident. 7ault is usually split etween the parties3 sometimes eBually3 sometimes not eBual3 which is why it is very important to get as much information and witness reports as soon as possile.
K: @y daughter was recently involved in a car accident at an intersection where she was waiting to turn left. &he was stopped in the intersection and when the light turned to red3 she turned. , car coming the other way went through the red light and hit my daughter. 7ortunately3 noody was hurt however weAre eing told y our insurance company that she is partially at fault even though she was not charged with any traffic offence. 2s that true? ,: 2 am often presented with an accident scenario then asked the Buestion: who is at fault? 7ault is estalished for two very different reasons and y two very different groups. The 4ntario (ourt of Justice3 civil division3 estalishes liaility with respect to any financial compensation sought through the civil law suit process and insurance companies assess their own version of AfaultA for the purpose of settling i nsurance claims efore they ecome a civil matter and also to evaluate any future changes insurance premiums or the policies.
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The important message here and one often misunderstood y drivers3 is the fact poli ce officers do not assess fault when investigating motor vehicle collisions. The role of the police officer is to attend a collision scene3 ensure medical resources are provided for any inGured persons and to conduct an investigation for the purpose of estalishing i f any laws have een roken ;criminal or traffic related< and to complete the standard @inistry of Transportation (ollision *eport. The officer will take statements from all the drivers involved as well as any witnesses and will take measurements and photographs as reBuired to fulfill those two duties. ,t the conclusion of the investigation3 the officer needs to estalish i f reasonale grounds eist to lay a charge and if so3 a traffic ticket may e given at the scene or a court summons may e served at a later date ecause often a collision investigation cannot e completed at the time. 2n this particular case3 it seems oth drivers may have committed offences in relation to t he accident descried. Without assessing any financial fault3 oth drivers were certainly facing specific responsiilities under different sections of the 8ighway Traffic ,ct. The first driver had a clear responsiilit y under section 1## of the 8ighway Traffic ,ct to ring his or her vehicle to a full and complete stop upon facing a red traffic signal. While it may appear the second driver ;the one turning left< did nothing wrong3 there is still an onus placed upon a driver intending to turn left or right at an intersection to ensure the move can e made safely. 2n fact3 section 1#1;%< of the 8ighway Traffic ,ct states: no driver or operator of a vehicle in an intersection shall turn left across the path of a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction unless he or she has afforded a reasonale opportunity to the driver or operator of the approaching vehicle to avoid a collision. oth the red light and the turning offences carry an accumulation of demerit points in addit ion to any fines that may e imposed. Now3 while it may seem on the surface the Ared light runnerA was the sole cause and although no charges were seemingly laid y the police3 the truth of the matter is oth drivers had a shared responsiility under the 8ighway Traffic ,ct to ensure they could pass through the intersection in safety. ,s for AfaultA3 2 am afraid that decision lies with either the (ourts or the insurance adGusters to determine.
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Session .7 Turning around Going around the &oc$ • &afest way of turning around ut not very efficient way =-Turn • 6asiest way of turning around ut not safer. T)o !oint turn • Where? Three !oint turn • @ost comple3 most time consuming3 most dangerous *educe risk. 8ow? ar$ing ara&&e& !ar$ing 2f learn properly3 its piece of cake • *ight signal efore you stop eside parked car • Left lind spot check efore you egin • 9ing-pong check? • (ontrolled speed • *ememer faster you go less time you will have to oserve3 think and make corrections. &lower you go more time you will have to oserve3 think and make corrections. &aLa !ar$ing 7ace in • ack in •
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"* !ersona& choice is “ac$-inF+ (hatFs *ours3 And (h*3
One )a* street *ight turn • Left turn • 4ne way to one way • 4ne way to two way • Two way to one way • Adverse conditions
9oor driving conditions riving under clear skies and at moderate temperature is not possile all the time. • • •
Winter ;&ession +< ad weather Night
9oor physical conditions 7atigue &ickness ad mood Too ecited 1riving at night riving at night is less safe than driving during the day ecause it is harder to see. 9eople adapt easily to light3 ut not to darkness. The aility to identify oGects is reduced at night. When the sun goes down3 you have to rely on headlights3 street lights and roadside reflectors to help you find your way. They allow you to see only a fraction of what you can see during daylight hours. 6tra perception time 6tra reaction time &pace cushion 4ver driving your headlight • • • •
• • • •
8eadlights: $nder ideal conditions
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Low eam #% m 8igh eam 1"% m 2n true driving conditions Law and the headlight: (ars eBuipped with daylight: Oour stopping distance is more than what you can see in your headlight angerous side effect of reflectoriPed signs 8eadlight glare 5lare from oncoming car 5lare from approaching car from ehind • •
*2I2N5 @,N46$I*6& ,T N258T Night time driving is always haPardous than day time driving. This is ecause it is harder to see and people are usually more tired at night. They may e less aware of what0s going on around them. (omination of eing less alert and eing unale to see or e seen can e deadly. Turning @eeting oncoming cars passing 1riving in ad )eather • • •
7og low eam or high eam •
&trong winds freBuent steering adGustment •
7looded road Wet rakes and need to e dried out. •
*ain Little it of rain can e more dangerous than a heavy rain. •
8ydroplaning? , layer of water uilds etween the tires and the road surface. , floating effect. 8ydroplaning can e remedied y decreasing speed.
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9arallel parking is a method of parking ﾧ a vehicle ﾧ in line with other parked cars. (ars parked in parallel are in one line3 parallel ﾧ to the cur ﾧ 3 with the front umper ﾧ of each car facing the ack umper of an adGacent one. 9arallel parking always has the car parallel to the cur and other cars. The car must e reversed and driven to e considered a full parallel park. *oads that facilitate said parking have an etra lane or a large shoulder for parked cars. 2. 9arallel parking is considered to e one of the hardest skills for new drivers to learn. 9arallel parking allows the vehicle to park into a smaller space. riving forward into a parallel parking space is not typically possile unless two adGacent spots are free. *eversing into the spot via the parallel parking techniBue accomplishes the manoeuvre in a single parking spot length. eginning drivers who use reference points for alignment3 angle3 and when to turn the wheel the opposite way find the procedure much easier to learn. They find it easier to riefly stop at each reference point and turn for the net step. They find it easier to learn y going ack straight after the angle efore turning the wheel to the opposite way to curve into the cur. The parking is more reproducile when turning to lock and only looking at the wheel for verification when going ack straight. 2n the early !1st century3 car manufacturers are addressing this need y introducing automatic parking ﾧ .
.roc"dur" or "nt"rin* a ar,in* #ac" 1. &ignal into the space. !. 6nsure that your desired parking space is aout ! meters ﾧ ;\\' feet ﾧ < longer than your vehicle ;although some highly skilled drivers are capale of parking in spaces that are within /." m ;one foot< of their vehicle length. , skilled driver can also park in space that the car arely fits3 y going ack and forth once the carAs tail is in.< ". Line up your vehicle eside the vehicle in front of the parking space. #. Turn the steering wheel ﾧ one turn towards the cur and put your car into reverse. %. ack up the vehicle so that your rear umper is first to enter the parking space. '. 4nce the vehicle is at #%] to the parking spot3 slow down and turn the steering wheel all the way3 to the road side. ). (ontinue acking up until the rear of the vehicle is near the cur. +. 5radually turn the steering wheel towards the cur to curve your vehicle into a straight position. . rake ﾧ once your vehicle occupies the middle of the parking space. 2t is generally considered to e rude3 if not illegal3 to not leave sufficient space for neighouring vehicles to steer out of the parallel parking line3 to park too far from the cur3 or to leave too much space etween you and the neighoring vehicles. $nless the carAs front and ack are shaped in an arc that matches the pivoting arc around
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the ack wheel it is unlikely that a car can e parked within /." m ;one foot< of the vehicle length. Turning the wheel all the way to lock after lining up your vehicle can enale you to park in a smaller space when aligned with the vehicle in front at the same spot. The optimal alignment with the front vehicle will vary with the distance etween your vehicle and the front vehicle. The farther away3 the farther forward you can go. The optimal angle to the parking spot will vary with how long your car is3 how far it is etween your ack umper and ack tire3 and how far you start from the cur when it is parallel to the cur. This angle varies etween "/ and #% degrees. Without reference points it is very difficult to estimate an angle within % degrees. ,fter getting the ack tire close enough with the angle and straight3 the car is rought ack to parallel y two asic adGustment steps. They are acking to the cur y turning away from the cur . 2f the ack tire touches or is too close the tire is turned toward the cur when going forward
Reverse ar$ing )ith the AGS > Advanced Parking Gidance Sy!"e#$ 1. P%% p ne&" "o "'e parking !pace( @ove forward and turn your car3 positioning it in place for acking into the reverse parking spot. The vehicle rear should e facing the reverse parking spot3 allowing the ackup camera to AseeA the parking area. !. S'if" "o rever!e( This will automatically activate the ackup camera system. ". Se%ec" "'e rever!e park gidance b""on on the navigationFcamera touch screen. , grid will appear with green or red lines3 a flag symol representing the corner of the parking spot3 and adGustment arrows. #. C'eck "'e parking !pace and engage "'e rever!e park procedre( 2f the space is large enough to park3 the o will e green in color. 2f the o is incorrectly placed3 or lined in red3 use the arrow uttons to move the o until it turns green. %. If "'e parking !pace i! correc"%y iden"ified) pre!! O*( Take your hands off the steering wheel3 while keeping your foot on the rake pedal. '. S%o+%y re%ea!e "'e brake) +'i%e keeping yor foo" on "'e brake peda%( The car will then egin to ack up and steer itself into the parking space. 2f at any time the steering wheel is touched or the rake firmly pressed3 the system will disengage. The vehicle also cannot eceed a set speed3 or the system will deactivate.
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). ,-'e gidance i! fini!'ed(, When the carAs computer voice issues this statement3 the ,95& system has finished parking your car. Oou can now shift to drive and pull forward to make adGustments in the space if necessary.
ara&&e& ar$ing )ith the AGS > Advanced Parking Gidance Sy!"e#$ 1. P%% p a%ong!ide "'e parking !pace( @ove forward until your vehicleAs rear umper passes the rear wheel of the car parked in front of the open space. !. S'if" "o rever!e( This will automatically activate the ackup camera system3 and the carAs rear view will appear on dash navigationFcamera touch screen display. ". Se%ec" "'e para%%e% park gidance b""on on the navigationFcamera touch screen. , grid will appear with green or red lines3 a flag symol representing the corner of the parking spot3 and adGustment arrows. #. C'eck "o !ee if "'e repre!en"a"ive bo& on "'e !creen correc"%y iden"ifie! "'e parking !pace( 2f the space is large enough to park3 the o will e green in color. 2f the o is incorrectly placed3 or lined in red3 use the arrow uttons to move the o until it turns green. %. If "'e parking !pace i! correc"%y iden"ified) pre!! O*( Take your hands off the steering wheel3 while keeping your foot on the rake pedal. '. S%o+%y re%ea!e "'e brake) +'i%e keeping yor foo" on "'e brake peda%( The car will then egin to ack up and steer itself into the parking space. 2f at any time the steering wheel is touched or the rake firmly pressed3 the system will disengage. The vehicle also cannot eceed a set speed3 or the system will deactivate. ). ,-'e gidance i! fini!'ed(, When the carAs computer voice issues this statement3 the ,95& system has finished parking your car. Oou can now shift to drive and pull forward to make adGustments in the space if necessary. Automatic garage !ar$ing The fully automatic garage parking assistant is a vehicle system which enales a vehicle to drive into a garage fully automatically. 2n order to enale this3 we of cou rse have to know where the vehicle is positioned relative to the garage. To this end3 there is a camera mounted on the windscreen pointing ahead at the garage. 4n the ack wall of the garage we attach a so-called =lenticular reflector. This lenticular reflector gives us two pieces of information: firstly the distance of the vehicle from the ack wall. 2f the camera sees the
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reflector in small siPe3 this means it is a long way. 2f the camera sees the reflector in large siPe3 this simply means that the vehicle is near the wall. &econdly you have a very clear view of the angle at which the camera is pointing at the reflector since there is a lack line moving ackwards and forwards. &o you have two pieces of information the siPe of the reflector and the angle relative to the ack wall. Now the position of the vehicle is known and 2 can define the traGectories for the vehicle to move completely automatically into the garage. This is essentially the sensor system we have installed for the ,utomatic 9ark ,ssistant. 4f course3 what else do 2 need to control the whole operation? 2t has to e possile to control the engine and transmission electronically3 2 have to e ale to operate the rake electronically from the vehicle and of course the accelerator too. ut that0s all the systems 2 need so as to e ale to have the vehicle drive into the garage completely automatically.
efinitions of ;*dro!&aning : •
•
•
•
•
•
•
8ydroplaning or aBuaplaning y a road vehicle occurs when a layer of water uilds etween the ruer tires of the vehicle and the road surface ... When a tire loses traction as a result of water on the road. The water accumulates under the tireAs footprint and causes the tire to lift from the road surface. Iehicle speed3 tread pattern and water depth all affect hydroplaning. , floating effect caused y tires losing contact with a surface covered with water. , phenomenon of driving when water uilds up under the tire tread3 causing it to lose contact with the road. ... To go out of steering control y skimming the surface of a wet road. loss of contact etween a tire and a deck surface when the tire planes or glides on a film of water covering the deck The state of a vehicle floating on a thin layer of water on a roadway. 8ydroplaning can e remedied y decreasing vehicle speed on wet roadways.
Cau#"# 6very vehicle function that changes direction or speed3 from turning3 to accelerating3 to raking3 places an increased load on the tires. (ontrol of this load relies on the friction
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etween the tires and the road surface. 2f water comes etween the tires and the road3 friction may e reduced to the etent that the tires may slip3 and the driver may lose control. The grooves of a ruer tire are designed to disperse water from eneath the tire3 providing high friction with the road surface even in wet conditions. 8ydroplaning occurs when a tire encounters more water than it can dissipate. Water pressure in front of the wheel forces a wedge of water under the leading edge of the tire3 causing it to lift from the road. The tire then skates on a sheet of water with little3 if any3 direct road contact3 and loss of control results. 2f multiple tires hydroplane3 the vehicle may lose directional control and slide until it either collides with an ostacle3 or slows enough that one or more tires contact the road again and friction is regained. The risk of hydroplaning increases with the depth of standing water and the sensitivity of a vehicle to that water depth. 7actors that affect water depth include: •
•
•
•
• •
epth of compacted wheel tracks and longitudinal depressions 8eavy vehicles can cause ruts in the pavement over time which allow water to pool. The deeper these ruts3 the more harm to the pavementAs aility to drain water. 9avement micro and macroteture. ecause of its resistance to local collapse causing ruts and thus allow hydroplaning3 concrete is often preferale to hotmi asphalt in this contet3 though this depends on the age of the surface and the construction techniBues employed while paving. The concrete reBuires special attention to ensure that it has sufficient teture. 9avement cross slope ﾧ and grade ﾧ (ross slope dictates the etent to which the cross-section of a road resemles an upturned $. 8igher cross slopes allow water to drain more easily. 5rade is the steepness of the road at a particular point3 which affects oth drainage and the weight of the vehicle. Iehicles are less likely to hydroplane while traveling uphill3 and far more likely to do so at the trough of two connected hills where water tends to pool. Width of pavement Wider roads reBuire a higher cross slope to achieve the same degree of drainage. *oadway curvature *ainfall intensity and duration
7actors that affect a vehicleAs sensitivity to water depth include: • •
The driverAs speed3 acceleration3 raking3 and steering Tire tread wear and contact patch shape The longer and thinner the contact patch3 the less likely a tire will hydroplane. Tires that present the greatest risk are wide3 lightly loaded3 and small in diameter. eeper tread dissipates water more easily.
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*atio of tire load to inflation pressure $nderinflated tires are more prone to hydroplaning3 especially as vehicle weight increases. Iehicle type (omination vehicles like semi-trailers are more likely to eperience uneven hydroplaning caused y uneven weight distriution. ,n unloaded trailer will hydroplane sooner than the ca pulling it. 9ickups towing *Is present similar prolems.
There is no precise eBuation to determine the speed at which a vehicle will hydroplane. 6isting efforts have derived rules of thum from empirical testing in the 1'/s and 1)/s. 2n general for cars3 hydroplaning can e epected at speeds aove #% @983 where water ponds to a depth of at least 1F1/ of an inch over a roadway length of "/ feet or more. With much higher tyre pressures in trucks it is at higher speeds.
"es2onse What the driver eperiences when a vehicle hydroplanes depends on which wheels have lost traction and the direction of travel. 2f the vehicle is traveling straight3 it may egin to feel slightly loose. 2f there was a high level of road feel in normal conditions3 it may suddenly diminish. &mall correctional control inputs will e ignored y the vehicle. 2f the drive wheels hydroplane3 there may e a sudden audile rise in engine *9@ and indicated speed as they egin to spin. 2n a road highway turn3 if the front wheels lose traction3 the car will suddenly egin to drift towards the outside of the end. 2f the rear wheels lose traction3 the ack of the car will egin to slew out sideways into a skid. 2f all four wheels hydroplane at once3 the car will slide in a straight line3 again towards the outside of the end if in a turn. When any or all of the wheels regain traction3 there may e a sudden Gerk in whatever direction that wheel is pointed.
"ecovery To recover while traveling in a straight line3 the driver should not turn the steering wheel of the car or apply the rakes. 6ither action could put the car into a skid from which recovery would e difficult or impossile. 2nstead3 with no change in steering input3 the driver should gently ease pressure off the accelerator. (ontrol should then return. 2f raking is unavoidale3 the driver should lightly pump the rakes until hydroplaning has stopped. 2f the rear wheels hydroplane and cause oversteer ﾧ 3 the driver should steer in the direction of the skid until the rear tires gain traction3 and then rapidly steer in the other direction to straighten the car.
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8revention 9y the driver The est strategy is to avoid as many contriutors to hydroplaning as is possile. 9roper tire pressure3 narrow and unworn tires3 and reduced speeds from those Gudged suitaly moderate in the dry will mitigate the risk of hydroplaning. ,voidance of standing water is another effective prevention strategy. 6lectronic staility control ﾧ systems cannot replace these defensive driving techniBues and proper tire selection. They rely on the same raking mechanism at the driverAs disposal3 which in turn depends on road contact. While staility control may help recovery from a skid when the vehicle slows enough to regain traction3 it cannot prevent hydroplaning.
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One )a* road
TwoCway road to a TwoCway road1 Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the lane right of the centre line3 following a smooth arc. Then3 when you can3 move into the right cur lane.
TwoCway road to a %neCway road1 Turn from the lane closest to the centre line to the left cur lane.
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%neCway road to a TwoCway road1 Turn from the left cur lane to the lane Gust right of the centre line. Then3 when you can3 move into the right cur lane.
%neCway road to a %neCway road1 Turn from the left cur lane to the left cur lane.
;ead &ights
ipped eam headlights ;low eams< are so you can see where you are going3 ut you donAt daPPle other drivers. When you turn them on3 your side lights ;rear lights3 tail lights< will come on automatically. Oou turn them on y twisting the indicator ;linker< stalk on most cars. The symol has a and some slanted lines on it and is usually green ;not all cars have one<. @ain eam headlights ;high eams< are for when there are no cars in front of you3 or coming towards you ;or you will daPPle them<. They are Gust right lights to see y. To operate them3 you either pull the indicator stalk towards you or away from you ;depending on the car<. The symol is similar to the dipped eam symol ut in lue. The fog lights are normally on a switch on the dashoard. The symol on the switch and the warning light will e the same3 and is usually similar to the headlight symol ut with a wiggly line through it. The rear fog light will automatically turn off when you put the main eams on. The rake lights come on automatically when you use the rake pedal. The reversing lights come on automatically when you put the car in reverse gea
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atigue and driving a dangerous mi In !!() there were over *!)!!! victi$s of car acciden"! in +ue&ec, -his year already) .". %eo%le have lost their lives in car accidents) /)."0 have &een seriously in1ured and 0.)0( have suffered $inor in1uries2
*oad safety statistics have een continually declining since the early !///s3 with the numer of deaths and inGuries increasing steadily. &o far3 the numers for !//) are far from encouraging. &tatistics show that +/S of traffic accidents are related to motorist conduct. ,s a result3 We are all responsile for our conduct on the road.
A'co!o' #ti'' a '"adin* cau#" o d"at! rinking and driving is still one of the leading causes of accidents. 4n average3 "/S of drivers who died in accidents in !//% ;more than !// people< had a lood alcohol level of more than +/ mg F 1// ml of lood.
Fati*u" 3u#t a# dan*"rou# a# a'co!o' ut alcohol isnAt the only cause of accidents. 7atigue plays Gust as ig a role3 and is a factor in roughly 1%S of all traffic accidents. @any drivers elieve that as long as they havenAt een drinking3 theyAre safely ale to drive. $nfortunately3 thatAs not always the case. Like alcohol3 fatigue interferes with our driving a ilities: reflees are slower3 attention is diminished and Gudgment is distorted. 2n short3 our faculties are impaired3 sometimes to the same degree as if we were intoicated.
R"#t t!" on'y r"m"dy or ati*u" Lack of sleep affects how people drive3 regardless of their age. 2tAs estimated that missing % hours of sleep produces the same effect as two or three glasses of wine. 7urthermore3 after eing awake for 1 hours3 reaction time is up to %/S slower. ThatAs worse than having a lood alcohol level of /./%. 4f course youAd never dream of driving when youAre tiredX ut in response to a (anada-wide survey3 some !/S of (anadians admitted to having fallen asleep at the wheel at least once in the past year. ThatAs not even counting the people who have almost fallen asleep or who didnAt admit it. &o letAs e honest and recogniPe that there have een times when weAve gotten ehind the wheel when we were tired3 making us a danger to ourselves3 and more importantly3 to othersX
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Dri"r# mor" at ri#, 5enerally speaking3 there are more people in the following groups who are suGect to fatigue: •
• •
rivers under age !%3 particularly young men3 ecause they need more sleep than older people ,dults age %/ or over3 ecause they have a higher incidence of sleep disorders Workers who have an irregular schedule ;rotating day3 night and evening shiftsH roken hours< ecause they get one and a half hours less sleep each day3 on average
Critica' tim"# The risk of falling asleep at the wheel is higher during the early afternoon3 etween 1:// p.m. and ":// p.m.3 and at night3 etween !:// a.m. and ':// a.m. The reason is simple: the ody follows a daily cycle that has low points during which our metaolism slows down3 alertness decreases and we feel tired. When we drive3 weAre taking our own lives and the lives of others in our hands. ,re we truly aware of our responsiility in this regard? o we really do the right thing when we need to? onAt forget: +/S of accidents are caused y driver conduct and over %/3/// people were victims of traffic accidents in !//'. That should make us do more than Gust think... it should make us act.
Did you know? •
• •
"1S of drivers who have episodes of drowsiness donAt recogniPe the first signs of fatigue3 or they ignore them. 2n %/S of fatigue-related accidents3 the driver is !% years of age or under. 2n #/S of fatigue-related accidents3 the driver has een awake for more than 1) hours.
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Session .5 ;2G;(A
,re you allowed to drive on highway with 51 with your parents? Oes ,re you allowed to drive on freeways with 51 with your parents? No What is the difference etween highways and freeways? 8ighways 8igh speed roads; maimum +/ kmFhr < , painted line separate the traffic in two directions &harp turns *ailway crossings &ignal lights &top signs &low moving traffic $npaved shoulder 7reeways (ontrolled access with special ramps to let vehicles on and off. 8igh speed roads ; maimum 1// kmFhr < @ulti lanes @ore safety features 9aved shoulder Wider lanes Well marked @edian strip that separate travel in two directions 5entle curves No cross traffic No railway crossings S!eed 7aster you drive3 the greater the risk you take. 2ncreasing *our s!eed does not save *ou ver* much time The chances of getting hurt or killed increase as the speed of your car increases. • • • • • • • •
• • • •
11!
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Why? 1. 7aster you go3 the worse your side vision ecomes. @ove your eyes freBuently. !. 7aster you go3 things in the distance come closer a lot faster and you will have less time to identify and avoid haPards. Look into the distance ". 7aster you go3 greater the stopping distance @ore perception time. @ore raking time What aout reaction time? 2deal conditions3 how much space cushion? ,dverse conditions3 how much space cushion? =na&e to maintain s!ace3 4thers keep cutting you off on0t urn your precious lood over it. Just drop ack EHercise
#. 7aster you go3 greater the chances of skidding. (urves %. 7aster you go3 greater the force of impact &Buare of the speed oule your speed3 7orce of impact will e four times. *educe speed y halfH 7orce of impact will e one fourth. ;igh)a* driving "ore ris$ of head-on co&&ision3 assing ,void if possile3 very dangerous manoeuvre 2s it safe? 2s it legal? (urve? 8ill?
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Tunnel? ridge? Iiew ahead? &ide road ahead? (ar ahead moving close to speed limit? (ars ahead are grouped tightly? /eing !assed 6Bually dangerous? (heck rear-view mirror freBuently? @aintain your speed and move to right side of the lane? Curves &harpness of curve needs more traction to keep the car on the road. Therefore slow down? (urves may e =anked or tilted slightly. ,dverse road conditions3 reduced traction. Therefore slow down?
Losing control on highway curves depends on your speed irrespectively of sharpness of curves or road conditions? ;igh)a*s shou&ders Loose not paved and there is drop. Therefore more chances of dropping onto shoulder? (hich is more dangerous situation3 Truc$ ehind fo&&o)ing *ou too c&ose&* or
(h* a driver move into oncoming &ane riving manoeuvres • *educed space • 9oor visiility • Loss of control • %o)er the ris$ if co&&ision seems unavoida&e on0t panic3 keep trying • 8it the rake to lock all the wheels • To reduce speed3 •
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To lower force of impact and To give yourself more time to think To go around or To side swipe
#ree)a* driving "ore ris$ of rear-end co&&ision esigned to move vehicles Buickly and efficiently. *ight-in *ight-out 4verpassesFunderpasses ;o) to enter3 (an e unnerving eperience for new drivers ut it0s not too difficult &ignal 6ntrance ramp *amp speed ,n acceleration lane ;mostly down slop-why ?< @atch your speed >eep an eye on the car in front 5ap in traffic @erge safely &lowing down or stopping once in acceleration lane? Entrance !ro&ems Oou can0t find a gap? $ncertain driver ahead? ,cceleration lane merges into the farthest left lane of traffic? Wrong entrance ramp? 6ntered eit ramp?
;o) to eHit3 ,nticipate your eit in advance &ignal3 how soon? eceleration lane ;mostly up slop-why?< 6it ramp Junction point-most rear end collisions happen here-why? EHit !ro&ems on0t notice eit until last minute? 6it ramp is Gammed with cars acked up onto the freeway?
11%
“SEVEN STAR”
11'
(eaving area $se your Gudgment "u&ti&ane !ro&em Two drivers decide to move into the same spot in the lane etween them? (hich &ane is safer to drive0 right0 midd&e or &eft3 Ve&ocitiLation Loss of aility to Gudge speed &pecial danger at Gunction point Countr* roads
Three times more traffic accidents causing inGury in uran areas than in rural areas. 4ver half of fatal traffic accidents happen in rural areas Why? 1ifferent road conditions on countr* roads 5ravel roads • Trail roads • @uddy roads • 8illy roads • @ountain roads • (onstruction Pones • ridges • *ailway crossings • Rai&)a* crossings (ontrolled ; mechanical arrier3 warning device or stop sign< $ncontrolled @ost railway crossings in rural areas are uncontrolled on0t forget train0s momentum3 kinetic energy and force of impact3 due to its huge mass. (an you rely on the mechanical devices? &low down3 look oth sides Look Listen Live &everal cars are crossing3 what to do? @ore than one set of tracks3 what to do? Where do 2 stop3 if train is coming? What if 2 stop on the track?
“SEVEN STAR” What if 2 change gear while 2 am on the track? What to do if 2 am ehind a school us and us is approaching a railway crossing? What would you do if your car stalled and a train suddenly appeared? Never try to eat a train. , collision with a train is usually fatal for the occupants of the car. Why all railway crossings are not controlled? Other road users on countr* roads Trucks &chool uses &low-moving vehicles ;*!nosis riving for etended period of time Oou pay less attention 6verything seems to float y Oou start day dreaming Oou can fall asleep What can you do if you start to feel sleepy? 9revention is etter than cure 8ow can you prevent hypnosis? @ake a list • • •
;itch-hi$ing
*isk of rear-end collision *eGoining traffic is also risky ishonest and dangerous hitch-hiker 8itch-hikers risk What0s your view?
Emergenc* situations Co&&ision )here someone is inIured and *ou are invo&ved3 Co&&ision )here no one is inIured and *ou are invo&ved3 (all police if 6change information 2f *ou are the first one to arrive at the scene of co&&ision3 TRA="A •
9lease fill in the lanks.
11)
“SEVEN STAR”
11+
(hoose from the following words. 6ntering *amp 6it 6ntrance Leaving
2n some situations3 an QQQQQQQQQ QQQQ can also serve as an QQQQ QQQQ3 with traffic QQQQQQQQ and QQQQQQQ the freeway on a common lane. 2n this case3 the driver QQQQQQQQ the highway must yield the right-of-way to the driver QQQQQQQ the freeway. 9lease fill in the lanks with any of the following words. Little 7aster &peedier &peed 7ast on0t
&marter eats QQQQQQQQ. 2t doesn0t matter how QQQQ you were getting there if you QQQQQ get there. Iery QQQQQQ is gained y going QQQQQQ than the QQQQ of traffic. 2ncreasing *our s!eed does not save *ou ver* much time+ The chances of getting hurt or $i&&ed increase as the s!eed of *our car increases+
9lease complete the tale after you finish reading the following: Oou decide to travel 1/ km.
11
“SEVEN STAR” &peed limit is %/ kmFhr. (hances of getting into accident doules as you increase your speed y 1/ kmFhr. &peed %/ '/ )/ +/ / 1//
Time 1! minutes 1/ minutes
Time saved / ! minutes
' minutes
' minutes
*isk factor 1[ 
