CIVIL LAW BAR REVIEWER FACULTY ADVISER ACADEMICS HEAD SUBJECT HEADS
ATTY. BENJAMIN LERMA PIERRE MARTIN REYES FRANCESCO BENZON ANBOCHI HANNAH STEPHANIE ANG
ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2012 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Academics Head: Pierre Martin Ree!" Unders!d": C#arie!!e Ja$i Mari C%an REVIEW COMMITTEE Head: Y#a G#&ria Marie Para!" Unders!d": 'en '&(a" Mem#ers: Cat%erine De#a R&!a) Eri* La+a,ia) Iri! L-*i,&) Pear# C%ari!!e Ba-!ti!ta" Mina Ree! CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE Heads: Fran*e!*& Ben&n An/&*%i) Hanna% Ste0%anie An(" Unders!d": A#e!!an,ra Vi#*%e!) 'en Patri*1 Ha/ana" V$%!neers: Ria Anne S) J&%n Bene,i*t T) R&!e An(e#i2-e Di&n) Ge&anne C%ri!ti Batta,) Pa&#& ,e G-$an) R&/ert& Mi(-e# Ra$ir&"
CIVIL LAW Ta#%e $& C$nens PRELIMINARY TITLE33333333333333 4 5. E66e*t an, E66e*ti+it &6 La7 8. H-$an Re#ati&n! PERSONS33333333333333333333 39 A. Genera# Pr&+i!i&n! B. Nat-ra# Per!&n! C. J-ri,i*a# Per!&n! D. D&$i*i#e E. Marria(e F. Le(a# Se0arati&n G. Ri(%t! an, O/#i(ati&n! Bet7een H-!/an, an, ;i6e H. Pr&0ert Re#ati&n! Bet7een H-!/an, an, ;i6e I. T%e Fa$i# J. Fa$i# H&$e '. Paternit an, Fi#iati&n L. A,&0ti&n M. S-00&rt N. Parenta# A-t%&rit O. F-nera#! P. S-rna$e <. A/!en*e R. Ci+i# Re(i!ter
PRESCRIPTION33333333333333333 33>9
PROPERTY3333333333333333333 3=> A. C#a!!i6i*ati&n &6 Pr&0ert ?Art!. @
[email protected]@59) CC B. O7ner!%i0 ?Art!. @8>@=) CC C. A**e!!i&n! D. <-ietin( Tit#e E. C&&7ner!%i0 F. C&n,&$ini-$ A*t ?RA @>8 G. P&!!e!!i&n H. U!-6r-*t I. Ea!e$ent! J. M&,e! O6 A*2-rin( O7ner!%i0 '. O**-0ati&n
CONTRACTS 3333333333333333333 5
L. Inte##e*t-a# M. D&nati&n Creati&n N. Ot%er M&,e! &6 A*2-irin( O7ner!%i0 O. N-i!an*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
A. De6initi&n B. N& Pre!*ri0ti&n A00#i*a/#e C. Pre!*ri0ti&n &r #i$itati&n &6 a*ti&n! D. Interr-0ti&n OBLIGATIONS 3333333333333333333 98 A. De6initi&n B. E#e$ent! &6 an O/#i(ati&n C. Di66erent 'in,! &6 Pre!tati&n! D. C#a!!i6i*ati&n &6 O/#i(ati&n! E. S&-r*e! &6 &/#i(ati&n! ?Art!. 554554> F. Nat-re an, E66e*t &6 O/#i(ati&n! G. 'in,! &6 Ci+i# O/#i(ati&n! H. J&int an, S&#i,ar O/#i(ati&n I. Etin(-i!%$ent &6 O/#i(ati&n!
A. E!!entia# Re2-i!ite! ?Art. 585 B. 'in,! &6 C&ntra*t! C. F&r$a#it ?Art!. 5=4) 5=4>) 5=49 D. De6e*ti+e C&ntra*t! E. E66e*t &6 *&ntra*t! ?Art. 5=55 SALES 333333333333333333 58= A. Intr&,-*ti&n B. Partie! t& a C&ntra*t &6 Sa#e C. S-/e*t Matter D. O/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e Se##er t& Tran!6er O7ner!%i0 E. Pri*e F. F&r$ati&n &6 C&ntra*t &6 Sa#e
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G. Tran!6er &6 O7ner!%i0 H. Ri!1 &6 L&!! I. D&*-$ent! &6 Tit#e J. Re$e,ie! &6 an Un0ai, Se##er '. Per6&r$an*e &6 C&ntra*t L. ;arrantie! M. Brea*% &6 C&ntra*t N. Etin(-i!%$ent &6 t%e Sa#e O. T%e S-/,i+i!i&n an, C&n,&$ini-$ B-er! Pr&te*ti+e De*ree P. T%e C&n,&$ini-$ A*t SUCCESSION 3333333333333333333 544 A. Genera# Pr&+i!i&n! B. Te!ta$entar S-**e!!i&n C. Le(a# &r Inte!tate S-**e!!i&n D. Pr&+i!i&n! C&$$&n t& Te!tate an, Inte!tate S-**e!!i&n E. Partiti&n an, ,i!tri/-ti&n &6 e!tate LEASE3333333333333333333333 5 A. Lea!e &6 T%in(! B. Lea!e &6 ;&r1 &r Ser+i*e! C. Lea!e &6 R-ra# an, Ur/an Lan,! D. C&ntra*t 6&r Pie*e &6 ;&r1 E. Ri(%t! an, O/#i(ati&n! &6 Le!!&r an, Le!!ee PARTNERSHIP333333333333333333 84 A. C&ntra*t O6 Partner!%i0 B. Ri(%t! an, O/#i(ati&n! &6 Partner!%i0 C. Ri(%t! an, O/#i(ati&n! &6 Partner! A$&n( T%e$!e#+e! D. O/#i(ati&n! &6 Partner!%i0Partner!%i0 t& T%ir, Per!&n! E. Di!!&#-ti&n F. Li$ite, Partner!%i0 AGENCY333333333333333333333 3 885 A. De6initi&n &6 A(en* B. P&7er! C. E0re!! V. I$0#ie, A(en* D. A(en* B E!t&00e#
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
E. Genera# +!. S0e*ia# A(en* F. A(en* C&-*%e, in Genera# Ter$! G. A(en* Re2-irin( S0e*ia# P&7er &6 Att&rne H. A(en* / O0erati&n &6 La7 I. Ri(%t! an, O/#i(ati&n! &6 Prin*i0a# J. M&,e! &6 Etin(-i!%$ent CREDIT TRANSACTIONS3333333333333333 8=4 A. L&an B. DEPOSIT C. G-arant an, S-ret!%i0 D. P#e,(e E. Rea# M&rt(a(e F. Anti*%re!i! G. C%atte# M&rt(a(e H. <-a!i*&ntra*t! I. C&n*-rren*e an, Pre6eren*e &6 Cre,it! J. In!&#+en* La7 LAND TITLES AND DEEDS 33333333333333 89= A. T&rren! S!te$ B. Re(a#ian D&*trine C. Citien Re2-ire$ent! D. N&nRe(i!tra/#e Pr&0ertie! E. Ori(ina# Re(i!trati&n F. S-/!e2-ent Re(i!trati&n G. Dea#in(! ;it% Unre(i!tere, Lan, TORTS AND DAMAGES33333333333333 =8= B&&1 IT&rt! A. Prin*i0#e! B. C#a!!i6i*ati&n &6 T&rt! C. T%e T&rt6ea!&r D. A*t &6 O$i!!i&n an, It! M&,a#itie! E. Pr&i$ate Ca-!e F. Le(a# In-r G. Intenti&na# T&rt! H. Ne(#i(en*e I. S0e*ia# Lia/i#it in Parti*-#ar A*ti+itie! J. Stri*t Lia/i#it B&&1 IIDa$a(e!
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A. Genera# C&n!i,erati&n! B. A*t-a# an, C&$0en!at&r Da$a(e! C. M&ra# Da$a(e! D. N&$ina# Da$a(e! E. Te$0erate &r M&,erate Da$a(e! F. Li2-i,ate, Da$a(e! G. Ee$0#ar &r C&rre*ti+e Da$a(e! H. Da$a(e! in Ca!e &6 Deat% I. Gra,-ati&n &6 Da$a(e! J. Mi!*e##ane&-! R-#e!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
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CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
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CIVIL LAW Wen La/s Ta
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- PRELIMINAR, TITLE 1- E&&ec and E&&eci.i" $& La/ a- Wen %a/s #ec$me e&&eci.e #- Manda$r" e&&ec $& %a/s c- Irrer$aci.i" $& %a/s dWai.er $& ri's e- Reea% $& %a/s &- !dicia% decisi$ns '- Pres!mi$n and A%ica#i%i" $& C!s$m - C$m!ai$n $& Time i- 3$.ernin' %a/s 4- R!%es $n Pr$i#ii.e %a/s 2- H!man Re%ai$ns a- A%icai$n #- D!" $ ac / i 4!sice5 $#ser.e $nes" and '$$d &ai c- Aci$ns &$r #reac $& r$mise $ marr" d- Un4!s enricmen a e e6ense $& $ers e- Ri's $ ers$na% di'ni" and ri.ac" &- Lia#i%i" $& P!#%ic O&&icers 7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 CIVIL LAW /ran*% &6 #a7 t%at re(-#ate! re#ati&n! &6 a!!i!tan*e) a-t%&rit an, &/e,ien*e a$&n( 6a$i# $e$/er! a! 7e## a! $e$/er! &6 a !&*iet 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 0ri+ate intere!t! NEW CIVIL CODE8 t&&1 e66e*t &n A!'!s (05 19*0
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- PRELIMINAR, TITLE 1- E&&ec and E&&eci.i" $& La/s 7777777777777777777777777 77777777777777777 1- E::ECT AND E::ECTIVIT, O: LAWS a; Wen e La/s Bec$m e E&&eci.e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
3enera% R!%e > 54 ,a! a6ter *&$0#eti&n &6 0-/#i*ati&n in OG &r ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n E6cei$n - T%e #a7 *an 0r&+i,e 6&r it! &7n ,ate &6 e66e*ti+it
#; Manda$r" E&&ec $& La/s • •
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P!#%icai$n is MANDATOR, 6&r a## !tat-te!) in*#-,in( PD! an, E&! AO! an, Re(-#ati&n! $-!t a#!& /e 0-/#i!%e, i6 t%eir 0-r0&!e i! t& en6&r*e &r i$0#e$ent ei!tin( #a7 An i$$e,iate e66e*ti+it *#a-!e ,&e! n&t 0re*#-,e t%e re2-ire$ent &6 0-/#i*ati&n P!#%icai$n m!s #e in &!%% ?&t%er7i!e) it i! n&t ,ee$e, 0-/#i!%e, at a## !in*e it! PURPOSE i! t& in6&r$ t%e 0-/#i* &6 it! *&ntent! N&n0-/#i*ati&n &6 t%e #a7 7&-#, &66en, ,-e 0r&*e!! ?0er!&n! n&t a7are &6 #a7! 7&-#, /e 0re-,i*e, Effect of Publication: T%e 0e&0#e are ,ee$e, t& %a+e *&n*#-!i+e# /een n&ti6ie, &6 t%e #a7 e+en i6 t%e %a+e n&t rea, t%e$.
C$m%iance /i e La/ =ar-(;8 I(n&ran*e &6 t%e #a7 e*-!e! n& &ne 6r&$ *&$0#ian*e t%ere7it% ?Ignorantia juris neminem excusat NOTE: Applies only to mandatory and prohibitory laws (Consunji v. CA, [G.R. 137873 April 20, 2001])
c; Irrer$aci.i" $& La/s =ar- ); 3enera% r!%e8 #a7! are n&t retr&a*ti+e E6cei$ns8 PIERCER; 5. Pena# #a7! 7%en 6a+&ra/#e t& t%e a**-!e, 7%& i! n&t a %a/it-a# ,e#in2-ent &r re*i,i+i!t 8. Inter0retati+e !tat-te! =. ;%en t%e #a7 it!e#6 e0re!!# 0r&+i,e! Excp!ion !o !" xcp!ion# a. Ex post facto #a7 /. ;%en retr&a*ti+it i$0air! t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 *&ntra*t!
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; C$m!ai$n $& Tim e Le'a% Peri$ds =Ar- 1(5 as amended #" Sec(15 EO 292; Year 58 $&nt%!" M&nt% = ,a!) -n#e!! re6errin( t& a !0e*i6i* *a#en,ar $&nt%" Da
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2- HUMAN RELATIONS a; A%icai$n
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PRINCIPLE O: ABUSE O: RI3HTS =ART- 19; > ;%en &neK! ri(%t i! eer*i!e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 0re-,i*in( &r in-rin( an&t%er
ACCION IN REM VERSO =Ar- 22; a*ti&n 6&r re*&+er &6 7%at %a! /een 0ai, 7it%&-t -!t *a-!e.
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• !istinguished from solutio indebiti: Mi!ta1e i! an e!!entia# e#e$ent in solutio indebiti /-t n&t in accion in rem "erso.
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DUT, TO INDEMNI:, ONE :OR DAMA3E TO HIS PROPERT, =Ar- 2(;8 7%en ,e6en,ant 7a! /ene6itte, e+en i6 n&t ,-e t& 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e DUT, O: COURTS TO PROTECT A PART, IN A CONTRACT =Ar- 2);8 ;%en !-*% 0art i! at a ,i!a,+anta(e &n a**&-nt &6 %i!: =MI'IMenTO; M&ra# ,e0en,en*e I'n&ran*e In,i(en*e Menta# 7ea1ne!! Ten,er a(e Ot%er %an,i*a0 -
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d; Un4!s Enricmen a e E6ense $& Oers
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&; Lia#i%i" $& P!#%ic O&&icers Re%ie& A'ains P!#%ic O&&icia%s =Ar- 2?; ;%en &ne !-66er! $ateria# &r $&ra# #&!! /e*a-!e a 0-/#i* &66i*er 6ai#! 7it%&-t *a-!e t& 0er6&r$ %i! ,-t) t%e &66i*er i! n&t 0r&te*te, / %i! &66i*e an, i! 0er!&na## #ia/#e.
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IPERSONS
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3enera% Pr$.isi$ns 1- !ridica% Caaci" . Caaci" $ Ac 2- Resrici$ns and M$di&icai$ns $n Caaci" $ Ac Pers$ns B- Na!ra% 1- Wen Pers$na%i" Be'ins and Ends 2- R!%es $n S!r.i.$rsi =Ar-)(5 CC . R!%e 1(1 Sec 44; C- !ridica% Pers$ns 1- W$ are !ridica% Pers$ns 2- Wen Pers$na%i" Be'ins and Ends (- Ri's $& !ridica% Pers$ns D- D$mici%e 7777777777777777777777777 77777777777777777 A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS !ridica% Caaci" .- Caaci" $ Ac
1- =Ar- (?; URIDICAL CAPACIT, Fitne!! t& /e t%e !-/e*t &6 #e(a# re#ati&n! Pa!!i+e In%erent L&!t &n# t%r&-(% ,eat% Can ei!t 7it%&-t *a0a*it t& a*t Cann&t /e #i$ite, &r re!tri*te,
CAPACIT, TO ACT P&7er t& ,& a*t 7it% #e(a# e66e*t! A*ti+e Mere#a*2-ire, L&!t t%r&-(% ,eat% an, &t%er *a-!e! Cann&t ei!t 7it%&-t -ri,i*a# *a0a*it Can /e re!tri*te,) $&,i6ie,) &r #i$ite,
:!%% Ci.i% Ri's8 -ni&n &6 /&t% -ri,i*a# *a0a*it an, *a0a*it t& a*t
2- Resrici$ns $n Caaci" $ Ac =Ar- (; =MInD > ICIP; D& n&t ee$0t t%e in*a0a*itate, 0er!&n 6r&$ *ertain &/#i(ati&n! 5. Min&rti
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
8. In!anit =. State &6 /ein( Dea6$-te @. I$/e*i#it 4. Ci+i# Inter,i*ti&n . Pr&,i(a#it !tate &6 !2-an,erin( $&ne &r 0r&0ert 7it% a $&r/i, ,e!ire t& 0re-,i*e t%e %eir! &6 a 0er!&n ? #artine$ "% #artine$& ' Phil% '()*
Circ!msances a M$di&" $r Limi Caaci" $ Ac =ar- (9; A(e Pena#t A/!en*e In!anit Pr&,i(a#it In!&#+en* I$/e*i#it Fa$i# Re#ati&n! Tr-!tee!%i0 Dea6$-tene!! A#iena(e CIVIL PERSONALIT, t%e a0tit-,e &6 /ein( t%e !-/e*t) a*ti+e &r 0a!!i+e) &6 ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n!
B- NATURAL PERSONS NATURAL PERSONS Na!ra% Pers$ns A %-$an /ein() %a! 0%!i*a# ei!ten*e Pr&,-*t &6 0r&*reati&n
V- URIDICAL PERSONS !ridica% Pers$ns Ei!t! &n# in *&nte$0#ati&n &6 #a7 Pr&,-*t &6 #e(a# 6i*ti&n
1- Wen Pers$na%i" Be'ins and End s Ci.i% Pers$na% i"5 Na!ra% Pers$ns =Ars- )0> )(; 3enera% R!%e > Deter$ine, etin(-i!%e, / ,eat%
/
/irt%)
E6cei$n > T%e *&n*ei+e, *%i#, !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, /&rn 6&r a## 0-r0&!e! 6a+&ra/#e t& it) 0r&+i,e, it /e /&rn #ater -n,er t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n!: 5. It i! a%i.e a e ime it i! *&$0#ete# ,e#i+ere, 6r&$ t%e $&t%erK! 7&$/ 8. +,T i6 it %a, an inter-terine #i6e &6 #e!! t%an > $&nt%!) $n%" i& i %i.es &$r a %eas 2) $!rs a&er is c$m%ee de%i.er 6r&$ t%e $aterna# 7&$/
2- R!%es $n S!r.i.$rsi D$!#s as $ Order $& Dea8 A! /et7een t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! *a##e, t& !-**ee, ea*% &t%er) i6 t%ere i! ,&-/t a! t& 7%i*% &6 t%e$ ,ie, 6ir!t) 7%&e+er a##e(e! t%e ,eat% &6 0ri&r t& t%e &t%er
Pa'e 11 $& )01
!%a## 0r&+e t%e !a$e. In t%e a/!en*e &6 0r&&6) it i! 0re!-$e, t%at t%e ,ie, at t%e !a$e ti$e an, t%ere !%a## /e n& tran!$i!!i&n &6 ri(%t! 6r&$ &ne t& t%e &t%er. • T%i! r-#e a00#ie! &n# t& *a!e! in+&#+in( !-**e!!i&n
C- URIDICAL PERSONS 1- W$ are !ridica% Pers$ns Ci.i% Pers$na%i"5 !ridica% Pers$ns =Ars- ))> )?; 5. T%e !tate an, it! 0&#iti*a# !-/,i+i!i&n! 8. Ot%er *&r0&rati&n!) in!tit-ti&n!) an, entitie! 6&r 0-/#i* intere!t &r 0-r0&!e) *reate, / #a7 =. C&r0&rati&n!) 0artner!%i0!) an, a!!&*iati&n! 6&r 0ri+ate intere!t &r 0-r0&!e 2- Wen Pers$na%i" Be'ins and Ends • Creati&n: ?5 an, ?8 are *reate, / t%e #a7! *reatin( &r re*&(niin( t%e$) 0ri+ate *&r0&rati&n! are (&+erne, / t%e C&r0. C&,e ?B.P. 9 an, 0artner!%i0 an, a!!&*iati&n! are (&+erne, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e Ne7 Ci+i# C&,e &n 0artner!%i0! • Etin(-i!%e,: / ter$inati&n &6 ei!ten*e
(- Ri's $& !ridica% Pers$ns 5. 8. =.
A*2-ire an, 0&!!e!! r$er" &6 a## 1in,! In*-r $#%i'ai$ns Brin( ci.i% $r crimina% aci$ns
CITIGENSHIP • In t%e P%i#i00ine -ri!,i*ti&n) 7%at i! 6&##&7e, i! t%e *&n*e0t &6 jus sanguinis ?*itien!%i0 / /#&&, a! &00&!e, t& jus soli ?*itien!%i0 / 0#a*e &6 /irt%
D- DOMICILE DOMICILE = Ars- *0>*1; F&r na!ra% ers$ns ) it i! t%e -
0#a*e &6 %a/it-a# re!i,en*e F&r 4!ridica% ers$ns) it i! 7%ere t%eir #e(a# re0re!entati&n i! e!ta/#i!%e, &r 7%ere t%e eer*i!e t%eir 0rin*i0a# 6-n*ti&n! ?7%en t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
#a7 *reatin( t%e$ ,&e! n&t 6i t%e ,&$i*i#e
A min$r &$%%$/s e d$mici%e $& is arens • D&$i*i#e &6 &ri(in *an &n# /e #&!t 7%en a *%an(e &6 ,&$i*i#e &**-r!.
[email protected]!iremens &$r e
[email protected]!isii$n $& ne/ d$mici%e8 5. B$di%" resence in a ne7 #&*a#it 8. Intenti&n t& remain t%erein ? animus manendi =. Intenti&n t& a#and$n e $%d ,&$i*i#e ?animus non re"ertendi • T%e %-!/an, an, t%e 7i6e !%a## 6i t%e 6a$i# ,&$i*i#e. In *a!e &6 ,i!a(ree$ent) t%e *&-rt !%a## ,e*i,e
inds $& D$mici%e 5. D&$i*i#e &6 &ri(in re*ei+e, / a 0er!&n at /irt% 8. D&$i*i#e &6 *%&i*e t%e 0#a*e 6ree# *%&!en / a 0er!&n sui juris =. C&n!tr-*ti+e ,&$i*i#e a!!i(ne, t& a *%i#, / #a7 at t%e ti$e &6 %i! /irt%
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
E- Marria'e =Ars- 1>*)5 :ami%" C$de; 1- C$nce 2- Essenia% and :$rma%
[email protected]!iremens (- N$n>Essenia%
[email protected]!iremens )- Marria'es Ce%e#raed O!side e Pi%iines a- Va%idi" and E6cei$ns #- :$rei'n Di.$rce *- V$id Marria'es a- V$id % ini!io !nder Ar- (* #- V$id !nder Ar- (+ c- V$id &$r Bein' Inces!$!s !nder Ar- (? d- V$id &$r Reas$n $& P!#%ic P$%ic" !nder Ar- ( e- Imrescrii#i%i" $& aci$n $r de&ense &$r dec%arai$n $& n!%%i" $& marria'e- =Ar- (9;
Pa'e 12 $& )01
&- S!#
[email protected]!en Marria'e Wi$! !dicia% Dec%arai$n $& N!%%i" $& Pre.i$!s V$id Marria'e =Ar- )0; +- Ann!%%a#%e Marria'es ?- Pr$ced!re and E&&ecs $& Terminai$n $& Marria'e
E- MARRIA3E
8. &r t%e residence &6 eit%er 0art i! #&*ate, t%at t%ere i! n& $ean! &6 tran!0&rtati&n t& ena/#e !-*% 0art t& a00ear 0er!&na## /e6&re t%e *i+i# re(i!trar) =. c$a#iai$n 6&r 4 ear!) ma" #e t%en t%e $arria(e s$%emniJed 7it%&-t t%e ne*e!!it &6 a $arria(e #i*en!e. ? Aric%e 2? and 2;
1- CONCEPT Marria(e i! 5. A !0e*ia# *&ntra*t 8. &6 0er$anent -ni&n =. Bet7een a $an an, a 7&$an @. Entere, int& in a**&r,an*e 7it% #a7 4. F&r t%e e!ta/#i!%$ent &6 *&n-(a# an, 6a$i# #i6e
2- ESENTIAL AND :ORMAL REUIREMENTS 5. Le'a% caaci" &6 *&ntra*tin( 0artie! a. M-!t /e /et7een a man and /$man /. M-!t /e at #ea!t 1 ear! &#, 8. C$nsen &ree%" 'i.en) IN e PRESENCE &6 t%e !&#e$niin( &66i*er
:$rma%
[email protected]!isies $& Marria'e8 =ALC; 5. A!$ri" &6 !&#e$niin( &66i*er 8. Va#i, $arria(e %icense ?except in *a!e! 7%ere a $arria(e #i*en!e i! n&t re2-ire, • +a#i, &n# 6&r 58 ,a! 6r&$ i!!-e in an 0art &6 t%e P%i#i00ine! =. Marria(e cerem$n 7%ere t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! a00ear /e6&re t%e !&#e$niin( &66i*er) 7it% t%eir 0er!&na# ,e*#arati&n t%at t%e ta1e ea*% &t%er a! %-!/an, an, 7i6e in t%e 0re!en*e &6 n&t #e!! t%an t7& 7itn e!!e! &6 #e(a# a(e E&&ecs8 1- A#sence $& essenia% $r &$rma%
[email protected]!isies +&i, ab initio E6cei$ns8 a. I6 !&#e $nie, / !na!$riJed ers$n) t%e $arria(e 7i## !ti## /e +a#i, i6 eit%er &r /&t% *&ntra*tin( 0artie! /e#ie+e, in '$$d &ai a e s$%emniJin' &66i*er %a, #e(a# a-t%&rit ?Aric%e (*=2; T%&!e ee$0t 6r&$ t%e #i*en!e re2-ire$ent. I6 eit%er &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! are 5. at a $in $& dea ?articulo mortis*)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
2- De&ec in an" $& e essenia%
[email protected]!isies +&i,a/#e (- Irre'!%ari" in an" $& e &$rma%
[email protected]!isies ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e +a#i ,it &6 t%e $arria(e /-t 7i## $a1e t%e 0art re!0&n!i/#e *i+i##) *ri$ina##) &r a,$ini!trati+e# #ia/#e A!$riJed S$%emniJin' O&&icers8 =PCCCM; 5. In*-$/ent $e$/er &6 t%e 4-,i*iar 7it%in t%e *&-rtK! -ri!,i*ti&n 8. D-# a-t%&rie, rie!t) ra//i) i$a$ &r t%e $ini!ter &6 an *%-r*% &r re#i(i&-! !e*t =. S%i0 ca0tain &r air0#ane *%ie6 &n# in articulo mortis /et7een 0a!!en(er! &r *re7 $e$/er! 7%i#e t%e !%i0 i! at !ea &r t%e 0#ane i! in 6#i(%t an, a#!& ,-rin( !t&0&+er at 0&rt! &6 *a## @. Mi#itar c&$$an,er &6 a -nit t& 7%i*% a *%a0#ain i! a!!i(ne, &n# in articulo mortis /et7een 0er!&n! 7it%in t%e &ne &6 $i#itar &0erati&n! 7%et%er $e$/er! &6 t%e ar$e, 6&r*e! &r *i+i#ian! an, &n# in t%e a/!en*e &6 t%e *%a0#ain 4. C&n!-#(enera#) *&n!-# &r +i*e*&n!-# &n# 7%en *&ntra*tin( 0artie! are /&t% Fi#i0in&! a/r&a, . Ma&r ?L&*a# G&+ern$ent C&,e &6 55 T%e +i*e $a&r) in *a!e t%e $a&r i! te$0&rari# in*a0a*itate, t& ,i!*%ar(e %i! ,-tie!
Marria'es E6em &r$m License
[email protected]!iremens8 5. Marria(e in %r!iculo &or!is ?&ne &6 t%e 0artie! i! at t%e 0&int &6 ,eat% 8. I6 t%e re!i ,en*e &6 eit%er 0art i! !& #&*ate, t%at t%e re i! n$ means $& rans$rai$n $ ena#%e !-*% 0art t& a00ear 0er!&na## /e6&re t%e *i+i# re(i!trar =. Marria(e !&#e$nie, $!side e Pi%iines n$ marria'e %icense is
[email protected]!ired //ere t%e *&-ntr 7%ere it 7a! !&#e$nie,
Pa'e 1( $& )01
@.
am$n' M!s%ims $r am$n' Marria(e mem#ers $& enic c!%!ra% c$mm!niies in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%eir *-!t&$! 4. Marria(e /et7een 0er!&n! 7%& %a+e #i+e, t&(et%er a! %-!/a n, an, 7i6e 6&r at %eas &i.e "ears an, 7it%&-t an #e(a# i$0e,i$ent t& $arr ea*% &t%er Ruisi!s# a. Man an, 7&$an $-!t %a+e /een #i+in( t&(et%er a! %-!/an, an, 7i6e 6&r at # eas &i.e "ears #e&$re marria'e /. T%e 0artie! $-!t %a+e n$ %e'a% imedimen t& $arr ea*% &t%er a#sence $& %e'a% *. T%e 6a*t &6 imedimen /et7een t%e 0artie! $-!t /e 0re!ent a e ime $& marria'e e6ec!e an ,. T%e 0artie! $-!t a&&ida.i !tatin( t%at t%e %a+e #i+e, t&(et%er 6&r at #ea!t 6i+e ear! ?an, are 7it%&-t #e(a# i$0e,i$ent t& $arr ea*% &t%er e. Te s$%emniJin' $&&ice r $-!t ee*-te a !7&rn !tate$ent t%at %e %a, a!*ertaine, t%e 2-a#i6i*ati&n! &6 t%e 0artie! an, t%at %e %a, 6&-n, n& #e(a# i$0e,i$ent t& t%eir $arria(e •
N& #e(a# i$0e,i$ent ,-rin( t%e entire 0eri&,:
T%i! 4ear 0eri&, !%&-#, /e a 0eri&, &6 *&%a/itati&n *%ara*terie, / e*#-!i+it $eanin( n& t%ir, 0art 7a! in+&#+e, at an ti$e t%at i!) -n/r&1en. ?Ni-al "s% +ayadog& .)( /01A ')) )222**
AUTHORIGED VENUES :OR MARRIA3E8 3enera% R!%e8 M-!t /e !&#e$nie, 0-/#i*#) an, n&t e#!e7%ere) in t%e: 5. C%a$/er! &6 t%e -,(e &r in &0en *&-rt 8. C%-r*%) *%a0e# &r O66i*e &6 *&n!-#(enera#) *&n!-# &r +i*e *&n!-# E6cei$ns8 5. Marria(e at t%e 0&int &6 ,eat% ? articulo mortis 8. Marria(e in re$&te 0#a*e!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
=. Marria(e at a %&-!e &r 0#a*e ,e!i(nate, / t%e 0artie! in a !7&rn !tate$ent -0&n t%eir 7ritten re2-e!t t& t%e !&#e$niin( &66i*er
OTHER REUIREMENTS8 Eier $r B$
[email protected]!ires Paries 59 ear! &#, an, a/&+e /-t /e#&7 85 85 ear! &#, an, a/&+e /-t /e#&7 84
La*1 &6 *&n!ent La*1 &6 a,+i*e &r *&-n!e##in(
Parenta# *&n!ent Marria(e *&-n!e#in( Parenta# a,+i*e Marria(e *&-n!e#in(
E::ECTS 0arenta# Marria(e i! VOIDABLE 0arenta# $arria(e
NO EFFECT &n t% +a#i,it &6 $arria(e 3owe"er) t%i! 7i## !-!0en, t%e i!!-an*e &6 t%e $arria(e #i*en!e 6&r = $&nt%! 6r&$ t%e *&$0#eti&n &6 0-/#i*ati&n I6 t%e (et $arrie, ,-rin( t%e =$&nt% 0eri&, 7it%&-t a #i*en!e) t%e $arria(e !%a## /e VOID I6 t%e are a/#e t& &/tain a #i*en!e ,-rin( t%e =$&nt% 0eri&,) t%e $arria(e 7i## !ti## /e +a#i, /-t *i+i# an, *ri$ina# #ia/i#it $a atta*%.
(- NON>ESSENTIAL REUIREMENTS Marria'e Ceri&icae ;%i#e a $arria(e *erti6i*ate i! *&n!i,ere, t%e 0ri$ar e+i,en*e &6 a $arita# -ni&n) it i! n&t re(ar,e, a!J-ri!0r-,en*e t%e !&#e an, tea*%e! e*#-!i+e e+i,en*e $arria(e. t%at t%e 6a*t&6&6 $arria(e $a /e 0r&+en / re#e+ant e+i,en *e &t%er t%an t%e $arria(e *erti6i*ate. Hen*e) e+en a 0er!&nK! /irt% *erti6i*ate $a /e re*&(nie, a!
Pa'e 1) $& )01
*&$0etent e+i,en*e &6 t%e $arria(e /et7een %i! 0arent!. ? Anonuvo vs. /n!. Es!%! o %l%noni, [GR 178221, c&r 1, 2010])
)- MARRIA3ES SOLEMNIGED ABROAD a; Va%idi" and E6cei$ns •
3enera% R!%e8 Marria(e! !&#e$nie, &-t!i,e t%e P%i#i00ine! in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e #a7! &6 t%e 6&rei(n *&-ntr !%a## /e +a#i, %ere ? lex loci celebrationis. Ba!i!: Prin*i0#e &6 *&$it • H&7e+er) i6 !&#e$nie, in!i,e t%e P%i#i00ine C&n!-#ate a/r&a,) P%i#i00ine#a7! $-!t /e &/!er+e, E6cei$ns8 5. ;%ere eit %er &r /&t% 0ar tie! ar e #e%$/ 1 ear! &#, 8. Bi'am$!s &r 0&#(a$&-! $arria(e ?e*e0t Art. @5 &n 0re!-$0ti+e ,eat% &6 !0&-!e (- Misa
. Marria(e .$id &$r reas$ns $& !#%ic $%ic"
•
7ere Fi#i0in& *itien! /-t) #ater &n) &ne &6 t%e$ /e*&$e! nat-ra#ie, a! a 6&rei(n *itien an, &/tain! a ,i+&r*e ,e*ree. T%e Fi#i0in& !0&-!e !%&-#, /e a##&7e, t& re$arr a! i6 t%e &t%er 0art 7a! a 6&rei(ner at t%e ti$e &6 t%e !&#e$niati&n &6 t%e $arria(e. Rpulic v. 4rcio ///, +72 CRA 11+ (2005) F&r t%e !e*&n, 0ara( ra0% &6 Arti*#e 8 t& a00#) a !0&-!e 7%& &/taine, t%e ,i+&r*e $-!t n&t /e a Fi#i0in& at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,i+&r*e. Ot%er7i!e) t%e ,i+&r*e i! n&t re*&(nie, in t%e P%i#i00ine!. Rpulic v. /6o6, G.R. o. 15277, p!&r 21, 2005 A,,iti&na##) an a*ti&n /a!e, &n t%e !e*&n , 0ara(ra0% &6 Arti*#e 8 &6 t%e Fa$i# C&,e i! n&t #i$ite, t& t%e re*&(niti&n &6 t%e 6&rei(n ,i+&r*e ,e*ree. I6 t%e *&-rt 6in,! t%at t%e ,e*ree *a0a*itate, t%e a#ien !0&-!e t& re$arr) t%e *&-rt! *an ,e*#are t%at t%e Fi#i0in& !0&-!e i! #i1e7i!e *a0a*itate, t& *&ntra*t an&t%er $arria(e. N& *&-rt in t%i! -ri!,i*ti&n) %&7e+er) *an $a1e a !i$i#ar ,e*#arati&n 6&r t%e a#ien !0&-!e ?&t%er t%an t%at a#rea, e!ta/#i!%e, / t%e ,e*ree) 7%&!e !tat-! an, #e(a# *a0a*it are (enera## (&+erne, / %i! nati&na# #a7. C$r!J .sS$- T$mas , G.R. o. 18*571, Auus! 11, 2010
*- VOID MARRIA3ES a; V$id % ini!io !nder Ar- (*
#; :$rei'n Di.$rce Di.$rce #" :$rei'ner>S$!se8 • I6 a Fi#i0in& i! $arrie, t& a 6&rei(ner an, t%e #atter !-/!e2-ent# &/tain! a +a#i, ,i+&r*e a/r&a, *a0a*itatin( %i$%er t& re$arr) t%e Fi#i0in& !0&-!e !%a## #i1e7i!e %a+e t%e *a0a*it t& re$arr -n,er t%e P%i#i00ine #a7. ?Ar- 2+5 ar- 2 • [email protected]!isies8 a. T%ere i! a .a%id marria'e t%at %a, /een *e#e/rate, /et7een Fi#i0in& *itien an, a 6&rei(ner /. A .a%id di.$rce i! &/taine, a/r&a, / t%e a#ien !0&-!e *a0a*itatin( %i$ &r %er t& re$arr T%e tra,iti&na# r-#e a00#ie! 7%en 0artie! at t%e ti$e &6 *e#e/rati&n are a Fi#i0in& an, an a#ien BUT • T%i! in*#-,e! *a!e! in+&#+in( 0artie! 7%&) at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e $arria(e)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
5. C&ntra*te, / an 0a rt /e#&7 59 ea r! &#, 8. S&#e$nie, / -na-t%&rie, !&#e$niin( &66i*er ?Except i6 eit%er &r /&t% 0arti e! /e#ie+e, in (&&, 6ait% t%at t%e &66i*er %a, a-t%&rit =. S&#e$nie, 7it%&-t $arria(e #i*en!e ?Except 7%en #i*en!e n&t re2-ire, •
A 0etiti&n t& ,e*#are t%e $arria(e +&i, ,-e t& a/!en*e &6 $arria(e #i*en!e) 6i#e, a&er t%e *&-rt ,enie, a 0etiti&n t& ,e*#are t%e $arria(e +&i, ,-e t& 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it) i! #arred #" RES UDICATA. T%ere i! &n# &ne *a-!e &6 a*ti&n 7%i*% i! t%e n-##it &6 $arria(e. Petiti&ner i! e!t&00e, 6r&$ a!!ertin( t%at t%e 6ir!t $arria(e %a, n& $arria(e #i*en!e /e*a-!e %e i$0#ie,# a,$itte, t%e !a$e 7%en %e ,i, n&t 2-e!ti&n t%e a/!en*e &6 a
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$arria(e #i*en!e in t%e 6ir!t *a!e. 9%llion v. Alc%n!%r%, G.R. o. 1+1528, 4c!or 31, 200*
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P!*%&#&(i*a# In*a0a*it $-!t /e -,(e, &n a *a!e t& *a!e /a!i!. It !%&-#, re6er t& n& #e!! t%an a $enta# ?n&t 0%!i*a# in*a0a*it. It $-!t /e *%ara*terie, / a. (ra+it /. -ri,i*a# ante*e,en*e *. in*-ra/i#it. C%r%!in-i%6nco v. i%6nco, ++1 CRA +22 (200+)
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Mere !%&7in( &6 irre*&n*i#a/#e ,i66eren*e! an, *&n6#i*tin( 0er!&na#itie! ,&e! NOT *&n!tit-te 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it. C%r%!in-i%6nco v. i%6nco, ++1 CRA +22 (200+)
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Mere !e-a# in6i,e#it &r 0er+er!i&n an, a/an,&n$ent ,& n&t / t%e$!e#+e! *&n!tit-te 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it 7it%in t%e *&nte$0#ati&n &6 t%e Fa$i# C&,e. Neit%er *&-#, e$&ti&na# i$$at-rit an, irre!0&n!i/i#it /e e2-ate, 7it% 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it. l v. CA +21 CRA +*1 (200+)
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It $-!t /e !%&7n t%at t%e!e a*t! are $ani6e!tati&n! &6 a ,i!&r,ere, 0er!&na#it 7%i*% $a1e re!0&n,ent *&$0#ete# -na/#e t& ,i!*%ar(e t%e e!!entia# &/#i(ati&n! &6 a $arita# !tate. R&&t *a-!e $-!t /e tra*ea/#e 0ri&r t& t%e $arria(e *ere$&n. l v. CA +21 CRA +*1 (200+)
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One &6 t%e e!!entia# $arita# &/#i(ati&n! i! T& 0r&*reate *%i#,ren /a!e, &n t%e -ni+er!a# 0rin*i0#e t%at 0r&*reati&n &6 *%i#,ren t%r&-(% !e-a# *&&0erati&n i! t%e /a!i* en, &6 $arria(e. C&n!tant n&n 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%i! &/#i(ati&n 7i## 6ina## ,e!tr& t%e inte(rit &r 7%&#ene!! &6 t%e $arria(e. T%e !en!e#e!! an, 0r&tra*te, re6-!a# &6 &ne &6 t%e 0artie! t& 6-#6i## t%i! $arita# &/#i(ati&n i! e2-i+a#ent t& 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it. C"i 9in :soi v. CA, G.R. o. 1110, %nu%r6 1*, 17
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P!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it i! n&t e2-ate, 7it% in!anit &r t&ta# $enta# ina/i#it t& 6-n*ti&n in a## a!0e*t! &6 %-$an #i6e3it i! a (r&-n, re!tri*te, t& 0!*%&#&(i*a#
@. Bi(a$&-! &r 0&#(a$&-! $arria(e!
E6cei$n8 Ar)1 Marria(e *&ntra*te, / a 0er!&n 7%&!e !0&-!e %a! /een a/!ent 6&r @ ear! ?&r,inar a/!en*e &r 8 ear! ?etra&r,inar a/!en*e) 7%ere !-*% 0er!&n %a! a 7e## 6&-n,e, /e#ie6 t%at %i!%er a/!ent !0&-!e i! a#rea, ,ea,) an, a6ter t%e a/!ent !0&-!e i! -,i*ia## ,e*#are, 0re!-$0ti+e# ,ea,) an, at t%e ti$e &6 t%e $arria(e *ere$&n i! in (&&, 6ait% t&(et%er 7it% t%e !-/!e2-ent !0&-!e 4. Mi!ta1e in i,entit • T%e *&nte$0#ate, $i!ta1e %ere re6er! t& t%e a*t-a# 0%!i*a# i,entit &6 t%e &t%er 0art) an, n&t $ere# $i!ta1e in t%e na$e) *%ara*ter) a(e) &r &t%er attri/-te! &6 t%e 0er!&n. . S-/!e2-ent $arria(e +&i, -n,er Art. 4= - A 0er!&n 7%&!e $arria(e %a! /een ann-##e, $a re$arr a! #&n( a! a6ter t%e $arria(e i! ann-##e,) t%e 0r&0ertie! &6 t%e !0&-!e! $-!t /e 0artiti&ne, an, ,i!tri/-te, an, t%e 0re!-$0ti+e #e(iti$e! &6 t%e *%i#,ren /e ,i!tri/-te,. F-rt%er$&re) t%e -,($ent &6 ann-#$ent &r a/!&#-te n-##it) t%e 0artiti&n an, ,i!tri/-ti&n) an, t%e ,e#i+er &6 t%e 0re!-$0ti+e #e(iti$e! $-!t /e re*&r,e, in t%e a00r&0riate *i+i# re(i!tr an, re(i!trie! &6 0r&0ert. Fai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% t%e!e re2-i!ite! 7i## $a1e t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e +&i, ab initio. F-rt%er) 6ai#-re t& re*&r, in t%e 0r&0er re(i!trie! 7i## $ean t%at !-*% 7i## n&t a66e*t t%ir, 0er!&n! ?Art!. 484=
NOTE8 T%e en-$erati&n &6 +&i, $arria(e! -n,er Art. =4 i! n&t e*#-!i+e. #; V$id !nder Ar- (+ ;%ere an &6 t%e 0artie!) 7%& at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e $arria(e) 7a! 0!*%&#&(i*a## in*a0a*itate, t& *&$0# 7it% t%e e!!entia# $arita# &/#i(ati&n!) e+en i6 in*a0a*it /e*&$e! $ani6e!t &n# a6ter !&#e$niati&n.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
in*a0a*it t& *&$0# 7it% $arita# &/#i(ati&n!. ;r-<rr%ris v. <rr%ris GR o. 1*23*8 (200*)
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A 6in,in( &6 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it &n t%e 0art &6 &ne !0&-!e !%&7! n&n *&(nian*e &6 &neK! e!!entia# $arita# &/#i(ati&n) an, t%ere6&re ne(ate! /a, 6ait%. A! a *&n!e2-en*e $&ra# an, ee$0#ar ,a$a(e! *ann&t /e a7ar,e, a(ain!t %i$%er /e*a-! e /a, 6ait% i! an e!!entia# e#e$ent in a7ar,in( $&ra# an, ee$0#ar ,a$a(e!. A7ar, &6 $&ra# ,a$a(e! !%&-#, /e 0re,i*ate,) n&t &n t%e $ere a*t &6 enterin( int& t%e $arria(e) /-t &n !0e*i6i* e+i,en*e t%at i! 7a! ,&ne ,e#i/erate# an, 7it% $a#i*e / a 0art 7%& %a, 1n&7n &6 %i! &r %er ,i!a/i#it an, et 7i##6-## *&n*ea#e, t%e !a$e. =un%vn!ur% v. CA, GR o. 127358, 9%rc" 31, 2005
T%e C&-rt e$0%a!ie! t%at t%e /-r,en 6a##! -0&n 0etiti&ner) n&t -!t t& 0r&+e t%at 0ri+ate re!0&n,ent !-66er! 6r&$ a 0!*%&#&(i*a# ,i!&r,er) /-t a#!& t%at !-*% 0!*%&#&(i*a# ,i!&r,er ren,er! %er tr-# in*&(niti+e &6 t%e /a!i* $arita# *&+enant! t%at *&n*&$itant# $-!t /e a!!-$e, an, ,i!*%ar(e, / t%e 0artie! t& t%e $arria(e. P!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it $-!t /e $&re t%an -!t a ,i66i*-#t) a re6-!a#) &r a ne(#e*t in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 !&$e $arita# &/#i(ati&n!. An -n!ati!6a*t&r $arria(e i! n&t a n-## an, +&i, $arria(e. =%cc%6 vs. =%cc%6, GR o. 117318, c&r 1, 2010
URISPRUDENTIAL 3UIDELINES =BRE>I3O>IC; 1epublic "% 0A 4 #olina )5( /01A '6( '667** 5. B-r,en &6 0r&&6 t& !%&7 t%e n-##it &6 $arria(e i! -0&n t%e 0#ainti66 r 8. T%e &&t *a-!e &6 t%e 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it $-!t /e: a. Me,i*a## &r *#ini*a## i,enti6ie, /. A##e(e, in t%e *&$0#aint *. S-66i*ient# 0r&+en / e0ert! ,. C#ear# e0#aine, in t%e ,e*i!i&n =. T%e in*a0a*it $-!t /e 0r&+en t& /e e i!tin( at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e $arria(e @. S-*% in*a0a*it $-!t /e !%&7n t& /e $e,i*a## &r *#ini*a## 0er$anent &r in*-ra/#e 4. S-*% i##ne!! $-!t /e ' ra+e en&-(% t& /rin( a/&-t t%e ,i!a/i#it &6 t%e 0art t& a!!-$e t%e e!!entia# &/#i(ati&n! &6 $arria(e . E!!entia# $arita# $/#i(ati&n! $-!t /e t%&!e e$/ra*e, / Art. 9>5) a! 7e## a! Art. 88) 885) an, 884 &6 t%e Fa$i# C&,e.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
>. Inter0retati&n! (i+en / t%e Nati&na# A00e##ate Matri$&nia# Tri/-na# &6 t%e Cat%&#i* C%-r*% in t%e P%i#i00ine!) 7%i#e n&t *&ntr&##in( &r ,e*i!i+e) !%&-#, /e (i+en (reat re!0e*t / &-r *&-rt! 9. T%e tria# *&-rt $-!t &r, er t%e 0r&!e*-tin( att&rne &r 6i!*a# an, t%e S&#i*it&r Genera# t& a00ear a! c&-n!e# 6&r t%e !tate •
T%e 6&re(&in( (-i,e#ine! ,& n&t re2-ire t%at a 0%!i*ian ea$ine t%e 0er!&n t& /e ,e*#are, 0!*%&#&(i*a## in*a0a*itate,. ;%at i! i$0&rtant i! t%at t%e t&ta#it &6 e+i,en*e *an a,e2-ate# e!ta/#i!% t%e 0artK! 0!*%&#&(i*a# *&n,iti&n. Rpulic v. CA > 9olin%, 2*8 CRA 18 (17)
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In ,eter$inin( i6 &ne &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! i! 0!*%&#&(i*a## in*a0a/#e) t%e *&-rt! !%&-#, inter0ret t%e 0r&+i!i&n &n a *a!et&*a!e /a!i!. C&-rt! !%&-#, /e (-i,e, / e0erien*e) t%e 6in,in(! &6 e0ert! an, re!ear*%er! in 0!*%&#&(i*a# ,i!*i0#ine!) an, / ,e*i!i&n! &6 *%-r*% tri/-na#!. : v. :, G.R. o. 1*173, <ru%r6 13, 200
c; V$id &$r Bein' Inces!$!s !nder Ar(? ;%et%er re#ati&n!%i0 i! #e(iti$ate &r i##e(iti$ate: 5. Bet7een a!*en,ant! an, ,e!*en,ant! &6 an ,e(ree 8. Bet7een /r&t%er! an, !i!ter!) 7%et%er 6-## &r %a#6 /#&&,
d; V$id &$r Reas$n $& P!#%ic P$%ic" !nder Ar- ( 5. Bet7een *&##atera# /#&&, re#ati+e! -0 t& t%e @t% *i+i# ,e(ree T%ere i! n& 0r&%i/iti&n re(ar,in( $arria(e! /et7een *&##atera# /#&&, re#ati+e! / %a#6/#&&, 8. Bet7een !te00arent! an, !te 0*%i#,ren =. Bet7een 0arent!in#a7 an, *%i#,renin #a7 @. Bet7een a,&0tin( 0arent an, a,&0te, *%i#, 4. Bet7een !-r+i+in( !0&-!e &6 t%e a,&0ter an, t%e a,&0te, . Bet7een !-r+i+in( !0&-!e &6 t%e a,&0te, an, t%e a,&0ter >. Bet7een a,&0te, an, #e(iti$ate *%i #, &6 a,&0ter 9. Bet7een a,&0te, *%i#,ren &6 !a$e a,&0ter
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. Bet7een 0artie! 7%ere &ne) 7it% t%e intenti&n t& $arr t%e &t%er) 1i##e, t%at &t%er 0er!&nK! !0&-!e &r %i!%er &7n !0&-!e N& 0ri&r *ri$ina# *&n+i*ti&n / t%e *&-rt 6&r t%e 1i##in( i! re2-ire, / t%e #a7 !in*e $ere 0re0&n,eran*e &6 e+i,en*e i! re2-ire, t& 0r&+e t%e 1i##in(.
-In a *a!e 6&r *&n*-/ina(e) t%e a**-!e,
nee, n&t 0re!ent a 6ina# -,($ent ,e*#arin( %i! $arria(e +&i, 6&r %e *an a,,-*e e+i,en*e in t%e *ri$ina# *a!e &6 n-##it &6 %i! $arria(e &t%er t%an 0r&&6 &6 6ina# -,($ent ,e*#arin( %i! $arria(e +&i,. Hen*e) t%e 0en,en* &6 t%e *i+i# a*ti&n 6&r n-##it &6 $arria(e ,&e! n&t 0&!e a 0re-,i*ia# 2-e!ti&n in a *ri$ina# *a!e 6&r *&n*-/ina(e.
Article .( is an exclusi"e list% Un,er t%e ne7 Fa$i# C&,e) t%e 6&##&7in( *an n&7 $arr ea*% &t%er: a. Br&t%erin#a7 an, !i!terin#a7 /. Ste0/r&t%er an, !te0!i!ter *. G-ar,ian an, 7ar, ,. A,&0te, a n, i##e(iti$ate *%i#, &6 t%e a,&0ter e. Partie! 7%& %a+e /een *&n+i*te, &6 a,-#ter &r *&n*-/ina(e
NOTE8 R-A- +99* ?Mai# Or,er Bri,e A*t ,e*#are! a! -n#a76-# t%e 0ra*ti*e &6 $at*%in( Fi#i0in& 7&$en 6&r $arri a(e t& 6&rei(n nati&na#! &n a $ai#&r,er /a!i! an, &t%er !i$i#ar 0ra*ti*e! in*#-,in( t%e a,+erti!e$ent) 0-/#i*ati&n) 0rintin( &r ,i!tri/-ti&n &6 /r&*%-re!) 6#ier!) an, &t%er 0r&0a(an,a $ateria#! in 6-rt%eran*e t%ere&6.
e; Imrescrii#i%i" $& aci$n $r de&ense &$r dec%arai$n $& n!%%i" $& marria'e- =Ar- (9; A $arria(e t%at i! in+a#i, 6r&$ t%e /e(innin( i! n&nei!tent) an, in e66e*t) *ann&t /e ,i!!&#+e,. T%e -,i*ia# ,e*ree t& ,e*#are it! n-##it i! a $ere *&n6ir$ati&n &6 t%e +&i,ne!! &6 t%e $arria(e) %en*e t%i! 0etiti&n i! i$0re!*ri0ti/#e.
&; S!#[email protected]!en Marria'e Wi$! !dicia% Dec%arai$n $& N!%%i" $& Pre.i$!s V$id Marria'e =Ar- )0; -F&r t%e 0-r0&!e! &6 re$arria(e) t%e &n#
#e(a## a**e0ta/#e /a!i! 6&r ,e*#arin( a 0re+i&-! $arria(e an a/!&#-te n-##it i! a 6ina# -,($ent ,e*#arin( !-*% 0re+i&-! $arria(e +&i,) 7%erea!) 6&r 0-r0&!e! &t%er t%an re$arria(e) &t%er e+i,en*e i! a**e0ta/#e
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•H&7e+er) a -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 n-##it i! n&t nee,e, 7%ere n& $arria(e *ere$&n at a## 7a! 0er6&r$e, / a ,-# a-t%&rie, !&#e$niin( &66i*er a! 7%ere t%e 0artie! $ere# !i(ne, a $arria(e *&ntra*t &n t%eir &7n. T%e $ere !i(nin( &6 a $arria(e *&ntra*t /ear! n& !e$/#an*e t& a +a#i, $arria(e an, t%-! nee,! n& -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 n-##it. ?ucio 9orio v. ;opl, G.R. o. 1+522*, <ru%r6 *, 200+ •Se*&n, $arria(e i! !ti## /i(a$&-! e+en i6 t%e 6ir!t $arria(e i! -,i*ia## ,e*#are, +&i, a6ter *&ntra*tin( t%e !e*&n, $arria(e) &n# i6 t%e 6ir!t $arria(e &!ten!i/# tran!0ire, a! t%ere 7a! a $arria(e *ere$&n. H&7e+er) i6 t%e 6ir!t $arria(e 7a! +&i, ,-e t& t%e 6a*t t%at n& $arria(e *ere$&n 7a! !&#e$nie, at a##) t%en t%e !e*&n, $arria(e i! n&t /i(a$&-!. 9orio v. ;opl, +22 CRA 37* (200+)
NOTE8 E+en i6 a $arria(e i! +&i,) i m!s #e dec%ared .$id &irs #" &ina% 4!d'men #e&$re e aries $ s!c .$id marria'e can remarr". T%e 0artie! *ann&t ,e*i,e 6&r t%e$!e#+e! t%e in+a#i,it &6 t%eir $arria(e. EFCEPTION8 ;%en t%e 0-r0&!e i! &t%er t%an re$arria(e) a *&##atera# atta*1 &6 t%e $arria(e i! a##&7e,. PRESUMPTION O: DEATH :OR REMARRIA3E =Ar- )1; 3enera% R!%e8 Marria(e *&ntra*te, / an 0er!&n ,-rin( t%e !-/!i!ten*e &6 a 0re+i&-! $arria(e i! VOID E6cei$n8 I6 /e6&re t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e: a.T%e 0re+i&-! !0&-!e %a, /een a/!ent 6&r @ *&n!e*-ti+e ear! ?&r,inar a/!en*e &r 8 ear! ?etra&r,inar a/!en*e an,
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/.T%e re$ainin( !0&-!e %a! a 7e##6&-n,e, /e#ie6 t%at t%e a/!ent !0&-!e i! a#rea, ,ea, *.J-,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 0re!-$0ti+e ,eat% - In t%i! *a!e) t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e i! +a#i, /-t it !%a## /e a-t&$ati*a## ter$inate, / t%e re*&r,in( &6 t%e a66i,a+it &6 rea00earan*e &6 t%e a/!ent !0&-!e. - ;it%&-t 6i#in( &6 t%e a66i,a+it &6 rea00earan*e) t%ere 7i## ei!t t7& +a#i, $arria(e! ? .a%id #i'am$!s marria'e;
E6cei$n $ e E6cei$n8 I6 /&t% !0&-!e! &6 t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e a*te, in /a, 6ait%) !-*% $arria(e i! +&i, ab initio =Ar- )); E&&ec $& Reaearance • T%e !-/!e2-ent /i(a$&-! $arria(e -n,er Art. @5 re$ain! +a#i, ,e!0ite rea00earan*e &6 t%e a/!entee !0&-!e •
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UNLESS5 t%e rea00earan*e $a,e in a !7&rn !tate$ent i! re*&r,e, in t%e *i+i# re(i!tr in t%e 0#a*e 7%ere t%e 0artie! t& t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e re!i,e!. In !-*% *a!e) t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e i! a-t&$ati*a## ter$inate,. HOWEVER5 i6 t%ere 7a! a 0re+i&-! -,($ent ann-##in( &r ,e*#arin( t%e 6ir!t $arria(e a n-##it) t%e !-/!e2-ent /i(a$&-! $arria(e re$ain! +a#i,.
NOTE8 S-$$ar 0r&*ee,in(! -n,er t%e Fa$i# C&,e are 6ina# an, ee*-t&r 0-r!-ant t& Arti*#e [email protected]>. Hen*e) !-$$ar 0r&*ee,in( 6&r t%e ,e*#arati&n &6 0re!-$0ti+e ,eat% &6 an a/!ent !0&-!e -n,er Arti*#e @5 &6 t%e Fa$i# C&,e i! n&n a00ea#a/#e. Rpulic v. :%no, G.R. o. 1*10*2, ul6 31, 200
E&&ecs $& Terminai$n $& S!#[email protected]!en Marria'e8 =LDDRI; 5. C%i#,ren &6 t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e *&n*ei+e, 0ri&r t& it! ter$inati&n !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, %e(iti$ate 8. T%e a/!&#-te *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 !%a## /e i!!&#+e, d an, #i2-i,ate, •
I6 eit%er !0&-!e a*te, in /a, 6ait %) %i!%er !%are in t%e net 0r&6it! !%a## /e 6&r6eite,: a. In 6a+&r &6 t%e *&$$&n *%i#,ren
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
/. I6 n&ne) in 6a+&r &6 t%e *% i#,ren &6 t%e (-i#t !0&-!e / 0re+i&-! $arria(e *. In ,e6a-#t &6 *%i#,ren) in 6a+&r &6 t%e inn&*ent !0&-!e =. D&nati&n! / rea!&n &6 t%e $arria(e re$ain +a#i, e*e0t i6 t%e ,&nee *&ntra*te, t%e $arria(e in /a, 6ait% @. T%e inn&*ent !0&-!e $a re+&1e t%e ,e!i(nati&n &6 t%e !0&-!e in /a, 6ait% a! t%e /ene6i*iar in an in!-ran*e 0&#i*) e+en i6 ,e!i(nati&n i! !ti0-#ate, a! irre+&*a/#e) an, 4. T%e !0&-!e 7%& *&ntra*te, t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e in /a, 6ait% !%a## /e ,i!2-a#i6ie, t& in%erit 6r&$ t%e inn&*ent !0&-!e / te!tate &r inte!tate !-**e!!i&n
NOTE8 T%e a/&+e e66e*t! a00# t& +&i,a/#e /i(a$&-! $arria(e!. E*e0t 6&r ?5) t%e a/&+e e66e*t! a#!& a00# t& $arria(e! 7%i*% are ann-# #e, &r ,e*#are, +&i, ab initio -n,er Art. @.
+- ANNULLABLE MARRIA3ES 3r$!nds &$r Ann!%men =ar- )*;8 =PU::IS; 5. La*1 &6 arenta# *&n!ent 8. Eit%er 0art i! &6 ! n!&-n, $in, =. :ra-,-#ent $ean! &6 &/tainin( *&n!ent &6 eit%er 0art Cir*-$!tan*e! *&n!tit-tin( 6ra-,: =Ar- )+; a. N&n,i!*#&!-re &6 *&n+i*ti&n / 6ina# -,($ent &6 *ri$e in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e /. C&n*ea#$ent &6 0re(nan* / an&t%er $an *. C&n*ea#$ent &6 !e-a## tran!$i!!i/#e ,i!ea!e) re(ar,#e!! &6 nat-re) ei!tin( at t%e ti$e &6 $arria(e ,. C&n*ea#$ent &6 ,r-( a,,i*ti&n) %a/it-a# a#*&%&#i!$) %&$&!e-a#it an, #e!/iani!$ @. :&r*e) inti$i,ati&n &r -n,-e in6#-en*e 4. P%!i*a# in*a0a/i#it &6 eit%er 0art t& *&n!-$$ate t%e $arria(e 7it% t%e &t%er) an, !-*% in*a0a*it *&ntin-e! an, a00ear! t& /e in*-ra/#e [email protected]!isies $& Ann!%men d!e $ Im$ence8 a. I$0&ten*e ei!t! at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 $arria(e /. Per$anent •
Pa'e 19 $& )01
*. In*-ra/#e ,. Un1n&7n t& t%e &t%er !0&-!e e. T%e &t%er !0&-!e $-!t n&t a#!& /e i$0&tent • !octrine of Triennial 0ohabitation: Pre!-$0ti&n t%at t%e %-!/an, i! i$0&tent !%&-#, t%e 7i6e !ti## re$ain a +ir(in a6ter = ear! &6 #i+in( t&(et%er 7it% %er %-!/an,. Se -a## T ran!$i!!i/#e . A66#i*ti&n &6 Di!ea!e 6&-n, t& /e !eri&-! an, 7%i*% a00ear! in*-ra/#e El&n!s# a. Ei!tin( at t%e ti$e &6 $arria(e /. Se-a## tran!$i!!i/#e ,i!ea!e *. Seri&-! ,. A00ear! in*-ra/#e
ARTICLE)* T%e STD i! a (r&-n, 6&r ann-#$ent T%e STD ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e *&n*ea#e,
T%e STD $-!t /e !eri&-! an, in*-ra/#e
T%e STD ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e !eri&-! an, a00ear! in*-ra/#e
ARTICLE)+ T%e STD i! a t0e &6 6ra-, 7%i*% in t-rn i! a (r&-n, 6&r ann-#$ent T%e STD $-!t /e *&n*ea#e,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e 20 $& )01
3 RO U N DS : O R A N N UL M EN T La*1 &6 arenta# c&n!ent =PC;
E::ECTS O: TERMINATION O: MARRIA3E W H O C A N : IL E P RE S C RIP T IV E PE R IO D a. Un,era(e ?5985
0art
/. Parent &r (-ar,ian In!anit &6 =INSANIT,;
&ne
0art
Sane!0&-!e
R A T I: ICA T IO N
Free *&%a/itati&n a&er reacin' 21
a. ;it%in 4 ear! a6ter t-rnin( 85 /. Be6&re *%i#, rea*%e! 85 8+ie7!:
Semi$>Di"8 Be6&re ,eat% &6 &t%er 0art
Free*&%a/itati&n a&er insane s$!se re'ains sani"
Dean De% Casi%%$8 ;it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ri(%t &r a*ti&n a**r-e! G-ar,ian &6 in!ane !0&-!e
Anti$e #e&$r e e dea $& eier ar"
In!ane !0&-!e
D-rin( t%e %!cid iner.a%&r a6ter re'ainin' sani"a#!& /e6&re ,eat% &6 &t%er 0art
:ra!d
In-re, Part
;it%in 4 ear! a6ter disc$.er"&6 Fra-,
Viiaed c$nsen
In-re, Part
;it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ ti$e 6&r*e) inti$i,ati&n! &r -n,-e in6#-en*e ,i!a00eare, &r *ea!e,
In*a0a/i#it t& C&n!-$$ate Se-a## tran!$i!!i/#e ,i!ea!e ?CONSUMMATESTD
In-re, Part
;it%in 4 ear! a6ter t%e $arria(e *ere$&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Free *&%a/itati&n e.e n /i & !% %
Pa'e 21 $& )01
BASIS /tatus of children Property 1elations
!onations Propter Nuptias
Insurance /uccessio n
E::ECTS O: VOIDABLE BI3AMOUS MARRIA3E5 DECLARATION O: NULLIT,5 AND ANNULMENT VO ID A B L E B I 3 A M O U S MA R RI A 3 E=A R T - )1; D E CL A RA T IO N O : ANNULMENT NULLIT, C%i#,ren &6 !-/!e2-ent $arria(e *&n*ei+e, /e6&re it! ter$inati&n I%%e'iimaeexcept C%i#,ren *&n*ei+e, &r /&rn /e6&re %e'iimae Art. = an, Art. 4= ann-#$ent ,e*ree %e'iimae ACPCPG !%a## /e #i2-i,ate,. T%e !%are in e ne r$&is &6 Sa$e Sa$e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert &6 t%e !0&-!e 7%& *&ntra*te, t%e $arria(e in /a, 6ait%) !%a## /e &$r&eiedin 6a+&r &6 c$mm$n ci%dren&r i6 t%ere are n&ne) * i%dren $& e '!i%" s$!se #" re.i$!s marria'e &r in ,e6a-#t) e inn$cen s$!se?*&$$&n *%i#,ren Q *%i#,ren &6 (-i#t !0&-!e / 0re+i&-! $arria(e Q inn&*ent !0&-!e S%a## re$ain VALID except Sa$e I6 d$nee *&ntra*te, t%e $arria(e in /a, 6ait%) ,&nati&n ! propter nuptias $a,e t& t% e ,&nee are re.$
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Sa$e
Sa$e Sa$e
Pa'e 22 $& )01
DISTINCTION BETWEEN VOID AND VOIDABLE MARRIA3ES VOID V O ID A BLE Va#i, -nti# ann-##e, Can /e rati6ie, eit%er / 6ree *&%a/itati&n &r 0re!*ri0ti&n
B A SI S As to nature As to susceptibility to ratification As to effect on property
Inei!tent 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 0er6&r$an*e Cann&t /e rati6ie,
N& *&$$-nit 0r&0ert) &n# *&&7ner!%i0 ?Art [email protected]>[email protected]
As to effect on children aa aa
As to how marriage may be impugned
a/. *.
C%i#,ren are i##e(iti$ate Exceptions: In *a!e &6 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it ?Art = C%i#,ren /&rn &6 !-/!e2-ent $arria(e ?Art 4= Ma /e atta*1e, direc%" &r c$%%aera%%"/-t 6&r 0-r0&!e &6 re$arria(e) t%ere $-!t /e -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 n-##it. Can !ti## /e im!'ned e+en a6ter ,eat% &6 0artie! A*ti&n 6&r n-##it ,&e! n&t 0re!*ri/e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
A/!&#-te *&$$-nit ei!t! -n#e!! an&t%er !!te$ i! a(ree, -0&n in $arria(e !ett#e$ent ?De6a-#t: ACP C%i#,ren are #e(iti$ate i6 *&n*ei+e, /e6&re ,e*ree &6 ann-#$ent a. Cann&t /e atta*1e, *&##atera##) &n# ,ire*t#) i.e. t%ere $-!t /e a ,e*ree &6 ann-#$ent /. Can n& #&n(er /e i$0-(ne, a6ter ,eat% &6 &ne &6 t%e 0artie! *. A*ti&n 0re!*ri/e!
Pa'e 2( $& )01
?- PROCEDURE AND E::ECTS TERMINATION O: MARRAI3E
O:
#e(a# *%ar(e &6 in!ane
A-M- N$- 02>11>10>SC PROPOSED RULE ON DECLARATION O: ABSOLUTE NULLIT, O: VOID MARRIA3ES AND ANNULMENT O: VOIDABLE MARRIA3ES
*. In!ane !0&-!e In-re, Part
SCOPE8 • Petiti&n! 6&r ,e*#arati&n &6 a/!&#-te n-##it &6 +&i, $arria(e! an, ann-#$ent &6 +&i,a/#e $arria(e! -n,er t%e Fa$i# C&,e • T%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt !%a## a00# !-00#et&ri# PETITION :OR DECLARATION ABSOLUTE NULLIT,8
Wa $ a%%e'e8 I6 /a!e, &n 0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it) *&$0#ete 6a*t! !%&7in( eit%er &ne i! in*a0a*itate, 6r&$ *&$0#in( 7it% $arita# &/#i(ati&n! at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e $arria(e in*#-,in( 0%!i*a# $ani6e!tati&n!) i6 an A*ti&n! &r ,e6en!e! !%a## NOT 0re!*ri/e
PETITION :OR ANNULMENT O: VOIDABLE MARRIA3ES W$ ma" &i%e8 3ROUND PART, TO PRESCRIPTIV :ILE THE E PERIOD SUIT 5. N& Parenta# a. Parent &r a. Anti$e C&n!ent G-ar,ian /e6&re *%ar(e %a+in( Le(a# rea*%e! 85 C%ar(e &6 r!. &#, n&*&n!ent 0art
8. In!anit
/.N& C&n!ent Part a. Sane !0&-!e 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 in!anit /. Re#ati+e) (-ar,ian &r 0er!&n %a+in(
/. ;it%in 4 ear! a6ter rea*%in( 85 a. Anti$e /e6&re ,eat% &6 eit%er 0art /. Anti$e /e6&re ,eat% &6 eit%er 0art
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
@. Vitiate, C&n!ent
In-re, Part
4. In*a0a/i#it t& C&n!-$$ate Se-a## Tran!$itte, Di!ea!e
In-re, Part
O:
W$ ma" &i%e8 !&#e# t%e %-!/an, &r 7i6e
•
=. F ra-,
*. D-rin( #-*i, inter+a# &r a6ter re(ainin( !anit ;it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ ,i!*&+er &6 6ra-, ;it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ ti$e &6 6&r*e) inti$i,ati&n &r -n,-e in6#-en*e ,i!a00eare, &r *ea!e, ;it%in 4 ear! a6ter t%e $arria(e *ere$&n
A- Ven!e8 Fa$i# C&-rt &6 t%e 0r&+in*e &r *it 7%ere t%e 0etiti&ner &r t%e re!0&n,ent %a! /een re!i,in( 6&r at #ea!t $&nt%! 0ri&r t& t%e ,ate &6 6i#in( ?&r n&nre!i,ent re!0&n,ent: 7%ere %e $a /e 6&-n, in t%e P%i#i00ine! AT THE ELECTION OF THE PETITIONER. B- Peii$n sa%% a%%e'e8 5. C$m%ee &acs *&n!tit-tin( t%e *a-!e &6 a*ti&n 8. Names an, a'es &6 t%e *&$$&n *%i#,ren &6 t%e 0artie! an, !0e*i6 t%e re(i$e (&+ernin( t%eir 0r&0ert re#ati&n!) an, t%e 0r&0ertie! in+&#+e, =. Veri&ied an, a**&$0anie, / a *erti6i*ati&n a(ain!t 6&r-$ !%&00in() 7%i*% $-!t /e !i(ne, 0er!&na## / t%e 0etiti&ner • •
Petiti&n $a n&t /e !i(ne, !&#e# / *&-n!e# &r t%r&-(% an att&rnein6a*t I6 0etiti&ner i! in a 6&rei(n *&-ntr) t%e +eri6i*ati&n*erti6i*ati&n !%a## /e a-t%enti*ate, / t%e ,-# a-t%&rie, &66i*er &6 t%e P%i#i00ine e$/a!! &r #e(ati&n) *&n!-# (enera#) *&n!-#) +i*e *&n!-#) &r *&n!-#ar a(ent in !ai, *&-ntr
@. Fi#e, in *&0ie!) a *&0 t& /e !er+e, t& t%e OSG an, t%e O66i*e &6 t%e Cit &r Pr&+in*ia# Pr&!e*-t&r) 7in 4 ,a! 6r&$ t%e ,ate &6 it!
Pa'e 2) $& )01
6i#in( an, !-/$it t& t%e *&-rt 0r&&6 &6 !-*% !er+i*e 7in t%e !a$e 0eri&, •
Fai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% re2-ire$ent! $a /e a (r&-n, 6&r i$$e,iate ,i!$i!!a# &6 t%e 0etiti&n.
C- Ser.ice $& S!mm$ns • G&+erne, / t%e R-#e [email protected] &6 t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt an, t%e 6&##&7in(: 5. Re!0&n,ent *ann&t /e #&*ate, at %i! (i+en a,,re!! &r %i! 7%erea/&-t! are -n1n&7n an, *ann&t /e a!*ertaine, / ,i#i(ent in2-ir: ?a Ser+i*e &6 !-$$&n! / 0-/#i*ati&n &n*e a 7ee1 6&r 8 *&n!e*-ti+e 7ee1! in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e P%i#i00ine! an, in !-*% 0#a*e! a! t%e *&-rt $a &r,er ?/ Ser+e, at re!0&n,entK! #a!t 1n&7n a,,re!! / re(i!tere, $ai# &r an &t%er $ean! t%e *&-rt $a ,ee$ !-66i*ient 8. S-$$&n! t& /e 0-/#i!%e, !%a## /e *&ntaine, in a *&-rt &r,er 7it% t%e 6&##&7in( ,ata: ?a tit#e &6 t%e *a!e ?/ ,&*1et n-$/er ?* nat-re &6 t%e 0etiti&n ?, 0rin*i0a# (r&-n,! &6 t%e 0etiti&n an, t%e re#ie6! 0rae, 6&r ?e a ,ire*ti+e 6&r t%e re!0&n,ent t& an!7er 7in = ,a! 6r&$ t%e #a!t i!!-e &6 t%e 0-/#i*ati&n
D- M$i$n $ Dismiss8 n$ a%%$/ed5 except 6&r #a*1 &6 -ri!,i*ti&n &+er t%e !-/e*t $atter &r &+er t%e 0artie! ?%&7e+er) an (r&-n, t%at $i(%t 7arrant a ,i!$i!!a# $a /e rai!e, a! an a66ir$ati+e ,e6en!e in an an!7er E- Ans/er • Veri6ie, / t%e re!0&n,ent %i$!e#6 6i#e, 7in 54 ,a! 6r&$ !er+i*e &6 !-$$&n! &r 7in = ,a! 6r&$ t%e #a!t i!!-e &6 0-/#i*ati&n in *a!e &6 !er+i*e &6 !-$$&n! / 0-/#i*ati&n • Fai#-re t& an!7er !%a## NOT $a1e %i$ in ,e6a-#t • C&-rt 7i## &r,er t%e 0-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r t& in+e!ti(ate i6 t%ere i! *&##-!i&n i6 n& an!7er i! 6i#e, &r 7%en an!7er ,&e! n&t ten,er an i!!-e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
:- In.esi'ai$n Re$r $& e P!#%ic Pr$sec!$r • T& /e $a,e 7in 5 $&nt% a6ter t%e re*ei0t &6 t%e *&-rt &r,er • S%a## !tate 7%et%er t%e 0artie! are in *&##-!i&n an, /a!i! 6&r !-*% 6in,in() !er+e *&0ie! t& 0artie! *&-n!e#! ?a t%ere i! *&##-!i&n 0artie! !%a## 6i#e t%eir re!0e*ti+e *&$$ent! 7in 5 ,a! 6r&$ re*ei0t &6 a *&0 ?/ n& *&##-!i&n !et t%e *a!e 6&r 0re tria# • P-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r !%a## re0re!ent t%e State • In+e!ti(ati&n i! a *&n,iti&n !ine 2-a n&n 6&r 6-rt%er 0r&*ee,in(! in *a!e! 7%ere t%e re!0&n,ent ,&e! n&t an!7er. T%i! i! tr-e e+en i6 ,-rin( t%e %earin( t%e 6i!*a# 0arti*i0ate, an, *r&!!ea$ine, t%e 7itne!!e!. Corpus vs. 4c"o!rn%, +35 CRA ++* (200+)
3- C&-rt $a re2-ire a !&*ia# 7&r1er t& *&n,-*t a *a!e !t-, an, !-/$it re0&rt at #ea!t = ,a! /e6&re t%e 0retria# H- Pre>ria% i! MANDATORY. • N&ti*e 5. N&ti*e &6 0retria# !%a## /e !er+e, t& t%e 0artie!) t%eir *&-n!e#! an, t%e
•
0-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r) *&ntainin(: ,ate &6 0retria# *&n6eren*e an, &r,er ,ire*tin( t%e 0artie! t& 6i#e 0retria# /rie6) en!-rin( it! re*ei0t / t%e a,+er!e 0art at #ea!t = ,a! /e6&re t%e ,ate &6 0retria# 8. N&ti*e &6 0retria# !%a ## !ti## /e !en t t& re!0&n,ent e+en i6 %e ,i, n&t 6i#e an an!7er Per!&na# A00earan*e 5. Partie! !%&-#, a00 ear 0er!&na## at t%e 0retria# 8. Fai#-re &6 0etiti&ner t& a00ear at t%e 0retria# 0er!&na## 7& t%e +a#i, *a-!e) *a!e ,i!$i!!e, =. Fai#-re t& 6i#e t%e 0retria# /rie6 &r t& *&$0# 7it% it! re2-ire, *&ntent!) *a!e ,i!$i!!e, @. I6 re! 0&n,ent 6i#e, %i! an!7er /-t 6ai#! t& a00ear at t%e 0retria#) t%e *&-rt !%a## re2-ire, 0r&*ee,t& /-t 0-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r in+e!ti(ate rea!&n 6&r n&na00earan*e ?i6 ,-e t& *&##-!i&n
Pa'e 2* $& )01
•
Pretria# *&n6eren*e C&-rt $a re6er i!!-e! t& $e,iat&r) /-t !%&-#, t%i! 6ai# &r i! n&t a+ai#e, &6) 0r&*ee, 7it% 0retria# *&n6eren*e • Pretria# &r,er 5. Partie! are n&t a##&7e, t& rai!e i!!-e! &r 0re!ent 7itne!!e! an, e+i,en*e &t%er t%an t%&!e !tate, in t%e 0retria# &r,er 8. Partie! %a+e 4 ,a! 6r&$ re*ei0t &6 0retria# &r,er t& $a1e *&rre*ti&n! &r $&,i6i*ati&n! =. P-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r !%a## a00ear 6&r t%e State t& 0re+ent *&##-!i&n
- Pr$i#ied C$mr$mise ?a Ci+i# !tat-! &6 0er!&n! ?/ Va#i,it &6 $arria(e &r #e(a# !e0ar ati&n ?* An (r&-n, 6&r #e(a# !e0arati&n ?, F-t-re !-00&rt ?e J-ri!,i*ti&n &6 *&-rt! ?6 F-t-re #e(iti$e! - Decisi$n • C&0ie! 7i## /e !er+e, &n t%e 0artie!) in*#-,in( t%e S&#Gen an, 0-/#i* 0r&!e*-t&r • Fina# a6ter e0irati&n &6 54 ,a! 6r&$ n&ti*e t& t%e 0artie! • S%&-#, /e re(i!tere, in t%e Ci+i# Re(i!tr 7%ere t%e $arria(e 7a! *e#e/rate, an, in t%e Ci+i# Re(i!tr &6 t%e 0#a*e 7%ere t%e Fa$i# C&-rt i! #&*ate, L- Aea% • N&t a##&7e, i6 n& $&ti&n 6&r re*&n!i,erati&n &r ne7 tria# i! $a,e 7in 54 ,a! 6r&$ n&ti*e &6 -,($ent M- Dea • Part ,ie! /e6&re entr &6 -,($ent: *a!e *#&!e, an, ter$inate, 7& 0re-,i*e t& t%e !ett#e$ent &6 t%e e!tate in 0r&0er 0r&*ee,in(! in t%e re(-#ar *&-rt! • Part ,ie! a6ter t%e entr &6 -,($ent: /in,in( -0&n t%e 0artie! an, t%eir !-**e!!&r! inintere!t in t%e !ett#e$ent &6 t%e e!tate in t%e re(-#ar *&-rt!. N- Dae $& E&&eci.i"8 Marc 1*5 200(
:- LE3AL SEPARATION 1- 3r$!nds 2- Pr$ced!re (- De&enses )- [email protected]!idai$n *- E&&ecs $& Le'a% Searai$n Pendene Lie +- Rec$nci%iai$n E&&ecs 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 1- 3ROUNDS =PRC>:AL>BILA; 5. Re0eate, %!i*a# +i&#en*e &r (r&!!# a/-!i+e *&n,-*t ,ire*te, a(ain!t 0etiti&ner) a *&$$&n *%i#, &r a *%i#, &6 t%e 0etiti&ner 8. P%!i*a# +i&#en*e &r $&ra# 0re!!-re t& *&$0e# t%e 0etiti&ner t& *%an(e re#i(i&-! &r 0&#iti*a# a66i#iati&n =. Atte$0t &6 re!0&n,ent t& c&rr-0t &r in,-*e t%e 0etiti&ner) a *&$$&n *%i#,) &r a *%i#, &6 t%e 0etiti&ner) t& en(a(e in 0r&!tit-ti&n) &r *&nni+an*e in !-*% *&rr-0ti&n &r in,-*e$ent @. :ina# -,($ent !enten*in( re!0&n,ent t& i$0ri!&n$ent &6 $&re t%an ear! ?e+en i6 0ar,&ne, 4. Dr-( a,,i*ti&n &r %a/it-a# a #*&%&#i!$ . Le!/iani!$ &r %&$&!e-a#it >. S-/!e2-ent i(a$&-! $arria(e # &r 0er+er!i&n 9. Se-a# in6i,e#it . Atte$0t / re! 0&n,ent a(ain!t t%e %i6e &6 t%e 0etiti&ner 5. A/an,&n$ent 6&r $&re t%an 5 ear 7it%&-t -!ti6ia/#e *a-!e 3r$!nds $ Den" Le'a% Searai$nDe&enses $ Le'a% Searai$n8 =C)>D>3RP; 5. C &n,&nati&n • 6ai#-re &6 t%e %-!/an, t& #&&1 6&r %i! a,-#ter&-! 7i6e i! n&t *&n,&nati&n t& 7i6eK! a,-#ter 8. C&n!ent =. C &nni+an*e @. C&##-!i&n 4. M-t-a# ' -i#t . Pre!*ri0ti&n a*ti&n 6&r #e(a# !e0arati&n $-!t 6i#e, 7it%in ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 t%e/e &**-rren*e &6 6i+e t%e *a-!e &6 a*ti&n
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e 2+ $& )01
>.
• P
Deat% &6 eit%er 0art ,-rin( t%e 0en,en* &6 t%e *a!e ?%pu-6 v. Eu&io, +3 CRA 177 (172) 9. Re*&n*i#iati&n &6 t%e !0&-!e! ,-rin( t%e 0en,en* &6 t%e *a!e
E&&ecs $& Searai$n8 5. S0&-!e! are entit#e, t& #i+e !e0arate# 8. Marria(e /&n, i! n&t !e+ere, =. Di!!&#-ti&n &6 0r&0ert re(i$e @. F&r6eit-re &6 t%e !% are &6 t%e (-i#t !0&-!e in t%e net 0r&6it! &6 t%e ACPCPG 4. C-!t&, &6 $in&r *%i#,ren t& inn&*ent !0&-!e ?!-/e*t t& Ar- 21( : 0arenta# a-t%&rit !%a## /e eer*i!e, / 0arent ,e!i(nate, / t%e *&-rt • T%e i$0&!e, *-!t&,ia# re(i$e -n,er t%e !e*&n, 0ara(ra0% &6 Arti*#e 85= i! #i$ite, in ,-rati&n) #a!tin( &n# -nti# t%e *%i#,K! !e+ent% ear. Fr&$ t%e ei(%t% ear -nti# t%e *%i#,K! e$an*i0ati&n) t%e #a7 (i+e! t%e !e0arate, 0arent! 6ree,&$) !-/e*t t& t%e -!-a# *&ntra*t-a# #i$itati&n!) t& a(ree &n *-!t&, re(i$e! t%e !ee 6it t& a,&0t. ?!acasin "s% !acasin& 81'5(7(9& ebruary 9& )2'2* . G-i#t !0&-!e i! ,i! 2-a#i6ie, 6r&$ inte!tate !-**e!!i&n an, 0r&+i!i&n! $a,e / inn&*ent !0&-!e in %i! 6a+&r in a 7i## !%a## /e re+&1e, / &0erati&n &6 #a7 >. Inn&*ent !0&- !e $a re+&1e t%e ,&nati&n $a,e / %i$ in 6a+&r &6 t%e &66en,in( !0&-!e. H&7e+er) a#ienati&n!) #ien! an, en*-$/ran*e! re(i!tere, in (&&, 6ait% /e6&re t%e re*&r,in( &6 t%e *&$0#aint 6&r re+&*ati&n in t%e re(i!trie! &6 0r&0ert !%a## /e re!0e*te,. 9. Inn&*ent !0&-!e $a re+&1e ,e!i(nati&n &6 (-i#t !0&-!e a! /ene6i*iar in t%e in!-ran*e 0&#i* e+en i6 !-*% ,e!i(nati&n /e !ti0-#ate, a! irre+&*a/#e
• •
r&*e,-re i! a#$&!t t%e !a$e a! in t%e R-#e &n De*#arati&n &6 A/!&#-te N-##it Ann-#$ent ?see a/&+e Cre,it&r! are 6-rni!%e, *&0ie! &6 t%e 0etiti&n Pretria# !et n&t ear#ier t%an $&nt%! 6r&$ 6i#in( &6 t%e 0etiti&n 6&r 0&!!i/i#it &6 re*&n*i#iati&n ?COOLING OFF PERIOD
E6cei$n8 T%ere i! n& *&&#in(&66 0eri&, i6 t%e (r&-n, a##e(e, are t%&!e -n,er R-A- 92+2 =Vi$%ence A'ains W$men Ci%dren;- T%e *&-rt !%a## 0r&*ee, in t%e $ain *a!e an, &t%er in*i,ent! &6 t%e *a!e a! !&&n a! 0&!!i/#e. R.A. 2*2, c. 1.
•
T%e a/an,&n$ent *&nte$0#ate, i! &ne 7it%&-t -!ti6ia/#e *a-!e 6&r $&re t%an &ne ear. A! it 7a! e!ta/#i!%e, t%at L-*ita #e6t ;i##ia$ ,-e t& %i! a/-!i+e *&n,-*t) !-*% ,&e! n&t *&n!tit-te a/an,&n$ent *&nte$0#ate, / t%e !ai, 0r&+i!i&n. 4n En @i%& vs. 4n, G.R. o. 15320*, 4c!or 23, 200*
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 3- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WI:E 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 O#%i'ai$ns $& H!s#and and Wi&e =L 2H2ds; 5. Li+e t&(et%er 8. O/!er+e $-t-a# %&+e) re!0e*t an, 6i,e#it =. Ren,er $-t-a# e#0 an, !-00&rt @. Mana(e$ent &6 t%e &-!e%&#, 4. Fi t%e 6a$i# d &$i*i#e . J&int re!0&n!i/i#it 6& r t%e s-00&rt &6 t%e 6a$i#
2- PROCEDURE :OR LE3AL SEPARATION A-M- N$- 02>11>11>SC PROPOSED RULE ON LE3AL SEPARATION •
T%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt !%a## a00# !-00#et&ri#
W$ ma" &i%e: !&#e# t%e %-!/an, &r 7i6e Wen $ &i%e8 7it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e &**-rren*e &6 an &6 t%e (r&-n,!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pr$&essi$n 3enera% R!%e > Eit%er !0&-!e $a eer*i!e an #e(iti$ate 0r&6e!!i&n/-!ine!! 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e &t%er E6cei$n > T%e &t%er !0&-!e $a &/e*t &n +a#i,) !eri&-! an, $&ra# (r&-n,!. In *a!e &6 ,i!a(ree$ent) t%e *&-rt !%a## ,e*i,e 7%et%er a. T%e &/e*ti&n i! 0r&0er AND /. Bene6it %a! a**r-e, t& t%e 6a$i# /e6&re an, a6ter t%e &/e*ti&n.
Pa'e 2? $& )01
• • I6 /ene6it a**r-e, t& t%e 6a$i# before t%e &/e*ti&n) t%e re!-#tin( &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e en6&r*e, a(ain!t t%e !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e !0&-!e 7%& %a! n&t &/taine, *&n!ent • I6 /ene6it a**r- e, t& t%e 6a$i# after t%e &/e*ti&n %a! /een $a,e) t%e re!-#tin( &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e en6&r*e, a(ain!t t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS H- PROPERT, RELATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WI:E 1- H$/ 3$.erned 2- Marria'e Se%emens (- D$nai$ns #" Reas$n $& Marria'e )- Pr$er" Re%ai$ns $& Uni$n /i Marria'e a-S"sem $& A#s$%!e Marria'e #- C$n4!'a% Parnersi $& 3ains *- Searai$n $& Pr$eries D!rin' Marria'e +- Re'ime $& Searai$n $& Pr$er" 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 1- WHAT 3OVERNS PROPERT, RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES 5. Marria(e !ett#e$ent 6-t- re !0&-!e! $a a(ree -0&n t%e re(i$e &6 ACP) CPG) *&$0#ete !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert) &r an &t%er re(i$e 8. Fa$i# C&,e i6 t% ere i! n& $arria(e !ett#e$ent &r 7%en t%e re(i$e a(ree, -0&n t%erein i! +&i,) t%e !!te$ &6 ACP !%a## (&+ern =. L&*a# *-!t&$!
2- MARRIA3E SETTLEMENT
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
[email protected]!isies $& a Va%id Marria'e Se%emen8 ?WSB>TC>CR; 5. In / ritin( 8. S i(ne, / t%e0artie! # =. Ee*-te, e6&re t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 $arria(e @. T& 6 i t %e er$! an, *&n,iti&n! &6 t%eir 0r&0ert re#ati&n! 4. I6 0arenta# c&n!ent i! nee,e, 6&r t%e $arria(e) t%e 0arent(-ar,ian $-!t /e $a,e a 0art t& t%e a(ree$ent . I6 t%e 0art ee*-tin( t%e !ett#e$ent i! -n,er c i+i# inter,i*ti&n &r an &t%er ,i!a/i#it) t%e (-ar,ian a00&inte, / t%e *&-rt $-!t /e $a,e a 0art t& t%e !ett#e$ent >. Re(i!trati&n ?t& /in, =r, 0er!&n!
3enera% R!%e8 Pr&0ert Re#ati&n! are (&+erne, / P%i#i00ine #a7! E6cei$ns8 5. ;%en /&t% are a#ien!) e+en i6 $arrie, in t%e P%i#!. 8. A! t& etrin!i* +a#i,it &6 *&ntra*t! =. C&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n
(- DONATIONS B, REASON O: MARRIA3E =on%!ions ;rop!r up!i%s;
+efore #arriage
3enera% R!%e8 F-t-re !0&-!e! *ann&t ,&nate t& ea*% &t%er $&re t%an 54 &6 t%eir 0re!ent 0r&0ert ?e*e!! !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, +&i, [email protected]!isies8 5. Ma,e /e6&re *e#e/rati&n &6 $arria(e 8. In *e#e/rati&n &6 $arria(e =. In 6a+&r &6 &ne &r /&t% 6 -t-re !0&-!e! E6cei$n8 I6 t%e are (&+erne, / ACP !uring #arriage 3enera% R!%e8 D&nati&n! $a,e / !0&-!e! t& ea*% &t%er ,-rin( t%e $arria(e are VOID REASON: 5. T& 0r&te*t -n!e*-re, *re,it&r! 6r&$ /ein( ,e6ra-,e, 8. T& 0re+ent !tr&n(er !0&-!e 6r&$ i$0&!in( -0&n t%e 7ea1er &ne t%e tran!6er &6 t%e #atterK! 0r&0ert t& t%e 6&r$er =. T& 0re+ent in,ire*t $&,i6i*ati&n &6 t%e $arria(e !ett#e$ent E6cei$ns8 5. M&,erate (i6t! &n t%e &**a !i&n &6 an 6a$i# re&i*in(
Pa'e 2 $& )01
8. D&nati&n mortis causa •A00#ie! t& *&$$&n #a7 !0&-!e! ?Art. 9>
3r$!nds $ Re.$. D&nee *&$$it! a*t! &6 in(ratit-,e !-*% a!: a. C&$$it! an &66en!e a(ain!t t%e 0er! &n) honor &r 0r&0ert &6 t%e ,&n&r) %i! 7i6e) &r %i! *%i#,ren -n,er %i! 0arenta# a-t%&rit /. I$0-te! t& t%e ,&n&r an criminal offense &r an a*t in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e) -n#e!! t%e *ri$e 7a! *&$$itte, a(ain!t t%e ,&nee %i$!e#6) %i! 7i6e) &r %i! *%i#,ren -n,er %i! a-t%&rit *. Un,-# re6-!e! t& support t%e ,&n&r 7%en %e i! #e(a## &r $&ra## /&-n, t& (i+e !-*% !-00&rt DONATION ;R4;:ER ;:/A .ORDINAR, DONATION BASIS
ormaliti es
Present Property
uture Property 8rounds for re"ocatio
DONATIONS
;R4;:ER ;:/A G&+erne, / t%e r-#e! &n &r,inar ,&nati&n! except i6 6-t-re 0r&0ert) it $-!t *&n6&r$ 7it% 6&r$a#itie! &6 7i##!
Ma /e ,&nate, /-t -0 t& 54 &6 ,&n&r! 0re!ent 0r&0ert Ma /e in*#-,e, 0r&+i,e, ,&nati&n i! mortis causa Art. 9 &6 Fa$i# C&,e
ORDINAR, DONATIONS
G&+erne, / r-#e! &n ,&nati&n! ?Art!. >84>>= NCC N& #i$it e*e0t t%at ,&n&r !%a## #ea+e 0r&0ert en&-(% 6&r %i! !-00&rt
n
Prescrii.e Peri$ds &$r :i%in' Aci$n &$r Re.$cai$n $& D$nai$n ;rop!r up!i%s (=%s on I6 $arria(e i! n&t *e#e/rate, Except: ,&nati&n! in $arria(e !ett#e$ent! a-t&$ati*a## +&i, i6 $arria(e n&t *e#e/rate,
I6 $arria(e i! -,i*ia## ,e*#are, +&i,) it ,e0en,!: ?a I6 !-/!e2-ent $arria(e i! +&i, 0-r!-ant t& Art. @ in re#ati&n t& Art!. 48 an, 4=) /e*a-!e *&ntra*te, / a !0&-!e /e6&re 0ri&r +&i, $arria(e i! -,i*ia## ,e*#are, +&i, ?/ J-,i*ia## ,e*#are, +&i, &n (r&-n,! &t%er t%an Art. @ in re#ati&n t& Art!. 48 an, 4= ;%en $arria(e ta1e! 0#a*e 7it%&-t t%e re2-ire, 0arenta# *&n!ent I6 re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n i! *&$0#ie, 7it% ;%en $arria(e i! ann-##e, an, ,&nee in /a, 6ait% I6 ,&nee *&$$it! an a*t &6 in(ratit-,e In *a!e! &6 #e(a# !e0arati&n
!%. 9%ri%) 4 ear! ?Art. [email protected] NCC 6r&$ t%e ti$e $arria(e i! n&t !&#e$nie, &n t%e 6ie, ,ate
B &0erati&n &6 #a7 i6 ,&nee!0&-!e *&ntra*te, !-/!e2-ent +&i, $arria(e in /a, 6ait%
4 ear! 6r&$ 6ina#it &6 -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 n-##it ?i6 a*ti&n t& re*&+er 0r&0ert 4 ear!
4 ear! 6r&$ %a00enin( &6 *&n,iti&n 4 ear! 6r&$ 6ina#it &6 ,e*ree 5 ear 6r&$ ,&n&rK! 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%at 6a*t 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ,e*ree &6 !e0arati&n %a! /e*&$e 6ina#
)- PROPERT, RELATIONS
a. S"sem $& A#s$%!e C$mm!ni"
Cann&t /e in*#-,e,
=ac;
Art!. >) >@) >4 NCC
&6 a $arria(e !ett#e$ent &r 7%en t%e re(i$e a(ree, -0&n i! +&i,.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
T%e 0r&0ert re(i$e &6 !0&-!e! in t%e a/!en*e
Pa'e 29 $& )01
@. E
NOTE8 S%a## *&$$en*e at t%e 0re*i!e $&$ent t%at t%e $arria(e i! *e#e/rate,. An !ti0-#ati&n) e0re!! &r i$0#ie,) 6&r t%e *&$$en*e$ent &6 t%e re(i$e at an &t%er ti$e !%a## /e VOID.
4. .
N& 7ai+er &6 ri(%t! a##&7e, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e e*e0t in *a!e &6 -,i*ia# !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert. T%e 7ai+er $-!t /e in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent. >. Pr&0ert a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e) 7%et%er a*2-i!iti&n a00ear! t& %a+e /een $a,e in t%e na$e &6 &ne &r /&t% !0&-!e!) i! PRESUMED t& /e#&n( t& t%e *&$$-nit.
3enera% R!%e8 T%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert *&n!i!t! &6 a## t%e 0r&0ert &7ne, / t%e !0&-!e! at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e $arria(e &r a*2-ire, t%erea6ter. E6cei$nsE6c%!si$ns ro&
Co&&uni!6
;ropr!6#
5.
Pr&0erta*2-ire, /e6&re t%e $arria(e / eit%er !0&-!e 7%& %a! #e(iti$ate ,e!*en,ant! / a 6&r$er $arria(e an, it! 6r-it! an, in*&$e 8. Pr&0ert 6&r 0er!&na# an, e*#-!i+e -!e) e*e0t e7e#r =. Pr&0erta*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e / (rat-it&-! tit#e) e*e0t 7%en t%e ,&n&r) te!tat&r) &r (rant&r e0re!!# 0r&+i,e! &t%er7i!e •
En*-$/ran*e &r ,i!0&!iti&n &6 t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e &t%er !0&-!e i! t&ta## +&i,. Bene6it t& t%e 6a$i# $-!t a#7a! /e 0r&+en. Bo&onrDs %vins > ?o%n =%n vs. %ilo, G.R. o. 153802, 9%rc" 11, 2005
Car'es U$n and O#%i'ai$ns $& e ACP8 5. De/t! an, &/#i(ati&n! *&ntra*te, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e: a. B eit%er !0&-!e without the consent &6 t%e &t%er t& t%e etent t%at it /ene6ite, t%e 6a$i# /. B ,e!i(nate, a,$ini!trat&r!0&-!e *. B /&t% !0&-!e! ,. B &ne with the consent &6 t%e &t%er 8. Tae!) #ien!) *%ar(e! an, e0en!e! in*#-,in( $a&r &r $in&r re0air!) -0&n community property t%eir *&$$&n *%i#,ren =. S-00&rt &6 !0&-!e!) an, #e(iti$ate *%i#,ren &6 eit%er !0&-!e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
9.
0en!e! &6 #iti(ati&n between spouses -n#e!! t%e !-it i! 6&-n, t& /e (r&-n,#e!! Anten-0tia# ,e/t! 7%i*% re,&-n,e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 6a$i# Tae! an, e 0en!e! 6&r $ere 0r e!er+ati&n $a,e ,-rin( t%e $arria(e -0&n t%e separate property &6 eit%er !0&-!e -!e, / t%e 6a$i# E0en!e! 6&r 0r&6e!!i&na# &r +&*ati&na# *&-r!e Ot%er anten-0tia# ,e/t!) !-00&rt &6
i##e(iti$ate *%i#,) an, #ia/i#itie! 6&r *ri$e &r ;uasi
Diss$%!i$n $& e ACP8 5. U0&n ,eat% &6 eit%er !0&-!e 8. De*ree &6 # e(a# !e0arati&n =. Marria(e i! ann-##e, &r n-##i6ie, @. J-,i*ia# !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert ,-rin( t%e $arria(e ?Art!. [email protected]5=9 [email protected]!idai$n $& e ACP8 5. In+ent&r &6 a## 0r&0ertie! a. In+ent&r &6 *&$$-nit 0r&0ert /. In+ent&r &6 !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e 7i6e *. In+ent&r &6 !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e %-!/an, 8. De/t! an, &/#i(ati&n! &6 ACP are 0ai , =. Re$ain,er &6 t%e !e0arate 0r&0ertie! &6 t%e !0&-!e! are ret-rne, t& t%e &7ner @. Net re$ain,er &6 t%e ACP i! ,i+i ,e, e2-a## /et7een %-!/an, an, 7i6e 4. Pre!-$0ti+e #e(iti$e! &6 *%i#,ren are ,e#i+ere, . A,-,i*ati&n &6 *&n-(a# ,7e##in( an, *-!t&, &6 *&$$&n *%i#,ren #- S"sem $& C$n4!'a% Pr$er" $& 3ains =c'; T%e !0&-!e! *&ntri/-te t%e 6&##&7in( t& a *&$$&n 6-n,: 1. Pr&*ee,!) 0r&,-*t!) 6r-it! an, in*&$e &6 !e0arate 0r&0ertie! &6 !0&-!e!
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>. T 2. E+ert%in( a*2-ire, / !0&-!e! t%r&-(%
t%eir e66&rt! 3. E+ert%in( a*2-ire, / !0&-!e! t%r&-(% *%an*e • S%a## *&$$en*e at t%e 0re*i!e $&$ent t%at t%e $arria(e i! *e#e/rate,. An !ti0-#ati&n) e0re!! &r i$0#ie,) 6&r t%e *&$$en*e$ent &6 t%e re(i$e at an &t%er ti$e !%a## /e VOID. •
N& 7ai+er &6 ri(%t! a##&7e, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e e*e0t in *a!e &6 -,i*ia# !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert. T%e 7ai+er $-!t /e in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent.
•
Pr&0ert a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e) 7%et%er a*2-i!iti&n a00ear! t& %a+e /een $a,e in t%e na$e &6 &ne &r /&t% !0&-!e!) i! PRESUMED t& /e *&n-(a#.
•
T%e 0re!-$0ti&n i! n&t re/-tte, / t%e $ere 6a*t t%at t%e *erti6i*ate &6 tit#e &6 t%e 0r&0ert &r t%e ta ,e*#a rati&n i! in t%e na$e &6 &ne &6 t%e !0&-!e!. 'ill%nuv% v. CA,+27 CRA +3 (200+)
•
It i! n&t e+en ne*e!!ar t& 0r&+e t%at t%e 0r&0ertie! 7ere a*2-ire, 7it% 6-n,! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0. T%e 0re!-$0ti&n !%a## !-/!i!t in t%e a/!en*e &6 *#ear) !ati!6a*t&r an, *&n+in*in( e+i,en*e t& &+er*&$e t%e !a$e. C"in v. CA, +23 CRA 371 (200+)
E6c%!si.e Pr$er" in CP38 5. T%at /r&-(%t int& t%e $arria(e a! %i!%er &7n 8. T%at a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e (rat-it&-!# =. T%at a*2-ire, / re,e$0ti&n) /arter &r e*%an(e 7it% e*#-!i+e 0r&0ert @. T%at 0-r*%a!e, 7it% e*#-!i+e $&ne Wa C$nsi!es CP38 5. :r-it! &6 *&n-(a# 0r&0ert ,-e &r re*ei+e, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e an, net 6r-it! &6 !e0arate 0r&0ert 8. T%&!e a*2-ire, t%r&-(% $**-0ati&n =. Li+e!t&*1 in e*e!! &6 7%at 7a! /r&-(%t t& t%e $arria(e @. T%&!e a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e 7it% c&n-(a# 6-n,! 4. S%are in i,,en trea!-re . T%&!e &/taine, 6r&$ #a/&r) in,-!tr) 7&r1 &r 0r&6e!!i&n &6 eit%er &r /&t% !0&-!e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
%&!e a*2-ire, / c %an*e
R!%es in Cases $& Imr$.emen $& E6c%!si.e Pr$er"8 GENERAL RULE: T%e &7ner!%i0 &6 i$0r&+e$ent! $a,e &n t%e !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e !0&-!e! at t%e e0en!e &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 &r t%r&-(% e66&rt! &6 /&t% !0&-!e! !%a## 0ertain t& t%e 0artner!%i0. 5. Accession i6 t%e *&!t &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent an, an re!-#tin( in*rea!e in +a#-e are e2-a# &r #e!! t%an t%e +a#-e &6 t%e entire 0r&0ert at t%e ti$e &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent) t%e entire 0r&0ert re$ain! t%e e*#-!i+e 0r&0ert &6 t%e &7ner!0&-!e ?!-/e*t t& rei$/-r!e$ent &6 i$0r&+e$ent *&!t 8. 1e"erse Accession i6 t%e *&!t &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent an, an re!-#tin( in*rea!e in +a#-e are $&re t%an t%e +a#-e &6 t%e entire 0r&0ert at t%e ti$e &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent) t%e 0r&0ert /e*&$e! *&n-(a# ?!-/e*t t& rei$/-r!e$ent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e &7ner!0&-!e
Car'es !$n CP38 Sa$e a! t%at -n,er ACP) e*e0t t%at -n,er tae! an, e0en!e! 6&r 0re!er+ati&n &6 !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 eit%er !0&-!e ,-rin( t%e $arria(e Q 0r&0ert nee, n&t /e -!e, / t%e 6a$i# NOTE8 I6 t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 i! in!-66i*ient) t%e !0&-!e! !%a## /e !&#i,ari# #ia/#e 6&r t%e -n0ai, /a#an*e 7it% t%eir !e0arate 0r&0ertie!. Diss$%!i$n $& CP38 Sa$e a! -n,er ACP [email protected]!idai$n $& e CP38 5. In+ent&r &6 a## 0r&0ert 8. A$&-nt! a,+an*e, / CP a! 0a$ent 6&r 0er!&na# ,e/t! an, &/#i(ati&n! &6 eit%er !0&-!e are *re,ite, =. Rei$/-r!e$ent 6&r -!e &6 e*# -!i+e 6-n,! @. De/t! an, &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e CP are 0ai , 4. Re$ain! &6 e*#-!i+e 0r&0ertie! are ret-rne, . In,e$ni6 #&!! &6 ,eteri&r ati&n &6 $&+a/#e! /e#&n(in( t& eit%er !0&-!e -!e, 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 6a$i# >. Net re$ain,er &6 *&n-(a# 0r&0ert i! ,i+i,e, e2-a## 9. De#i+er &6 *%i#,renK! 0re!-$0ti+e #e(iti$e!
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A,-,i*ati&n &6 *&n-(a# ,7e##in( an, *-!t&, &6 *%i#,ren • Pri&r t& t%e #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0) t%e intere!t &6 ea*% !0&-!e in t%e *&n- (a# a!!et! i! in*%&ate) a $ere e0e*tan*) 7%i*% *&n!tit-te! neit%er a #e(a# n&r an e2-ita/#e e!tate) an, ,&e! n&t ri0en int& tit#e -nti# a6ter #i2-i,ati&n an, !ett#e$ent. T%e ri(%t &6 t%e %-!/an, &r 7i6e t& &ne%a#6 &6 t%e *&n-(a# a!!et! ,&e! n&t +e!t -nti# t%e ,i!!&#-ti&n an, #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 &r a6ter ,i!!&#-ti&n &6 t%e $arria(e an, t%ere are net a!!et! #e6t 7%i*% *an /e ,i+i,e, /et7een t%e !0&-!e! &r t%eir A%los v. re!0e*ti+e %eir!. 9%c%!%n%6, +3 CRA *+ (200+) NOTES8 • Pr&0ert /&-(%t &n in!ta##$ent! 0ai, 0art# 6r&$ e*#-!i+e 6-n,! &6 t%e !0&-! e! an, 0art# 6r&$ *&n-(a# 6-n,!: a. I6 6-## &7ner!%i0 i! +e!te, /e6&re t%e $arria(e it !%a## /e#&n( t& t%e /-er!0&-!e /. I6 6-## &7ner!%i0 7a! +e!te, ,-rin( t%e $arria(e it !%a## /e#&n( t& t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 ?In an *a!e) t%e a$&-nt a,+an*e, / t%e 0artner!%i0 &r / eit%er/&t% !0&-!e! !%a## /e rei$/-r!e, / t%e &7ner -0&n #i2-i,ati&n •
I6 t%e *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0r&0ertie! are in!-66i*ient) t%e !e0arate 0r&0ertie! !%a## /e !&#i,ari# an, !-/!i,iari# #ia/#e 6&r t%e &/#i(ati&n!
• T%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert !%a## #i1e7i!e /e #ia/#e 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e 0er!&na# ,e/t! &6 eit%er !0&-!e in!&6ar a! t%e %a+e re,&-n,e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 6a$i#.
Adminisrai$n and En4$"men $& e ACPCP3 3enera% R!%e8 It !%a## /e#&n( t& /&t% !0&-!e! &int# E6cei$ns8 5. In *a!e! &6 ,i!a(ree$ent) %-!/an,K! ,e*i!i&n !%a## 0re+ai# • ;i6e %a! re*&-r!e t& t%e *&-rt! 7it%in 4 ear!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
8. In *a! e &ne !0&-!e i! in*a0a*itate, &r -na/#e t& 0arti*i0ate in t%e a,$ini!trati&n &6 t%e *&$$&n 0r&0ertie!) &t%er !0&-!e $a a!!-$e !&#e 0&7er! • T%e!e 0&7er! ,& n&t in*#-,e: a. ,i!0&!iti&n an, b. en*-$/ran*e B&t% !0&-!e! $-!t a00r&+e an ,i!0&!iti&n &r en*-$/ran*e. An en*-$/ran*e &r ,i!0&!iti&n i! +&i, i6 7it%&-t t%e 7ritten *&n!ent &6 t%e &t%er !0&-!e &r t%e *&-rt a00r&+a#. H&7e+er) t%e tran!a*ti&n !%a## /e *&n!tr-e, a! a *&ntin-in( &66er &n t%e 0art &6 t%e *&n!entin( !0&-!e) 7%i*% $a /e 0er6e*te, a! a /in,in( *&ntra*t -0&n a**e0tan*e / t%e !0&-!e &r *&-rt a00r&+a#.
R!%es $n 3ames $& Cance8 =ACPCP3; ?4# B&rne / t%e #&!er !0&-!e an, !%a## n&t /e *%ar(e, t& t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert $//G# F&r$ 0art &6 t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert Disinci$n #e/een ACP and CP3 ACP CP3 A## t%e 0r&0ertie! Ea*% !0&-!e retain! &7ne, / t%e %i!%er 0r&0ert !0&-!e! at t%e ti$e /e6&re t%e $arria(e &6 $arria(e /e*&$e an, &n# t%e 6r-it! *&$$-nit 0r&0ert an, in*&$e &6 !-*% 0r&0ertie! /e*&$e 0art &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0r&0ertie! ,-rin( t%e $arria(e U0&n ,i!!&#-ti&n an, U0&n ,i!!&#-ti&n &6 #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e t%e 0artner!%i0) t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert) !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e net re$ain,er i! t%e !0&-!e! are ,i+i,e, e2-a## ret-rne, an, &n# t%e /et7een t%e !0&-!e!. net 0r&6it! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 are ,i+i,e, e2-a## /et7een t%e !0&-!e! &6 t%eir %eir! c.
Searai$n $& Pr$er"
• Se0arati&n &6 0r&0ert /et7een t%e !0&-!e! ,-rin( t%e $arria(e !%a## n&t ta1e 0#a*e e*e0t / -,i*ia# &r,er.
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5. O
•
J-,i*ia# !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert $a eit%er /e +&#-ntar &r 6&r !-66i*ient *a-!e.
SU::ICIENT CAUSE :OR SEPARATION O: PROPERT, 5. Petiti&nerK! !0&-!e !enten*e, t& 0ena#t 7it% *i+i# inter,i*ti&n 8. Petiti&nerK! !0&-!e ,e*#are, an a/!entee =. L&!! &6 0arenta# a-t%&rit &6 0etiti&nerK! !0&-!e ,e*#are, / *&-rt
@. A/an,&n$ent &r 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% $arita# &/#i(ati&n! 4. S0&-!e a/-!e, 0&7er &6 a,$ini!trati&n (rante, . At t%e ti$e &6 0etiti&n) !0&-!e! %a+e /een !e0arate, in 6a*t 6&r at #ea!t &ne ear an, re*&n*i#iati&n i! %i(%# i$0r&/a/#e
3ROUNDS :OR REVIVAL O: :ORMER PROPERT, RE3IME 8. Ci+i# inter,i*ti&n ter$inate!
8. A/!ent !0&-!e re a00ear! =. Parenta# a-t%&rit -,i*ia## re!t&re,
@. ;%en !0&-!e 7%& %a! #e6t *&n-(a# %&$e 7it%&-t ,e(ree &6 #e(a# !e0arati&n re!-$e! *&$$&n #i6e 7it% t%e &t%er 4. C&-rt a-t%&rie! t%e re!-$0ti&n &6 a,$ini!trati&n) /ein( !ati!6ie, t%at t%ere 7i## /e n& a/-!e . S0&-!e! re*&n*i#e an, re!-$e *&$$&n #i6e
>. ;%en a6ter +&#-ntar ,i!!&#-ti&n &6 t%e ACP &r CPG %a! /een -,i*ia## ,e*ree,) !0&-!e! a(ree t& re+i+e 6&r$er re(i$e ?n& !-/!e2-ent +&#-ntar !e0arati&n $a /e (rante,
3ROUNDS :OR TRANS:ER O: ADMINISTRATION O: EFCLUSIVE PROPERT, O: EITHER SPOUSE8 =3ACA;
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
ne !0&-!e /e*&$e! '-ar,ian &6 t%e &t%er 8. One !0&-!e -,i*ia## ,e*#are, a /!ent =. One !0&-!e !enten*e, t& 0en a#t 7it% c i+i# inter,i*ti&n @. One !0&-!e /e*&$e! a 6-(iti+e 6r&$ -!ti*e &r i! %i,in( a! an a **-!e, in a*ri$ina# *a!e
PROPERT, RE3IME O: UNIONS WITHOUT MARRIA3E BASIS ARTICLE 1)? ARTICLE 1) 5. Man an, 7&$an 8. Li+in( 5. Man an, 7&$an t&(et%er a! 8. Li+in( t&(et%er %-!/an, an, a! %-!/an, an, 7i6e 7i6e =. ;it% *a0a*it =. NOT t& $arr *a0a*itate, t& ?7it%&-t #e(a# $arr ?Art.=4?5 i$0e,i$ent -n,er 59 ear! • At #ea!t 59 &#, ear! &#, @. A,-#ter&-! • N$ Art. => Applicabil re#ati&n!%i0 ity ?in*e!t-&-! ?e.(. +&i, *&n*-/ina(e $arria(e 4. Bi(a$&-!0&#( a$&-! $arria(e • N$ Art. =9 [email protected] ?+&i, . In*e!t-&-! $arria(e / $arria(e! -n,er rea!&n &6 Art.=> 0-/#i* 0&#i* >. V&i, $arria(e! • N$ / rea!&n &6 /i(a$&-! 0-/#i* 0&#i* @. Ot%er +&i, -n,er Art.=9 $arria(e! #i+ein E*#-!i+e# &7ne," /alaries $arrie, 0art O7ne, in e2-a# and 0r&0ert &6 CPG &6 !%are! wages #e(iti$ate $arria(e Propertie s Re$ain! ac;uired e*#-!i+e Re$ain! e*#-!i+e through 0r&+i,e, t%ere exclusi"e funds Propertie s ac;uired
i! 0r&&6 Pre!-$e, t& /e &/taine, in e2-a# !%are!
On# t%e 0r&0ertie! a*2-ire, / /&t%
while li"ing together
!in*e it i! t& 0re!-$e, %a+e /een a*2-ire,
0artie! t%r&-(% t%eir a*t-a# &int *&ntri/-ti&n &6 $&ne) 0r&0ert)
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t%r&-(% &int e66&rt! I6 &ne 0art ,i, n&t 0arti*i0ate in a*2-i!iti&n) 0re!-$e, t& %a+e *&ntri/-te, t%r&-(% *are an, $aintenan*e &6 6a$i# an, %&-!e%&#,
•
•
&r in,-!tr !%a## /e &7ne, / t%e$ in *&$$&n in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%eir re!0e*ti+e *&ntri/-ti&n!. Pr&0ertie! &7ne, in *&$$&n !%a## /e 0re!-$e, t& /e e2-a#" %&7e+er) 0r&&6 $a /e !%&7n t& !%&7 t%at t%eir *&ntri/-ti&n an, re!0e*ti+e !%are! are n&t e2-a#.
T%e re(i!trati&n &6 a 0r&0ert in t%e na$e &6 t%e 0ara$&-r 7%& %a, n& in*&$e 7%at!&e+er at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,&nati&n / an&t%erK! %-!/an, i! tanta$&-nt t& a ,&nati&n 7%i*% i! +&i, -n,er Arti*#e 9> &6 t%e Fa$i# C&,e. T%e 0ara$&-r t%en %&#,! t%e 0r&0ert -n,er a *&n!tr-*ti+e tr-!t -n,er Arti*#e [email protected] in 6a+&r &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 &6 t%e %-!/an, 7it% t%e #e(iti$ate !0&-!e. o%uino v. R6s, +3+ CRA 2*0 (200+) Un,er Arti*#e [email protected]) t%ere $-!t /e 0r&&6 &6 a*t-a# &int *&ntri/-ti&n / /&t% t%e #i+ein 0artner! /e6&re t%e 0r&0ert /e*&$e! *& &7ne, / t%e$ in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%eir *&ntri/-ti&n. Ot%er7i!e) t%ere are n& 0re!-$0ti&n! &6 *&&7ner!%i0 an, e2-a# !%arin(. 'ill%nuv% v. CA, +27 CRA +3 (200+)
:AMIL, /a!i* !&*ia# in!tit-ti&n 7%i*% 0-/#i* 0&#i* *%eri!%e! an, 0r&te*t! • Hen*e) n& !-it /et7een $e$/er! &6 t%e 6a$i# !%a## 0r&!0er -n#e!! earnes e&&$rs t&7ar,! a *&$0r&$i!e %a+e /een $a,e /-t 6ai#e,. • A##e(ati&n &6 earne!t e66&rt! i! JURISDICTIONAL) i6 it i! a/!ent) t%e *&-rt *an ,i!$i!! t%e *a!e. BUT t%i! r-#e i! ina%ica#%e t& t%e 6&##&7in( *a!e!: =CLV> ::; 5. Ci+i# !tat-! &6 0er!&n! 8. An (r&-n, 6&r %e(a# !e0arati&n =. V a#i,it &6 $arria(e &r #e(a# !e0arati&n @. :-t-re !-00&rt 4. -ri!,i*ti&n &6 *&-rt! . :-t-re #e(iti$e :AMIL, RELATIONS INCLUDE8 1. Bet7een %-!/an, an, 7i6e 2. Bet7een 0arent! an, *%i#,ren 3. A$&n( &t%er a!*en,ant! an, ,e!*en,ant! 4. A$&n( /r&t%er! an, !i!ter!) 6-## &r %a#6 /#&&,
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS :AMIL, HOME
:AMIL, HOME It i! ,ee$e, *&n!tit-te, 6r&$ •
N& *&&7ner!%i0 ei!t! /et7een 0artie! t& an a,-#ter&-! re#ati&n!%i0. In !-*% a re#ati&n!%i0) it i! ne*e!!ar 6&r ea*% &6 t%e 0artner! t& 0r&+e %i! &r %er a*t-a# *&ntri/-ti&n t& t%e a*2-i!iti&n &6 0r&0ert in &r,er t& /e a/#e t& #a *#ai$ t& an 0&rti&n &6 it. Pre!-$0ti&n! &6 *&&7ner!%i0 an, e2-a# *&ntri/-ti&n ,& n&t a00#. Rivr% v. Birs o 'ill%nuv%, G.R. o. 1+1501, ul6 21, 200*
t%e ti$e it i! &**-0ie, a! a 6a$i# re!i,en*e
BENE:ICIARIES O: A :AMIL, HOME 5. H-!/an, an, 7i6e) &r -n$arrie, %ea, &6 t%e 6a$i# 8. Parent! ?$a in*#-,e 0arentin#a7!) a!*en,ant!) /r&t%er! an, !i!ter! ?#e(iti$atei##e(iti$ate #i+in( in t%e 6a$i# %&$e an, ,e0en,ent &n %ea, &6 6a$i# 6&r !-00&rt
1- MANNER O: CONSTITUTION
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS8 I- Te :ami%" =Ars 1)9>1*15 :C;
3UIDELINES8 5. FH i! ,ee$e, *&n!tit-te, 6r&$ ti$e &6 a*t-a# &**-0ati&n a! a 6a$i# re!i,en*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
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8.
8. H
FH $-!t /e &7ne, / 0er!&n *&n!tit-tin( it =. FH $-!t /e 0er$anent @. R-#e a00#ie! t& +a#i,) +&i,a/#e an, e+en t& *&$$&n#a7 $arria(e! -n,er Art!. [email protected]> an, [email protected] 4. FH *&ntin-e! ,e!0ite ,eat% &6 &ne &r $&re !0&-!e! &r -n$arrie, %ea, &6 6a$i# 6&r 5 ear! &r a! #&n( a! t%ere i! a $in&r /ene6i*iar =Ar- 1*9; . On# &ne FH *an /e *&n!tit-te,
i! *#ai$ i! n&t a$&n( t%&!e e*e0te, -n,er Ar- 1** =. He %a! rea!&na/#e (r&-n,! t& /e#ie+e t%at t%e 6a$i# %&$e i! 7&rt% $&re t%an t%e $ai$-$ a$&-nt 6ie, in Ar- 1*?
2- UALI:IED PROPERT,
$-!t 0r&+e t%at t%e a*t-a# +a#-e &6 t%e FH e*ee,! t%e $ai$-$ a$&-nt 6ie, / t%e Fa$i# C&,e) eit%er at t%e ti$e &6 it! *&n!tit-ti&n &r a! a re!-#t &6 i$0r&+e$ent! intr&,-*e, t%erea6ter it! *&n!tit-ti&n. =. I6 *re,it&r 0r&+e! t%at a* t-a# +a#-e e*ee,! t%e $ai$-$ a$&-nt t%e) *&-rt 7i## &r,er it! !a#e in ee*-ti&n. @. I6 FH i! !&#, 6&r $&re t%an t%e +a#-e a##&7e,) t%e 0r&*ee,! !%a## /e a00#ie, a! 6&##&7!: a. Fir!t) t%e &/#i(ati&n! en-$erate, in Ar t. 544 $-!t /e 0ai, ?#i!te, a/&+e /. T%en t%e -,($ent in 6a+&r &6 t%e *re,it&r 7i## /e 0ai,) 0#-! a## t%e *&!t! &6 ee*-ti&n *. T%e e*e!!) i6 an) !%a## /e ,e#i+ere, t& t%e -,($ent ,e/t&r
A*t-a# +a#-e &6 t%e 6a$i# %&$e !%a## n&t e*ee, P=) in URBAN area! an, P8) in RURAL area! ?Art.54>
(- EFEMPTION :ROM EFECUTION 3enera% R!%e8 =Ar- 1*(; T%e 6a$i# %&$e ?FH i! ee$0te, 6r&$: 5. Ee*-ti&n 8. F&r*e, Sa#e =. Atta*%$ent E6cei$ns8 =Ar- 1**; 5. N&n0a$ent &6 tae! 8. De/t! in*-rre, 0ri&r t& *&n!tit-ti&n &6 %&$e =. De/t! !e*-re, / $&rt(a(e! &n t%e 0re$i!e! @. De/t! ,-e #a/ &rer!) $e*%ani*!) ar*%ite*t!) /-i#,er!) $ateria#$en) an, &t%er! 7%& %a+e ren,ere, !er+i*e &r 6-rni!%e, $ateria#! 6&r t%e *&n!tr-*ti&n &6 t%e /-i#,in(
NOTE8 T%e ee$0ti&n i! #i$ite, t& t%e +a#-e a##&7e, / t%e Fa$i# C&,e
)- SALE Sa%e5 A%ienai$n5 D$nai$n5 Assi'nmen5 Or Enc!m#rance O& Te :ami%" H$me 1. T%e 0er!&n 7%& *&n!tit-te, t%e !a$e $-!t (i+e %i!%er 7ritten *&n!ent 2. T%e !0&-!e &6 t%e 0er!&n 7%& *&n!tit-te, t%e 6a$i# %&$e $-!t a#!& (i+e %i!%er 7ritten *&n!ent 3. A $a&rit &6 t%e /ene6i*iarie! &6 #e(a# a(e $-!t a#!& (i+e t%eir 7ritten *&n!ent 4. In *a!e &6 *&n6#i*t) t%e *&-rt !%a## ,e*i,e [email protected]!isies :$r Credi$r T$ A.ai% O& Te Ri' T$ E6ec!e8 =Ar- 1+0; 5. He $-!t /e a -,($ent *re,it&r
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
PROCEDURE8 5. Cre,it&r t& 6i#e a $&ti&n in t%e *&-rt 0r&*ee,in( 7%ere %e &/taine, a 6a+&ra/#e 6&r a 7rit &6 ee*-ti&n a(ain!t FH. 8. Hearin( &n t%e $&t i&n 7%ere t%e *re,it&r
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS - Paerni" and :i%iai$n =Ars- 1+(> 125 :C; 1- inds $& :i%iai$n 2- Ci%dren #" Na!re a- Le'iimae Ci%dren #- I%%e'iimae Ci%dren c- Le'iimaed Ci%dren (- Aci$ns re'ardin' &i%iai$n a- T$ c%aim &i%iai$n i- Pr$$& $& &i%iai$n ii- Admissi#i%i" $& Scieni&ic Tesin' #- T$ im!'n &i%iai$n )- Ri's $& Le'iimaeLe'iimaedI%%e'iima e Ci%dren 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777
Pa'e (* $& )01
0r&/ati+e +a#-e. C$nceci$n .- CA5 K3-RN$- 12()*05 A!'- (15 200*
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS 3- PATERNIT, AND :ILIATION 1-inds $& :i%iai$n 2 Ci%dren #" Na!re 7777777777777777777777777777 77777777777777777777
1-INDS O: :ILIATION 2-CHILDREN B, NATURE a- Le'iimae Ci%dren LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN >are t%&!e *&n*ei+e, OR /&rn ,-rin( a +a#i, $arria(e. INCLUSIONS8 T%&!e *%i#,ren 7%& are: 5. C&n*ei+e, a! a re!-#t &6 arti6i*ia# in!e$inati&n 8. B&rn &6 a +&i,a/#e $ar ria(e /e6&re ,e* ree &6 ann-#$ent =. C&n*ei+e, &r /&rn /e6&re -,($ent &6 ann-#$ent &r a/!&#-te n-##it -n,er Art. = ?0!*%&#&(i*a# in*a0a*it /e*&$e! 6ina# ee*-t&r @. C&n*ei+e, &r /&rn &6 a !-/!e2-ent $arria(e -n,er Art. 4= ?6ai#-re t& re*&r, t%e -,($ent) 0artiti&n an, ,i!tri/-ti&n &6 0r&0ertie!) an, ,e#i+er &6 *%i#,renK! 0re!-$0ti+e #e(iti$e 4. O6 $&t%er! 7%& $a %a+e ,e*#are, a(ain!t t%eir #e(iti$a* &r 7a! !enten*e, a! an =Ar-1+?; . a,-#tere!! Le(a## a,&0te, >. Le(iti$ate,) *&n*ei+e, an, /&rn &- t!i,e &6 7e,#&*1 &6 0arent! 7it%&-t i$0e,i$ent at t%e ti$e &6 *&n*e0ti&n an, 7%& !-/!e2-ent# $arrie, •
•
A *%i#, /&rn in!i,e a +a#i, $arria(e i! #e(iti$ate. Hen*e a *%i#, /&rn in!i,e a /i(a$&-! $arria(e) 7%i*% i! +&i,) i! *&n!i,ere, a *%i#, -n,er t%e 6ir!t $arria(e) 7%i*% %a! n&t /een n-##i6ie, &r ann-##e,. C$nceci$n .- CA5 K3-R- N$- 12()*05 A!'- (15 200* An a(ree$ent / 0artie! a! t& t%e !tat-! &6 a *%i#, i! +&i,. On# t%e #a7 ,eter$ine! #e(iti$a* &r i##e(iti$a*. T%-!) t%e *%i#,) in ee! &6 t%e #a7) i! #e(iti$ate -n,er t%e 6ir!t $arria(e n&t7it%!tan,in( t%e a,$i!!i&n in 0#ea,in(! / t%e 7i6e an, %i! !e *&n, %-!/an, t%at t%e *%i#, i! t%eir #e(iti$ate !&n. Si$i#ar#) an ,e*#arati&n &6 t%e $&t%er t%at %er *%i#, i! i##e(iti$ate %a! n&
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
#- I%%e'iimae Ci%dren ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN > are t%&!e *&n*ei+e, AND /&rn &-t!i,e a +a#i, $arria(e. E6cei$ns8 T%&!e *%i#,ren 7%& are: 5. B&rn &6 $a rria(e! 7%i*% are +&i, ab initio !-*% a! /i(a$&-! an, in*e!t-&-! $arria(e! an, +&i, $arria(e! / rea!&n &6 0-/#i* 0&#i* 8. B&rn &6 +&i,a/#e $ar ria(e! /&r n a6ter t%e ,e*ree &6 ann-#$ent
c- Le'iimaed Ci%d ren REUISITES :OR LE3ITIMATION8 5. T%e *%i#, 7a! *&n*ei+e, an, /&rn &-t!i,e &6 7e,#&*1 8. T%e 0arent!) at t%e ti$e &6 *%i#,K! *&n*e0ti&n) 7ere n&t ,i!2-a#i6ie, / an i$0e,i$ent t& $arr ea*% &t%er =. T%ere i! a +a #i, $arria(e !-/!e2-ent t& t%e *%i#,K! /irt% • •
•
Le(iti$ati&n ta1e! 0#a*e / t%e !-/!e2-ent $arria(e &6 t%e *%i#,K! 0arent! E66e*t &6 #e(iti$ati&n: - C&n6er! &n t%e *%i#, t%e ri(%t! &6 #e(iti$ate *%i#,ren - Retr&a*t! t& t%e ti$e &6 t%e *%i#,K! /irt% Le(iti$ati&n $a /e i$0-(ne, &n# / t%&!e 7%& are 0re-,i*e, in t%eir ri(%t! 7it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e *a-!e &6 a*ti&n a**r-e! ?,eat% &6 0arent! &6 #e(iti$ate, *%i#,
(- ACTIONS RE3ARDIN3 :ILIATION a- T$ c%aim &i%iai$n i- Pr$$& $ & &i%iai$n PROO: O: :ILIATION 3enera% R!%e8 =Ar- 1?25 Par- 1; Fi#iati&n &6 #e(iti$ate &r i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren i! e!ta/#i!%e, / an &6 t%e 6&##&7in(: 5. T%e re*&r, &6 /irt% a00earin( in t%e *i+i#
•
re(i!ter &r a 6ina# -,($ent #ust be prepared by the father% A *erti6i*ate &6 #i+e /irt% 0-r0&rte,#
Pa'e (+ $& )01
2. 2. 2.
•
i,enti6in( t%e 0-tati+e 6at%er i! n&t *&$0etent e+i,en*e &6 0aternit 7%en t%ere i! n& !%&7in( t%at t%e 0-tati+e 6at%er %a, a %an, in t%e 0re0arati&n &6 !ai, *erti6i*ate. T%e #&*a# *i+i# re(i!trar %a! n& a-t%&rit t& re*&r, t%e 0aternit &6 an i##e(iti$ate *%i#, &n t%e in6&r$ati&n &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n. Ca#aania .- CA5 K))1 SCRA 9+ =200); 1ecord of +irth merely prima facie e"idence% In +enite$<+adua "% 0A) it i! 7e## !ett#e, t%at a re*&r, &6 /irt% i! $ere# a 0ri$a 6a*ie e+i,en*e &6 t%e 6a*t! *&ntaine, t%erein. It i! n&t *&n*#-!i+e e+i,en*e &6 t%e tr-t%6-#ne!! &6 t%e !tate$ent! $a,e t%ere / t%e intere!te, 0artie!. 8. An a,$i!!i&n &6 #e(iti$ate &r i##e(iti$ate 6i#iati&n in a 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent &r a 0ri+ate %an,7ritten in!tr-$ent an, !i(ne, / t%e 0arent *&n*erne,
E6cei$n8 =Ar- 1?25 Par- 2; In t%e a/!en*e &6 t%e!e e+i,en*e!) t%e #e(iti$ate 6i#iati&n $a /e 0r&+e, /: 1. O0en an, *&ntin-&-! 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e !tat-! &6 a #e(iti$ate ?&r i##e(iti$ate *%i#, •
ini!ion. C&ntin-&-! ,&e! n&t $ean t%at t%e *&n*e!!i&n &6 !tat-! !%a## *&ntin-e 6&re+er /-t &n# t%at it !%a## n&t /e &6 an inter$ittent *%ara*ter 7%i#e it *&ntin-e!. T%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 !-*% !tat-! $ean! t%at t%e 6at%er %a! treate, t%e *%i#, a! %i! &7n) ,ire*t# an, n&t t%r&-(% &t%er!) !0&ntane&-!# an, 7it%&-t *&n*ea#$ent t%&-(% 7it%&-t 0-/#i*it. Mend$Ja .- CA5
K3-R- N$- +(025 Se- 215 1991 •
Bo !o prov. T%ere $-!t /e e+i,en*e &6 t%e $ani6e!tati&n &6 t%e 0er$anent intenti&n &6 t%e !-00&!e, 6at%er t& *&n!i,er t%e *%i# , a! %i!) / *&ntin-&-! an, *#ear $ani6e!tati&n! &6 0arenta# a66e*ti&n an, *are) 7%i*% *ann&t /e attri/-te, t& 0-re *%arit. S-*% a*t! $-!t /e &6 !-*% a nat-re t%at t%e re+ea# n&t &n# t%e *&n+i*ti&n &6 0aternit) /-t a#!& t%e a00arent ,e!ire t& %a+e an, treat t%e *%i#, a! !-*% in a## re#ati&n! in !&*iet an, in #i6e) n&t a**i,enta##) /-t *&ntin-&-!#. is$n .- CA5
K3-R- N$- 12)*(5 :e#r!ar" 2)5 199
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
An &t%er e+i,en*e a##&7e, / t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt an, !0e*ia# #a7! •
T%e ,-e re*&(niti&n &6 an i##e(iti$ate *%i#, in a re*&r, &6 /irt%) a 7i##) a !tate$ent /e6&re a *&-rt &6 re*&r,) &r in an a-t%enti* 7ritin( i!) in it!e#6) a *&n!-$$ate, a*t &6 a*1n&7#e,(e$ent &6 t%e *%i#,) an, n& 6-rt%er *&-rt a*ti&n i! re2-ire,. In 6a*t) an a-t%enti* 7ritin( i! treate, n&t -!t a (r&-n, 6&r *&$0-#!&r re*&(niti&n" it i! in it!e#6 a +&#-ntar re*&(niti&n t%at ,&e! n&t re2-ire a !e0arate a*ti&n 6&r -,i*ia# a00r&+a#. Ecea .- Ecea5 K)2 SCRA 20) =200);
NOTE8 F&r i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren: 7%en t%e a*ti&n i! /a!e, &n t%e 0ar. 8 &6 Art. 5>8) t%e a*ti&n $a /e /r&-(%t ON=> during the lifetime of the alleged parent
ii- Admissi#i%i" $& S cieni&ic E. idence REUISITES :OR CHILDREN B, ARTI:ICIAL INSEMINATION TO BE CONSIDERED LE3ITIMATE8 =Ar- 1+); 5. T%e arti6i*ia# in!e$inati&n $-!t $a,e &n t%e 7i6e" 8. T%e !0er$ &6 t%e %-!/an,) &r &6 a , &n&r) &r /&t% t%e %-!/an, an, a ,&n&r $-!t /e -!e," =. T%e arti6i*ia# in!e$inati&n %a! /een a-t%&rie, &r rati6ie, / /&t% !0&-!e! &n a 7ritten in!tr-$ent ee*-te, an, !i(ne, / t%e$ /e6&re t%e /irt% &6 t%e *%i#," AND @. T%e 7ritten in!tr-$ent i! re*&r,e, in *i+i# re(i!tr t&(et%er 7it% t%e /irt% *erti6i*ate &6 t%e *%i#,
#- T$ im!'n &i%iai$n WHO MA, IMPU3N THE LE3ITIMAC, O: A CHILD8 3enera% R!%e8 On# t%e %-!/an, *an i$0-(n t%e #e(iti$a* &6 a *%i#, E6cei$ns8 T%e %eir! &6 t%e %-!/an, $a i$0-(n t%e *%i#,K! 6i#iati&n in t%e 6&##&7in( *a!e!: a. I6 t%e %-!/an, ,ie! /e6&re t%e e0irati&n &6 0eri&, 6&r 6i#in( t%e a*ti&n /. I6 t%e %-!/an, ,ie! a6ter 6i#in( 7it%&-t ,e!i!tin( *. I6 t%e *% i#, 7a! /&r n a6ter t%e ,eat % &6 t%e %-!/an,
Pa'e (? $& )01
• L
3ROUNDS TO IMPU3N THE LE3ITIMAC, O: THE CHILD8 E?0=,/[email protected] =I/T* =PBA; 1. It 7a! %!i*a## i$0&!!i/#e 6&r t%e %-!/an, t& %a+e !e-a# inter*&-r!e 7it% %i! 7i6e 7it%in t%e 6ir!t 58 ,a! &6 t%e = ,a! 7%i*% i$$e,iate# 0re*e,e, t%e /irt% &6 t%e *%i#, /e*a-!e &6: a. P%!i*a# in*a0a*it &6 t%e %-!/an, t& %a+e !e-a# inter*&-r!e 7it% %i! 7i6e /. Fa*t t% at t% e %-!/an, an, 7i6e 7er e #i+in( !e0arate# in !-*% a 7a t%at !e-a# inter*&-r!e 7a! n&t 0&!!i/#e) &r *. Seri&-! i##ne!! &6 t%e %-!/an, 7%i*% a/!&#-te# 0re+ente, inter*&-r!e 2. I6 it ! 0r&+e, t%a t 6&r #i&#&(i*a# &r &t%er !*ienti6i* rea!&n!) t%e *%i#, *&-#, n&t %a+e /een t%at &6 t%e %-!/an,) except in t%e *a!e &6 *%i#,ren *&n*ei+e, t%r&-(% arti6i*ia# in!e$inati&n 3. In *a!e &6 *%i#,ren *&n*ei+e, t%r&-(% arti6i*ia# in!e$inati&n) 7%en t%e 7ritten a-t%&riati&n &r rati6i*ati&n &6 eit%er 0arent 7a! &/taine, t%r&-(% $i!ta1e) 6ra-,) +i&#en*e) inti$i,ati&n) &r -n,-e in6#-en*e PERIODS :OR :ILIN3 O: ACTION TO IMPU3N LE3ITIMAC,8 5. I6 t%e %-!/an, ?&r %i! %eir!) in 0r&0er *a!e! re!i,e! in t%e SAME *it &r $-ni*i0a#it: 7it%in 5 ear 6r&$ 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e /irt% OR it! re*&r,in( in t%e *i+i# re(i!ter 8. I6 t%e %-!/an, ?&r %i! %eir! ,&e! NOT RESIDE in t%e *it &r $-ni*i0a#it 7%ere t%e *%i#,K! /irt% t&&1 0#a*e &r 7a! re*&r,e, BUT %i! re!i,en*e i! IN THE PHILS.: 7it%in 8 ear! =. I6 t%e *%i#,K! /irt% t&&1 0#a*e &r 7a! re*&r,e, in t%e PHILS. 7%i#e t%e %-!/an, %a! %i! re!i ,en*e ABROAD) &r "ice<"ersa: 7it%in = ear! NOTE8 • T%e 0eri&, !%a## /e *&-nte, 6r&$ t%e 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e *%i#,K! /irt% &r it! re*&r,in( in t%e *i+i# re(i!ter. HOWEVER) i6 t%e *%i#,K! /irt% 7a! *&n*ea#e, 6r&$ &r 7a! -n1n&7n t& t%e %-!/an, &r %i! %eir!) t%e 0eri&, !%a## /e *&-nte, 6r&$ t%e ,i!*&+er &r 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e /irt% &6 t%e *%i#, &r &6 t%e a*t &6 re(i!trati&n &6 !ai, /irt%) 7%i*%e+er i! ear#ier.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
e(iti$a* CANNOT /e *&##atera## atta*1e, &r i$0-(ne,. It *an /e i$0-(ne, &n# in a ,ire*t !-it 0re*i!e# 6i#e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 a!!ai#in( t%e #e(iti$a* &6 t%e *%i#,.
RULE ON STATUS O: A CHILD BORN $/:B/ 300 AF A:TER TERMINATION O: :ORMER MARRIA3E =Ar- 1+;8 R-#e! in t%e a/!en*e &6 0r&&6 t& t%e *&ntrar: 5. I6 t%e *%i#, 7a! /&rn /e6&re 59 ,a! a6ter *e#e/rati&n &6 8 n, $arria(e 0r&+i,e, /&rn 7it%in = ,a! a6ter t%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e 5!t $arria(e: *&n!i,ere, t& %a+e /een *&n*ei+e, ,-rin( t%e &irs marria'e8. I6 t%e *%i#, 7a! /&rn a6ter 59 ,a! 6&##&7in( t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e 8 n, $arria(e 7%et%er /&rn 7it%in = ,a! a6ter ter$inati&n &6 5 !t $arria(e &r a6ter7ar,!: *&n!i,ere, t& %a+e /een *&n*ei+e, ,-rin( t%e sec$nd marria'e-
ACTION TO CLAIM LE3ITIMAC,8 5. T%e *%i#, *an /ri n( t%e a*ti&n ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e 8. I6 t%e *%i#, ,ie! a6ter rea*%in( $a&rit 7it%&-t 6i#in( an a*ti&n) %i! %eir! *an n& #&n(er 6i#e t%e a*ti&n a6ter ,eat% =. I6 t%e *%i#, ,ie! ,-rin( $in&rit &r in t%e !tate &6 in!anit) %i! %eir! *an 6i#e t%e a*ti&n 6&r %i$ 7it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e *%i#,K! ,eat% @. I6 t%e *%i#, ,ie! a6ter *&$$en*in( t%e a*ti&n) t%e a*ti&n 7i## !-r+i+e an, %i! %eir! 7i## !-/!tit-te 6&r %i$ 4. I6 t% e *%i#, i! a $in&r) in* a0a*itate, &r in!ane) %i! (-ar,ian *an /rin( t%e a*ti&n in %i! /e%a#6
)- RI3HTS O: LE3ITIMATELE3ITIMATEDILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN RI3HTS O: LE3ITIMATE AND ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN LE3ITIMAT BASIS ILLE3ITIMATE E /urname U!e &6 U!e &6 $&t%erK! 6at%er an, !-rna$e $&t%erK! NOTE8 R-A- 92** !-rna$e a$en,e, Art. 5> &6 FC a! &6 Mar*% 5) 8@ *an
Pa'e ( $& )01
-!e 6at%erK! !-rna$e
=egitime
/upport
Action for claim for legitimacy or illegitimacy
Entit#e, t& #e(iti$e an, &t%er !-**e!!i&na# ri(%t! (rante, t& t%e$ / t%e NCC Entit#e, t& re*ei+e !-00&rt 6r&$ 0arent!) a!*en,ant!) an, in 0r&0er *a!e!) /r&t%er! an, !i!ter! -n,er Art. 5>@ Hi!%er 7%&#e #i6eti$e re(ar,#e!! &6 t0e &6 0r&&6 0r&+i,e, -n,er 5>8 Art.
Transmissi ble to heirs under Art%'7.
1ight to inherit ab intesto
Entit#e, &n# t& &6 #e(iti$e &6 #e(iti$ate *%i#,
=. Fat%erK! a,$i!!i&n in 0ri+ate %an,7ritten ,&*-$ent =R-A- 92**5 Sec- 15 e&&eci.e Marc 195 200); NOTE8 T%e 6at%er -n,er R.A. 844) Se*. 5 %a! t%e ri(%t t& 6i#e an a*ti&n t& 0r&+e n&n 6i#iati&n ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e.
777777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS
Re*ei+e !-00&rt a**&r,in( t& t%e 0r&+i!i&n &6 t%e FC
• Hi!%er 7%&#e #i6eti$e re(ar,#e!! &6 t0e &6 0r&&6 0r&+i,e, -n,er Art.5>8 0ar. 5 • ONLY #i6eti$e &6 a##e(e, 0arent 6&r Art. 5>8 0ar. 8
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N& ri(%t t& in%erit ab intesto 6r&$ #e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, re#ati+e &6 6at%er an, $&t%er -n,er Art. 8 NCC
NOTE8 • U!e t%e !-rna$e &6 t%e $&t%er i6 t%e re2-i!ite! &6 R.A. 844 are n&t *&$0#ie, 7it% • U!e t%e !-rna$e &6 t%e 6at%er i6 t%e *%i#,K! 6i#iati&n %a!eit%er /eent%r&-(%: e0re!!# re*&(nie, / t%e 6at%er) 5. Re*&r, &6 /irt% in *i+i# re(i!ter 8. Fat%erK! a,$i!!i&n in 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
L- ADOPTION =Ars 1(>19(5 :C; • Iner>c$!nr" Ad$i$n La/ • D$mesic Ad$i$n La/ 1- C$nsr!ci$n 2- !a%i&icai$ns and [email protected]!a%i&icai$ns $& Ad$er (- !a%i&icai$ns and [email protected]!a%i&icai$ns $& Ad$ed )- Ri's 3raned #" Ad$i$n *- R!%es $n S!ccessi$n +- Rescissi$n $& Ad$i$n 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 R-A- 0)(8 INTER>COUNTR, ADOPTION ACT O: 199* 1- CONSTRUCTION INTER>COUNTR, ADOPTION i! t%e !&*i& #e(a# 0r&*e!! &6 a,&0tin( a Fi#i0in& *%i#, / a 6&rei(ner &r a Fi#i0in& *itien 0er$anent# re!i,in( a/r&a, 7%ere t%e 0etiti&n i! 6i#e,) t%e !-0er+i!e, tria# *-!t&, i! -n,erta1en) an, t%e ,e*ree &6 a,&0ti&n i! i!!-e, &-t!i,e t%e P%i#i00ine!. 2UALI:ICATIONS DISUALI:ICATIONS O: ADOPTER
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An a#ien &r a Fi#i0in& *itien 0er$anent# re!i,in( a/r&a, $a 6i#e an a00#i*ati&n 6&r inter*&-ntr a,&0ti&n &6 a Fi#i0in& *%i#, i6: 5. At #ea!t 8> ea r! &6 a( e an, at #e a!t 5 ear! &#,er t%an t%e *%i#, t& /e a,&0te,) at t%e ti$e &6 a00#i*ati&n -n#e!! t%e a,&0ter i! t%e 0arent / nat-re &6 t%e *%i#, t& /e a,&0te, &r t%e !0&-!e &6 !-*% 0arent 8. I6 $arr ie,) %i!%er !0&-!e $-!t &i nt# 6i#e 6&r t%e a,&0ti&n
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Ha! t%e *a0a*it t& a*t an, a!!-$e a## ri(%t! an, re!0&n!i/i#itie! &6 0arenta# a-t%&rit -n,er %i! nati&na# #a7!) an, %a! -n,er(&ne t%e a00r&0riate *&-n!e#in( 6r&$ an a**re,ite, *&-n!e#&r in %i!%er *&-ntr @. Ha! n&t /een *&n+i*te, &6 a *ri $e in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e 4. E#i(i/#e t& a,&0t -n,er %i!%er nati&na# #a7 . In a 0&!iti&n t& 0r&+i,e t%e 0r&0er *are an, !-00&rt an, t& (i+e t%e ne*e!!ar $&ra# +a#-e! an, ea$0#e t& a## %i! *%i#,ren)
1- CONSTRUCTION
in*#-,in( t%e *%i#, t& /e a,&0te, >. A(ree! t& -0%&#, t%e /a! i* ri( %t! &6 t% e *%i#, a! e$/&,ie, -n,er P%i#i00ine #a7!) t%e U.N. C&n+enti&n &n t%e Ri(%t! &6 t%e C%i#,) an, t& a/i,e / t%e r-#e! an, re(-#ati&n! i!!-e, t& i$0#e$ent t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%i! A*t 9. C&$e! 6r&$ a *&-ntr 7it% 7%&$ t%e P%i#i00ine! %a! ,i0#&$ati* re#ati&n! an, 7%&!e (&+ern$ent $aintain! a !i$i#ar# a-t%&rie, an, a**re,ite, a(en* an, t%at a,&0ti&n i! a##&7e, -n,er %i!%er nati&na# #a7! . P&!!e!!e! a## t%e 2-a #i6i*ati&n! an, n& ne &6 t%e ,i!2-a#i6i*ati&n! 0r&+i,e, %erein an, in &t%er a00#i*a/#e P%i#i00ine #a7!
,. Ha! n&t /een *&n+i*te, &6 an *ri$e in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e e. E$&ti&na## an, 0!*%&#&(i*a## *a0a/#e &6 *arin( 6&r *%i#,ren) 6. At #ea!t 5 ear! &#,er t%an t%e 0er!&n t& /e a,&0te,) -n#e!!: i. T%e a,&0ter i! t%e nat-ra# 0arent &6 t%e *%i#, t& /e a,&0te,) &r ii. T%e a,&0ter i! t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e #e(iti$ate 0arent &6 t%e 0er!&n t& /e a,&0te, (. In a 0&!iti&n t& !-00&rt an, *are 6&r %i! #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren) in 1ee0in( 7it% t%e $ean! &6 t%e 6a$i# )% A?/E a. P&!!e!!in( t%e !a$e 2-a#i6i*ati&n! a! a/&+e !tate, 6&r Fi#i0in& nati&na#! /. Hi!%er *&-ntr %a! ,i0#&$ati*
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2UALI:ICATIONS DISUALI:ICATIONS O: ADOPTER
WHO MA, ADOPT8 '%
WHO MA, BE ADOPTED8 On# a #e(a## 6ree *%i#, $a /e t%e !-/e*t &6 inter*&-ntr a,&0ti&n
re#ati&n! 7it% t%e P%i#i00ine! He!%e %a! /een #i+in( in t%e P%i#i00ine! 6&r at #ea!t = *&ntin-&-! ear! 0ri&r t& t%e 6i#in( &6 t%e a00#i*ati&n 6&r a,&0ti&n an, $aintain! !-*% re!i,en*e -nti# t%e a,&0ti&n ,e*ree i! entere,) ECEPT in t%e *a!e &6: i. A 6&r$er Fi#i0in& *itien 7%& !ee1! t& a,&0t a re#ati+e 7it%in t%e @ t% ,e(ree &6 *&n!an(-init &r a66init" &r ii. One 7%& !ee1! t& a,&0t t%e #e(iti$ate *%i#, &6 %i!%er Fi#i0in& !0&-!e" &r iii. One 7%& i! $arrie, t& a Fi#i0in& *itien an, !ee1! t& a,&0t &int# 7it% %i!%er !0&-!e a re#ati+e 7it%in t%e @ t% ,e(ree &6 *&n!an(-init &r a66init &6 t%e
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LE3ALL,>:REE CHILD > i! a *%i#, 7%& %a! /een +&#-ntari# &r in+&#-ntari# *&$$itte, t& t%e De0art$ent) in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e C%i#, an, Y&-t% ;e#6are C&,e •
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N& *%i#, !%a## /e $at*%e, t& a 6&rei(n a,&0ti+e 6a$i# -n#e!! it i! !ati!6a*t&ri# !%&7n t%at t%e *%i#, *ann&t /e a,&0te, #&*a## Bualified children: Se*ti&n 84) Arti*#e 9 &6 t%e R-#e! an, Re(-#ati&n! 0r&+i,e: an *%i#, 7%& %a! /een +&#-ntari# &r in+&#-ntari# *&$$itte, t& t%e De0art$ent a! ,e0en,ent) a/an,&ne,) &r ne(#e*te, 0-r!-ant t& t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e C%i#, an, Y&-t% ;e#6are C&,e $a /e t%e !-/e*t &6 InterC&-ntr A,&0ti&n
R-A- **28 DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
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Fi#i0in& !0&-!e" &r GAR/A 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 7ar, a6ter t%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e (-ar,ian!%i0
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RULE ON ADOPTION B, SPOUSES 3enera% R!%e8 H-!/an, an, 7i6e !%a## &int# a,&0t E6cei$ns8 1. One !0&-!e !ee1! t& a,&0t t%e #e(iti$ate !&n,a-(%ter &6 t%e &t%er" &r 2. One !0&-!e !ee1! t& a,&0t %i!%er &7n i##e(iti$ate !&n,a-(%ter 3. T%e !0&-!e! are #e(a## !e0arate, 6r&$ ea*% &t%er.
(UALI:ICATIONS DISUALI:ICATIONS O: ADOPTED
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WHO MA, BE ADOPTED8 5. An 0er!&n /e#&7 59 ear! &6 a(e 7%& %a! /een a,$ini!trati+e# &r -,i*ia## ,e*#are, a+ai#a/#e 6&r a,&0ti&n" 8. Le(iti$ate !&n,a-(%ter &6 &ne !0&-!e / t%e &t%er !0&-!e" =. I##e(iti$ate !&n,a-(%ter / a 2-a#i6ie, a,&0ter t& i$0r&+e %i!%er !tat-! t& t%at &6 #e(iti$a*" @. Per!&n &6 #e(a# a(e i6) 0ri&r t& t%e a, &0ti&n) !ai, 0er!&n %a! /een *&n!i!tent# *&n!i,ere, an, treate, / t%e a,&0ter a! %i!%er &7n *%i#, !in*e $in&rit" 4. C%i#, 7%&!e a,&0ti&n %a! /een 0re+ i&-!# re!*in,e," &r . C%i#, 7%&!e /i&#&(i*a# &r a,&0 ti+e 0arent! %a+e ,ie, 0r&+i,e, t%at n& 0r&*ee,in(! !%a## /e initiate, 7it%in $&nt%! 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 ,eat% &6 !ai, 0arent!.
E::ECTIVIT, O: DECREE O: ADOPTION A ,e*ree &6 a,&0ti&n i! e66e*ti+e a! &6 t%e ,ate t%e &ri(ina# 0etiti&n 7a! 6i#e,. T%i! a#!& a00#ie! in *a!e t%e 0etiti&ner ,ie! /e6&re t%e i!!-an*e &6 t%e ,e*ree &6 a,&0ti&n • ;%ere t%e 0etiti&n 6&r a,&0ti&n 7a! (rante, a6ter t%e *%i#, 1i##e, a (ir#) n& retr&a*ti+e e66e*t $a /e (i+en t& t%e ,e*ree &6 a,&0ti&n !& a! t& i$0&!e a #ia/i#it -0&n t%e a,&0tin( 0arent! a**r-in( at a ti$e 7%en t%e a,&0tin( 0arent! %a, n& a*t-a# &r 0%!i*a## *-!t&, &+er t%e a,&0te, *%i#,. Retr&a*ti+e e66e*t $a 0er%a0! /e (i+en 7%ere !-*% i! e!!entia# t& 0er$it t%e a**r-a# &6 !&$e /ene6it &r a,+anta(e in 6a+&r &6 t%e a,&0te, *%i#,. T& %&#, t%at 0arenta# a-t%&rit %a, /een retr&a*ti+e# #&,(e, in t%e a,&0tin( 0arent! !& a! t& /-r,en t%e$ 7it% #ia/i#it 6&r a t&rt-&-! a*t t%at t%e *&-#, n&t %a+e 6&re!een n&r 0re+ente, 7&-#, /e -n6air an, -n*&n!*i&na/#e. Tamar'$ .- CA5 K3-RN$- *0))5 !ne (5 1992
RI3HTS 3RANTED B, ADOPTION E::ECTS O: ADOPTION8 5. Se+eran*e &6 a## #e(a# tie! /et7een t%e /i&#&(i*a# 0arent! an, t%e a,&0tee an, t%e !a$e !%a## t%en /e +e!te, &n t%e a,&0ter! ECEPT in *a!e! 7%ere t%e /i&#&(i*a# 0arent i! t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e a,&0ter 8. Dee$e, a #e(iti$ate *%i#, &6 t%e a,&0ter =. A*2-ire, re*i0r&*a# ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! ari!in( 6r&$ 0arent*%i#, re#ati&n!%i0 @. Ri(%t t& -!e !-rna$e &6 t%e a,&0ter
4. RULES ON SUCCESSION WRITTEN CONSENT NECESSAR, :OR ADOPTION8 =A>BLISS>A; 5. A,&0tee) i6 5 ear! &6 a(e &r &+er" 8. B i&#&(i*a# 0arent! &6 t%e *%i#,) i6 1n&7n) &r t%e #e(a# (-ar,ian) &r t%e 0r&0er (&+ern$ent in!tr-$enta#it 7%i*% %a! #e(a# *-!t&, &6 t%e *%i#, =. L e(iti$ate *%i#,ren &6 t%e a,&0ter) 5 ear! &#, &r &+er @. I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren &6 t%e a,&0ter) 5 ear! &#, &r &+er an, #i+in( 7it% %i$ 4. S0&-!e &6 t%e a,&0te,) i6 $arrie, . S0&-!e &6 t%e a,&0ter) i6 $arrie, >. A,&0te, *%i#,ren &6 t%e a,&0ter) 5 ear! &#, &r &+er
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
In #e(a# an, inte!tate !-**e!!i&n) t%e a,&0ter! an, t%e a,&0tee !%a## %a+e re*i0r&*a# ri(%t! &6 !-**e!!i&n 7it%&-t ,i!tin*ti&n 6r&$ #e(iti$ate 6i#iati&n. H&7e+er) i6 t%e a,&0tee an, %i!%er /i&#&(i*a# 0arent! %a, #e6t a 7i##) t%e #a7 &n te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n !%a## (&+ern.
. RECISSION O: ADOPTION 3ROUNDS :OR RECISSION O: ADOPTION8 =MASA; 5. Re0eate, 0%!i*a# an, +er/a# m a#treat$ent / t%e a,&0ter! ,e!0ite %a+in( -n,er(&ne *&-n!e#in( 8. Atte$0t &n t%e #i6e &6 t%e a,&0tee
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Se-a# a!!a-#t &r +i&#en*e @. A/an,&n$ent an, 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% 0arenta# &/#i(ati&n!. A,&0ti&n) /ein( in t%e /e!t intere!t &6 t%e *%i#,) !%a## n&t /e !-/e*t t& re!*i!!i&n / t%e a,&0ter On# t%e a,&0tee i! (i+en t%e ri(%t t& re!*in, t%e ,e*ree &6 a,&0ti&n H&7e+er) t%e a,&0ter! $a ,i!in%erit t%e a,&0tee 6&r *a-!e! 0r&+i,e, in Art. 5 NCC E::ECTS O: THE RESCISSION O: THE ADOPTION8 5. T%e 0arenta# a-t%&rit &6 t%e a,&0tee! /i&#&(i*a# 0arent!) i6 1n&7n) OR t%e #e(a# *-!t&, &6 t%e DS;D !%a## /e re!t&re, i6 t%e a,&0tee i! !ti## a $in&r &r in*a0a*itate,. 8. T%e re*i0r&*a# ri(%t! an, &/ #i(ati&n! &6 t%e a,&0ter! an, t%e a,&0tee t& ea*% &t%er !%a## /e etin(-i!%e,. =. T%e *&-rt !%a## &r,er t%e Ci+i# Re(i!trar t& *an*e# t%e a$en,e, *erti6i*ate &6 /irt% &6 t%e a,&0tee an, re!t&re %i!%er &ri(ina# /irt% *erti6i*ate. @. S-**e!!i&n ri(%t! !%a## re+ert t& it! !tat-! 0ri&r t& a,&0ti&n) /-t &n# a! &6 t%e ,ate &6 -,($ent &6 -,i*ia# re!*i!!i&n. Ve!te, ri(%t! a*2-ire, 0ri&r t& -,i*ia# re!*i!!i&n !%a## /e re!0e*te,.
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS M- SUPPORT =Ars 19)>20; 1- Wa c$nsi!es s!$r 2- Pers$ns O#%i'ed $ S!$r eac $er a- S$!ses #- Ascendans and Descendans c- Parens and Le'iimae and I%%e'iimae Ci%drenDescendans d- Le'iimaeI%%e'iimae Br$ers and Sisers 2- C$nrac!a% S!$r (- Basis $& S!$r )- Oi$ns $& 3i.er 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 1- WHAT CONSTITUTES SUPPORT
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
SUPPORT *&n!i!t! &6 e+ert%in( in,i!0en!a/#e 6&r: 5. S-!tenan*e 8. D7e##in( =. C#&t%in( @. Me,i*a# atten,an*e 4. E,-*ati&n in*#-,e! !*%&&#in( ?6&r$a# e,-*ati&n &r trainin( ?n&n6&r$a# e,-*ati&n 6&r !&$e 0r&6e!!i&n) tra,e &r +&*ati&n) e+en /e&n, t%e a(e &6 $a&rit . Tran!0&rtati&n in*#-,e! e0en!e! (&in( t& an, 6r&$ !*%&&#) &r t& an, 6r&$ 0#a*e &6 7&r1 =ar- 19); •
Ma1e! n& ,i!tin*ti&n /et7een nat-ra# !-00&rt ?/a!i* ne*e!!itie! an, *i+i# !-00&rt ?t%&!e /e&n, t%e /a!i*!
NOTE8 A$&-nt &6 !-00&rt !%a## /e in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e $ean! &6 t%e (i+er an, t& t%e nee, &6 t%e re*i0ient
2- PERSONS OBLI3ED TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER Pers$ns O#%i'ed T$ S!$r Eac Oer T$ Te W$%e E6en8 =Ar- 19*;
a- S$!ses #- Ascendans and Descendans c- Parens and Le'iimaeI%%e'iimae Ci%drenDescendans d- Le'iimaeI%%e'iimae Br$ers and Sisers RULES RE3ARDIN3 SUPPORT TO ILLE3ITIMATE BROTHERS AND SISTERS =WHETHER :ULL OR HAL: BLOOD;8 5. I6 t%e &ne a!1in( 6&r !-00&rt i! /e#&7 $a&rit a(e) %e i! entit#e, t& !-00&rt 6r&$ %i! i##e(iti$ate /r&t%er &r !i!ter t& t%e 6-## etent) 7it%&-t an *&n,iti&n 8. I6 t%e &ne a!1 in( 6&r !-0 0&rt i! a#r ea, &6 $a&rit a(e) %e i! entit#e, t& !-00&rt &n# i6 %i! nee, 6&r !-00&rt i! n&t ,-e t& a *a-!e i$0-ta/#e t& %i! 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e ? Ar19+
PROPERTIES ARE LIABLE :OR THE SUPPORT O: THAT THE RELATIVES =SOURCES O: MUTUAL SUPPORT; S0&-!e!
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A/!&#-te *&$$-nit &6 *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 C&$$&n *%i#,ren &6 t%e !0&-!e! C%i#,ren &6 a !0&-!e / an&t%er $arria(e
I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren &6 eit%er !0&-!e
Le(iti$ate a!*en,ant!) &t%er #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate ,e!*en,ant!) an, #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate /r&t%er! an, !i!ter!
A/!&#-te *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0r&0ert A/!&#-te *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0r&0ert Un,er ACP) !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 0arent !0&-!e. B-ta/!&#-te i6 in!-66i*ient) *&$$-nit #ia/#e /-t *&n!i,ere, a! a,+an*e! &n t%e !%are &6 t%e 0arent t& /e 0ai, ,-rin( #i2-i,ati&n Un,er CPG) !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 0arent !0&-!e. B-t i6 in!-66i*ient) *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 #ia/#e i6 6inan*ia## *a0a/#e) /-t !-00&rt 0ai, !%a## /e ,e,-*te, 6r&$ !%are &6 !0&-!e ,-rin( #i2-i,ati&n Se0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e &/#i(&r!0&-!e i6 t%e !a$e i! n&t !-66i*ient &r t%ere i! n&ne) t%e a/!&#-te *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0r&0ert !%a## /e #ia/#e i6 6inan*ia## *a0a/#e) 7%i*% !-00&rt !%a## /e ,e,-*te, 6r&$ t%e !%are &6 t%e !0&-!e -0&n #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e ACP &r CPG
2- CONTRACTUAL SUPPORT (- BASIS O: SUPPORT LE3AC, O: SUPPORT Ba!e, &n #a7
Ee$0t 6r&$ ee*-ti&n an, atta*%$ent
N&t ee$0t 6r&$ atta*%$ent an, ee*-ti&n /e*a-!e it i! n&t a #e(a# &/#i(ati&n Excp!ion: I6 t%e (i+er *&ntra*t! 7it% a 0er!&n 7%&$ %e i! &/#i(e, / #a7 t& !-00&rt) in 7%i*% *a!e &n# t%e e*e!! &6 7%at i! &/#i(e, ?/a!e,
I6 *&ntaine, in a 7i##) a00# t%e r-#e! &6 *&ntra*t-a# !-00&rt /e*a-!e t%ere i! n& $&re &/#i(ati&n &6 !-00&rt t& !0ea1 &6 !in*e t%e (i+er i! a#rea, ,ea,
•
&n nee, *an /e atta*%e, &r !-/e*t t& ee*-ti&n F&##&7 r-#e! &6 *&ntra*t! 7%i*% !a! t%at &/#i(ati&n $-!t /e 6-#6i##e, ?!-00&rt $-!t /e (i+en n& $atter 7%at %a00en! ?e+en i6 &- #&!e &-r &/. BUT i6 t%e *%an(e in *ir*-$!tan*e! are $ani6e!t# /e&n, t%at *&nte$0#ati&n &6 t%e 0artie!) !-00&rt $a /e a,-!te, a**&r,in(#
J-,($ent &6 !-00&rt i! a%/a"s r$.isi$na% in *%ara*ter. Re! J-,i*ata ,&e! n&t a00#. Lam .- C!a5 K)2+ SCRA 29 =200);
)- OPTIONS O: 3IVER Oi$ns O& Te Pers$n 3i.in' S!$r8 5. T& (i+e a 6ie, $&nt%# a##&7an*e" &r 8. T& re*ei+e an, $ai ntain t%e re*i0ient in t%e (i+er! %&$e &r 6a$i# ,7e##in( ?Art. 8@ E6cei$n $ 28 Ei!ten*e &6 #e(a# &r $&ra# &/!ta*#e ORDER O: LIABILIT, I: 2 OR MORE ARE OBLI3ED TO SUPPORT8 1. S0&-!e 2. De!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree 3. A!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree 4. Br&t%er! an, !i!ter! ?Ar- 199
CONTRACTUAL
;%en t%e &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e !-00&rt 6a##!
SUPPORT Ba!e, &n *&ntra*t) !& it *an /e /et7een !tran(er!
-0&n t7& &r $&re t%e 0a$ent t%e !a$e !%a## /e 0er!&n!) ,i+i,e, /et7een t%e$&6in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e re!&-r*e! &6 ea*%.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e )( $& )01
H&7e+er) in *a!e &6 -r(ent nee, an, / !0e*ia# *ir*-$!tan*e!) t%e -,(e $a &r,er &n# &ne &6 t%e$ t& 6-rni!% t%e !-00&rt 0r&+i!i&na##) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& %i! ri(%t t& *#ai$ 6r&$ t%e &t%er &/#i(&r! t%e !%are ,-e 6r&$ t%e$. ;%en t7& &r $&re re*i0ient! at t%e !a$e ti$e *#ai$ !-00&rt 6r&$ &ne an, t%e !a$e 0er!&n #e(a## &/#i(e, t& (i+e it) an, t%e &/#i(&r ,&e! n&t %a+e !-66i*ient $ean! t& !ati!6 a## *#ai$!: - T%e &r,er e!ta/#i!%e, in t%e 0re*e,in( arti*#e !%a## /e 6&##&7e,: a. S0&-!e /. De!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree *. A!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree ,. Br&t%er! an, !i!ter! ? Ar- 200 I6 t%e *&n*-rrent &/#i(ee! !%&-#, /e t%e !0&-!e an, a *%i#, !-/e*t t& 0arenta# a-t%&rit) t%e *%i#, !%a## /e 0re6erre,
SOURCES O: SUPPORT DURIN3 PENDIN3 A:TER THE LITI3ATION LITI3ATION MARRIA3E SPOUSES Fr&$ t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert a!!et! e*e0t i6 Art. 8= a00#ie!) i.e. i6 t%e *#ai$ant !0&-!e i! t%e (-i#t !0&-!e) N& &/#i(ati&n t& %e!%e 7i## n&t !-00&rt e*e0t i6 /e entit#e, t& t%ere i! #e(a# !-00&rt. rom the !e0arati&n) in communit 7%i*% *a!e t%e I6 t%e !0&-!e! y property *&-rt $a are -n,er CPG) re2-ire t%e (-i#t !-00&rt i! !0&-!e t& (i+e *&n!i,ere, an !-00&rt a,+an*e &6 !-*% !0&-!e! !%are" t%e r-#e ,&e! n&t a00# i6 t%e !0&-!e! are -n,er ACP) /a!e, &n Art 54=
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
CHILDREN rom the communit y property
Fr&$ t%e *&$$-nit 0r&0ert
Fr&$ t%e !e0arate 0r&0ert &6 t%e !0&-!e!
7777777777777777777777777777 77777777777777777
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS N-1-Parena% A!$ri" C$nem 2- O.er Pers$n (- O.er Pr$er" )- S!#si!e and Secia% Parena% A!$ri" *- S!sensi$nTerminai$n $& Parena% A!$ri" +- Lia#i%i" $& Parens &$r Acs $& Ci%dren 777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 1- CONTEMPT PARENTAL AUTHORIT, = ;A:R/A ;4:E:A; >i! t%e $a!! &6 ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! 7%i*% 0arent! %a+e in re#ati&n t& t%e an, 0r&0ert -nti# t%eir0er!&n e$an*i0ati&n) an,&6 t%eir e+en *%i#,ren a6ter) -n,er *ertain *ir*-$!tan*e!.
Caracerisics O& Parena% A!$ri"8 1. It i! a nat-ra# ri(%t an, ,-t &6 t%e 0arent! ?Ar- 209 2. It *ann&t /e ren&-n*e,) tran!6erre, &r 7ai+e,) e*e0t in *a!e! a-t%&rie, / #a7 ?Ar- 210 3. It i! &int# eer*i!e, / t%e 6at%er an, t%e $&t%er ?Ar- 211 4. It i! 0-re# 0er!&na# an, *ann&t /e eer*i!e, t%r&-(% a(ent! 5. It i! te$0&rar
2- OVER PERSON RULES AS TO THE EFERCISE O: PARENTAL AUTHORIT,8 5. T%e 6at%er an, t%e $&t%er !%a## &int# eer*i!e 0arenta# a-t%&rit &+er t%e 0er!&n! &6 t%eir *&$$&n *%i#,ren. In *a!e &6
Pa'e )) $& )01
,i!a(ree$ent) t%e 6at%er! ,e*i!i&n !%a## 0re+ai#) -n#e!! t%ere i! a -,i*ia# &r,er t& t%e *&ntrar ?Ar- 211 8. I6 t%e *%i#, i! i##e(iti$ate) 0arenta# a-t%&rit i! 7it% t%e $&t%er.
WHO EFERCISES PARENTAL AUTHORIT, Absence of either Parent 0re!ent parent !eath of either S-r+i+in( 0arent parent 1emarriag e of S-r+i+in( 0arent) -n#e!! t%e *&-rt sur"i"ing a00&int! a (-ar,ian parent Parent ,e!i(nate, / t%e *&-rt) ta1in( int& a**&-nt a## re#e+ant *&n!i,erati&n!) e!0e*ia## t%e *%&i*e &6 t%e *%i#, &+er > ear! &#,) -n#e!! t%e 0arent *%&!en i! -n6it GR# A *%i#, -n,er > ear! &6 a(e !%a## n&t /e !e0arate, 6r&$ t%e $&t%er UNLESS t%e *&-rt /eparation 6in,! *&$0e##in( rea!&n! t& of parents &r,er &t%er7i!e ?TENDER Ar!. 213* YEARS DOCTRINE Para$&-nt *&n!i,erati&n in $atter! &6 *-!t&, &6 a *%i#, i! t%e 7e#6are an, 7e##/ein( &6 t%e *%i#, T$n$' .- C$!r $& Aea%s5 K3-R- N$- 12290+5 :e#r!ar" ?5 2002 •
•
In *a!e &6 ,eat%) a/!en*e &r -n!-ita/i#it &6 /&t% 0arent!) t%e !-r+i+in( (ran,0arent !%a## eer*i!e !-/!tit-te 0arenta# a-t%&rit ?Ar- 21) N& ,e!*en,ant !%a## /e *&$0e##e,) in *ri$ina# *a!e!) t& te!ti6 a(ain!t %i! 0arent! &r (ran,0arent!) e*e0t 7%en !-*% te!ti$&n i! in,i!0en!a/#e in a *ri$e a(ain!t t%e ,e6en,ant &r / &ne 0arent a(ain!t t%e &t%er. ?Ar 21*
(- OVER PROPERT, E&&ec O& Parena% A!$ri" U$n Te Pr$er" O& Te 1. T%e 6at%er an,Ci%d8 $&t%er !%a## &int# eer*i!e #e(a# (-ar,ian!%i0 &+er t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
2.
3.
$in&r *&$$&n *%i#, 7it%&-t *&-rt a00&int$ent In *a!e &6 ,i!a(ree$ent) t%e 6at%erK! ,e*i!i&n !%a## 0re+ai#) -n#e!! t%ere i! -,i*ia# &r,er t& t%e *&ntrar I6 t%e $ar1et +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert &r t%e ann-a# in*&$e &6 t%e *%i#, e*ee,! P4)) t%e 0arent i! re2-ire, t& 6-rni!% a /&n, &6 n&t #e!! t%an 5 &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e *%i#,K! 0r&0ert &r in*&$e
)- SUBSTITUTE AND SPECIAL PARENTAL AUTHORIT, Order O& S!#si!e Parena% A!$ri"8 5. T%e !-r+i+in( (ran,0arent 8. T%e &#,e!t /r& t%er &r !i!ter) &+er 85 ea r! &#,) -n#e!! -n6it &r ,i!2-a#i6ie, =. T%e *%i#,! a*t-a# *-!t&,ian) &+er 85 e ar! &#,) -n#e!! -n6it &r ,i!2-a#i6ie, ? Ar- 21+ •
In *a!e &6 6&-n,#in(!) a/an,&ne, *%i#,ren) ne(#e*te, *%i#,ren) &r a/-!e, *%i#,ren) !-$$ar -,i*ia# 0r&*ee,in(! !%a## /e in!tit-te, !& t%at t%e $a /e entr-!te, t&: a. Hea,! &6 *%i#,renK! %&$e! /. Or0%ana(e!) &r *. Si$i#ar in!tit-ti&n! ,-# a**re,ite, / t%e 0r&0er (&+ern$ent a(en* ? Ar21?
Pers$n E6ercisin' Secia% Parena% A!$ri"8 5. S*%&&# 8. A,$ini!trat&r! an, tea*%er! =. In,i+i,-a#) entit) &r in!tit-ti&n en(a(e, in *%i#, *are Lia#i%i" O& T$se E6ercisin' Secia% Parena% A!$ri" O.er Te Ci%d8 5. T%e are 0ri n*i0a## an, !& #i,ari# #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! *a-!e, / t%e a*t! &r &$i!!i&n! &6 t%e *%i#, 7%i#e -n,er t%eir !-0er+i!i&n) in!tr-*ti&n &r *-!t&,. HO;EVER) t%i! #ia/i#it i! !-/e*t t& t%e ,e6en!e t%at t%e 0er!&n eer*i!in( 0arenta# a-t%&rit eer*i!e, 0r&0er ,i#i(en*e. 8. T%e 0arent! an, -,i*ia# (-a r,ian! &6 t%e $in&r &r t%&!e eer*i!in( !-/!tit-te 0arenta# a-t%&rit &+er t%e $in&r are !-/!i,iari# #ia/#e 6&r !ai, a*t! an, &$i!!i&n! &6 t%e $in&r.
Pa'e )* $& )01
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUBSTITUTE AND SPECIAL PARENTAL AUTHORIT, SUBSTITUTE SPECIAL PARENTAL PARENTAL AUTHORIT, AUTHORIT, It i! eer*i!e, *&n*-rrent# 7it% t%e 0arenta# a-t%&rit &6 It i! eer*i!e, in t%e 0arent!. T%e *a!e &6 ,eat%) 0arent! te$0&rari# a/!en*e) &r re#in2-i!% 0arenta# -n!-ita/i#it &6 a-t%&rit &+er t%e *%i#, 0arent!. t& t%e 0er!&n 7it% !0e*ia# 0arenta# a-t%&rit.
*- SUSPENSIONTERMINATION O: PARENTAL AUTHORIT, 3r$!nds :$r S!sensi$n O& Parena% A!$ri"8 =CHOBA; 1. C&n+i*ti&n &6 0arent 6&r *ri$e 7it% *i+i# inter,i*ti&n 2. Treat! *%i#, 7it% e*e!!i+e ar!%ne!! an, *r-e#t 3. Gi+e! *&rr-0tin( $ r,er! ) *&-n!e# &r ea$0#e 4. C&$0e#! *%i#, t& #e( 5. S-/e*t! t& &r a##&7! %i$ t& /e !-/e*te, t& a *t! &6 #a!*i+i&-!ne!! •
T%e !-!0en!i&n &r ,e0ri+ati&n $a /e re+&1e, an, t%e 0arenta# a-t%&rit re+i+e, in a *a!e 6i#e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &r in t%e !a$e 0r&*ee,in( i6 t%e *&-rt 6in,! t%at t%e *a-!e t%ere6&re %a! *ea!e, an, 7i## n&t /e re0eate,
3r$!nds :$r Te Permanen Terminai$n O& Parena% A!$ri" 8 5. Deat% &6 0arent! 8. Deat% &6 *%i#, =. E$an*i0ati&n &6 *%i#, @. Parent! eer*i!in( 0arenta# a-t%&rit %a! !-/e*te, t%e *%i#, &r a##&7e, %i$ t& /e !-/e*te, t& !e-a# a/-!e • Le!/iani!$ i! n&t *&$0e##in( rea!&n t& ,e0ri+e t%e $&t%er &6 a *%i#, /e#&7 !e+en ear! &6 a(e. T& ,e0ri+e t%e 7i6e &6 *-!t&,) t%e %-!/an, $-!t *#ear# e!ta/#i!% t%at %er $&ra# #a0!e! %a+e %a, an a,+er!e e66e*t &n t%e 7e#6are &6 t%e *%i#, &r %a+e ,i!tra*te, t%e &66en,in( !0&-!e 6r&$ eer*i!in( 0r&0er 0arenta# *are. ;rit &6
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
%a/ea! *&r0-! %a! n& #e( t& !tan, &n t& ,e0ri+e t%e $&t%er &6 a *%i#, /e#&7 !e+en ear! &6 a(e) -n#e!! t%ere are *&$0e##in( rea!&n! t& ,& !&. Gu%lr!o v. Gu%lr!o, G.R. o. 15++, un 28, 2005
Cases Were Parena% A!$ri" Ma" Be Re.i.ed8 1. A,&0ti&n &6 *%i#, 2. A00&int$ent &6 (enera# (-ar,ian 3. J-,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 a/an,&n$ent 4. Fina# -,($ent ,i+e!tin( 0arenta# a-t%&rit 5. J-,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 a/!en*e &r in*a0a*it &r 0er!&n eer*i!in( 0arenta# a-t%&rit
+- LIABILIT, O: PARENTS :OR ACTS O: CHILDREN Lia#i%i" O& Parens :$r T$rs C$mmied B" Teir Min$r Ci%dren8 • Parent! an, &t%er 0er!&n! eer*i!in( 0arenta# a-t%&rit !%a## /e *i+i## #ia/#e 6&r t%e in-rie! an, ,a$a(e! *a-!e, / t%e a*t! &r &$i!!i&n! &6 t%eir $in&r! PROVIDED t%e *%i#,ren are #i+in( in t%eir *&$0an an, -n,er t%eir 0arenta# a-t%&rit • T%i! i! !-/e*t t& t%e a00r&0riate ,e6en!e! 0r&+i,e, / #a7 NOTE8 •
•
Parenta# a-t%&rit an, re!0&n!i/i#it are ina#iena/#e an, $a n&t /e tran!6erre, an, ren&-n*e, e*e0t in *a!e! a-t%&rie, / #a7 Parent! $a eer*i!e 0arenta# a-t%&rit &+er t%eir *%i#,K! 0r&0ert
TOPIC UNDER S,LLABUS N- :!nera%s =Ars- (0*>(105CC; O- S!rname =Ars (+)>(05 CC; P- A#sence =Ars- (1>(9+5CC; - Ci.i% Re'iser =Ars- )0?>)1(5CC;
N- :UNERAL 3enera% 3!ide%ines8
Pa'e )+ $& )01
1.
D-t an, ri(%t t& $a1e arran(e$ent in 6-nera#! in a**&r,an*e 7it% Ar- 199 FC: a. S0&-!e /. De!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree *. A!*en,ant! in neare!t ,e(ree ,. Br&t%er! an, !i!ter! 2. T%e 6-nera# !%a## /e in 1ee0in( 7it% t%e !&*ia# 0&!iti&n &6 t%e ,e*ea!e, 3. T%e 6-nera# !%a## /e in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e e0re!!e, 7i!%e! &6 t%e ,e*ea!e, a. In t%e a/!en*e &6 e0re!!e, 7i!%e!) %i! re#i(i&-! /e#ie6! &r a66i#iati&n !%a## ,eter$ine /. In *a!e &6 ,&-/t) t%e 0er!&n! in Art. 5 &6 FC !%a## ,e*i,e 4. An 0er!&n 7%& ,i!re!0e*t! t%e ,ea, &r a##&7! t%e !a$e !%a## /e #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
O- SURNAME USE O: SURNAME CHILD CONCERNED Le(iti$ate *%i#, Le(iti$ate, *%i#, A,&0te, *%i#,
I##e(iti$ate *%i#,
SURNAME TO BE USED Fat%erK! !-rna$e Fat%erK! !-rna$e A,&0terK! !-rna$e 5. M&t%erK! !-rna$e" &r 8. Fat%erK! na$e i6 t%e 7ere re*&(nie, t%eir 6at%er in t%e/ re*&r, &6 /irt% &r in an a-t%enti* 7ritin(
C&n*ei+e, 0ri&r t& t%e ann-#$ent &6 t%e $arria(e C&n*ei+e, a6ter t%e ann-#$ent &6 t%e $arria(e
Fat%erK! !-rna$e M&t%erK! !-rna$e
•
Sin*e a #e(iti$ate *%i#, *an a!1 6&r a *%an(e &6 na$e) an a,&0te, *%i#, *an ,& t%e !a$e.
•
T%e intere!t &6 -!ti*e an, &6 t%e *%i#, 0er$it! an i##e(iti$ate *%i#, t& *%an(e %i! na$e a,&0tin( t%e !-rna$e &6 %i! 0arentK! &t%er !0&-!e. Ca%der$n .s- Re!#%ic5 K19 SCRA ?21
WI:E
@alid marriag e
H!s#and is %i.in' =Ar(?0;
H!s#and is dead =Ar(?(; ;i6e i!
S%e *an -!e t%e !-rna$e &6 t%e %-!/an, a! i6 %e 7ere !ti## #i+in( S%e !%a## re!-$e -!in(
t%e (-i#t 0art
%er $ai,en na$e 5. Re!-$e -!in( %er #arriag $ai,en na$e" &r e is 8. C&ntin-e e$0#&in( annulle %er %-!/an,K! !-rna$e ;i6e i! d UNLESS: t%e Art%.7 a. C&-rt ,e*ree! inn&*ent ' &t%er7i!e) &r 0art /. S%e &r t%e 6&r$er %-!/an, i! $arrie, a(ain t& an&t%er 0er!&n C&ntin-e -!in( t%e na$e an, !-rna$e !%e 7a! =egally separated e$0#&in( 0ri&r t& t%e Art%.7)* #e(a# !e0arati&n Laera% .- Re!#%ic5K+ SCRA (*? =19+2; IDENTIT, O: NAMES AND SURNAMES +etween persons Art% .7C*
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
SURNAME TO BE USED a. Fir!t na$e an, $ai,en na$e %er %-!/an,K! !-rna$e /. Fir!t na$e %er %-!/an,K! !-rna$e *. Her %-!/an,K! 6-## na$e) /-t 0re6iin( a 7&r, in,i*atin( t%at !%e i! %i! 7i6e) !-*% a! Mr! ,. Retain t%e -!e &6 %er $ai,en na$e ?-!e &6 %-!/an,K! !-rna$e i! n&t a ,-t /-t $ere# an &0ti&n &6 t%e 7i6e
Y&-n(er 0er!&n i! &/#i(e, t& -!e !-*% a,,iti&na# na$e OR !-rna$e a! 7i## a+&i, *&n6-!i&n
Pa'e )? $& )01
+etween ascendants and descendants Art% .79*
5. S&n $a -!e t%e 7&r, J-ni&r 8. Gran,!&n! an, &t%er $a#e ,e!*en,ant!) !%a## eit%er : a. A,, a $i,,#e na$e /. A,, t%e $&t%erK! !-rna$e *. A,, t%e R&$an n-$era#! II) III) an, !& &n
P- ABSENCE Pers$ns W$ Ma" Be A$ined B" Wa" O& C$!r Order As Te Reresenai.e O& An A#senee In Case O& Pr$.isi$na% A#sence Or As An Adminisra$r 1. I6 n& #e(a# !e0arati&n) t%e !0&-!e 0re!ent 2. I6 n& !0&-!e &r i6 t%e !0&-!e 0re!ent i! a $in&r) an *&$0etent 0er!&n !0&-!e 7%& i! a00&inte, a! • T%e a,$ini!tratri &6 t%e a/!entee !0&-!eK! 0r&0ert *ann&t a#ienate &r en*-$/er t%e !a$e) &r t%at &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0) 7it%&-t -,i*ia# a-t%&rit. Wen Adminisrai$n Sa%% Cease 5. A/!entee a00ear! 0er!&na## &r / $ea n! an a(ent" 8. &6 Deat% &6 t% e a/!entee i! 0r&+e, an, %i ! e!tate &r inte!tate %eir! a00ear" =. A t%ir, 0er!&n a00ear!) !%&7in( / a 0r&0er ,&*-$ent t%at %e %a! a*2-ire, t%e a/!entee! 0r&0ert / 0-r*%a!e &r &t%er tit#e • T%e 0r&0ert !%a## /e at t%e ,i!0&!a# &6 t%&!e 7%& $a %a+e a ri(%t t%eret&
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Pa'e ) $& )01
ST A3 ES Pr$.isi$na% A#sence A 0er!&n ,i!a00ear! 6r&$ %i! ,&$i*i#e) 7%erea/&-t! are -n1n&7n an, a. He,i,n&t #ea+e an a(ent" &r /.He #e6t an a(ent /-t a(ent! 0&7er %a! e0ire, !dicia% Dec%arai$n $& A#sence Ne*e!!ar 6&r intere!te, 0er!&n! t& /e a/#e t& 0r&te*t t%e intere!t &6 t%e a/!entee
W H ENT O: I L E
W H OM A ,: I L E
R EM ED ,
N& !tat-t&r 0eri&,
;it%&-t a,$ini!trat&r A6ter 8 ear! %a+in( e#a0!e, 7it%&-t an ne7! a/&-t t%e a/!entee &r !in*e t%e #a!t ne7! ;it% a,$ini!trat&r A6ter 4 ear! 6r&$ ti$e &6 ,i!a00earan*e
Pres!mi$n $& dea ORDINARY ABSENCE @ ear! 0er!&n 0re!-$e, ,ea, 6&r 0-r0&!e! &6 re$arria(e &6 t%e !0&-!e 0re!ent • > ear! 0re!-$e, ,ea, 6&r a## 0-r0&!e! ECEPT 6&r t%&!e &6 !-**e!!i&n • 5 ear! 0er!&n 0re!-$e, ,ea, 6&r 0-r0&!e! &6 &0enin( !-**e!!i&n ECEPT i6 %e ,i!a00eare, a6ter t%e a(e &6 >4) an a/!en*e &6 4 ear! i! !-66i*ient ETRAORDINARY ABSENCE a a I6 a 0er!&n r&,e an air0#ane &r !ea +e!!e# #&!t in t%e *&-r!e &6 +&a(e) 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 #&!! &6 t%e air0#ane &r !ea +e!!e# a a I6 a 0er!&n &ine, t%e ar$e, 6&r*e! 7%& %a! ta1en 0art in 7ar) 6r&$ t%e ti$e %e i! *&n!i,ere, $i!!in( in a*ti&n a a Dan(er &6 ,eat% -n,er &t%er *ir*-$!tan*e!) 6r&$ ti$e &6 ,i!a00earan*e
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T%&!e7%& $a %a+e &+er t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e a/!entee !&$e ri(%t !-/&r,inate, t& t%e *&n,iti&n &6 t%e a/!entee! ,eat% S0&-!e
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CO M M E N T S
In 0r&+i!i&na# a/!en*e) t%e -,(e FC at t%e in!tan*e &6 an /. J-,i*ia# !e0arati&n &6 intere!te, 0art) a 0r&0ert ?Art. 58) FC re#ati+e) &r a 6rien, *. A-t%&ritt&/e!&#e $a a00&int a a,$ini!trat&r &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0er!&n t& re0re!ent 0artner!%i0 ?Art . 58) FC %i$ in a## t%at $a /e ne*e!!ar. a. ;%en t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e J-,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 a/!entee i! a!1in( 6&r !e0arati&n a/!en*e ,&e! n&t &6 0r&0ert?Art. 5=4) FC ta1e e66e*t -nti# !i /. ;%en t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e $&nt%! a6ter it! a/!entee i! a!1in( t%e C&-rt 0-/#i*ati&n in a t%at t%e a,$ini!trati&n &6 a## ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *#a!!e! in t%e $arria(e /e *ir*-#ati&n. tran!6erre, t& %[email protected]) FC a.
Re*ei+er!%i0 ?Art. 58)
A*ti&nt&,e*#area0er!&n 0re!-$0ti+e# ,ea, i! 0r&0er &n# 7%en t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e a/!entee 7ant! t& re$arr
E*e0t 6&r 0-r0&!e! &6 re$arria(e) t%ere i! n& nee, 6&r 6i#in( a *a!e t& ,e*#are t%at &ne i! 0re!-$0ti+e# ,ea,. Pre!-$0ti&n &6 ,eat% ta1e! e66e*t / &0erati&n &6 #a7.
• @ ear! 6&r a## 0-r0&!e! in*#-,in( t%&!e &6 &0enin( !-**e!!i&n •
8 ear! 6&r 0-r0&!e! &6 re$arria(e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e )9 $& )01
- CIVIL RE3ISTER MATTERS RECORDEDENTERED IN THE CIVIL RE3ISTER8 5. A*t!) e+ent! an, -,i*ia# ,e*ree! *&n*ernin( t%e *i+i# !tat-! &6 0er!&n! 8. Birt% =. Marria(e @. Deat% 4. Le(a# !e0arati&n . Ann-#$ent &6 $arria(e >. J-,($ent! ,e*#arin( $arria(e +&i, 6r&$ t%e /e(innin( 9. Le(iti$ati&n . A,&0ti&n 5. A*1n&7#e,(e$ent &6 nat-ra# *%i#,ren 55. Nat-ra#iati&n 58. L&!! &6 *itien!%i0 5=. Re*&+er &6 *itien!%i0 [email protected] Ci+i# inter,i*ti&n 54. J-,i*ia# ,eter$inati&n 5. V&#-ntar e$an*i0ati&n &6 a $in&r 5>. C%an(e &6 na$e 3enera% R!%e8 Entrie! in t%e *i+i# re(i!ter $a /e *%an(e, &r a#tere, &n# -0&n a -,i*ia# &r,er. E6cei$n: C#eri*a# &r t0 &(ra0%i*a# err&r! &r *%an(e in t%e na$e &r ni*1na$e *an /e *%an(e, a,$ini!trati+e# t%r&-(% +eri6ie, 0etiti&n 7it% t%e #&*a# &66i*e &6 t%e *i+i# re(i!trar. W$ ma" &i%e eii$n8 An 0er!&n %a+in( ,ire*t an, 0er!&na# intere!t in an a*t) e+ent) &r,er &r ,e*ree *&n*ernin( t%e *i+i# !tat-! &6 0er!&n! &r *%an(e &6 na$e PROCEDURAL REUIREMENTS :O R A PETITION :OR CHAN3E O: NAME8 5. = ear! re!i,en* in t%e 0r&+in*e 7%ere *%an(e i! !&-(%t 0ri&r t& t%e 6i#in( 8. M-!t n& t /e 6i #e, 7it%in = ,a! 0r i&r t& an e#e*ti&n =. Petiti&n $-!t /e +eri6ie, PROPER AND REASONABLE CAUSES THAT MA, WARRA NT THE 3RANT O: A PETITION :OR CHAN3E O: :IRST NAMENICNAME8 5. Petiti&nerK! tr-e an, &66i*ia# na$e i! ri,i*-#&-!" 8. Petiti&nerK! tr-e an, &66i*ia# na$e i! tainte, 7it% ,i!%&n&r =. Petiti&nerK! tr-e an, &66i *ia# na$e i! etr e$e# ,i66i*-#t t& 7rite &r 0r&n&-n*e @. Ne7 6ir!t na$e &r ni*1na$e %a! /een %a/it-a## an, *&ntin-&-!# -!e, / t%e 0etiti&ner an, %e %a! /een 0-/#i*# 1n&7n / t%e 6ir!t na$e! an, ni*1na$e! in t%e *&$$-nit
4. ;%en t%e *%an(e i! ne*e!!ar t& a+&i, *&n6-!i&n =Sec- )5 R-A- 90); • R.A. @9 ,&e! n&t !an*ti&n a *%an(e &6 6ir!t na$e &n t%e (r&-n, &6 !e rea!!i(n$ent. Rat%er t%an a+&i,in( *&n6-!i&n) *%an(in( t%e 6ir!t na$e t& $a1e it *&$0ati/#e 7it% t%e !e %e tran!6&r$e, %i$!e#6 int& t%r&-(% !-r(er $a &n# *reate (ra+e *&$0#i*ati&n! in t%e *i+i# re(i!tr an, t%e 0-/#i* intere!t. ilvrio vs. Rpulic, G.R. o. 17+*8, 4c!. 22, 2007 . ;%en t%e re2-e!t 6&r *%a n(e i! a *&n! e2-en*e &6 a *%an(e &6 !tat-!) !-*% a! 7%en a nat-ra# *%i#, i! a*1n&7#e,(e, &r #e(iti$ate,
USURPATION O: NAME i$0#ie! !&$e in-r t& t%e intere!t! &6 t%e &7ner &6 t%e na$e. It *&n!i!t! in t%e 0&!!i/i#it &6 *&n6-!i&n &6 i,entit /et7een t%e &7ner an, t%e -!-r0er. ELEMENTS O: USURPATION O: NAME8 5. An a*t-a# -!e &6 an&t%er! na$e / t%e ,e6en,ant 8. U!e i! -na-t%&rie, =. U!e &6 an&t%er! na$e i! t& ,e!i(nate 0er!&na#it &r t& i,enti6 a 0er!&n REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO THE PERSON WHOSE NAME HAS BEEN USURPED8 1. Ci+i# ?in!&6ar a! 0ri+ate 0er!&n! are *&n*erne, a. In-n*ti&n /. Da$a(e! ?a*t-a# an, $&ra# 2. Cri$ina# ?7%en 0-/#i* a66air! are 0re-,i*e, WHEN USE O: ANOTHERS NAME IS NOT ACTIONABLE8 U!e, a! !ta(e) !*reen) &r 0en na$e) 0r&+i,e,: 5. U!e &6 na$e i! in (&&, 6ait%" an, 8. B -! in( t%e na$e &6 an&t%er) n& in-r i! *a-!e, t& t%at 0er!&n! ri(%t =. ;%en -!e i! $ &ti+ate, / $&,e!t) a ,e!ire t& a+&i, -nne*e!!ar tr&-/#e) &r &t%er rea!&n n&t 0r&%i/ite, / #a7 &r $&ra#! •
T%e #a7 ,&e! n&t a##&7 ,r&00in( &6 $i,,#e na$e 6r&$ re(i!tere, na$e -n#e!! t%ere are -!ti6ia/#e rea!&n! t& ,& !&. Mere *&n+enien*e i! n&t -!ti6ia/#e. Mi,,#e na$e! !er+e t& i,enti6 t%e $ater na# #inea(e 6i#iati&n &6 a 0er!&n a! 7e## a! 6-rt%er ,i!tin(-i!% %i$ 6r&$ &t%er! 7%& $a %a+e t%e !a$e gi"en na$e an, !-rna$e a! %e %a!.
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An i##e(iti$ate *%i#, 7%&!e 6i#iati&n i! n&t re*&(nie, / t%e 6at%er /ear! &n# a (i+en na$e an, %i! $&t%erK! !-rna$e) an, ,&e! n&t %a+e a $i,,#e na$e) -n#e!! #e(iti$ate, &r !-/!e2-ent# a*1n&7#e,(e, / t%e 6at%er in a 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent &r 0ri+ate %an,7ritten
in!tr-$ent. In Re8 Peii$n &$r Can'e $& Name $& Wan'5K3-R- N$- 1*99++5 Marc (05 200*
8. C%an(e &6 6ir!t na$e &r ni*1na$e •
CHAN3E O: ENTRIES IN CIVIL RE3ISTR, WITHOUT UDICIAL WITH UDICIAL AUTHORIT, AUTHORIT, Matter! 7%i*% $a C%an(e &6 !-rna$e /e $a,e / t%e *an &n# /e ,&ne *&n*erne, *it &r t%r&-(% a *&-rt $-ni*i0a# re(i!trar 0r&*ee,in( &r *&n!-# (enera# ECEPT 7%en t%e ?R-A- 90);8 re2-e!t 6&r *%an(e i! 5. C#eri*a# &r err&r t0&(ra0%i*a# • NOT nati&na#it) a(e) *i+i# !tat-! nee,! *&-rt &r,er
a *&n!e2-en*e &6 a *%an(e &6 !tat-!) !-*% a! 7%en a nat-ra# *%i#, i! a*1n&7#e,(e, &r
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•
#e(iti$ate,
I6 t%e *&rre*ti&n i! *#eri*a#: !-$$ar 0r&*ee,in( I6 t%e re*ti6i*ati&n a66e*t! t%e *i+i# !tat-!) *itien!%i0 &r nati&na#it &6 a 0art ?!-/!tantia#: a,+er!aria# 0r&*ee,in( C%an(e &6 !e i! n&t a $ere *#eri*a# &r t0&(ra0%i*a# err&r. T%ere i! n& !0e*ia# a7 in t%e P%i#i00ine! (&+ernin( !e rea!!i(n$ent an, it! e66e *t!. Si%.eri$ .s- Re!#%ic5 K3-RN$- 1?)+95 Oc- 225 200?
NOTE8 T%e ne7 #a 7) R-A- 90) ) a00#ie! &n# t& *#eri*a# an, t0&(ra0%i*a# err&r! in entrie! &6 na$e an, ,&e! n&t $&,i6 t%e r-#e! $enti&ne, a/&+e
II- PROPERT, 777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS A- C%assi&icai$n $& Pr$er" =Ars- )1)> )15 CC; 1- Imm$.a#%e Pr$er" 2- M$.a#%e Pr$er" (- Acc$rdin' $ O/nersi a- P!#%ic D$mini$n #- Pri.ae O/nersi
777777777777777777777 77777777777777 PROPERT,: An &/e*t &r a ri(%t 7%i*% i! a00r&0riate, &r !-!*e0ti/#e &6 a00r&0riati&n / $an) 7it% *a0a*it t& !ati!6 %-$an 7ant! an, nee,!.
A- CLASSI:ICATION O: PROPERT, [email protected]!isies $& Pr$er"8 =USA; 1- Ui%i" &$r e sais &aci$n $& s$me !man /ans • en,&7! 0r&0ert 7it% +a#-e !-!*e0ti/#e &6 0e*-niar e!ti$ati&n =e-'- 6&&,) !%e#ter) *#&t%in() re*reati&n 2- S!#sani.i" $r indi.id!a%i" • 2-a#it &6 %a+in( ei!ten*e a0art 6r&$ = - 'an &t%er t%in( e /#&&,) 7%en !e0arate, 6r&$ t%e /&, (- Ar$ria#i%i" • !-!*e0ti/i#it &6 /ein( 0&!!e!!e, / $en • n&t !-!*e0ti/#e &6 a00r&0riati&n: I. C&$$&n t%in(! ?res communes • E6cei$n8 t%&!e t%at $a /e a00r&0riate, -n,er *ertain *&n,iti&n! in a #i$ite, 7a ?e.(. E#e*tri*it) &(en II. D-e t& 0%!i*a# i$0&!!i/i#it ?e.(. S-n III. D-e t& #e(a# i$0&!!i/i#it ?e.(. H-$an /&, IV. D-e t& n& &7ner!%i0 ?e.(. 7i#, ani$a#! &r a/an,&n$ent / t%e &7ner. C%assi&icai$n $& Pr$er" 1- M$#i%i" and N$n>m$#i%i" A. I$$&+a/#e M&+a/#e &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert B. &r rea# 0r&0ert 2- O/nersi A. P-/#i* B. Pri+ate (- A%iena#i%i"
A. ;it%in t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an ?&r 7%i*% $a /e t%e &/e*t! &6 *&ntra*t! &r -,i*ia# tran!a*ti&n! B. O-t!i,e t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an )- E6isence A. Pre!ent 0r&0ert ?res existents B. F-t-re 0r&0ert ? res futurae NOTE8 B&t% 0re!ent an, 6-t-re 0r&0ert $a /e t%e !-/e*t &6 !a#e /-t (enera## n&t t%e !-/e*t &6 ,&nati&n. *- Maeria%i" $r Immaeria%i" A. Tan(i/#e &r *&r0&rea# B. Intan(i/#e &r in*&r0&rea#
+- Deendence $r Im$rance A. Prin*i0a# B. A**e!!&r ?- Caa#i%i" $& S!#si!i$n A. F-n(i/#e *a0a/#e &6 !-/!tit-ti&n / &t%er t%in(! &6 t%e !a$e 2-a#it an, 2-antit B. N&nF-n(i/#e in*a0a/#e &6 !-*% !-/!tit-ti&n) %en*e) t%e i,enti*a# t%in( $-!t /e (i+en &r ret-rne, - Na!re $r De&inieness A. Generi* &ne re6errin( t& a (r&-0 &r *#a!! B. S0e*i6i* &ne re6errin( t& a !in(#e) -ni2-e &/e*t 9- Weer in e C!s$d" $& e C$!r $r :ree A. In custodia legis in t%e *-!t&, &6 t%e *&-rt B. 6ree 0r&0ert
1- IMMOVABLE PROPERT, !ridica% C%assi&icai$n $& Imm$.a#%e Pr$eries8 =NIDA; 5. B" na!re *ann&t /e $&+e, 6r&$ 0#a*e t& 0#a*e /e*a-!e &6 t%eir nat-re =Ar!. +15 p%r 1 > 8 CC; A. #an,) /-i#,in(!) r&a,! an, *&n! tr-*ti&n! &6 a## 1in,! a,%ere, t& !&i# − a !tr-*t-re 7%i*% i! $ere# !-0eri$0&!e, &n t%e !&i# $a /e *&n!i,ere, $&+a/#e. B. $ine!) 2-arrie!) an, !#a( ,-$0!) 7%i#e t%e $atter t%ere&6 6&r$! 0art! &6 t%e /e,) an, 7ater! eit%er r-nnin( &r !ta(nant •
On*e a %&-!e i! ,e$&#i!%e,) it! *%ara*ter a! an i$$&+a/#e *ea!e!. Bicerra .TeneJa5 K+ SCRA +)9 =19+2;
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A $&rt(a(e &6 #an, ne*e!!ari# in*#-,e!) in t%e a/!en*e &6 !ti0-#ati&n &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent! t%ere&n) /-i#,in(!. Sti## a /-i#,in( / it!e#6 $a /e $&rt(a(e, a0art
6r&$ t%e #an, &n 7%i*% it %a! /een /-i#t. S-*% 7&-#, /e a rea# e!tate $&rt(a(e 6&r t%e /-i#,in( 7&-#, !ti## /e *&n!i,ere, i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert. Le!n' ,ee .Sr$n' Maciner"5 K(? Pi%- +)) =191; •
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A +a#i, rea# e!tate $&rt(a(e *an /e *&n!tit-te, &n t%e /-i#,in( ere*te, &n t%e #an, /e#&n(in( t& an&t%er. Pr!denia% Ban< .- Panis5 K1*( SCRA (90 =19?; T%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! $a +a#i,# !ti0-#ate t%at a rea# 0r&0ert /e *&n!i,ere, a! 0er!&na#. A6ter a(reein() t%e are [email protected]!en%" es$ed 6r&$ *#ai$in( &t%er7i!e. H&7e+er) t%ir, 0er!&n! a*tin( in (&&, 6ait% are n&t a66e*te, / it! !ti0-#ati&n *%ara*teriin( t%e !-/e*t $a*%iner a! 0er!&na#. Ser's Pr$d!cs .- PCI Leasin'5 K(2 SCRA 299 =2000;
&6 !i$i#ar nat-re in*#-,in( t%e ani$a#! in t%e!e 0#a*e! [email protected]!isies8 =OP; I. P#a*e, / t% e &7ner &6 t% e &r %i! a(ent II. Intent t& atta*% t%e$ 0er$anent# t& t%e #an, =. B" desinai$n $&+a/#e 0#a*e, &n i$$&+a/#e 6&r t%e -ti#it it (i+e! t& t%e a*ti+it *arrie, t%ere&n =Ar!. +15 p%r +,5,*,7,; A. Ma*%iner) re*e0ta*#e!) in!tr-$ent! &r i$0#e$ent! inten,e, / &7ner &6 t%e tene$ent &r %i! a(ent 6&r an in,-!tr &r 7&r1! 7%i*% $a /e *arrie, &n in a /-i#,in( 7%i*% tend directly to meet the needs of such worDsindustry − atta*%$ent &r in*&r0&rati&n t& t%e i$$&+a/#e i! n&t e!!entia# [email protected]!isies8 =COE; I. in,-!tr &r 7&r1! $-!t /e carrie, &n in!i,e t%e /-i#,in( &r &n t%e #an, II. 0#a*e, / t%e $7ner &6 t%e /-i#,in( &r 0r&0ert &r %i! a(ent III. $a*%ine! $-!t /e e !!entia# an, 0rin*i0a# e#e$ent! in *arrin( &-t t%e in,-!tr n&t in*#-,e in*i,enta#! − ,&e! ?$&+a/#e! 7it%&-t 7%i*% t%e /-!ine!!e! *an !ti## *&ntin-e &r *arr &n t%eir 6-n*ti&n!
8. B" inc$r$rai$n e!!entia## $&+a/#e! /-t atta*%e, t& an i$$&+a/#e in a 6ie, $anner t& /e an inte(ra# 0art &6 it =Ar!. +15 p%r 2,3,+,*; A. Tree!) 0#a nt! (r&7in( 6r-it! 7%i#e a,%ere, t& !&i#) i$$&+a/#e − &n*e *-t &r -0r&&te,) t%e *ea!e t& /e i$$&+a/#e! E6ce8 U0r&&te, Ti$/er B. E+ert%in( atta*%e, t& an i$$&+a/#e in a 6ie, $anner t%at it *ann&t /e !e0arate, 7it%&-t /rea1in( t%e $ateria# &r ,eteri&rati&n &6 t%e &/e*t − intent t& atta*% 0er$anent# i! e!!entia# − On te$0&rar !e0arati&n: 8 0&int! &6 +ie7: I. Ma !ti## /e *&n!i,ere, a! i$$&+a/#e I6 t%ere i! intent t& 0-t t%e$ /a*1. II. M&+a/#e /e*a-!e t%e $a teria# 6a*t &6 in*&r0&rati&n i! 7%at ,eter$ine! it! *&n,iti&n C. Stat-e!) re#ie6!) 0aintin( &r &t%er &/e*t! 6&r -!e &r &rna$entati&n [email protected]!isies8 =OP; I. P#a*e, / t%e &7ner &6 t%e i$$&+a/#e a(ent t%e$ II. Intent t&&r %i! atta*% 0er$anent# t& t%e tene$ent! D. Ani$a# %&-!e!) 0i(e&n %&-!e!) /ee%i+e!) 6i!% 0&n,!) &r /ree,in( 0#a*e!
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E2-i0$ent ,e!tine, &n# t& re0air &r !er+i*e a tran!0&rtati&n /-!ine!! $a n&t /e ,ee$e, rea# 0r&0ert. Mindana$ B!s .- Ci" Assess$r5 K+ SCRA 19? =19+2;
B. 6erti#ier! a*t-a## -!e, &n a 0ie*e &6 #an, C. ,&*1! 6#&atin( !tr-*t-re! inten,e, / t%eir nat-re an, &/e*t t& re$ain at a 6ie, 0#a*e &n a ri+er) #a1e &r *&a!t. @. B" ana%$'"#" %a/ *&ntra*t! 6&r 0-/#i* 7&r1!) !er+it-,e &t%er rea# ri(%t! &+er i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert =Ar!. +15 p%r 10;
2- MOVABLE PROPERT, M$.a#%e Pr$er"8 =SI:TOS; 5. S -!*e0ti/#e &6 a00r&0riati&n t%at are n&t in*#-,e, in en-$erati&n in i$$&+a/#e!. Ea$0#e • intere!t in t%e /-!ine!! i! 0er!&na# 0r&0ert. In.$%!nar" Ins$%.enc" $& Sr$cec
Gr&7in( *r&0! are *&n!i,ere, i$$&+a/#e -n,er Art. @54?8 /-t 0er!&na# 0r&0ert / C%atte# M&rt(a(e La7. i%l v. '%l, 50 ;"il 512 (127) • H&-!e /-i#t &n #ea!e, #an, $a /e treate, in!&6ar a! t%e 0artie! are *&n*erne, a! 0er!&na# 0r&0ert an, /e t%e &/e*t &6 a *%atte# $&rt(a(e. Na.arr$ .- Re"es5K9 SCRA +( =19+(; :&r*e! &6 nat-re /r&-(%t -n,er *&ntr&# / !*ien*e. Ea$0#e! • E#e*tri*it) (a!) ra!) %eat) #i(%t) &(en) at&$i* ener() 7ater 0&7er et*. • E#e*tri*it) t%e !a$e a! (a!) i! an arti*#e /&-(%t an, !&#, #i1e &t%er 0er!&na# 0r&0ert an, i! *a0a/#e &6 Unied a00r&0riati&n / an&t%er. Saes .- Car%$s5K21 Pi%- (+) =19)+; T%in(! 7%i*% *an /e tran!0&rte, 7& i$0air$ent &6 rea# 0r&0ert 7%ere t%e are 6ie, O/#i(ati&n! 7%i*% %a+e 6&r t%eir &/e*t $&+a/#e! &r ,e$an,a/#e !-$! ?*re,it! • &/#i(ati&n! an, a*ti&n! $-!t /e #e(a## ,e$an,a/#e • ,e$an,a/#e !-$! $-!t /e #i2-i,ate, S %are! &6 !t&*1! &6 a(ri*-#t-ra#) *&$$er*ia# in,-!tria# entitie! a#t%&-(% t%e $a •
=.
@. 4.
.
%a+e rea# e!tate C%assi&icai$n O& M$.a#%es8 1- Acc$rdin' $ na!re a. C&n!-$a/#e *ann&t /e -ti #ie, 7& /ein( *&n!-$e, /. N&n*&n!-$a/#e 8. Acc$rdin' $ ineni$n $& e aries!r$se whether it can be substituted by other things of same Dind& ;uality and ;uantity* a. F-n(i/#e res fungibles* &n# t%e e2-i+a#ent i! ret-rne, /. N&n6-n(i/#e res nec fungibles* i,enti*a# t%in( i! ret-rne,) ,& n&t a,$it &6 !-/!tit-ti&n
Tes T$ Deermine Weer Pr$er" Is Rea% Or Pers$na% 5. ;%et%er t%e 0r&0ert *an /e tr an!0&rte, &r *arrie, 6r&$ 0#a*e t& 0#a*e ?R-#e &6 Descrii$n 8. ;%et%er !-*% *%a n(e &6 #&*ati&n *an /e $a,e 7it%&-t in-rin( t%e i$$&+a/#e t& 7%i*% t%e &/e*t $a /e atta*%e, ?R-#e &6 Descrii$n
=.
;%et%er t%e &/e*t ,&e! n&t 6a## 7it%in an &6 t%e *a!e! en-$erate, in Art. @54 ?R-#e &6 E6c%!si$n
(- ACCORDIN3 TO OWNERSHIP a- P!#%ic D$mini$n P!#%ic D$mini$n &-t!i,e t%e *&$$er*e &6 $en. • INDS: ?USD; A. inten,e, 6&r !#%ic !se *an /e -!e, / t%e 0-/#i* &r e+er/&, B. inten,e, 6&r !0e*i6i* !#%ic ser.ice &6 !tate) 0r&+in*e!) *itie! $-ni*i0a#itie! *an /e -!e, &n# / ,-# a-t%&rie, 0er!&n!) !-*% a! (&+ern$ent /-i#,in(! an, +e%i*#e! C. 6&r t %e de.e%$men $& nai$na% /ea% • Caracerisics8 A. O-t!i,e t%e *&$$er*e &6 $e n *ann&t /e a#ienate, &r #ea!e, &r /e t%e !-/e*t &6 an *&ntra*t B. Cann&t /e a*2-ire, / 0ri+ate in,i+i,-a# &r e+en $-ni*i0a#itie! t%r&-(% 0re!*ri0ti&n C. N&t !-/e*t t& atta*%$ent ee*-ti&n D. Cann&t /e /-r,ene, / +&#-ntar ea!e$ent E. Cann&t /e re(i!tere, -n,er t%e Lan, Re(i!trati&n La7 an, /e t%e !-/e*t &6 a T&rren! Tit#e F. In (enera#) *an /e -!e, / e+er/&, NOTE8 Fi!%0&n,! are *&n!i,ere, a! 0art &6 0-/#i* ,&$ini&n an, *ann&t /e a*2-ire, / 0ri+ate 0er!&n! -n#e!! it i! *&n+erte, int& 0atri$&nia# 0r&0ert. H&7e+er) 6i!%0&n,! $a /e #ea!e, / t%e (&+ern$ent. • Pr&0ertie! 7%i*% t%e (&+ern$ent &7n! 6&r 6-n,a$enta# 0-r0&!e! 6&r ren,erin( (&+ern$ent !er+i*e! are 0r&0ertie! &6 0-/#i* ,&$ini&n. T%e are %e#, / t%e #&*a# (&+ern$ent! 6&r 0-/#i* !er+i*e) /-t at t%e !a$e ti$e) t%e *an /e re$&+e, / t%e State 6r&$ t%e LGU! 7it%&-t %a+in( t& 0a -!t *&$0en!ati&n /e*a-!e t%e LGU! are $ere# a*tin( a! a(ent!. =Ci" $& Gam#$an'a De% N$re .- Pr$.ince $& Gam#$an'a De% N$re;
#- Pri.ae O/nersi INDS8 Parim$nia% r$er" t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e State &7ne, / it in it! 0ri+ate &r 0r&0rietar *a0a*it) t%e 0r&0ert i! n&t inten,e, 6&r 0-/#i* -!e) &r 6&r
•
!&$e 0-/#i* !er+i*e) &r 6&r t%e ,e+e#&0$ent &6 t%e nati&na# 7ea#t%. G. Ei!t 6&r attainin( e*&n&$i* en,! &6 !tate Pr&0ert &6 0-/#i* ,&$ini&n 7%en n& #&n(er inten,e, 6&r 0-/#i* -!e!er+i*e ,e*#are, 0atri$&nia# =Aric%e )22 NCC; S-/e*t t& 0re!*ri0ti&n Ma /e an &/e*t &6 &r,inar *&ntra*t Ea$0#e: 0r&0ert a*2-ire, in ee*-ti&n an, ta !a#e!) in*&$e! &r rent! &6 t%e State H- Pr$er" & $r L 3Us Pr&0ert 6&r 0-/#i* -!e r&a,!) !treet!) !2-are!) 6&-ntain!) 0-/#i* 7ater!) 0r&$ena,e! an, 0-/#i* 7&r1! 6&r 0-/#i* !er+i*e 0ai, 6&r / t%e LGU! a## &t%er 0r&0ertie! 0&!!e!!e, / LGU! 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& !0e*ia# #a7! are *&n!i,ere, 0atri$&nia# NOTE8 Patri$&nia# 0r&0ertie! &6 LGU! *ann&t /e re$&+e, / t%e State 7it%&-t 0ain( -!t *&$0en!ati&n% I. Pr$er" $& Pri.ae O/nersi a## 0r&0ertie! /e#&n(in( t& 0ri+ate 0er!&n! an, t%&!e /e#&n(in( t& t%e State an, an &6 it! 0&#iti*a# !-/,i+i!i&n! 7%i*% are 0atri$&nia# in nat-re
C$n.ersi$n O& Pr$er" O& P!#%ic D$mini$n T$ Parim$nia% Pr$er" 1- Pr$er" $& e Nai $na% 3$.e rnmen • 6&r$a# ,e*#arati&n / t%e ee*-ti+e &r #e(i!#ati+e ,e0art$ent t%at t%e 0r&0ert i! n& #&n(er nee,e, 6&r 0-/#i* -!e &r 6&r 0-/#i* !er+i*e 2- Pr$er" $& $% iica% s! #di.isi$ns • $-!t /e a-t%&rie, / #a7 NOTE8 Sa*re, an, re#i(i&-! &/e*t! are &-t!i,e t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an. T%e are neit% er 0-/#i* n&r 0ri+ate 0art. P&#iti*a# !-/,i+i!i&n! *ann&t re(i!ter a! t%eir &7n an 0art &6 t%e 0-/#i* ,&$ain) UNLESS: 5. (rant %a! /een $a,e 8. 0&!!e!!i&n %a! /een en &e, ,-rin( t%e 0eri&, ne*e!!ar t& e!ta/#i!% a 0re!-$0ti&n &6 &7ner!%i0 A#ien! %a+e n& ri(%t t& a*2-ire an 0-/#i* &r 0ri+ate a(ri*-#t-ra#) *&$$er*ia#) &r re!i,entia# #an,! e*e0t / %ere,itar !-**e!!i&n. Pri+ate in,i+i,-a# %a! !-0eri&r ri(%t &+er t%e 0r&0ert a(ain!t t%e !tate.
T e ri' $& e !#%ic $ !se e ci" srees ma" n$ #e #ar'ained a/a" r$!' c$nrac- R-#e: L&*a# (&+ern$ent *ann&t 7it%,ra7 a 0-/#i* !treet 6r&$ 0-/#i* -!e) -n#e!! it %a! /een (rante, !-*% a-t%&rit / #a7. Dacana" .- Asisi$ r-5K20 SCRA )0) =1992; •
T%e 0&7er t& +a*ate &r 7it%,ra7 a !treet &r a##e 6r&$ 0-/#i* -!e i! ,i!*reti&nar an, !-*% 7i## n&t /e inter6ere, 7it% / t%e *&-rt!. T%e C%arter &6 Ce/- Cit (i+e! !-*% 0&7er t& t%e Cit C&-n*i#. S-*% 7it%,ra7n 0&rti&n t%-! /e*&$e! 0atri$&nia# 0r&0ert 7%i*% *an /e t%e &/e*t &6 an &r,inar *&ntra*t. Ce#! O6"'en .- Berci%%es5 K++ SCRA )1 =19?*;
•
A r$er" c$nin!es $ #e ar $& e !#%ic d$main !ni% ere is a &$rma% dec%arai$n $n e ar $& e '$.ernmen $ /idra/ i &r$m #ein' s!c . An a/an,&n$ent &6 t%e intenti&n t& -!e t%e 0r&0ert 6&r 0-/#i* !er+i*e an, t& $a1e it 0atri$&nia# 0r&0ert $-!t /e ,e6inite. It *ann&t /e in6erre, 6r&$ t%e n&n-!e a#&ne. La!re% .3arcia5 K1? SCRA ?9? =1990;
777777777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777777777
TOPICS UNDER S,LLABUS B- O/nersi =Ars- )2?>)(95 CC; 1- Ri's $& O/nersiLimiai$ns 2D$crines $& Inc$m%ee Pri.i%e'eSe%& He% (- Pres!mi$n $& O/nersi )- R!%e $& Hidden Treas!re 77777777777777777777777777 777777777777777777 OWNERSHIP i! t%e in,e0en,ent ri(%t &6 a 0er!&n t& t%e e*#-!i+e en&$ent an, *&ntr&# &6 a t%in( in*#-,in( it! ,i!0&!iti&n an, re*&+er !-/e*t &n# t& t%e re!tri*ti&n! &r #i$itati&n! e!ta/#i!%e, / #a7 an, t%e ri(%t! &6 &t%er!. TITLE i! t%at 7%i* % *&n!tit-te! a -!t *a-!e &6 e*#-!i+e 0&!!e!!i&n &r 7%i*% i! t%e 6&-n,ati&n &6 &7ner!%i0 &6 0r&0ert. inds O& O/nersi8 5. :ULL OWNERSH IP dominium or jus in re propia* in*#-,e! a## t%e ri(%t! &6 t%e &7ner 8. NAED OWNERSHIP nuda proprietas* 7%ere t%e ri(%t t& t%e -!e an, t%e 6r-it! %a! /een ,enie,
Na1e, &7ner!%i0 -!-6r-*t F-## &7ner!%i0 =. SOLE OWNERSHIP F &7ner!%i0 i! +e!te, &n# in &ne 0er!&n @. CO>OWNERSHIPTENANC, IN COMMON &7ner!%i0 i! +e!te, in t7& &r $&re &7ner!" -nit &6 t%e 0r&0ert) 0#-ra#it &6 t%e !-/e*t! •
1- RI3HTS O: OWNERSHIPLIMITATIONS Se.en Ri's O& O/nersi8 5. A=:E/ ri(%t t& *&n!-$e) tran!6&r$ &r a/-!e / it! -!e 8. ACCE/4E ri(%t t& 6r-it! an, a**e!!&rie! =. /;4E/ ri(%t t& ,i!0&!e) in*#-,in( t%e ri(%t n&t t& ,i!0&!e) &r t& a#ienate @. . '//CA/ ri(%t t& +in,i*ate &r re*&+er Li miai$ns $n e Ri' $& O/nersi8 =CLO3S; 5. t%&!e ari!in( 6r&$ c$n&%ics $& ri.ae ri's ?e.(. t%&!e 7%i*% ta1e 0#a*e in a**e!!i&n *&ntin-a %a/ ?e.(. Le(a# 8. t%&!e i$0&!e, / ea!e$ent =. t%&!e i$0&!e, / t%e $/ner %i$!e#6 ?e.(. V&#-ntar ea!e$ent) 0#e,(e) #ea!e @. t%&!e i$0&!e, / t%e 'ran$r &6 t% e 0r&0ert &n t%e (rantee A. / *&ntra*t ?e.(. ,&nati&n B. / #a!t 7i## 4. t%&!e i$0&!e, in (enera# / t%e Sae A. 0&#i*e 0&7er B. 0&7er &6 t aati&n C. 0&7er &6 e$inent ,&$ain Ri' $& O/nersi n$ a#s$%!e • T%e 7e#6are &6 t%e 0e&0#e i! t%e •
!-0re$e est #a7lex% &6 t%e #an,. /alus populi suprema U!e &-r 0r&0ert !& a! n&t t& i$0air t%e ri(%t! &6 &t%er. /ic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas%
ACTIONS :OR POSSESSION8 MOVABLES Re%e.in Man!a% De%i.er" =re!rn $& a m$.a#%e; • /&t% 0rin*i0a# an, 0r&+i!i&na# re$e, • P#ainti66 !%a## !tate in t%e a66i,a+it t%at %e i! t%e &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert *#ai$e,) 0arti*-#ar# ,e!*ri/in( it &r t%at %e i! entit#e, t& 0&!!e!!i&n) an, t%at it i! 7r&n(6-## ,etaine, / t%e &t%er. • PERIOD: @ &r 9 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e 0&!!e!!i&n t%ere&6 i! #&!t) in a**&r,an*e 7it% Art. 55=8 • machinery and e;uipment used for an industry and indispensable for the carrying on of such industry& cannot be the subject of reple"in& because they are considered real properties% • property "alidly deposited in custodia legis cannot be the subject of a reple"in suit ACTION
Accion /n!ric !%l
3ROUND
GROUND: ,e0ri+ati&n &6 0&!!e!!i&n t%r&-(%: &&r*e) inti$i,ati&n) strate() %reat) &r stea#t% =:ISTS;
De 6a*t& &r 0%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n
nl%u l !%inr (s%"ui co)
Le!!&r0er!&n %a+in( #e(a# ri(%t &+er 0r&0ert ,e0ri+e, &6 !-*% 7%en t%e #e!!ee0er!&n 7it%%&#,in( 0r&0ert re6-!e! t& !-rren,er
P%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n
Accion ;ulici%n%
Accion Rinvinic%!ori%
I-
IMMOVABLES ISSUE
CAUSE
0&!!e!!i&n &6 0r&0ert a6ter e0irati&n &6 #ea!eri(%t t& %&#, 0r&0ert Better ri(%t &6 0&!!e!!i&n
Re*&+er &6 ,&$ini&n &6 0r&0ert /a!e, &n &7ner!%i0
P&!!e!!i&n DE FACTO
O;NERSH IP
PERIOD ;it%in 5 ear 6r&$ ?5 -n#a76-# ,e0ri+ati&n) &r 6r&$ ?8 ,i!*&+er) in *a!e &6 !tea#t% &r !trate( ;it%in 5 ear 6r&$ -n#a76-# ,e0ri+ati&n: ,ate &6 #a!t ,e$an, &r #a!t #etter &6 ,e$an,
COURT MTC
MTC
;it%in a 0eri&, De0en,! &6 5 ear!) &n &t%er7i!e t%e ASSESSE rea# ri(%t &6 D VALUE 0&!!e!!i&n i! #&!t =ear! De0en,! &n ASSESSE D VALUE
In4!nci$n Genera## n&t a+ai#a/#e a! a re$e,. ;%en in-n*ti&n i! a##&7e,: A. A*ti&n! 6&r 6&r*i/#e entr
B. Ee*t$ent 0&!!e!!&r a,$itte,# t%e &7ner &r in 0&!!e!!i&n in *&n*e0t &6 &7ner 0&!!e!!&r *#ear# n&t entit#e, t& 0r&0ert etra&r,inar *a!e! 7%ere -r(en*) e0e,ien* an, ne*e!!it !& re2-ire, II- Wri $& $ssessi$n
PROCEEDIN 3S S-$$ar 0r&*ee,in(
S-$$ar 0r&*ee,in(
Ci+i#
;%en 0r&0er: A. Lan, re(i!trati&n *a!e! B. F&re*#&!-re) -,i*ia# &r etra-,i*ia#) &6 $&rt(a(e 0r&+i,e, t%at t%e $&rt(a(&r %a! 0&!!e!!i&n an, n& t%ir, 0art %a! inter+ene, C. Ee*-ti&n !a#e! D. E$inent ,&$ain 0r&*ee,in(! E. Ee*t$ent
2DOCTRINE O: STATE O: NECESSIT, STATE O: NECESSIT, Wi! t%e 0rin*i0#e 7%i*% a-t%&rie! t%e ,e!tr-*ti&n &6 a 0r&0ert 7%i*% i! #e!!er in +a#-e t& a+ert t%e ,an(er 0&i!e, t& an&t%er 0r&0ert t%e +a#-e &6 7%i*% i! $-*% (reater. REUISITES O: STATE NECESSIT,8 5. Inter6eren*e ne*e!!ar t& a+ert an i$$inent ,an(er 8. Da$a(e t& an&t%er $-*% (reater t%an ,a$a(e t& COMPARATIVE DAN3E Dan(er $-!t /e • 0r&0ert (reater t%an ,a$a(e t& 0r&0ert. C&n!i,er t%e e*&n&$i* an, !enti$enta# +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert. • MEASURE O: RATIONAL NECESSIT, t%e #a7 ,&e! n&t re2-ire a 0er!&n a*tin( in a !tate &6 ne*e!!it t& /e 6ree 6r&$ ne(#i(en*e &r $i!ta1e. He $-!t /e (i+en t%e /ene6it &6 rea!&na/#e ,&-/t a! t& 7%et%er %e e$0#&e, rati&na# $ean! t& a+ert t%e t%reatene, in-r% • T%e &7ner &6 t%e !a*ri6i*ia# 0r&0ert i! &/#i(e, t& t&#erate t%e a*t &6 ,e!tr-*ti&n /-t !-/e*t t& %i! rei$/-r!e$ent / a## t%&!e 7%& /ene6ite,. • In *a!e &6 *&n6#i*t /et7een t%e eer*i!e &6 t%e ri(%t &6 !e#6%e#0 an, a 0r&0er an, #i*it !tate &6 ne*e!!it) t%e #atter 0re+ai#! /e*a-!e t%ere i! n& -n#a76-# a((re!!i&n 7%en a 0er!&n &r (r&-0 &6 0er!&n! a*t! 0-r!-ant t& t%e ri(%t (i+en in a !tate &6 ne*e!!it.
(- PRESUMPTION O: OWNERSHIP a; [email protected]!isies $ Raise e Dis!a#%e Pres!mi$n $& O/nersi8 5. A*t-a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert 8. P&!!e!!i&n i! -n,er t%e *#ai$ &6 &7ner!%i0 a. P&!!e!!&r &6 0r&0ert %a! t%e 0re!-$0ti&n &6 tit#e in %i! 6a+&r /. J-,i*ia# 0r&*e!! *&nte$0#ate, 6&r re*& +er &6 0r&0ert: ee*t$ent !-it &r rein+in,i*at&r a*ti&n *. T%e 0er!&n *#ai$in( /etter ri(%t $-!t 0r&+e: a. T%at %e %a! /etter tit#e t& t%e 0r&0ert /. I,entit &6 t%e 0r&0ert ,. One $-!t ,e0en, &n !tren(t% &6 %i! ti t#e an, n&t t%e 7ea1ne!! &6 t%e ,e6en!e
e. A*ti&n i! 6&-n,e, &n 0&!iti+e ri(%t! 6. E+i,en*e re2-ire,: 0re0&n,eran*e e+i,en*e.
&6
#; Eminen D$mai n EMINENT DOMAINWi! t%e !-0eri&r ri(%t &6 t%e State t& a*2-ire 0ri+ate 0r&0ert 7%et%er re(i!tere, &r n&t 6&r 0-/#i* -!e -0&n 0a$ent &6 -!t *&$0en!ati&n. It i! &ne &6 t%e #i$itati&n! &6 t%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0. a. A/!&#-te ne*e!!it 6&r e0r&0riati&n i! n&t re2-ire,. It i! en&-(% t%a t rea!&na/#e ne*e!!it 6&r 0-/#i* -!e i! inten,e,. /. J-!t *&$0en!ati&n i! e2-i+a#ent t& t%e +a#-e &6 t%e #an,. ? #arDet "alue 0#-! conse;uential damages $in-! t%e conse;uential benefits *. T%e $ar1et +a#-e !%&-#, /e ,eter$ine, at t%e ti$e &6 t%e 6i#in( &6 t%e *&$0#aint &r at t%e ti$e &6 ta1in( &6 t%e 0r&0ert) 7%i*%e+er tran!0ire! 6ir!t. ,. T%e &7ner!%i0 &+er t%e 0r&0ert ta1en i! tran!6erre, &n# 7%en t%e -!t *&$0en!ati&n 7it% 0r&0er intere!t %a, /een $a,e E%emens &$r Ta &6 R.A. N&. 4>: In ,eter$inin( -!t *&$0en!ati&n) t%e *&!t &6 a*2-i!iti&n &6 t%e #an,) t%e *-rrent +a#-e &6 #i1e 0r&0ertie!) it! nat-re) a*t-a# -!e an, in*&$e) t%e !7&rn +a#-ati&n / t%e &7ner) t%e ta ,e*#arati&n!) an, t%e a!!e!!$ent $a,e / (&+ern$ent a!!e!!&r!) !%a## /e *&n!i,ere,. T%e !&*ia# an, e*&n&$i* /ene6it! *&ntri/-te, / t%e 6ar$er! an, t%e 6ar$7&r1er! an, / (&+ern$ent t& t%e 0r&0ert a! 7e## a! t%e n&n0a$ent &6 tae! &r #&an! !e*-re, 6r&$ an (&+ern$ent 6inan*in( in!tit-ti&n &n t%e !ai, #an, !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a! a,,iti&na# 6a*t&r! t& ,eter$ine it! +a#-ati&n.
:$rm!%a #" e DAR in !sin' Seci$n 1? $& RA ++*? =DAR A-O- N$- *5 series $& 199;8 LV Lan, Va#-e CNI Ca0ita#ie, Net In*&$e CS C&$0ara/#e Sa#e! MV Mar1et Va#-e 0er ,e*#arati&n LV 7 =CNI 6 0-+; Q =CS 6 0-(; Q =MV 6 0-1; Pr$ced!re $& E6r$riai$n !nder A'rarian Re&$rm8 LBP i! an a(en* *reate, 0ri$ari# t& 0r&+i,e 6inan*ia# !-00&rt in a## 0%a!e! &6 a(rarian re6&r$ 0-r!-ant t& Se*ti&n >@ &6 Re0-/#i* A*t ?RA N&. [email protected]@ an, Se*ti&n @ &6 RA N&. 4>. On*e an e0r&0riati&n 0r&*ee,in( 6&r t%e a*2-i!iti&n &6 0ri+ate a(ri*-#t-ra# #an,! i! *&$$en*e, / t%e DAR) t%e in,i!0en!a/#e r&#e &6 LBP /e(in!. N& -,i*ia# ,eter$inati&n &6 -!t *&$0en!ati&n a##&7e, 7it%&-t LBPK! 0arti*i0ati&n. Ta#!ena .- LBP5 K3-R- N$- 10**?5 Se- 2+5 200A#and$nmen $& Pr$er" E6r$riaed8 MCIAA .- T!d!d5 K3-R- N$- 1?)0125 N$.- 1)5 200 ;%en a 0ri+ate #an, i! e0r&0riate, 6&r 0-/#i* -!e an, !-/!e2-ent#) t%e 0-/#i* -!e 7a! a/an,&ne,) it ret-rn! t& it! &7ner -n#e!! t%ere i! a !tat-t&r 0r&+i!i&n t%at 0r&%i/it! it. MCIAA %a! t%e &/#i(ati&n t& ret-rn t& t%e #an,. %a! t%e &/#i(ati&n t& ret-rn: 5. ;%at %e re*ei+e, a! -!t *&$ 0en!ati&n 7it% intere!t *&$0-te, 6r&$ ,e6a-#t. 8. Ne*e!!ar e0en!e! in*-rre, / MCIAA in !-!tainin( #&t an, $&netar +a#-e 6&r !er+i*e! in $ana(in( in!&6ar a! 7a! /ene6itte, !er+i*e! in $ana(in( in!&6ar a! 7a! /ene6itte, F&##&7in( Arti*#e 559> &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e) t%e MCIAA $a 1ee0 7%ate+er in*&$e &r 6r-it! it $a %a+e &/taine, 6r&$ L&t N&. 99) an, nee, n&t a**&-nt 6&r t%e intere!t! t%at t%e a$&-nt! t%e re*ei+e, a! -!t *&$0en!ati&n $a %a+e earne, in t%e $eanti$e. Re!0&n,ent!) a! *re,it&r!) ,& n&t %a+e t& !ett#e a! 0art &6 t%e 0r&*e!! &6 re!tit-ti&n t%e a00re*iati&n in +a#-e &6 L&t 99 7%i*% i! a nat-ra# *&n!e2-en*e &6 nat-re an, ti$e. )
c; P$%ice P$/er
POLICE POWER i! an&t%er #i$itati&n &6 t%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 7%erein 0r&0ert $a /e inter6ere, 7it%) e+en ,e!tr&e,) i6 !& ,e$an,e, / t%e 7e#6are &6 t%e *& $$-nit. T%e &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert i! n&t entit#e, t& *&$0en!ati&n [email protected]!isies $& P$%ice P$/er8 =PRO; 5. P-/#i* intere!t 8. R ea!&na/# ne*e!!ar $ean! 6&r t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 a 0-r0&!e =. It i! n&t -n,-# O00re!!i+e -0&n in,i+i,-a#! a. N& ta1in( &6 0r&0ert in+&#+e, /. N& 6inan*ia# *&$0en!ati&n SUR:ACE RI3HTS O: A LANDOWNER W ri(%t t& !-r6a*e e+ert%in( -n,er it &n# a! 6ar a! ne*e!!ar 6&r %i! 0ra*ti*a# intere!t ?Bene6it &r En&$ent 5. Ri(%t! !-/e*t t&: a. Ei!tin( !er+it-,e! &r ea!e$ent! /. S0e*ia# #a7! *. L&*a# &r,inan*e! ,. Rea!&na/#e re2-ire$ent! &6 aeria# na+i(ati&n e. Ri(%t! &6 t%ir, 0er!&n!
)- HIDDEN TREASURE C$nce $& Treas!re8 =HUM; 5. Hi,,en an, -n1n&7n 8. Un1n&7n &7ner =. C&n!i!t! &6 M &ne) e7e#!) &r &t%er 0re*i&-! &/e*t!. ?n&t ra7 $ateria#! Ri' $ Hidden Treas!re8 5. Fin,er i! t%e !a$e a! &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert trea!-re t&ta## /e#&n(! t& %i$. 8. Fin,er i! t%ir, 0er!&n an, %e ,i!*&+ere, it / *%an*e 6in,er i! entit#e, t& &ne %a#6 &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e trea!-re. =. Fin,er i! an in tr-,er %e i! n&t en tit#e, t& ant%in( @. Fin,er 7a! (i+en e0re!! 0er$i!!i&n / t%e &7ner !-/e*t t& t%e *&ntra*t &6 !er+i*e an, 0rin*i0#e &6 -n-!t enri*%$ent
BASIS
ACCION RE P LE V IN
: O RC IBL E E N T R ,
A*ti&n &r 0r&+i!i&na# re$e, 7%ere t%e *&$0#ainant 0ra! 6&r t%e re*&+er &6 t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0er!&na# ! 0r&0ert e f NOT APPLICABLE TO i ?a M&+a/#e! ,i!traine, &r n ta1en 6&r a ta a!!e!!$ent &r i 6ine 0-r!-ant t& #a7 t ?/ T%&!e -n,er a 7rit &6 i ee*-ti&n &r 0re#i$inar o atta*%$ent n ?* T%&!e -n,er custodia legis Ghere to MTC &r RTC ,e0en,in( &n t%e file a$&-nt &6 $&ne in+&#+e, Issue Re*&+er &6 0&!!e!!i&n &6 in"ol"ed 0er!&na# 0r&0ert
S-$$ar a*ti&n t& re*&+er $ateria# &r 0%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# 0r&0ert 7%en a 0er!&n &ri(ina## in 0&!!e!!i&n 7a! ,e0ri+e, t%ere&6 / ?:ISTS :&r*e) Inti$i,ati&n) Strate() T%reat) &r Stea#t%
Action Prescripti on
<-a!iinRe$ 5 ear 6r&$ ,i!0&!!e!!i&n FIT 6r&$ ,i!0&!!e!!i&n SS 6r&$ ,i!*&+er
Others
InPer!&na$
Ste0!: i. C&$0#aint i! 6i #e, at *&$$en*e$ent &r at an ti$e /e6&re an!7er &6 &t%er 0art ii. C&$0#aint !%&-#, a##e(e O;TA ?&7ner) 7r&n(6-## ta1en) ta1en a(ain!t #a7 iii. Pa /&n, ,&-/#e t%e a$&-nt &6 0r&0ert
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
MTC Materia# &r 0%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# 0r&0ert P&!!e!!i&n ,e 6a*t&
•
•
Ma /e /r&-(%t a(ain!t t%e &7ner in !&$e *a!e! !-*% a! #ea!e C&$0#aint $-!t !tate FISTS &r e#!e it 7&-#, -!t /e an accion publiciana 7%i*% !%&-#, /e 6i#e, 7it% t%e RTC
UN L A W: U L DETAINER A*ti&n /r&-(%t 7%en 0&!!e!!i&n / a #an,#&r,) +en,&r &r +en,ee &r &t%er 0er!&n &6 an #an, &r /-i#,in( i! /ein( -n#a76-## 7it%%e#, a6ter t%e ter$inati&n &r e0irati&n &6 t%e ri(%t t& %&#, 0&!!e!!i&n) / +irt-e &6 a *&ntra*t) e0re!! &r i$0#ie,
ACCION PUBLICIANA It i! t%e 0re#i$inar a*ti&n t& re*&+er a /etter ri(%t t& 0&!!e!!
MTC
RTC
Materia# &r 0%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# 0r&0ert P&!!e!!i&n ,e 6a*t&
REINVINDICATORIA A*ti&n t& re*&+er &7ner!%i0 &6 rea# 0r&0ert
RTC
Better ri(%t &6 O7ner!%i0 &6 rea# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 0r&0ert rea# 0r&0ert. P&!!e!!i&n ,e -re <-a!iinRe$ <-a!iinRe$ <-a!iinRe$ 5 ear 6r&$ t%e ti$e 5 ear! 5 &r = ear! t%e 0&!!e!!i&n ,e0en,in( &n /e*a$e -n#a76-# 7%et%er itK! &r,inar #a!t ,ate &6 ,e$an, &r etra&r,inar &r #etter &6 ,e$an, 0re!*ri0ti&n 8 1in,!: • I6 t%ereK! a 6ie, • A**i&n 0eri&, 5 ear 6r&$ a P&!!e!!i&n n&t rein+in,i*at&ria t%r&-(% FISTS t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e *an /e 6i#e, *an /e 6i#e, #ea!e !i$-#tane&-!# I$$e,iate# 7it% FE • I6 t%e rea!&n i! n&n • J-,($ent &6 0a$ent &6 rent &r / 5 ear 0eri&, n&n6-#6i##$ent &6 &7ner!%i0 -!-a## 6&r t%e *&n,iti&n! &6 in*#-,e! t%e ri(%t FE &r UD %a! t%e #ea!e 5 ear &6 0&!!e!!i&n E#a0!e, 6r&$ ,e$an, t&
Pa'e (9 $& )01
i+. S%eri66 ta1e! 0r&0ert +. D&&r! /r&1en i6 ne*e!!ar De6en,antK! re$e,: a a Fi#e a /&n, ,&-/#e t%e a$&-nt) an, a a Gi+e *&0 t& 0#ainti66 Stran(erK! re$e, Fi#e a =r, 0art *#ai$
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
S%&-#, re$e$/er Arti*#e @[email protected] In an a*ti&n t& re*&+er &7ner!%i0) t%e 0r&0ert $-!t /e i,enti6ie,) an, t%e 0#ainti66 $-!t re# &n t%e !tren(t% &6 %i! tit#e an, n&t &n t%e 7ea1ne!! &6 t%e ,e6en,antK! *#ai$
•
+a*ate • C&$0#aint 6i#e, 4 ,a! a6ter ,e$an, ?/-i#,in(! &r 54 ,a! ?#an, • Re6er! t& an 1in, &6 #an, • It !%&-#, /e a##e(e, t%at t%e ri(%t t& 0&!!e!! %a, /een ter$inate, an, t%at t%e *&ntin-e, 0&!!e!!i&n 7a! -n#a76-# • N&t t%e re$e, i6 7%at i! !&-(%t i! !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e • De$an, Ne*e!!ar i6 t%ere i! a /rea*% N&t ne*e!!ar i6 t%e 6ie, 0eri&, -!t e0ire!
Pa'e )0 $& )01
2.
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- Accessi$ns 1- Accessi$n Discrea a- Na!ra% :r!is #- Ind!sria% : r!is cCi.i% :r!is 2- Accessi$n C$nin!a a-1 Accessi$n Ind!sria% i- B!i%der P%aner S$/er =BPS; in 3$$d :ai ii- BPS in Bad :ai iii- N$ C%aim $& O/n ersi a-2 Accessi$n Na!ra% a-( :$r Pers$na% Pr$er" i- Ad4!cni$n C$n4!nci$n ii- Mi6!re iii- Seci&icai$n ================================
C- ACCESSION ACCESSIONW i! t%e ri( %t &6 t%e &7ner &6 a t%in() rea# &r 0er!&na#) t& /e*&$e t%e &7ner &6 e+ert%in( 7%i*% i! 0r&,-*e, t%ere/) &r 7%i*% i! in*&r0&rate, &r atta*%e, t%eret&) eit%er nat-ra## &r arti6i*ia##. NOTE# It i! NOT &ne &6 t%e $&,e! &6 a*2-irin( &7ner!%i0 en-$erate, in Arti*#e >58.
U !-6r-*t 3. Lea!e &6 r-ra# #an,! 4. P#e,(e 5. A nti*%re!i!
2- ACCESSION C ONTINUA t%e eten!i&n &6 t%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 &6 a 0er!&n t& t%at 7%i*% i! in*&r0&rate, &r atta*%e, t& a t%in( 7%i*% /e#&n(! t& !-*% 0er!&n. It $a ta1e 0#a*e:
a- Wi resec $ rea% r$er" a* b*
accession natural industrial
#- Wi resec $ ers$na% r$er" i% adjunction or conjunction ii% commixtion or c onfusion iii% specification
a-1 Accessi$n Ind!sria% PRINCIPLES8 5. A**e!!&r 6&##&7! t%e 0rin*i0a#. 8. T%e in*&r0&rati&n &r -n i&n $-!t /e inti$ate t%at re$&+a# &r !e0arati&n *ann&t /e e66e*te, 7it%&-t !-/!tantia# in-r t& eit%er &r /&t%. =. G&&, 6ait% e&nerate! a 0er!&n 6r&$ 0-niti+e #ia/i#it /-t /a, 6ait% $a (i+e ri!e t& ,ire *&n!e2-en*e!. @. Ba, 6ait% &6 &ne 0art ne-tra#ie! t%e /a, 6ait% &6 t%e &t%er.
2 INDS O: ACCESSION8
4. N& &ne !%&-#, enri*% %i$!e#6 at t%e e0en!e &6 an&t%er.
1- ACCESSION D ISCRETA t%e eten!i&n &6
OBLI3ATIONS8
t%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 &6 a 0er!&n t& t%e 0r&,-*t! &6 a t%in( 7%i* % /e#&n(! t& !-*% 0er!&n. It ta1e! 0#a*e 7it% re!0e*t t&: a- NATURAL :RUITS !0&ntane&-! 0r&,-*t! &6 t%e !&i# an, t%e &-n( &6 ani$a#!. #- INDUSTRIAL :RUITS t%&!e 0r&,-*e, / #an,! &6 an 1in, t%r&-(% *-#ti+ati&n &r #a/&r. c- CIVIL :RUITS rent! &6 /-i#,in(!) t%e 0ri*e &6 #ea!e &6 #an,! an, &t%er 0r&0ert an, t%e a$&-nt &6 0er0et-a# &r #i6e ann-itie! &r &t%er !i$i#ar in*&$e.
3ENERAL RULE8 A## 6r-it! /e#&n( t& t%e &7ner &6 a t%in(. EFCEPTIONS8 =PULPA; 1. P &!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% / an&t%er
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
i-
3aered :r!is PLANTER
OWNER
Planter in 8ood aith 8*
'ee0! 6r-it!
Planter in +ad aith +*
Rei$/-r!e, 6&r e0en!e! 6&r 0r&,-*ti&n) (at%erin() an, 0re!er+ati&n ?ne*e!!ar e0en!e!
N& nee, t& rei$/-r!e t%e 0#anter &6 e0en!e! !in*e %e retain! t%e 6r-it! Get! 6r-it!) 0a 0#anter ne*e!!ar e0en!e!
Pa'e )1 $&
ii- Sandin' Cr$ s Planter in 8
Planter in +
PLANTER Rei$/-r!e, 6&r e0en!e! 6&r 0r&,-*ti&n) (at%erin() an, 0re!er+ati&n L&!e! e+ert%in(. N& ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$e nt
OWNER O7n! 6r-it! 0r&+i,e, %e 0a! 0#anter e0en!e! 6&r 0r&,-*ti&n) (at%erin() an, 0re!er+ati&n. forced co< ownership* O7n! 6r-it!
iii. R# 4sprn o Ani&%ls. ;%en t%e $a#e an, 6e$a#e ani$a#! /e#&n( t& ,i66erent &7ner!) -n,er t%e Parti,a!) t%e &7ner &6 t%e 6e$a#e 7a! *&n!i,ere, a#!& t%e &7ner &6 t%e &-n() -n#e!! t%ere i! a *&ntrar *-!t&$ &r !0e*-#ati&n. T%e #e(a# 0re!-$0ti&n) in t%e a/!en*e &6 0r&&6 t& t%e *&ntrar) i! t%at t%e *a#6) a! 7e## a! it! $&t%er /e#&n( t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e #atter) / t%e ri(%t &6 a**reti&n. US .Ca#a%%er$5 K2* Pi% (*+ T%i! i! a#!& in a**&r, 7it% t%e $ai$ pratus se;uitor "entrem ?t%e &66!0rin( 6&##&7! t%e ,a$ &r $&t%er.
Ri' $& Accessi$n /i Resec $ Imm$.a#%es T/$ dis!a#%e res!mi$ns as imr$.emens $n %and8 5. ;&r1! $a,e / t%e &7ner 8. ;&r1! $a,e at t%e &7nerK! e0en!e
OM 7 B: LO 7 B: =as i& #$ in 3:; LO 7 B: OM 7 3:
Excp!ion# OM eer*i!e! t%e ri(%t &6 re$&+a#
Be*&$e! t%e &7ner &6 t%e $ateria#! /-t %e $-!t 0a: '% @alue )% !amages
re$&+a# - 0r&+i,e, n& in-r t& t%e 7&r1 *&n!tr-*te, &r ,e!tr-*ti&n &6 t%e 0#antin(!) et*. 7i## /e *a-!e, 5. Entit#e, t& t%e ABSOLUTE ri(%t &6 re$&+a# an, ,a$a(e! ?7%et%er &r n&t !-/!tantia# in-r i! *a-!e, 8. Entit#e, t& rei$/-r!e$ent an, ,a$a(e! ?in *a!e %e *%&&!e! n&t t& re$&+e
PLANTIN3 V- SOWIN3 1.
2.
PLANTIN3W 0ertain! t& a 0erennia# 6a*t. S&$et%in( t%at 7i## (r&7 an, 0r&,-*e 6r-it! ear a6ter ear 7it%&-t %a+in( t& /e re0#ante,. SOWIN3W 0ertain! t& an ann-a# *r&0. S&$et%in( t%at 7i## (r&7 an, 0r&,-*e 6r-it! an, t%en &- 0#ant a(ain /e6&re it 7i## 0r&,-*e 6r-it! a(ain.
ESSENCE O: DISTIN3UISHMENT In 0#antin(: %aner ma" #e [email protected]!ired $ #!" e %andIn !&7 in(: s$/er ma" #e [email protected]!ired $ a" rens-
$
WHERE LAND AND MATERIALS BELON3 TO DI::ERENT OWNERS Land O/ner O/ner $& =LO; Maeria%s =OM; OM 7 Be*&$e! t%e 5. Entit#e, t& 3: &7ner &6 t%e rei$/-r!e$ent LO 7 $ateria#! /-t - 0r&+i,e, %e ,&e! 3: %e $-!t 0a 6&r n&t re$&+e t%e$ t%eir "alue. 8. Entit#e, t& Or
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e )2 $&
WHERE A PERSON BUILDS =IN 3OOD OR IN BAD :AITH; ON
THE LAND O: ANOTHER
LANDOWNER=LO; LO GF B-i#,er GF" Or LO BF B-i#,er BF ?a! i6 /&t% in GF
LO GF B-i#,er BF
BUILDER
OPTIONS: 5. A00r&0riate i$0r&+e$ent! a! %i! &7n a6ter 0ain( 6&r in,e$nit 8. C&$0e# t%e /-i#,er t& /- t%e #an, 7%ere t%e Excp!ion# /-i#,in( %a! /een /-i#t Va#-e &6 #an, Q Va#-e &6 i$0r&+e$ent! rent t& /e 0ai,
I6 /-i#,er 6ai#! t& 0a t%e rent: n& ri(%t &6 retenti&n LO entit#e, t& re$&+a# &6 i$0r&+e$ent OPTIONS: 5. A00r&0riate t%e i$0r&+e$ent! - $-!t 0a 6&r: - a. ne*e!!ar e0en!e! 6&r t%e 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e #an, - /. ,a$a(e! n& nee, t& 0a 6&r it! +a#-e &r &t%er e0en!e! 8. ri(%t t& ,e$&#i!% &r re$&+a# ,a$a(e! at t%e /-i#,erK! e0en!e
5. Ri(%t t& in,e$ni6i*ati&n a. Ne*e!!ar e0en!e!) 7 ri(%t &6 retenti&n -nti# rei$/-r!e, /. U!e6-# e0en!e!) 7 ri(%t &6 retenti&n 8. Ri(%t &6 re$&+a# i6 t%e t%in( !-66er! n& in-r) an, i6 %i! !-**e!!&r in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n ,&e! n&t 0re6er t& re6-n, t%e a$&-nt e0en,e,.
5. L&!e! 7%at i! /-i#t) 0#ante,) &r !&7n 7it%&-t ri(%t t& in,e$nit 8. Lia/i#it 6&r ,a$a(e! =. Entit#e, t& rei$/-r!e$ent 6&r t%e ne*e!!ar e0en!e! &6 0re!er+ati&n &6 #an,
=. *&$0e# t%e /-i#,er &r 0#anter t& 0a t%e 0ri*e &6 t%e #an,) an, t%e !&7er t%e 0r&0er rent ,a$a(e! 7%et%er &r n&t t%e +a#-e &6 t%e #an, i! *&n!i,era/# $&re t%an t%e +a#-e &6 t%e %&-!e
3enera% R!%e8 LO %a! n& ri(%t &6 re$&+a# &r ,e$&#iti&n. E6cei$n8 O0ti&n &6 ri(%t &6 re$&+a# i! *&$0-#!&r &n t%e 0art &6 t%e LO 7%en /-i#,er 6ai#! t& 0a. REMEDIES8 5. De$&#i!% 7%at %a! /een /-i#t) !&7n) &r 0#ante, 8. C&n!i,er 0ri*e &6 #an, a! an &r,inar $&ne ,e/t &6 t%e /-i#,er $a en6&r*e 0a$ent t%r- an &r,inar a*ti&n 6&r t%e re*&+er &6 a $&ne ,e/t ?#e+ an, ee*-ti&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
EFCEPTIONS $ e R!%e $n B!i%ders5 ec=HSBC; 1. B-i#,er) et*. ,&e! n&t *#ai$ &7ner!%i0 &+er t%e #an, /-t 0&!! e!!e! it a! mere B older & agent& usufructuary or tenantH he Dnows that the land is not his%
EFCEPTION TO THE EFCEPTION : Tenant 7%&!e #ea!e i! a/&-t t& e0ire) /-t !ti## !&7!) n&t 1n&7in( t%at t%e *r&0! 7i## n& #&n(er /e#&n( t& %i$
Pa'e )( $&
2.
3. 4.
•
A 0er!&n *&n!tr-*t! a /-i#,in( &n %i! &7n #an,) an, t%e n Sells the land but not the building to another a. n& 2-e!ti&n &6 (&&, 6a it% &r /a , 6ait% &n t%e 0art &6 t%e /-i#,er /. *an /e *&$0e##e, t& re$&+e t%e /-i#,in( *. ne7 &7n er 7i## n& t /e re2 -ire, t& 0a an in,e$nit 6&r t%e /-i#,in( B-i#,er i! a =elligerent occupant B-i#,er) et*. i! a C o
Parties: '% =and owner =O* )% +uilder& planter& sower builder* .% Owner of materials O#* • Ri's $& LO and B!i%der
same as se &$r in e a#%e • Ri's $& OM a% +ad faith i. L&!e! a## ri(%t! t& /e in,e$ni6ie, ii. Can /e #ia/#e 6&r *&n!e2-entia# ,a$a(e! ?a! 7%en t%e $ateria#! are &6 an in6eri&r 2-a#it b% 8ood faith i. Entit#e, t& rei$/-r!e$ent ii. In *a!e &6 in!&#+en* &n t%e 0art &6 t%e /-i#,er LO i! !-/!i,iari# #ia/#e) i6 %e $a1e! -!e &6 t%e $ateria#!.
RULE8 OM #ad &ai5 B!i%der #ad &ai5 LO '$$d &ai 1.
RULES WHEN LANDOWNER SELLS LAND TO A (RD PERSON WHO IS IN BAD :AITH 5. B-i#,er $-!t (& a(ain!t %i$. 8. BUT 7%en t%e = r, 0er!&n 0ai, t%e #an,&7ner: a. B-i#,er $a !ti## 6i#e a *a!e a( ain!t %i$ /. =r, 0er!&n $a 6i#e a =r, 0art *&$0#aint a(ain!t #an,&7ner
2.
Bet7een OM an, B!i%der) (&&, 6ait% $-!t (&+ern. B!i%der $-!t rei $/-r!e OM) /-t in *a!e B!i%der *ann&t 0a) LO 7i## n&t /e !-/!i,iari# #ia/#e /e*a-!e a! t& %i$) OM i! in /a, 6ait%. I6 t%e #!i%der 0a!) %e LO *ann&t a!1 rei$/-r!e$ent 6r&$ /e*a-!e a! t& LO) #!i%der i! in /a, 6ait% LO Can a!1 ,a$a(e! 6r&$ BOTH" %a! t%e *%&i*e t&: a. A00r&0riate 7%at %a! /een /-i#t a! %i! &7n i.
•
A promised to donate a property to +% + constructed his house thereon before the donation% If the property was not donated to him& can + be considered a possessor in good faith Mere 0r&$i!e t& ,&nate t%e 0r&0ert t& B *ann&t *&n+ert %i$ int& a /-i#,er in (&&, 6ait%. At t%e ti$e t%e i$0r&+e$ent 7a! /-i#t) !-*% 0r&$i!e 7a! n&t et 6-#6i##e,) /-t a $ere e0e*tan* &6 &7ner!%i0 t%at $a &r $a n&t /e rea#ie,. I6 at a##) B i! a $ere 0&!!e!!&r / t&#eran*e. A 0er!&n 7%&!e &**-0ati&n &6 a rea#t i! / t&#eran*e &6 it! &7ner! are n&t 0&!!e!!&r! in (&&, 6ait%. Hen*e) %e i! n&t entit#e, t& t%e +a#-e &6 t%e i$0r&+e$ent! /-i#t t%ere&n% Ver$na Pada> i%ari$ .- CA5 K3-R- N$- 1()(295 an!ar" 195 2000
RULES WHEN INVOLVED8
THREE
PARTIES
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
ARE
;it%&-t &6 ane0en!e! in,e$nit 6&r -!e6-#0a$ent &r ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e /-i#,in( ii. ;it% in,e$nit 6&r t%e ne*e!!ar e0en!e! 6&r t%e 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e #an, /. De$an, t%e ,e$&#iti&n at /-i#,erK! e0en!e *. C&$0e# /-i#,er t& 0a t% e 0ri*e &6 t% e #an, i. ;%et%er t%e #an, i! *&n!i,era/# $&re +a#-a/#e t%an t%e /-i#,in( &r n&t. •
A #e!!ee *ann&t /e a /-i#,er in (&&, 6ait%. He i! e!t&00e, t& ,en %i! #an,#&r,K! tit#e) &r t& a!!ert a /etter tit#e n&t &n# in %i$!e#6) /-t a#!& in !&$e t%ir, 0er!&n 7%i#e %e re$ain! in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e #ea!e, 0re$i!e! an, -nti# %e !-rren,er! 0&!!e!!i&n t%e #an,#&r,. M!nar .- CA5 K2(0 SCRAt&(?2 :rederic$ 3eminian$5
Pa'e )) $&
e a%- .- CA5 e a%-5 K3-R- N$- 120(0(5 !%" 2)5 199+ •
E!t&00e# a00#ie! e+en i6 t%e #e!!&r %a, n& tit#e at t%e ti$e. T%e re#ati&n &6 #e!!&r an, #e!!ee 7a! *reate, an, $a /e a!!erte, n&t &n# / t%e &ri(ina# #e!!&r) /-t a#!& / t%&!e 7%& !-**ee, t& %i! tit#e. A! #e!!ee!) t%e 1ne7 t%at t%eir &**-0ati&n &6 t%e 0re$i!e! 7&-#, *&ntin-e &n# 6&r t%e #i6e &6 t%e #ea!e. T%e *ann&t /e *&n!i,ere, a! 0&!!e!!&r! n&r /-i#,er! in (&&, 6ait%. RacaJa .- S!san Rea%"5 Inc-5 K1 SCRA 11?2 Vda- De Baca%in' .- La'!na5 K*) SCRA 2)( San$s .- CA5 K221 SCRA )2
•
E+en i6 t%e #e!!&r 0r&$i!e, t& !e##) it 7&-#, n&t $a1e t%e #e!!ee 0&!!e!!&r &r /-i#,er in (&&, 6ait% !& a! t& /e *&+ere, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 Art. @@9 &6 t%e NCC) i6 %e i$0r&+e! t%e #an,. T%e #atter *ann&t rai!e t%e $ere e0e*tan* &6 &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e #an, /e*a-!e t%e a##e(e, 0r&$i!e t& !e## 7a! n&t 6-#6i##e, n&r it! ei!ten*e e+en 0r&+en- =!rad$;
•
T%e &7ner &6 t%e #an, &n 7%i*% a /-i#,in( %a! /een /-i#t in (&&, 6ait% / an&t%er %a! t%e &0ti&n t& /- t%e /-i#,in( &r !e## %i! #an, t& t%e /-i# ,er) %e *ann&t re6-! e t& eer*i!e eit%er &0ti&n % Sarmien$ .A'ana5 K129 SCRA 122 =19);
•
O7ner &6 t%e #an, &n 7%i*% i$0r&+e$ent 7a! /-i#t / an&t%er in (&&, 6ait% i! entit#e, t& re$&+a# &6 i$0r&+e$ent &n# a6ter #an,&7ner *%&!e t& !e## t%e #an, an, t%e /-i#,er re6-!e, t& 0a 6&r t%e !a$e. ;%ere t%e #an,K! +a#-e i! (reater t%an t%e i$0r&+e$ent) t%e #an,&7ner *ann&t *&$0e# t%e /-i#,er t& /- t%e #an ,. A 6&r*e, #ea!e i! t%en *reate, an, t%e *&-rt !%a## 6i t%e ter$! t%ere&6 in *a!e t%e 0artie! ,i!a(ree t%ere&n% Dera .D!m%a$5 K1(+ SCRA )?* =19*;
•
T%e ri(%t t& *%&&!e /et7een a00r&0riatin( t%e i$0r&+e$ent &r !e##in( t%e #an, &n 7%i*% t%e i$0r&+e$ent &6 t%e /-i#,er) 0#anter &r !&7er !tan,!) i! (i+en t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e #an, ?n&t t% e *&-rt Ba%aan
•
I$0r&+e$ent! $a,e 0ri&r t& t%e ann&tati&n &6 t%e n&ti*e &6 lis pendens are ,ee$e, t& %a+e /een $a,e in (&&, 6ait%. A6ter !-*% ann&tati&n) P *an n& #&n(er in+&1e t%e ri(%t! &6 a /-i#,er in (&&, 6ait%. S%&-#, E &0t t& a00r&0riate t%e i$0r&+e$ent! $a,e / P) it !%&-#, &n# /e $a,e t& 0a 6&r t%&!e i$0r&+e$ent! at t%e ti$e (&&, 6ait% ei!te, t& /e 0e((e, at it! *-rrent $ar1et +a#-e. Carrasc$s$ .- CA5 K3-R- N$12(+?25 Decem#er 1)5 200*
.- CA5 K(0) SCRA () =1999;
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e )* $&
ACCESSION
Accession Discreta
Natural Fruits
Industrial Fruits
%eal
Civil Fruits
rents of buildings price of leases of "pontaneous products of the soil# $oung and other products of ani!als
Accession Continua
land &propert other a!ount of perpetual or life annuities or other si!ilar inco!e
Accession Industrial
'uilding lanting "o(ing
Accession Natural
Alluviu! Avulsion Change of course of rivers For!ation of islands
ersonal
Ad)unction* "pecification Con)unction
(ISTEP) Inclusion or engraft!ent Soldadura or soldering Te)ido or (eaving Escritura or (riting Pintura or ainting
+i,ed
co!!i,tion confusion
Accessi$n Na!ra% i- A%%!.i!m ALLUVION t%e a**reti&n 7%i*% t%e /an1! &6 ri+er! (ra,-a## re*ei+e 6r&$ t%e e66e*t! &6 t%e *-rrent &6 t%e 7ater! an, 7%i*% /e#&n( t& t%e &7ner! &6 #an,! a,&inin( t%e !ai, /an1!. ACCRETION a*t &r 0r&*e!! / 7%i*% a ri0arian #an, (ra,-a## an, i$0er*e0ti+e# re*ei+e! a,,iti&n $a,e / t%e 7ater t& 7%i*% t%e #an, i! *&nti(-&-!. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS8 5. De0&!it &r a** -$-#ati&n &6 !&i # &r !e, i$ent $-!t /e (ra,-a# an, i$0er*e0ti/#e. 8. A**reti&n re!-#t! 6r&$ t%e e66e*t! &r a*ti&n &6 t%e *-rrent &6 t%e 7ater! &6 t%e ri+er. =. T%e #an, 7%e re a** reti&n ta1 e! 0#a *e $-! t /e a,a*ent t& t%e /an1 &6 a ri+er. •
Re(i!trati&n -n,er t%e T&rren! S!te$ ,&e! n&t 0r&te*t t%e ri0arian &7ner a(ain!t t%e ,i$in-ti&n &6 t%e area &6 %i! re(i!tere, #an, t%r&-(% (ra,-a# *%an(e! in t%e *&-r!e &6 an a,&inin( !trea$. Via4ar .- CA5 K1+ SCRA )0* =19;
•
Fai#-re t& re(i!ter t%e a*2-ire, a##-+ia # ,e0&!it / a**reti&n 6&r 4 ear! !-/e*te, !ai, a**reti&n t& a*2-i!iti&n t%r&-(% 0re!*ri0ti&n / t%ir, 0er!&n!. Re"nane .- CA5 K20? SCRA ?9) =1992;
•
T%e r-#e! &n a##-+i&n ,& n&t a00# t& $an$a,e &r arti6i*ia# a**reti&n! t& #an,! t%at a,&in *ana#! &r e!ter&! &r arti6i*ia# ,raina(e !!te$. [email protected]!i%%$ .- CA5 K19* SCRA )(( =1991;
•
La7 &6 ;ater!: ART. @. Lan,! a,,e, t& t%e !%&re! / a**reti&n! an, a##-+i-$ ,e0&!it! *a-!e, / t%e a*ti&n &6 t%e !ea) 6&r$ 0art &6 t%e 0-/#i* ,&$ai n - ;%en t%e are n& #&n(er 7a!%e, / t%e 7ater! &6 t%e !ea) an, are n&t ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e! &6 0-/#i* -ti#it) &r 6&r t%e e!ta/#i!%$ent &6 !0e*ia# in,-!trie!) &r 6&r t%e *&a!t(-ar, !er+i*e) t%e G&+ern$ent !%a## ,e*#are t%e$ t& /e t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e &7ner! &6 an t%ein*re$ent e!tate! a,a*ent t%eret& an, a! t%ere&6. LanJar .- Dir- O& Lands5 K? SCRA 1*2
ii- A.!%si$n
AVULSION a**reti&n 7%i*% ta1e! 0#a*e 7%en t%e *-rrent &6 a ri+er) *ree1) &r t&rrent !e(re(ate! 6r&$ an e!tate &n it! /an1 a 1n&7n 0&rti&n an, tran!6er! it t& an&t%er e!tate) in 7%i*% *a!e) t%e &7ner &6 t%e e!tate t& 7%i*% t%e !e(re(ate, 0&rti&n /e#&n(e,) retain t%e &7ner!%i0 t%ere&6. ALLUVIUM .s- AVULSION ALLUVIUM AVULSION De0&!it &6 !&i# i! De0&!it &6 !&i# i! !-,,en (ra,-a# an, &r a/r-0t. i$0er*e0ti/#e. S&i# *ann&t /e S&i# i! i,enti6ia/#e an, i,enti6ie,. +eri6ia/#e. De0&!it &6 !&i# /e#&n(! De0&!it &6 !&i# /e#&n(! t& t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e t%e &7ner 6r&$ 7%&!e 0r&0ert t& 7%i*% it i! 0r&0ert it 7a! ,eta*%e,. atta*%e,. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS8 5. Se(re(ati&n an, tran!6er $-!t /e *a-!e, / t%e C -rrent &6 a ri+er) *ree1 &r t&rrent. 8. Se(re(ati&n an, tra n!6er $-!t /e S -,,en &r a/r-0t. =. T%e 0&rti&n &6 #an, tran!0&rte, $-!t /e n&7n &r i,enti6ia/#e. NOTE8 T%e &7ner !%&-#, re$&+e t%e tran!6erre, 0&rti&n 7it%in t7& ear!" &t%er7i!e) it /e*&$e! 0er$anent# atta*%e,. Ur$$ed Trees 5. Tree! -0r&&te, an, *arrie, a7a / t%e *-rrent &6 t%e 7ater! a. O7ner! ,& n&t *#ai$ t%e$ 7in $&! Be#&n( t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e #an, -0&n 7%i*% t%e $a /e *a!t b. O7ner! *#ai$ t%e$ &7ner! 0a t%e e0en!e! in*-rre, in (at%erin( t%e$ &r 0-ttin( t%e$ in a !a6e 0#a*e iii- Can'e $& Ri.er#ed [email protected]!isies8 5. T%ere $-!t /e a na t-ra# *%an(e in t%e *&-r!e &6 t%e 7ater! &6 t%e ri+er. 8. T%e *%an(e $-!t /e a/r-0t &r !-,,en. Ri' $& $/ner $& %and $cc!ied #" ne/ ri.er c$!rse: 5. Ri(%t t& &#, /e, i0! & 6a*t& in 0r& 0&rti&n t& area #&!t 8. O7ner &6 a,&inin( #an, t& &#, /e,: ri(%t t& a*2-ire t%e !a$e / 0ain( it! +a#-e Va#-e n&t t& e*ee, t%e +a#-e &6 area &**-0ie, / ne7 /e,
Ne/ Ri.er Banna.i'a#%e $r N$n> &%$aa#%e Ri.ers8 1. I!#an, t& t%e &7ner! &6 t%e $ar(in! &r /an1! &6 t%e ri+er neare!t t& ea*% &6 t%e$. 2. I6 in t%e MIDDLE &6 t%e ri+er ,i+i,e, #&n(it-,ina## in %a#+e! a-( :$r Pers$na% Pr$er" i- Ad4!nci$n C$n4!nci$n ADUNCTION OR CONUNCTION W I! a 0r&*e!! 7%ere/ t7& $&+a/#e t%in(! &7ne, / ,i66erent 0er!&n! are &ine, t&(et%er 7it%&-t /a, 6ait%) in !-*% a 7a t%at t%e 6&r$ a !in(#e &/e*t. [email protected]!isies8 5. T%e t7& t%in(! /e#&n( t& ,i66erent &7ner!. 8. T%e6&r$a !in(#e &/e*t. =. T%e are in!e0ara/#e" t%at t%eir !e0arati&n 7&-#, i$0air t%eir nat-re &r re!-#t in !-/!tantia# in-r t& eit%er *&$0&nent. CLASSES O: ADUNCTION8 =ISTEP; 5. Inc%!si$n ?en(ra6t$ent i.e. !ettin( a 0re*i&-! !t&ne &n a (&#,en rin( 8. S $%dad!ra ?!&#,erin( i.e. &inin( a 0ie*e &6 $eta# t& an&t%er $eta# :er!minai$ !a$e $eta# a. P%!m#a!ra ,i66erent $eta#! /. =. Te4id$ ?7ea+in( @. E scri!ra ?7ritin( 4. P in!ra ?0aintin( a. O7ner &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#: a. B #a7 /e*&$e! t%e &7ner &6 t% e re!-#tin( &/e*t
/. In,e$ni6ie! t%e &7ner &6 t%e a**e!!&rie! 6&r t%e +a#-e! t%ere&6.
Tes T$ Deermine Princia%8 5. R-#e &6 i$0&rtan*e an, 0-r0&!e 8. Greater +a#-e I6 t%e are &6 -ne2-a# +a#-e =. Greater +&#-$e I6 t%e are &6 e2-a# +a#-e @. Greater $erit! Wen Searai$n A%%$/ed8 5. Searai$n /i$! in4!r" 8. Searai$n /i in4!r" a**e!!&r i! $-*% $&re 0re*i&-! t%an t%e 0rin*i0a#" t%e &7ner &6 t%e 6&r$er $a ,e$an, it! !e0arati&n e+en t%&-(% t%e 0rin*i0a# $a !-66er in-r. =. O/ner $& rincia% in #ad &ai
OP 3: OA 3:
7 7
Or OP 7 B: OA 7 3: OP 73: OA 7 B: OP B: OA 3:
7 7
RULES AS TO OWNERSHIP OWNER O: OWNER O: PRINCIPAL ACCESSOR, =OA; =OP; A*2-ire! t%e Ma ,e$an, a**e!!&r re0arati&n: in,e$ni6ie! a. I6 n& in-r 7i## /e t%e 6&r$er *a-!e, &7ner 6&r it! /. I6 +a#-e &6 +a#-e a**e!!&r i! (reater t%an 0rin*i0a# e+en i6 ,a$a(e! 7i## /e *a-!e, t& 0rin*i0a# ?e0en!e! i! t& t%e &ne 7%& *a-!e, t%e *&n-n*ti&n 5. O7n! t%e 5. L&!e! t%e t%in( a**e!!&r in*&r0&rate, 8. Ri(%t t& 8. In,e$ni6 t%e ,a$a(e! OP 6&r t%e ,a$a(e! OP $a %a+e !-66ere, 5. Pa OA Ri(%t t& *%&&!e +a#-e &6 /et7een a**e!!&r &r 5. OP 0ain( %i$ 8. Prin*i0a# it! +a#-e &r an, a**e!!&r 8. T%at t%e t%in( /e !e0arate, /e#&n(in( t& %i$ /e PLUS !e0arate, e+en Lia/i#it 6&r t%&-(% it /e ,a$a(e! ne*e!!ar t& ,e!tr& t%e 0rin*i0a# t%in(
ii- Mi6!re MIFTUREW ta1e! 0#a*e 7%en t7& &r $&re t%in(! /e#&n(in( t& ,i66erent &7ner! are $ie, &r *&$/ine, t& !-*% etent t%at t%e *&$0&nent! #&!e t%eir i,entit.
INDS8 5. COMMIFTION $it-re &6 !&#i, t%in(! 8. CON:USION $it-re &6 #i2-i, t%in(! RULES8 5. Mit-re / t%e 7i## &6 t%e &7ner! α. Ri(%t! (&+erne, / !ti0-#ati&n! β. ;it%&-t !ti0-#ati&n: ea*% a*2-ire! a ri(%t &r intere!t in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e +a#-e &6 %i! $ateria# 8. Mit-re *a-!e, / an &7 ner in GF &r / *%an*e a. Ea*% !%are !%a## !ti## /e in 0r& 0&rti&n t& t%e +a#-e &6 t%eir t%in( =. Mit-re *a-!e, / &7ner in BF a. T%e a*t&r 6&r6eit! %i! t%in( /. Lia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! iii- Seci&icai$n SPECI:ICATION W i$0artin( &6 a ne7 6&r$ t& t%e $ateria# /e#&n(in( t& an&t%er" &r t%e $a1in( &6 t%e $ateria# &6 an&t%er int& a t%in( &6 a ,i66erent 1in,. RULES8 1. ;%en t%e $a1er ?*&n!i,ere, 0rin*i0a# i! in GF a. Ma a00r&0riate /-t $-!t in,e$ni6 t%e &7ner &6 t%e $ateria# /. Ma n&t a00r&0riate 7%en $ateria# tran!6&r$e, Q ne7 t%in(. T%e OM $a: i. A00r&0riate t%e ne7 t%in( !-/e*t t& t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 7&r1) &r ii. De$an, in, e$nit 6&r t%e $ateria# 7it% ,a$a(e! /. ;%en t%e $a1er i! in BF a. OM *an a00r&0riate t%e 7&r1 7it%&-t 0ain( 6&r t%e #a/&r &r in,-!tr /. OM *an ,e $an, in ,e$nit 0#-! ,a$a(e! *. OM *ann&t a00r&0riate i6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 7&r1 i! *&n!i,era/# $&re t%an t%e +a#-e &6 t%e $ateria# ,-e t& arti!ti* &r !*ienti6i* i$0&rtan*e COMPARISON O: THE ( T,PES O: ACCESSION O: MOVABLES ADUNCTION MIFTURE SPECI:ICATION In+&#+e! at In+&#+e! at In+&#+e! at #ea!t 8 #ea!t 8 t%in(! #ea!t 8 t%in(! t%in(! A! a r-#e) A! a r-#e) A! a r-#e) a**e!!&r *& a**e!!&r 6&##&7! 6&##&7! &7ner!%i0 0rin*i0a#
0rin*i0a# T%e t%in(! &ine, retain t%eir nat-re
re!-#t! Ma eit%er retain &r #&!e re!0e*ti+e nat-re!
T%e ne7 &/e*t retain! &r 0re!er+e! t%e nat-re &6 t%e &ri(ina# &/e*t
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- !iein' Ti%e ================================ UIETIN3 O: TITLE W i! a re$e, &r 0r&*ee,in( 7%i*% %a! 6&r it! 0-r0&!e an a,-,i*ati&n t%at a *#ai$ &6 tit#e t& rea#t &r an intere!t t%ere&n) a,+er!e t& t%e 0#ainti66) i! in+a#i, &r in&0erati+e) &r &t%er7i!e ,e6e*ti+e an, %en*e) t%e 0#ainti66 an, t%&!e *#ai$in( -n,er %i$ $a 6&re+er /e 6ree &6 an %&!ti#e *#ai$. Reas$ns8 1- Pre+ent #iti(ati&n 2- Pr&te*t tr-e tit#e 0&!!e!!i&n (- Rea# intere!t &6 /&t% 0artie! 7%i*% re2-ire! t%at 0re*i!e !tate &6 tit#e /e 1n&7n ACTION TO UIET TITLE 5. P-t! an en, t& +e ati&-! #iti(ati&n in re! 0e*t t& 0r&0ert in+&#+e," 0#ainti66 a!!ert! %i! &7n e!tate (enera## ,e*#are! t%at ,e6en,antK! *#ai$ i! 7& 6&-n,ati&n 8. Re$e,ia# =. UASI IN REM !-it! a(ain!t a 0arti*-#ar 0er!&n &r 0er!&n! in re!0e*t t& t%e re! Ma n&t /e /r&-(%t 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 !ett#in( a /&-n,ar ,i!0-te! @. A00#i*a/#e t& rea# 0r& 0ert &r an intere!t t%erein. T%e #a7) %&7e+er) ,&e! n&t e*#-,e 0er!&na# 0r&0ert 6r&$ a*ti&n! t& 2-iet tit#e. 4. An a*ti&n t& 2-iet tit#e /r&-(%t / t%e 0e r!&n in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert i! IMPRESCRIPTIBLE. . I6 %e i! n &t in 0&!!e!!i&n) %e $-!t in+&1e %i! re$e, 7it%in t%e 0re!*ri0ti+e 0eri&,. C%assi&icai$ns: 5. Re$e,ia# a*ti&n t& re$&+e *#&-, &n tit#e 8. Pre+enti+e a*ti&n t& 0re+ent t%e *a!tin( &6 a ?t%reatene, *#&-, &n t%e tit#e. [email protected]!isies8 =TICR; 5. P#ainti66 $-!t %a+ e a %e'a% $r [email protected]!ia#%e Ti%e $r ineres in t%e rea# 0r&0ert 8. C%$!d in !-*% tit#e
=. S-*% *#&-, $-!t /e ,-e t& !&$e Insr!men5 rec$rd5 c%aim5 enc!m#rance $r r$ceedin' 7%i*% i!: a a00arent# +a#i, / /-t i! in tr-t% in+a# i,) ine66e*ti+e) +&i,a/#e &r -nen6&r*ea/#e * 0re-,i*ia# t& t%e 0#ainti66K! tit#e @. P#ainti66 $-!t Re!rn t& t%e ,e6en,ant a## /ene6it! re*ei+e, 6r&$ t%e #atter &r rei$/-r!e %i$ 6&r e0en!e! t%at $a %a+e re,&-n,e, t& %i! /ene6it
NO APPLICATION TO8 5. <-e!ti&n! in+&#+in( inter0retati&n &6 ,&*-$ent! 8. Mere 7ritten &r &ra# a!!erti&n! &6 *#ai$!) EFCEPT a. I6 $a,e in a #e(a# 0r&*ee,in( /. I6 it i! /e in( a!!erte, t%at t%e in!tr-$ent &6 entr in 0#ainti66K! 6a+&r i! n&t 7%at it 0-r0&rt! t& /e =. B&-n,ar ,i!0-te! @. Dee,! / !tran(er! t& t%e tit#e UNLESS 0-r0&rtin( t& *&n+e t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e 0#ainti66 4. In!tr-$ent! in+a#i, &n t%eir 6a*e . ;%ere t%e +a# i,it &6 t%e in! tr-$ent in+&#+e! 0-re 2-e!ti&n! &6 #a7 ACTION TO REMOVE CLOUD 5. Inten,e, t& 0r&*-re *an*e##ati&n) ,e#i+er) re#ea!e &6 an in!tr-$ent) en*-$/ran*e) &r *#ai$ *&n!tit-tin( a &n 0#ainti66K! tit#e 7%i*% $a /e -!e , t& in -re &r +e %i$ in t%e en&$ent &6 %i! tit#e 8. Pre+enti+e CLOUDi! a !e$/#an*e &6 tit#e) eit%er #e(a# &r e2-ita/#e) &r a *#ai$ &r a ri(%t in rea# 0r&0ert) a00earin( in !&$e #e(a# 6&r$ /-t 7%i*% i!) in 6a*t) in+a#i, &r 7%i*% 7&-#, /e ine2-ita/#e t& en6&r*e.
E6isence $& C%$!d8 =AIP; 5. In!tr-$ent &r re*&r, &r *#ai$ &r en*-$/ran*e &r 0r&*ee,in( 7%i*% i! A 00arent# +a#i, &r e66e*ti+e In+a#i, ) 8. BUT i!) in tr-t% an, in 6a*t) ine66e*ti+e) +&i,a/#e) &r -nen6&r*ea/#e) &r etin(-i!%e, ?&r ter$inate, &r /arre, / etin*ti+e 0re!*ri0ti&n =. Ma /e Pre-,i*ia# t& t%e tit#e DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACTION :OR UIETIN3 O: TITLE AND ACTION :OR REMOVAL O: CLOUD BASIS ACTION TO ACTION TO UIET TITLE REMOVE CLOUD
Purpose
T& en, +eati&-! #iti(ati&n in re!0e*t t& t%e 0r&0ert *&n*erne,
Nature
P#ainti66 a!!ert! &7n *#ai$ an, ,e*#are! t%at t%e *#ai$ &6 t%e ,e6en,ant i! -n6&-n,e, an, *a##! &n t%e ,e6en,ant t& -!ti6 %i! *#ai$ &n t%e 0r&0ert t%at t%e !a$e $a /e ,eter$ine, / t%e *&-rt
Pr&*-re *an*e##ati&n) re#ea!e &6 an in!tr-$ent) en*-$/ran*e &r *#ai$ in t%e 0#ainti66K! tit#e 7%i*% a66e*t! t%e tit#e &r en&$ent &6 t%e 0r&0ert P#ainti66 ,e*#are! %i! &7n *#ai$ an, tit#e) an, at t%e !a$e ti$e in,i*ate! t%e !&-r*e an, nat-re &6 t%e ,e6en,antK! *#ai$) 0&intin( it! ,e6e*t! an, 0ra! 6&r t%e ,e*#arati&n &6 it! in+a#i,it
E6ce8 In &ne *a!e) a 0ie*e &6 #an, 7a! &7ne, / a! a %-!/an, an, 7i6e) an, it 7a! &66ere, 6&r /ai#. T%e ee*-te, a $&rt(a(e in t%e #an, in 6a+&r &6 t%e C&-rt. Later &n) t%e #an, 7a! 6&re*#&!e, an, t%e State 7a! t%e !&#e /i,,er. Dee, &6 Sa#e 7a! i!!-e, in 6a+&r &6 t%e State. T%e &7ner &6 t%e #an, *&-#, n&t re,ee$ it. B-t t%e State ,i, n&t *%an(e t%e tit#e t& /e -n,er it! na$e. Man ear! a6ter t%at) t%e %eir! &6 t%e *&-0#e /r&-(%t an a*ti&n t& 2-iet tit#e. T%e S-0re$e C&-rt ,enie, t%e *#ai$. T%e C&-rt 6ai#-re &6 t%e State t& %a+e it re(i!tere, ,&e! n&t $ean t%at t%e tit#e i! in+a#i,. T%e C&-rt a#!& %e#, t%at t%e ri(%t 6&r a*ti&n t& 2-iet tit#e i! i$0re!*ri0ti/#e so long as the plaintiff is in possession of the property% R!in$!s B!i%din's and Trees in Dan'er $& :a%%in' Lia#i%i" &$r dama'es8 5. C&##a0!e en(ineer) ar*%ite*t &r *&ntra*t&r 8. C&##a0!e re!-#tin( 6r&$ t&ta# &r 0artia# ,a$a(e" n& re0air $a,e &7ner" !tate $a *&$0e# %i$ t& ,e$&#i!% &r $a1e ne*e!!ar 7&r1 t& 0re+ent i6 6r&$ 6a##in( =. I6 n& a*ti&n ,&ne / (&+ern$ent at e0en!e &6 &7ner •
T& *&n!tit-te an Ac $& 3$d: [email protected]!isies8 5. T%e *a-!e &6 t%e /rea*% &6 &/#i(ati&n $-!t /e in,e0en,ent &6 t%e 7i## &6 t%e ,e/t&r
8. T%e e+ent $-!t /e eit%er -n6 &re!eea/#e &r -na+&i,a/#e =. T%e e+ent $-! t /e !-*% a! t& re n,er it i$0&!!i/#e 6&r t%e ,e/t&r t& 6-#6i## %i! &/#i(ati&n in a n&r$a# $anner @. T%e ,e/t&r $-!t /e 6ree 6&r$ an 0arti*i0ati&n in) &r a((ra+ati&n &6 t%e in-r t& t%e *re,it&r% Na<i% .- CA5 K1)) SCRA *9* =19+;
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
E-1C$>$/nersi - E%emens 2- H$/ Creaed (- Ri's $& C$>$/ners a- O/nersi $.er W$%e Pr$er" #- Sa%e A%ienai$n i- O& Indi.id!a% Ineres ii- O& Enire Pr$er" iii- Redemi$n #" O er C$ > $/ners i.- Prescrii$n c- Bene&is :r! is In eres Inc$me d- Use P$ssessi$n e- Mana'emen Adminisrai$n )- Parii$n a- Demanda#%e A n"ime #- Pr$i#ii$n &$r Indi.isi$n *- O#%i'ai$ns $& C$ >$/ners +- Terminai$n ================================
3. 3.
S-**e!!i&n 4. F&rt-it&-! e+ent*%an*e ?i.e.) *&$$iti&n 5. O**-0an* ?i.e.)8 0er!&n! *at*% a 7i#, ani$a# 6. D&nati&n
inds $& C$>$/nersi8 5. Or,inar ri(%t &6 0artiti&n ei!t! 8. C&$0-#!&r n& ri(%t 0artiti&n ei!t! ?0art 7a## =. Le(a# *reate, / #a7 @. C&ntra*t-a# *reate, / *&ntra*t 4. Uni+er!a# &+er -ni+er!a# t%in(! ?*&%eir! . Sin(-#ar &r Parti*-#ar &+er 0arti*-#ar &r !0e*i6i* t%in( >. In*i,enta# ei!t! in,e0en,ent# &6 t%e 7i## &6 t%e 0artie!
DISTIN3UISHED :ROM PARTNERSHIP BASIS =egal personality
Create, / *&ntra*t &r &t%er t%in(!
Purpose
C&##e*ti+e en&$ent &6 a t%in( A(ree$ent 6&r it t& ei!t 6&r 5 ear! +a#i, ?I6 $&re t%an 5 ear!) t%e e*e!! i! +&i,
Term
CO>OWNERSHIP Wi! a 6&r$ &6 &7ner!%i0 7%i*% ei!t! 7%ene+er an -n,i+i,e, t%in( &r ri(%t /e#&n(! t& ,i66erent 0er!&n!.
2- HOW CREATED 1. La7 2. C&ntra*t!
OWNE RSHIP N& #e(a# 0er!&na#it
/ource
E- CO>OWNERSHIP
1- ELEMENTS 5. P#-ra#it &6 !-/e*t! $an &7ner! 8. O/e*t &6 &7ner!%i0 $-!t /e -n,i+i,e, =. Re*&(niti&n &6 i ,ea# !%are!" n& &ne i! a n &7ner &6 a !0e*i6i* 0&rti&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert -nti# it i! 0artiti&ne,.
CO>
1epresentatio n
Effect of death
/ubstitution
PARTNERSH IP Ha! #e(a# &r -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it Create, / *&ntra*t &n# ?e0re!! &r i$0#ie, Pr&6it N& ter$ #i$it !et / #a7
NOTE8 8 ear! i! t%e $ai$-$ i6 i$0&!e, / t%e te!tat&r &r ,&nee &6 t%e *&$$&n 0r&0ert A! a r-#e) n& $-t-a# re0re!entati&n
A! a r-#e) t%ere i! $-t-a#
N&t ,i!!&#+e, / ,eat% &r in*a0a*it &6 a *&&7ner Can ,i!0&!e &6
re0re!entati& n Di!!&#+e, / t%e ,eat% &r in*a0a*it &6 a 0artner Cann&t
%i! !%are 7it%&-t *&n!ent &6 &t%er! Profits
M-!t a#7a! ,e0en, &n 0r&0&rti&nate !%are!
!-/!tit-te an&t%er a! 0artner in %i! 0#a*e 7it%&-t *&n!ent &6 &t%er! Ma /e !ti0-#ate, -0&n
DISTIN3UISHED :ROM OINT TENANC, BASIS /hares
!isposal of shares
Effect of death
Effect of disability
CO> OWNERSHIP In+&#+e! a 0%!i*a# 7%&#e. B-t t%ere i! an i,ea# ?a/!tra*t ,i+i!i&n" ea*% *&&7ner /ein( t%e &7ner &6 %i! i,ea# !%are Ea*% *&&7ner $a ,i!0&!e &6 %i! i,ea# &r -n,i+i,e, !%are ?7it%&-t /&-n,arie! 7it%&-t t%e &t%erK! *&n!ent !%are (&e! t& %i! &7n %eir!
I6 a *&&7ner i! a $in&r) t%i! ,&e! n&t /ene6it t%e &t%er! 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 0re!*ri0ti&n) an, 0re!*ri0ti&n t%ere6&re r-n! a(ain!t t%e$
iii-
Ea*% *&&7ner $a n&t ,i!0&!e &6 %i! &7n !%are 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 a## t%e re!t) /e*a-!e %e rea## %a! n& i,ea# !%are !%are (&e! / a**reti&n t& t%e &t%er &int tenant! / +irt-e &6 t%eir !-r+i+&r!%i0 &r jus accrecendi I6 &ne &inttenant i! -n,er #e(a# ,i!a/i#it ?#i1e $in&rit) t%i! /ene6it! t%e &t%er a(ain!t 7%&$ 0re!*ri0ti&n 7i## n&t r-n
#- Sa%e A%ienai$n iO& Indi.id!a% I neres Ri(%t t& a#ienate) a!!i(n &r $&rt(a(e &7n 0art" e*e0t 0er!&na# ri(%t! #i1e ri(%t t& -!e an, %a/itati&n
O& Enire Pr$er" Redemi$n $/ners
#"
Oer
C$>
Ri' $& redemi$n i. Ri(%t t& /e a, -,i*ate, t%in( ?!-/e*t t& ri(%t &6 &t%er! t& /e in,e$ni6ie, ii. Ri(%t t& !% are in 0r &*ee,! &6 !a# e &6 t%in( i6 t%in( i! in,i+i!i/#e an, t%e *ann&t a(ree t%at it /e a##&tte, t& &ne &6 t%e$
OINT TENANC, In+&#+e! a 0%!i*a# 7%&#e. B-t t%ere i! n& i,ea# ?a/!tra*t ,i+i!i&n" ea*% an, a## &6 t%e$ &7n t%e 7%&#e t%in(
(- RI3HTS O: CO>OWNERS a- O/nersi $.er W$%e Pr$er"
o
ii-
NOTE8 •
•
i.-
T& /e eer*i!e, 7in =,a! 6r&$ 7ritten n&ti*e &6 !a#e &6 -n,i+i,e, !%are &6 an&t%er *&&7ner t& a !tran(er Re,e$0ti&n &6 t%e 7%&#e 0r&0ert / a *&&7ner ,&e! n&t +e!t in %i$ !&#e &7ner!%i0 &+er !ai, 0r&0ert. Re,e$0ti&n 7it%in t%e 0eri&, 0re!*ri/e, / #a7 / a *& &7ner 7i## in-re t& t%e /ene6it &6 a## *&&7ner!. Hen*e) it 7i## n&t 0-t an en, t& ei!tin( *& &7ner!%i0. Marian$ .- CA5 K222 SCRA ?(+ =199(;
Prescrii$n
3enera% R!%e > A *&&7ner *ann&t a*2-ire t%e 7%&#e a! a(ain!t t%e &t%er *& &7ner! 0r&0ert / a*2-i!iti+e 0re!*ri0ti&n.
E6cei$n Ghen there is +a#i, re0-,iati&n 0re!*ri0ti&n !%a## !tart 6r&$ !-*% re0-,iati&n E6cei$n $ e E6ce i$n > In *&n!tr-*ti+e tr-!t!) 0re!*ri0ti&n ,&e! n&t r-n i.
A *&&7ner *ann&t !e## t%e 0r&0ert 7it%&-t t%e &t%er *&&7ner!K *&n!ent) &t%er7i!e) t%e !e##in( *&&7nerK! !%are !%a## /e t%e &n# &ne +a#i,. Pa!%mian .CA5 K21* SCRA ++ =1992;
ii.
;%i#e t%e %-!/an, i! t%e re*&(nie, a,$ini!trat&r &6 t%e *&n-(a# 0r&0ert -n,er t%e Ci+i# C&,e) t%ere are in!tan*e! 7%en t%e 7i6e $a a!!-$e a,$ini!trati+e 0&7er! &r a!1 6&r t%e !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert. ;%ere t%e %-!/an, i! a/!ent an, in*a0a/#e &6 a,$ini!terin( t%e *&n-(a# 0r&0ert) t%e 7i6e $-!t /e e0re!!# a-t%&rie, / t%e %-!/an, &r !ee1 -,i*ia# a-t%&rit t& a!!-$e 0&7er! &6 a,$ini!trati&n. T%-!) an tran!a*ti&n entere, / t%e 7i6e
at 7it%&-t t%e *&-rt &r t%e %-!/an,K! a-t%&rit i! -nen6&r*ea/#e. Bein( an -nen6&r*ea/#e *&ntra*t) t%e 8 n, C&ntra*t i! !-!*e0ti/#e t& rati6i*ati&n. T%e %-!/an, *&ntin-e, re$ittin( 0a$ent! 6&r t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n -n,er t%e 2-e!ti&ne, *&ntra*t. T%e!e a*t! *&n!tit-te rati6i*ati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t. :a#ri'as .- San :rancisc$5 K3-R- N$1*2()+5 N$.- 2*5 200*
c-
Bene&is :r!is Ineres Inc$me Ri(%t t& /ene6it! 0r&0&rti&na# t& re!0e*ti+e intere!t i. Sti0-#ati&n t& *&ntrar i! +&i, Ri(%t t& 6-## &7ner!%i0 &6 %i! 0art an, 6r-it!
o
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Mana'emen Adm inisrai$n o
Ri(%t t& *%an(e 0-r0&!e &6 *& &7ner!%i0 / a(ree$ent
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Ri(%t in ee*t$ent in /e%a#6t& &6/rin( &t%er a*ti&n *&&7ner Ri(%t t& *&$0e# *&&7ner! t& *&ntri/-te t& ne*e!!ar e0en!e! 6&r 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%in( an, tae! Ri(%t t& ee$0t %i$!e#6 6r&$ &/#i(ati&n &6 0ain( ne*e!!ar e0en!e! an, tae! / ren&-n*in( %i! !%are in t%e pro indi"iso intere!t" /-t *anKt /e $a,e i6 0re-,i*ia# t& *&&7ner!%i0 Ri(%t t& $a1e re0air! 6&r 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%in(!" *an /e $a,e at 7i## &6 &ne *&&7ner" re*ei+e rei$/-r!e$ent t%ere6r&$" n&ti*e &6 ne*e!!it &6 !-*% re0air! $-!t /e (i+en t& *&&7ner!) i6 0ra*ti*a/#e Ri(%t t& a!1 6&r 0artiti&n anti$e Ri(%t &6 0ree$0ti&n
)- PARTITION a- Demanda#%e An"ime 3enera% R!%e8 N& *&&7ner !%a## /e &/#i(e, t& re$ain in t%e *&&7ner!%i0. Ea*% *&&7ner $a
an ti$e ,e$an, t%e 0artiti&n &6 t%e t%in( &7ne, in *&$$&n) in!&6ar a! %i! !%are i! *&n*erne,.
#- Pr$i#ii$n &$r Indi.isi$n E6cei$n > A *&&7ner $a n&t !-**e!!6-## ,e$an, a 0artiti&n: 5. I6 / a (ree$ent ? 6&r a 0eri&, n &t e*ee,in( 5 ear!) rene7a/#e 0artiti&n i! 0r&%i/ite, 8. ;%en 0 artiti&n i ! 0 r&%i/ite, / a ,&n&r &r te!tat&r ?6&r a 0eri&, n&t e*ee,in( 8 ear! 6r&$ 7%&$ t%e 0r&0ert *a$e =. ;%en 0artiti&n i! 0r&%i/ite, / #a7 @. ;%en a 0%!i*a# 0 artiti&n 7 &-#, ren,er t%e 0r&0ert -n!er+i*ea/#e) /-t in t%i! *a!e) t%e 0r&0ert $a /e a##&tte, t& &ne &6 t%e *&&7ner!) 7%& !%a## in,e$ni6 t%e &t%er!) &r it 7i## /e !&#,) an, t%e 0r&*ee,! ,i!tri/-te, 4. ;%en t%e #e(a# nat-re &6 t%e *&$$&n 0r&0ert ,&e! n&t a##&7 0artiti&n REUISITES O: REPUDIATION8 aa Une2-i+&*a# a*t! &6 re0-,iati&n &6 t%e *& &7ner!%i0 a$&-ntin( t& an &-!ter &6 t%e &t%er *&&7ner! aa P&!iti+e a*t! &6 re0-,iati&n %a+e /een $a,e n&7n a a E+i,en*e i! *#ear an, *&n*#-!i+e a a O0en) *&ntin-&-!) e*#-!i+e) n&t&ri&-! 0&!!e!!i&n
*- OBLI3ATIONS O: CO>OWNERS 5. S%are in *%ar(e! 0r&0&rti&na# t& re!0e*ti+e intere!t" !ti0-#ati&n t& *&ntrar i! +&i, 8. Pa ne*e!!ar e0en!e! an, tae! $a /e eer*i!e, / &n# &ne *&&7ner =. Pa -!e6-# an, #--ri&-! e0en!e! i6 ,eter$ine, / $a&rit @. D-t t& &/tain *&n!ent &6 a## i 6 t%in( i! t& /e a#tere, e+en i6 /ene6i*ia#" re!&rt t& *&-rt i6 n&n*&n!ent i! $ani6e!t# 0re-,i*ia# 4. D-t t& &/tain *&n!ent &6 $a&rit 7it% re(ar,! t& a,$ini!trati&n an, /etter en&$ent &6 t%e t%in(" $a&rit $ean! $a&rit in t%e intere!t n&t in t%e n-$/er &6 *&&7ner!" *&-rt inter+enti&n i6 0re-,i*ia# a00&int$ent &6 a,$ini!trat&r . N& 0re!*ri0ti&n t& r-n in 6a+ &r *&& 7ner a! #&n( a! %e re*&(nie! t%e *&&7ner!%i0" re2-i!ite! 6&r a*2-i!iti&n t%r&-(% 0re!*ri0ti&n ι. He %a! re0-,iate, t%r&-(% -ne2-i+&*a# a*t! ιι. S-*% a*t &6 re0-,iati&n i! $a,e 1n&7n t& &t%er *&&7ner!
ιιι. E+i,en*e $-!t /e *#ear an, *&n+in*in( >. C&&7ner! *ann&t a!1 6&r 0% !i*a# ,i+i!i&n i6 it 7&-#, ren,er t%in( -n!er+i*ea/#e" /-t *an ter$inate *&&7ner!%i0 9. A6ter 0artiti&n) ,-t t& ren,er $-t-a# a**&-ntin( &6 /ene6it! an, rei$/-r!e$ent! 6&r e0en!e! . Un,er Art. @= &6 t%e NCC) ea* % *&&7ner %a! 6-## &7ner!%i0 &6 %i! 0art an, &6 t%e 6r-it! an, /ene6it! 0ertainin( t%eret&) an, %e $a a#ienate) a!!i(n &r $&rt(a(e t%e 0&rti&n 7%i*% $a /e a##&tte, t& %i$ -0&n t%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e *&&7ner!%i0. It a00ear! t%at 7%i#e t%ere i! a !in(#e *erti6i*ate &6 tit#e) t%e t%ree #&t! are ,i!tin(-i!%a/#e 6r&$ ea*% &t%er.
RI3HTS O: (RD PARTIES 5. Cre,it&r! &6 a!! i(nee! $a ta 1e 0ar t in ,i+i!i&n an, &/e*t i6 /ein( e66e*te, 7it%&-t t%eir *&n*-rren*e) /-t *ann&t i$0-(n -n#e!! t%ere i! 6ra-, &r $a,e n&t7it%!tan,in( t%eir 6&r$a# &00&!iti&n 8. N&ninter+en&r! retain ri(%t! &6 $&rt(a(e an, !er+it-,e an, &t%er rea# ri(%t! an, 0er!&na# ri(%t! /e#&n(in( t& t%e$ /e6&re 0artiti&n 7a! $a,e
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS :- C$nd$mini!m Ac =RA )?2+; ================================ CONDOMINIUM an intere!t in rea# 0r&0ert *&n!i!tin( &6 a !e0arate intere!t in a -nit in a re!i,entia#) *&$$er*ia# &r in,-!tria# /-i#,in( an, an -n,i+i,e, intere!t in *&$$&n) ,ire*t# &r in,ire*t#) in t%e #an, &n 7%i*% it i! #&*ate, an, in &t%er *&$$&n area! &6 t%e /-i#,in(. a. An tran!6er &r *&n+ean*e &6 a -nit &r an a0art$ent &66i*e &r !t&re &r &t%er !0a*e t%erein !%a## in*#-,e t%e tran!6er an, *&n+ean*e &6 t%e -n,i+i,e, intere!t in t%e *&$$&n area! &r in a 0r&0er *a!e) t%e $e$/er!%i0 &r !%are%&#,in(! in t%e *&n,&$ini-$: 0r&+i,e, %&7e+er) t%at 7%ere t%e *&$$&n area! in t%e *&n,&$ini-$ 0r&e*t are %e#, / t%e &7ner! &6 !e0arate -nit! a! *&&7ner! t%ere&6) n& *&n,&$ini-$ -nit t%erein !%a## /e *&n+ee, &r tran!6erre, t& 0er!&n! &t%er t%an Fi#i0in& *itien! &r *&r0&rati&n! at #ea!t &6 t%e *a0ita# !t&*1 &6 7%i*% /e#&n( t& Fi#i0in& *itien!) e*e0t in *a!e! &6 %ere,itar !-**e!!i&n.
3enera% R!%e : C&$$&n area! !%a## re$ain -n,i+i,e,) an, t%ere !%a## /e n& -,i*ia# 0artiti&n t%ere&6 E6cei$ns 5. ;%en t% e 0r&e*t %a! n&t /een re/ -i#t &r re0aire, !-/!tantia## t& it! !tate 0ri&r t& it! ,a$a(e &r ,e!tr-*ti&n = ear! a6ter ,a$a(e &r ,e!tr-*ti&n 7%i*% ren,ere, a $ateria# 0art t%ere&6 -n6it 6&r -!e" 8. ;%en ,a$a(e &r ,e!tr-*ti&n %a! ren,ere, &r $&re &6 t%e -nit! -ntena/#e an, t%at t%e *&n,&$ini-$ &7ner! %&#,in( $&re t%an = intere!t in t%e *&$$&n area! are &00&!e, t& re!t&rati&n &6 t%e 0r&e*t!" =. ;%en t%e 0r &e*t %a! /ee n in ei!ten*e 6&r $&re t%an 4 ear!) an, t%e *&n,&$ini-$ &7ner! %&#,in( in a((re(ate $&re t%an 4 intere!t in t%e *&$$&n area! are &00&!e, t& re!t&rati&n) re$&,e#in( &r $&,erniin(" @. ;%en a 0r&e*t &r a $at eria# 0art t%ere&6 %a! /een *&n,e$ne, &r e0r&0riate, an, t%e 0r&e*t i! n& #&n(er +ia/#e &r t%at t%e *&n,&$ini-$ &7ner! %&#,in( in a((re(ate $&re t%an > intere!t in t%e *&$$&n area! are &00&!e, t& t%e *&ntin-ati&n &6 t%e *&n,&$ini-$ re(i$e. 4. ;%en *&n,iti&n! 6&r 0artiti&n / !a#e !et 6&rt% in t%e ,e*#arati&n &6 re!tri*ti&n! ,-# re(i!tere, %a+e /een $et.
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 3- P$ssessi$n 1- E%emens 2- inds (- [email protected]!iremensT$ Ri en in $ O/nersi )- [email protected]!isii.e Pre scrii$n *- Ri's $& Le'a% Pr$cess$r a- Peace&!% Uninerr !ed P$ssessi$n i- C$>$ssessi$n ii- Aci$ns in Case $& Deri.ai$n $& P$ssessi$n #- :r!is i- Ci.i% :r!is ii- Na!ra% Ind!sria% :r!is iii- Pendin' :r!is c- Indemni" &$r E6enses Imr$.emens i- Necessar" ii- Use&!% iii- L!6!ri$!s i.- P$ssessi$n #" Lessee
+- Prescrii$n $& !s Ti%e a- Wen A %ica#%e #- Meanin' $& !s Ti%e ?- P$ssessi$n $& M$.a#%es a- Wen L $s #- Un%a/&!% Deri.ai$n - L$ss $& P$ssessi$n ================================ POSSESSION i! t%e %&#,in( &6 a t%in( &r en&$ent &6 a ri(%t
ELEMENTS
5. a.
O**-0an* a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e ?corpus /. Intent t& 0&!!e!! ?animus possidendi *. M-!t /e / +irt-e &6 &neK! &7n ri(%t
E6en $& P$ssessi$n8 5. P%!i*a#a*t-a# &**-0an* in 6a*t &6 t%e 7%&#e &r at #ea!t !-/!tantia## t%e 7%&#e 8. C&n!tr-*ti+e &**-0an* in 0art in t%e na$e &6 t%e 7%&#e -n,er !-*% *ir*-$!tan*e! t%at t%e #a7 eten,! t%e &**-0an* t& t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 7%&#e S!#4ec $& $ssessi$n8 t%in(! &r ri(%t! 7%i*% are !-!*e0ti/#e &6 /ein( a00r&0riate, E6cei$ns8 5. Re! *&$$-ne! 8. Pr&0ert &6 0-/#i* ,&$ini&n =. Di!*&ntin-&-! !er+it-,e! @. N&na00arent !er +it-,e! DE3REES O: POSSESSION8 aa H&#,in( 7& tit#e an, in +i&#ati&n &6 ri(%t &6 &7ner ?(ra$$ati*a# ,e(ree Ex% possession of a thief aa P&!!e!!i&n 7it% -ri,i*a# tit#e /-t n&t t%at &6 &7ner ?-ri,i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n Ex% that of a lessee& pledge& depositary aa P&!!e!!i&n 7it% -!t tit#e /-t n&t 6r&$ tr-e &7ner ?0&!!e!!&r ri(%t Ex% A in goo d faith buys a car from + who deli"ers the same to A but + merely pretended to be the owner a a
P&!!e!!i&n 7it% -!t tit#e 6r&$ tr-e ACUISITION O: POSSESSION :ROM THE VIEWPOINT O: WHO POSSESSES8 5. Pers$na% [email protected]!isies8 a. Intent t& 0&!!e!!
/. Ca0a*it t& 0&!!e!! *. O/e*t $-!t /e *a0a/#e &6 /ein( 0&!!e!!e, 8. Tr! a!$riJed ers$n =a'en $r %e'a% reresenai.e; [email protected]!isies8 a. Intent t& 0&!! e!! 6&r 0rin*i0a# ?n&t 6&r a(ent /. A-t%&rit &r *a0a*it t& 0&!!e!! ?6&r an&t%er *. Prin*i0a# %a! intent an, *a0a*it t& 0&!!e!! =. Tr! Una!$riJed ers$n =#! $n%" i&
s!#[email protected]!en%" rai&ied; [email protected]!isies8 a. Intent t& 0&!!e!! 6&r an&t%er ?t%e 0rin*i0a# /. Ca0a*it &6 0rin*i0a# t& 0&!!e!! *. Rati6i*ati&n / 0 rin*i0a# 2- REUIREMENTSTO RIPEN INTO
OWNERSHIP C%asses $& P$ssessi$n8 5. In * &n*e0t &6 $/ner &7ner %i$!e#6 &r a,+er!e 0&!!e!!&r E&&ecs8 A. Ma /e *&n+erte, int& &7n er!%i0 t%r&-(% a*2-i!iti+e 0re!*ri0ti&n B. Brin( a*ti&n! ne*e!!ar t& 0r&te*t 0&!!e!!i&n C. A!1 6&r in!*ri0ti&n &6 0&!!e!!i&n D. De$an, 6r-it! an, ,a$a(e! 6r&$ &ne -n#a76-## ,etainin( 0r&0ert 8. In *&n*e0t & 6 $%der -!-6r-*t) #e!!ee) /ai#ee in *&$$&,at-$ =. In $nese%& 0er!&na# a*2-i!iti&n A. $-!t %a+e *a0a*it t& a*2-ire 0&!!e!!i&n B. intent t& 0&!!e!! C. 0&!!i/i#it t& a*2-ire 0&!!e!!i&n @. In na$e &6 an$er a(ent" !-/e*t t& a-t%&rit an, rati6i*ati&n i6 n&t a-t%&rie," negotiorum gestio A. @oluntary F a! 7%en an a(ent 0&!!e!!e! 6&r t%e 0rin*i0a# B. Necessary F a! 7%e n a $&t%er 0&!!e!!e! 6&r a *%i#, !ti## in t%e $aterna# 7&$/ C. ,nauthori$ed F t%i! 7i## /e*&$e t%e 0rin*i0a#K! 0&!!e!!i&n &n# a6ter t%ere %a! /een a rati6i*ati&n 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& t%e e66e*t! &6 negotiorum gestio •
P&!!e!!i&n an, &7ner!%i0 are ,i!tin*t #e(a# *&n*e0t!. Ownership confers certain rights to the owner ) a$&n( 7%i*% are t%e ri(%t t& en& t%e t%in ( &7ne,
an, t%e ri(%t t& e*#-,e &t%er 0er!&n! 6r&$ 0&!!e!!i&n t%ere&6. On t%e &t%er %an,) possession is ,e6ine, a! the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right% Litera##) t& 0&!!e!! $ean! t& a*t-a## an, 0%!i*a## &**-0 a t%in( 7it% &r 7it%&-t a ri(%t. T%-!) a 0er!&n $a /e ,e*#are, an &7ner /-t %e $a n&t /e entit#e, t& 0&!!e!!i&n. Heirs $& R$man S$rian$ .- CA5 K(+( SCRA + =2001;
)- ACUISITIVE PRESCRIPTION POSSESSOR IN 3OOD :AITH i! &ne 7%& i! n&t a7are t%at t%ere ei!t a 6#a7 in t%e tit#e &r $&,e 7* in+a#i,ate! it. POSSESSOR IN BAD :AITH i! &ne 7%& i! a7are &6 ,e6e*t. N$es $n 3$$d :aiBad :ai • Mi!ta1e -0&n a ,&-/t6-#,i66i*-#t 2-e!ti&n &6 #a7 $a /e t%e /a!i! &6 (&&, 6ait% • G&&, 6ait% i! a#7a! 0re!-$e,. B-r,en &6 0r&&6 #ie! &n t%e &ne a##e(in( /a, 6ait% • P&!!e!!i&n i! 0re!-$e, t& /e en&e, in t%e !a$e *%ara*ter in 7%i*% it i! a*2-ire,) -nti# *&ntrar i! 0r&+en. Wa"s $& [email protected]!irin' P$ssessi$n 5. Maeria% $cc!ai$n $r e6ercise $& a ri' a. :RA/C/4 =RE'/ 9A 7%en &ne a#rea, in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 a t%in( / a tit#e &t%er t%an &7ner!%i0 *&ntin-e! t& 0&!!e!! t%e !a$e -n,er a ne7 tit#e) t%at &6 &7ner!%i0 /. :RA/C/4 C4:/::9 ;4E4R/9H 7%en t%e &7ner *&ntin-e! in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert a#ienate, n&t a! &7ner /-t in !&$e &t%er *a0a*it. /. B" e s!#4eci$n $& e in' $r ri' $ $!r /i%% a. :RA/C/4 ?4GA 9A e66e*te, / $ere *&n!ent &r a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie! /. :RA/C/4 /9=4?/CA e66e*te, / ,e#i+erin( an &/e*t ?!-*% a! 1e !$/&#iin( t%e 0#a*in( &6 &ne t%in( -n,er t%e *&ntr&# &6 t%e +en,ee *. B" r$er acs and %e'a% &$rma%iies esa#%ised &$r [email protected]!irin' s!c ri' $& $ssessi$n
POSSESSION THROU3H SUCCESSION
5. P&!!e!!i&n &6 %ere,itar 0r&0ert: a. I6 ACCEPTED ,ee$e, tran!$itte, 7& interr-0ti&n 6r&$ $&$ent &6 ,eat% b. I6 NOT ACCEPTED ,ee$e, ne+e r t& %a+e 0&!!e!!e, t%e !a$e 8. E*e0t 6r&$ ,ate &6 ,eat% &6 ,e*e,ent.
E::ECTS O: BAD :AITH O: DECEDENT ON HEIR 5. Heir !%a## n&t !-66er t%e *&n!e2-en*e! &6 t%e 7r&n(6-# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e ,e*e,ent ?/a, 6ait% i! 0er!&na# EFCEPTION8 7%en %e /e*&$e! a7are &6 t%e 6#a7! a66e*tin( t%e ,e*e,entK! tit#e 8. Interr-0ti&n &6 (&&, 6ait% $a ta1e 0#a*e at t%e ,ate &6 !-$$&n! &r t%at &6 t%e an!7er i6 t%e ,ate &6 !-$$&n! ,&e! n&t a00ear. HO;EVER) t%ere i! a *&ntrar +ie7 e!0&-!in( t%at !-$$&n! i! in!-66i*ient t& $a1e t%e 0&!!e!!&r in /a, 6ait%. 3. E66e*t! &6 0&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% *&-nte, &n# 6r&$ t%e ,ate &6 t%e ,e*e,entK! ,eat% MINORSINCAPACITATED8 5. Ma a*2-ire MATERIAL 0&! !e!!i&n /-t n&t ri(%t t& 0&!!e!!i&n" 8. Ma &n# a*2-ire t%e$ t%r&-(% (-ar,ian &r #e(a# re0re!entati+e! ACUISITION8 *ann&t /e a*2-ire, t%r&-(% 6&r*e &r inti$i,ati&n 7%en a 0&!!e!!&r &/e*t! t%eret& re!&rt t& *&-rt! •
T%e ee*-ti&n &6 a ,ee, &6 !a#e i! $ere# a 0ri$a 6a*ie 0re!-$0ti&n &6 ,e#i+er &6 0&!!e!!i&n &6 a 0ie*e &6 rea# 0r&0ert) 7%i*% i! ,e!tr&e, 7%en t%e ,e#i+er i! n&t e66e*te, /e*a-!e &6 a #e(a# i$0e,i$ent. Sai, *&n!tr-*ti&n &r !$/&#i* ,e#i+er) /ein( $ere# 0re!-$0ti+e) $a /e ne(ate, / t%e 6ai#-re &6 t%e +en,ee t& ta1e a*t-a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e #an, !&#,. C$!"$c .- De S$%a5 K3-R- N$- 1*1(225 Oc$#er 2+5 200+
*- RI3HTS O: LE3AL POSSESSOR a- Peace&!% Uninerr!ed P$ssessi$n o
o
Ri(%t t& /e re!0e*te, in %i! 0&!!e!!i&n" i6 ,i!t-r/e, 0r&te*te, / $ean! e!ta/#i!%e, / #a7" !0&#iati&n P&!!e!!i&n a*2-ire, an, en&e, in *&n*e0t &6 &7ner *an !er+e a! tit#e 6&r a*2-i!iti+e 0re!*ri0ti&n
o
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• P&!!e!!i&n %a! t& /e in *&n*e0t &6 &7ner) 0-/#i*) 0ea*e6-# an, -ninterr-0te, • Tit#e !%&rt &6 &7ner!%i0 Le(a# 0re!-$0ti&n &6 -!t tit#e ?0ri$a 6a*ie 6&r 0er!&n in *&n*e0t &6 &7ner P&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# 0r&0ert 0re!-$e! t%at $&+a/#e! are in*#-,e,
i- C$>$ssessi$n C&0&!!e!!&r! ,ee$e, t& %a+e e*#-!i+e# 0&!!e!!e, 0art 7%i*% $a /e a##&tte, t& %i$" interr-0ti&n in 7%&#e &r in 0art !%a## /e t& t%e 0re-,i*e &6 a##
ii- Aci$ns in Case $& Deri.ai$n $& P$ssessi$n #- :r!is
/. I6 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% re6-!e! /arre, 6r&$ in,e$ni6i*ati&n in &t%er $anner
c- Indemni" &$r E6enses Imr$.emens
=.
&+er t%in( -n#e!! ne*e!!ar e0en!e! 0ai, / &7ner N&t entit#e, t& 0a$ent 6&r #--ri&-! e0en!e /-t $a re$&+e t%e$ 0r&+i,e, 0rin*i0a# i! n&t in-re, 0r&+i,e, &7ner ,&e! n&t re6-n, t%e a$&-nt e0en,e,
@. I$ 0r&+e$ent! *a-!e, / nat-re &r ti$e t& in-re t& t%e /ene6it &6 0er!&n 7%& %a! !-**ee,e, in re*&+erin( 0&!!e!!i&n 4. ;i#, ani$a#! 0&!!e!!e, 7%i#e in &neK! *&ntr&#" ,&$e!ti*ate, 0&!!e!!e, i6 t%e retain %a/it &6 ret-rnin( /a*1 %&$e . One 7%& re*&+er!) a**&r,in( t& #a7) 0&!!e!!i&n -n-!t# #&!t i! ,ee$e, t& %a+e en&e, it 7& interr-0ti&n
Lia#i%iies D!ies O& P$ssess$rs 5. Ret-rn &6 6r -it! i6 in /a, 6ait% 6r-it! 8. #e(iti$ate Bear *&!t &60&!!e!!&r #iti(ati&n *&-#, %a+e re*ei+e, =. P&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% n&t #ia/#e 6&r #&!! &r ,eteri&rati&n &r #&!! e*e0t 7%en 6ra-, an, ne(#i(en*e inter+ene, @. P&!!e!!&r in /a, 6ai t% #ia/#e 6&r #& !! &r ,eteri&rati&n e+en i6 *a-!e, / 6&rt-it&-! e+ent 4. Per!&n 7%& re*&+er! 0&!!e!!i&n n&t &/#i(e, t& 0a 6&r i$0r&+e$ent! 7%i*% %a+e *ea!e, t& ei!t at t%e ti$e &6 &**-0ati&n
3enera% R!%e R# possssion %s % %c!# P&!!e!!i&n a! a 6a*t *ann&t /e re*&(nie, at t%e !a$e ti$e in t7& ,i66erent 0er!&na#itie! E6cei$ns8 5. C&0&!!e!!&r t%ere i! n& *&n6#i*t &6 intere!t) /&t% &6 t%e$ a*tin( a! *&&7ner!) a! in t%e *a!e &6 0r&0ert &7ne, &r 0&!!e!!e, in *&$$&n 8. P&!!e!!i&n &6 ,i66erent *&n*e0t! &r ,i66erent ,e(ree!
SUMMAR, O: RULES ON NECESSAR, USE:UL LUFURIOUS POSSESSION POSSESSION B, LESSEE BASIS
I: IN 3OOD :AITH
I: IN BAD :AITH
Necessary Expenses
,seful expenses
=uxurious or Ornamenta l Expenses
5. Ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$en t 8. Ri(%t &6 retenti&n 5. Ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$en t &6 eit%er t%e a$&-nt !0ent &r t%e in*rea!e in +a#-e 0#-! +a#-e at &7nerK! &0ti&n ?art. [email protected] 8. Ri(%t &6 retenti&n -nti# 0ai, =. Ri(%t &6 re$&+a# ?0r&+i,e, n& !-/!tantia# ,a$a(e &r in-r i! *a-!e, t& t%e 0rin*i0a#) re,-*in( it! +a#-e UNLESS t%e 7inner ?&7ner &r #a76-# 0&!!e!!&r eer*i!e! t%e &0ti&n in ?5 In (enera#) n& ri(%t t& re6-n, &r retenti&n /-t *an re$&+e i6 n& !-/!tantia# in-r i! *a-!e,. H&7e+er) &7ner %a! OPTION t& a##&7: a. P&!!e!!&r t& re$&+e /. Or retain 6&r %i$!e#6 ?t%e &7ner t%e &rna$ent / re6-n,in( t%e a$&-nt !0ent ?art. [email protected]
Ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$ent n& ri(%t &6 retenti&n
5. On *a0ita# *%ar(e, t& &7ner Taxes and 0harges
8. On 6r-it! *%ar(e, t& 0&!!e!!&r
5. On *a0ita# *%ar(e, t& &7ner 8. On 6r-it! *%ar(e, t& &7ner
P&!!e!!&r $-!t ret-rn +a#-e &6 6r-it! a#rea, re*ei+e, a! 7e##
N& ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$ent
1egarding gathered or se"ered fruits
T& 0&!!e!!&r
0ulti"ation expenses of gathered fruits F n&t rei$/-r!e, t& In (enera#) n& ri(%t &6 re6-n, &r retenti&n /-t *an re$&+e i6 n& !-/!tantia# in-r i! *a-!e,. H&7e+er) &7ner %a! OPTION t& a##&7: 5. P&!!e!!&r t& re$&+e 8. Or retain 6&r %i$!e#6 ?t%e &7ner t%e &rna$ent / re6-n,in( t%e +a#-e it %a! at t%e ti$e &7ner enter! int& 0&!!e!!i&n ?art. [email protected]
1egarding pending or ungathered fruits
0&!!e!!&r 0r&ratin( /et7een 0&!!e!!&r an, &7ner &6 e0en!e!) net %ar+e!t) an, *%ar(e!
a! +a#-e 6r-it! 7%i*% t%e&6&7ner &r #e(iti$ate 0&!!e!!&r ?n&t t%e 0&!!e!!&r in BF *&-#, %a+e re*ei+e, 7it% ,-e *are &r ,i#i(en*e) MINUS ne*e!!ar e0en!e! 6&r *-#ti+ati&n) (at%erin() an, %ar+e!tin() t& Rei$/-r!e, t& 0&!!e!!&r
T& &7ner
Production expenses of pending fruits F in,e$nit 0r& rata t& 0&!!e!!&r: ?&7nerK! &0ti&n $&ne a##&7in( 6-## *-#ti+ati&n an, (at%erin( &6 a## 6r-it!" i6 0&!!e!!&r
Impro"eme nts no longer existing =iability for accidental loss or deterioratio n Impro"eme nts due to time or nature
re6-!e,) %e !%a## #&!e a## t%e ri(%t t& /e in,e$ni6ie, in an &t%er $anner. N& rei$/-r!e$en t On# i6 a*tin( 7 6ra-,-#ent intent &r ne(#i(en*e) a6ter !-$$&n! T& &7ner &r #a76-# 0&!!e!!&r
N& in,e$nit
5. G &&, 6ait% 8. O7ner +&#-ntari# 0arte, 7it% t% e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e t%in( =. In t%e *&n*e0t &6 &7ner a. P&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6a it% E2-i+a#ent t& tit#e /. One 7%& %a! #&!t &r %a! /een -n#a76-## ,e0ri+e, &6 it $a re*&+er t%e t%in( 6r&$ 7%&$e+er 0&!!e!!e! it) &r,inari#) 7& rei$/-r!e$ent. *. O7ner $-!t 0r&+e: i. O7ner!%i0 &6 t%e t%in( ii. L&!! &r -n#a76-# ,e0ri+ati&n &r /a, 6ait% &6 t%e 0&!!e!!&r NOTE8 O7ner a*t! ne(#i(ent# &r +&#-ntari# 0art! 7 t%e t%in( &7ne, *ann&t re*&+er 6r&$ 0&!!e!!&r
N& rei$/-r!e$ent
Lia/#e in e+er *a!e
T& &7ner &r #a76-# 0&!!e!!&r
R!%es in case $& c$n&%ic $r dis!e re'ardin' $ssessi$n 5. Pre!ent 0&!!e!!&r !%a## /e 0re6erre, 8. I6 /&t% are 0re!ent) t%e &ne #&n(er in 0&!!e!!i&n =. I6 /&t% /e(an t& 0&!! e!! at t%e !a$ e ti$e) t%e &ne 7%& 0re!ent ?&r %a! tit#e @. I6 /&t% 0re!ent a tit#e) t%e C&-rt 7i## ,eter$ine. ?Meanti$e) t%e t%in( !%a## /e -,i*ia## ,e0&!ite,. A NOTICE O: LIS PENDENS is r$er in e &$%%$/in' cases8 =PORC>; 5. A*ti&n t& r e*&+er 0&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# e!tate 8. A*ti&n t& @-iet tit#e t%eret& =. A*ti&n t& re$&+e c#&-,! t%ere&n @. A*ti&n 6&r artiti&n 4. An $t%er 0r&*ee,in(! &6 an 1in, in C&-rt ,ire*t# a66e*tin( t%e tit#e t& t%e #an, &r t%e -!e &r &**-0ati&n t%ere&6 &6 t%e /-i#,in(! t%ere&n
SUMMAR, O: RECOVER, OR NON> RECOVER, PRINCIPLE O7ner $a5. 6r&$ 0 &!!e!!&r i n / a, re*&+er 7it%&-t 6ait% rei$/-r!e$ent8. 6r&$ 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% ?i6 &7ner %a, #&!t t%e 0r&0ert &r /een -n#a76-## ,e0ri+e, &6 it t%e a*2-i!iti&n /ein( 6r&$ a 0ri+ate 0er!&n art. 44 O7ner $a i6 0&!!e!!&r a*2-ire, re*&+er /-t t%e &/e*t in (&&, 6ait% at !%&-#, a 0-/#i* !a#e &r a-*ti&n" REIMBURSE t%e &7ner t& 0a t%e 0ri*e 0&!!e!!&r O7ner *ann&t 5. re*&+er) e+en i6 %e &66er! t& rei$/-r!e ?7%et%er &r n&t t%e &7ner %a, #&!t &r /een -n#a76-## ,e0ri+e, 8.
0ai,. i6 0&!!e!!&r %a, a*2-ire, it in (&&, 6ait% / 0-r*%a!e 6r&$ a $er*%antK! !t&re) &r in 6air!) &r $ar1et! in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e C&,e &6 C&$$er*e an, !0e*ia# #a7! i6 &7ner i! / %i! *&n,-*t 0re*#-,e, 6r&$ ,enin( t%e !e##erK! a-t%&rit t& !e## =. i6 !e##er %a! +&i,a/#e tit#e 7%i*% %a! n&t /een a+&i,e, at t%e ti$e &6 !a#e t& t%e /-er in (&&, 6ait% 6&r +a#-e an, 7it%&-t n&ti*e &6 t%e !e##er! ,e6e*t in tit#e @.
+- PRESCRIPTION O: UST TITLE ?- POSSESSION O: MOVABLES [email protected]!isies8
i6 re*&+er i! n& #&n(er 0&!!i/#e /e*a-!e &6 0re!*ri0ti&n 4. i6 !a#e i! !an*ti&ne, / !tat-t&r &r -,i*ia# a-t%&rit
.
i6 0&!!e!!&r %a, &/taine, t%e (&&,! /e*a-!e %e 7a! an inn&*ent 0-r*%a!er 6&r +a#-e an, %&#,er &6 a ne(&tia/#e ,&*-$ent &6 tit#e t& t%e (&&,!
ANIMALS WILD ANIMALS 0&!!e!!&r i! t%e &ne 7%& %a! *&ntr&# &+er t%e$ DOMESTICATED AND TAMED ANIMALS t%e 0&!!e!!&r ,&e! n&t #&!e 0&!!e!!i&n a! #&n( a! %a/it-a## t%e ret-rn t& t%e 0&!!e!!&rK! 0re$i!e! NOTE: F&r &7ner!%i0) t%e &7ner $-!t *#ai$ t%e$ 7it%in 8 ,a! 6r&$ t%eir &**-0ati&n / an&t%er 0er!&n
L$ss O& P$ssessi$n8 =PALA; 5. A/an,&n$ent &6 t%e t%in( ren-n*iati&n &6 ri(%t" intent t& #&!e t%e t%in( 8. A !!i(n$ent $a,e t& an&t%er / &ner&-! &r (rat-it&-! tit#e =. De!tr-*ti&n &r t&ta# %&!! &6 t%e t%in( &r t%in( 7ent &-t &6 *&$$er*e @. P&!!e!!i&n &6 an&t%er i6 ne7 0&!!e!!i&n #a!te, #&n(er t%at 5 ear ?0&!!e!!i&n a! a 6a*t" rea# ri(%t &6 0&!!e!!i&n n&t #&!t e*e0t a6ter 5 ear!
- LOSS O: POSSESSION Acs N$ A&&ecin' P$ssessi$n8 ?n&t ,ee$e, a/an,&n$ent &6 ri(%t!" 0&!!e!!i&n n&t interr-0te, 5. A*t! $ere# t&#erate, 8. C#an,e!tine an, -n1n&7n a*t! =. A*t! &6 +i&#en*e P$ssessi$n N$ L$s Wen8 8. E+en 6& r ti$e /e in( %e $a n&t 1n&7 t% eir 7%erea/&-t!) 0&!!e!!i&n &6 $&+a/#e i! n&t ,ee$e, #&!t =. ;%en a(ent en*-$/ere, 0r&0ert 7it%&-t e0re!! a-t%&rit e*e0t 7%en rati6ie, @. P&!!e!!i&n $a !ti## /e re*&+ere,: a. Un#a76-## ,e0ri+e, &r #&!t /. A*2-ire, a t 0 -/#i* ! a#e i n ( &&, 6ait% 7it% rei$/-r!e$ent *.
Pr&+i!i&n &6 ,i!0&!e #a7 ena/#in( t%ei! a00arent &7ner t& a! i6 %e &7ner ,. Sa#e -n,er &r,er &6 t%e *&-rt e. P-r*%a!e! $a,e at $er*%ant !t&re!) 6air! &r $ar1et! 6. Ne(&tia/#e ,&*-$ent &6 tit#e
P$ssessi$n [email protected]!i.a%en T$ Ti%e8 5. P&!!e!!i&n i! in (&&, 6ait% 8. O7ner %a! +&#-ntari# 0arte, 7it% t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e t%in( P&!!e!!&r i! in *&n*e0t &6 an &7ner
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS H- USU:RUCT 1- Na!reE%emens
2- A%icai$n $ Pers$na% and Rea% Pr$eries (- H$/ c$ nsi!ed )- Ri's $& e Us !&r!c!ar" a- :r!is #- P$ssessi$n and en4$ "mens c- Lease $& r$er" d- Sa%eA%ienai$n $& Us!&r!c!ar" ri's *- O#%i'ai$ns $& e Us!&r!c!ar" a- Be&$re e Us!&r!c c$mmences #- D!rin' e Us!&r!c i- A%erai$n $& &$rm and s!#sance ii- E6ercise $& di%i'ence iii- Reairs i.and Ta6es .- Car' Ins!raes nce +- Terminai$n $& Us !&r!c ================================ USU:RUCT i! t%e ri(%t t& en& t%e 0r&0ert &6 an&t%er 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 0re!er+in( it! 6&r$ an, !-/!tan*e) -n#e!! t%e tit#e *&n!tit-tin( it &r t%e #a7 &t%er7i!e 0r&+i,e! !asi>!s!&r!c i! t%e -!-6r-*t 0ertainin( t& i$$&+a/#e!. 1- NATUREELEMENTS Caracerisics $r E%emens 5. E!!entia# t%&!e 7it%&-t 7%i*% it *ann&t /e ter$e, -!-6r-*t a. A rea# ri(%t ?7%et%er re(i!tere, in t%e Re(i!tr &6 Pr&0ert &r n&t /. O6 a t e$0&rar n at-re & r ,-rati&n *. P-r0&!e: t& en& t%e /ene6it! an, ,eri+e a## a,+anta(e! 6r&$ t%e &/e*t
a! a *&n!e2-en*e &6 n&r$a# -!e &r e0#&itati&n 8. Nat-ra# t%at 7%i*% &r,inari# i! 0re!ent) /-t a *&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n *an e#i$inate it /e*a-!e it i! n&t e!!entia# a. O/#i(ati&n & 6 * &n!er+in( & r 0re!er+in( t%e 6&r$ an, !-/!tan*e ?+a#-e &6 t%e t%in( =. A**i,enta# t%&!e 7%i*% $a /e 0re!ent &r a/!ent ,e0en,in( -0&n t%e !ti0-#ati&n &6 t%e 0artie! a. ;%et%er it /e a 0-re &r a *&n,iti&na# -!-6r-*t /.
ei!t
*.
0reator
Origin
Can /e *reate, &n# / t%e &7ner) &r / a ,-# a-t%&rie, a(ent) a*tin( in /e%a#6 &6 t%e &7ner Ma /e *reate, / #a7) *&ntra*t) #a!t 7i##) &r 0re!*ri0ti&n
T%e n-$/er &6 ear! it 7i##
;%et%er it i! in 6a+&r &6 &ne 0er!&n &r !e+era#) et*
DISTIN3UISHED :ROM EASEMENT BASIS Object
Extent
0o"erag e
Effect of death
USU:RUCT Ma /e rea# &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert. Can a#!& /e &n ri(%t!) /-t n&t 0er!&na# ri(%t! ;%at *an /e en&e, %ere are a## -!e! an, 6r-it! &6 t%e 0r&0ert Cann&t /e *&n!tit-te, &n an ea!e$ent" /-t it $a /e *&n!tit-te, &n t%e #an, /-r,ene, / an ea!e$ent U!-a## etin(-i!%e, / ,eat% &6 -!-6r-*t-ar
EASEMENT In+&#+e! &n# rea# 0r&0ert 0ause
Li$ite, t& a 0arti*-#ar -!e 1epairs Ma /e *&n!tit-te, in 6a+&r &r) &r /-r,enin() a 0ie*e &6 #an, %e#, in -!-6r-*t
N&t etin(-i!%e, / t%e ,eat% &6 t%e &7ner &6 t%e ,&$inant e!tate
DISTIN3UISHED :ROM LEASE USU:RUCT LEASE C&+er! a## 6r-it! Genera## *&+er! an, -!e! a! a &n# a 0arti*-#ar &r r-#e !0e*i6i* -!e Nature A#7a! a rea# A rea# ri(%t &n# i6) ri(%t a! in t%e *a!e &6 a #ea!e &+er rea# 0r&0ert) t%e #ea!e i! re(i!tere,) &r i! 6&r $&re t%an 5 ear) &t%er7i!e) it i! &n# a 0er!&na# BASIS Extent
Taxes
As to other things
T%e &7ner i! $&re &r #e!! 0a!!i+e) an, %e a##&7! t%e -!-6r-*t-ar t& en& t%e t%in( (i+en in -!-6r-*t T%e -!-6r-*t-ar %a! t%e ,-t t& $a1e t%e &r,inar re0air! T%e -!-6r-*t-ar 0a! 6&r t%e ann-a# *%ar(e! an, tae! &n t%e 6r-it! A -!-6r-*t-ar $a #ea!e t%e 0r&0ert it!e#6 t& an&t%er
ri(%t T%e #e!!&r $a &r $a n&t /e t%e &7ner a! 7%en t%ere i! a !-/ #ea!e &r 7%en t%e #e!!&r i! &n# a -!-6r-*t-ar Ma /e *reate, a! a r-#e &n# / *&ntra*t" an, / 7a &6 e*e0ti&n / #a7 ?a! in t%e *a!e &6 an i$0#ie, ne7 #ea!e) &r 7%en a /-i#,er %a! /-i#t in (&&, 6ait% &n t%e #an, &6 an&t%er a /-i#,in() 7%en t%e #an, i! *&n!i,era/# 7&rt% $&re in +a#-e t%an t%e /-i#,in( T%e &7ner &r #e!!&r i! $&re &r #e!! a*ti+e) an, %e $a1e! t%e #e!!ee en& t%e t%in( /ein( #ea!e, T%e #e!!ee (enera## %a! n& ,-t t& 0a 6&r re0air! T%e #e!!ee (enera## 0a! n& tae!
T%e #e!!ee *ann&t *&n!tit-te a -!-6r-*t &n t%e 0r&0ert #ea!e,
INDS8 As $ Ori'in a. Le(a# *reate, / #a7 !-*% a! -!-6r-*t &6 0arent! &+er t%e 0r&0ertie! &6 t%eir *%i#,ren /. V&#-ntar &r *&n+enti&na# i. Create, / 7i## &6 t%e 0artie! inter "i"os ii. Create, mortis causa *. Mie, 0art# *reate, / #a7 an , 0art# / 7i##
,. Pre!*ri0ti+e i! &ne a*2-ire, / a t%ir, 0er!&n t%r&-(% *&ntin-&-! -!e &6 t%e -!-6r-*t 6&r t%e 0eri&, re2-ire, / #a7
As $ @!ani" $r e6en a. A! t& 6r-it! i. T&ta# ii. Partia# /. A! t& etent i. Uni+er!a# i6 &+er t%e entire 0atri$&n ii. Parti*-#arSin(-#ar i6 &n# in,i+i,-a# t%in(! are in*#-,e, As $ e n!m#e r $& ers$ns en4$"in' e ri' a. Si$0#e i6 &n# &ne -!-6r-*t-ar en &! t%e ri(%t /. M-#ti0#e i6 !e+e ra# -!-6r-*t-arie! en& t%e ri(%t i. Si$-#tane&-! at t%e !a$e ti$e ii. S-**e!!i+e &ne a6ter t%e &t%er BUT) in t%i! *a!e) i6 t%e -!-6r-*t i! *reate, / ,&nati&n) a## t%e ,&nee! $-!t /e a#i+e) &r at #ea!t a#rea, *&n*ei+e,) at t%e ti$e &6 t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e ,&nati&n.
As $ e @!a%i" $r
8. U! -6r-*t CANNOT /e *&n!tit-te, &n an &/e*t !-/e*t t& P#e,(e =. U!-6r-*t *an /e *&n!tit-te, &n an &/e*t !-/e*te, 0re+i&-!# t& a Lea!e. @. U!-6r-*t-ar *an #ea!e &-t t%e 0r&0ert t& &t%er 0artie! 4. U!-6r-*t-ar *an *&n!tr-*t i$0r&+e$ent! &+er 0r&0ert !-/e*t t& -!-6r-*t
(- HOW CONSTITUTED H$/ $ c$nsi!e Us!&r!c 5. Le(a# #a7! U!-6r-*t /-t i! n&t e +i,ent in t&,aK! 8. A*t Inter @i"os =. B Pre!*ri0ti&n
)- RI3HTS O: USU:RUCTUAR, a- :r!is #- P$ssessi$n and en4$"mens Ri' $ ci.i%5 na!ra% ind!sria% &r!is $& r$er" =jus runi and jus u!ni; a. Ci+i# Fr-it! a**r-e ,ai# I. Be#&n( t& t %e - !-6r-*t-ar i n 0r&0&rti&n in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e ti$e t%e -!-6r-*t $a #a!t II. B&t% ! t&*1 , i+i,en,! a n, * a!% ,i+i,en,! are *&n!i,ere, *i+i# 6r-it! /. In,-!tria# an, Nat-ra# Fr-it! I. Fr-it! 0en,in( at the beginning &6 t%e -!-6r-*t Be#&n( t& t%e -!-6r-*t-ar N& ne*e!!it &6 re6-n,in( t%e &7ner 6&r e0en!e! in*-rre,) ?6&r t%e &7ner (a+e t%e -!-6r-*t e+i,ent# 7it%&-t an t%&-(%t &6 /ein( rei$/-r!e, 6&r t%e 0en,in( 6r-it!) &r /e*a-!e t%e +a#-e &6 !ai, 6r-it! $-!t %a+e a#rea, /een ta1en int& *&n!i,erati&n in 6iin( t%e ter$! an, *&n,iti&n! &6 t%e -!-6r-*t) i6 6&r in!tan*e) t%e -!-6r-*t *a$e a/&-t /e*a-!e &6 *&ntra*t • BUT 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& t%e ri(%t &6 =r, 0er!&n!. ?T%-!) i6 t%e 6r-it! %a, /een 0#ante, / a 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait%) t%e 0en,in( *r&0 e0en!e! an, *%ar(e! !%a## /e 0r&rate, /et7een !ai, 0&!!e!!&r an, t%e -!-6r-*t-ar II. Fr-it! 0en,in( at the termination &6 -!-6r-*t • •
• •
Be#&n( t& t%e &7ner BUT t%e &7ner $-!t rei$/-r!e t%e -!-6r-*t-ar 6&r &r,inar *-#ti+ati&n e0en!e! an, 6&r !ee,! an, !i$i#ar e0en!e!) 6r&$ t%e 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e 6r-it!. ?Hen*e) t%e e*e!! &6 e0en!e!
a a
&+er t%e 0r&*ee,! rei$/-r!e,
nee,
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Ri ' $& !s!&r!c!ar" $& /$$d%and &r,inar *-ttin( a! &7ner ,&e! %a/it-a## &r *-!t&$ &6 0#a*e" *ann&t *-t ,&7n tree! -n#e!! it i! 6&r t%e re!t&rati&n &6 i$0r&+e$ent &6 t%in(! in -!-6r-*t $-!t n&ti6 &7ner 6ir!t
/e
c- Lease $& Pr$er" Ri' $ %ease e r$er" 3enera% R!%e8 T%e #ea!e e0ire! at t%e en, &6 t%e -!-6r-*t &r ear#ier E6cei$n8 In t%e *a!e &6 #ea!e! &6 r-ra# #an,! 7%i*% *&ntin-e! 6&r t%e re$ain,er &6 t%e a(ri*-#t-ra# ear".
a a
Ri' $ %ea.e dead5 !r$$ed rees a e dis$sa% $& $/ner 7it% ri(%t t& ,e$an, t%at &7ner !%&-#, *#ear an, re$&+e t%e$ i6 *a-!e, / *a#a$it &r etra&r,inar e+ent i$0&!!i/#e t& re0#a*e t%e$
I6 t%e -!-6r-*t !%&-#, e0ire /e6&re t%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e #ea!e) %e &r %i! %eir! an, !-**e!!&r! !%a## re*ei+e &n# t%e 0r&0&rti&nate !%are &6 t%e rent t%at $-!t /e 0ai, / t%e #e!!ee!. ?Art 49 I6 t%e na1e, &7ner a##&7! t%e #ea!e t& *&ntin-e e+en a6ter t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e -!-6r-*t) %e 7i## /e entit#e, t& t%e renta#! 0ertainin( t& !-*% eten!i&n.
a a
Ri'r $ d $#&! %ir'ni e s$/i nm er r $$$&s 'i.ei6 a!$ i" an -!-6r-*t i! eten,e, t& re*&+er rea# 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t
a aa
Ri' $ inr$d!ce !se&!% and %!6!ri$!s e6enses #! /i n$ $#%i'ai$n $& reim#!rsemen $n ar $& $/ner" $a re$&+e i$0r&+e$ent i6 *an /e ,&ne 7it%&-t ,a$a(e
d- Sa%eA%ienai$n ri's
$&
Us!&r!c!ar"
Ri' $ rans&er !s!&r!c!ar" ri's (rat-it&-! &r &ner&-!" /-t i! *&ter$in-! 7it% ter$ &6 -!-6r-*t" /-t *ann&t ,& a*t! &6 &7ner!%i0 !-*% a! a#ienati&n &r *&n+ean*e except 7%en 0r&0ert i!: a. C&n!-$a/#e /. Inten,e, 6&r !a#e *. A00rai!e, 7%en ,e#i+ere," i6 n&t a00rai!e, an, *&n!-$a/#e ret-rn !a$e 2-a#it mutuum*
OTHER RI3HTS O: THE USU:RUCTUAR,8 Ri' $ idden reas!re as sran'er Ri' n$ e6em &r$m e6ec!i$n and can #e s$%d a !#%ic a!ci$n #" $/ner a a
Na
Ri' $ se>$&& imr$.emens a'ains dama'es e made a'ains e r$er" a aa
Ri' $ adminiser /en r$er" is c$> $/ned" i6 *&&7ner!%i0 *ea!e -!-6r-*t &6 0art a##&tte, t& *&&7ner /e#&n(! t& -!-6r-*t-ar n&t a66e*te,
aaa
Ri' $ demand e increase in .a%!e $& r$er" i6 &7ner ,i, n&t !0en, 6&r etra&r,inar re0air!" 7%en -r(ent an, ne*e!!ar 6&r 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%in(
*- OBLI3ATIONS O: THE US U:RUCTUAR, • Pa" e6enses $ (rd ers$ns &$r c!%i.ai$n and r$d!ci$n a #e'innin' $& !s!&r!c" t%&!e 7%& %a+e ri(%t t& 6r-it! !%&-#, rei$/-r!e e0en!e! in*-rre, • 3enera%%"5 !s!&r!c !ar" as n$ %ia#i%i" /en d!e $ /ear and ear5 in' deeri$raes5 $#%i'ed $ re!rn in a sae" except 7%en t%ere i! 6ra-, &r ne(#i(en*e) t%en %e !%a## /e #ia/#e a- Be&$re e Us!&r!c c$mmences Be&$re enerin' in$ Us!&r!c!ar"8 aN$ice $& in.en$r" &6 0r&0ert ?a00rai!a# &6 $&+a/#e! an, ,e!*ri0ti&n #P$sin' $& sec!ri" i. N&t a00#i*a/#e t& 0arent! 7%& are -!-6r-*t-ar &6 *%i#,ren except 7%en 8 n, $arria(e *&ntra*te, ii. 0aucion uratoria 0r&$i!e -n,er &at% t& ,e#i+er:
iii.
A. F-rnit-re ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e -!e &6 t%e -!-6r-*t-ar B. H&-!e in*#-,e, in t%e -!-6r-*t C. I$0#e$ent!) t&&#! an, &t%er $&+a/#e 0r&0ert ne*e!!ar 6&r an in,-!tr &r +&*ati&n 6&r 7%i*% %e i! en(a(e, E*-!e, a ##&7e, / & 7ner) n &t re2-ire, / #a7 &r n& &ne 7i## /e in-re,
:ai%!re $ 'i.e sec!ri"5 $/ner ma" demand a8 A. I$$&+a/#e! /e 0#a*e, -n,er a,$ini!trati&n B. Ne(&tia/#e in!tr-$ent! *an /e *&n+erte, int& re(i!tere, *erti6i*ate! &r ,e0&!ite, in /an1 C. Ca0ita# an, 0r&*ee,! &6 !a#e &6 $&+a/#e! /e in+e!te, in !a6e !e*-ritie! D. Intere!t &n 0r&*ee,! &r 0r&0ert -n,er a,$ini!trati&n /e#&n( t& -!-6r-*t-ar E. O7ner $a re tain 0r&0ert a! a,$i ni!trat&r 7 &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er 6r-it! t& -!-6r-*t-ar -nti# %e (i+e! !-66i*ient !e*-rit F. E66e*t &6 !e* -rit i! retr&a*ti+e t& ,a %e i! entit#e, t& 6r-it! #- D!rin' e Us!&r!c i-
A%erai$n $ & &$rm a nd s! #sance
ii- E6ercise $& d i%i'ence O#%i'ai$n $ e6ercise di%i'ence8 5. Ta1e *a re &6 0r& 0ert a! a (&&, 6a t%er &6 6a$i# 8. Lia/#e 6&r ne(#i(en*e an, 6a-#t &6 0er! &n 7%& !-/!tit-te %i$
iii- Reairs O#%i'ai$n $ ma
OTHER OBLI3ATIONS O: THE USU:RUCTUAR, O#%i'ed $ n$i&" $/ner $& ac $& ( rd 5. ers$n re4!dicia% $ ri's $& $/nersi %e i! #ia/#e i6 %e ,&e! n&t ,& !& 6&r ,a$a(e! a! i6 it 7a! *a-!e, t%r&-(% %i! &7n 6a-#t 8.
RI3HTS O: THE NAED OWNER 5. A#ienate t%in( 8. Cann&t a#ter 6&r$ &r !-/!tan*e =. Cann&t ,& ant%in( 0re-,i*ia# t& -!-6r-*t-ar @. C&n!tr-*t an 7&r1! an, $a1e an i$0r&+e$ent 0r&+i,e, it ,&e! n&t ,i$ini!% +a#-e &r -!-6r-*t &r 0re-,i*e ri(%t &6 -!-6r-*t-ar OBLI3ATIONS O: THE NAED OWNER 5. Etra&r,inar e0en!e!" -!-6r-*t-ar &/#i(e, t& in6&r$ &7ner 7%en -r(ent an, t%ere i! t%e nee, t& $a1e t%e$ 8. E0en!e! a6ter ren-n*iati&n &6 -!-6r-*t =. Tae! an, e0en!e! i$0&!e, ,ire*t# &n *a0ita# @. I6 0r&0ert i! $&rt(a(e,) -!-6r-*t-ar %a! n& &/#i(ati&n t& 0a $&rt(a(e" i6 atta*%e,) &7ner t& /e #ia/#e 6&r 7%ate+er i! #&!t / -!-6r-*t-ar 4. I6 0r& 0ert i! e0r&0riate, 6&r 0-/#i* -!e &7ner &/#i(e, t& eit%er re0#a*e it &r 0a #e(a# intere!t t& -!-6r-*t-ar &6 net 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e !a$e
+- TERMINATION O: USU:RUCT E6in'!ismen $& Us!&r!c8 =PLDTERM; 1. P re!*ri0ti&n -!e / =r, 0er!&n 2. Ter$inati&n &6 ri(%t &6 0er!&n *&n!tit-tin( -!-6r-*t 3. T&ta# %&!! &6 t%in( 4. Deat% &6 -!-6r-*t-ar -n#e!! *&ntrar intenti&n a00ear! 5. E 0irati&n &6 0eri&, &6 -!-6r-*t 6. R en-n*iati&n &6 -!-6r-*t-ar e0re!! 7. Mer(er &6 -!-6r-*t an, &7ner!%i0 •
.- Ins!rance
I6 -!-6r-*t i! *&n!tit-te, &n ani$a#! d!" #$!nd $ re%ace dead anima%s a die &r$m na!ra% ca!ses $r #ecame re" " i6 a## &6 t%e$ 0eri!% 7& 6a-#t /-t ,-e t& *&nta(i&-! ,i!ea!e -n*&$$&n e+ent ,e#i+er re$ain! !a+e," i6 0eri!% in 0art ,-e t& a**i,ent *&ntin-e &n re$ainin( 0&rti&n" i6 &n !teri#e ani$a#! a! i6 6-n(i/#e re0#a*e !a$e 1in, 2-a#it
L&!! in 0art re$ainin( 0art !%a## *&ntin-e t& /e %e#, in -!-6r-*t
•
U!-6r-*t *ann&t /e *&n!tit-te, in 6a+&r &6 a t&7n) *&r0&rati&n &r a!!&*iati&n 6&r $&re t%an 4 ear!
•
U!-6r-*t *&n!tit-te, &n i$$&+a/#e 7%ere/ a /-i#,in( i! ere*te, an, /-i#,in( i! ,e!tr&e, ri(%t t& $a1e -!e &6 #an, an, $ateria#!
•
I6 &7ner 7i!%e! t& *&n!tr-*t a ne7 /-i#,in( 0a -!-6r-*t-ar t%e +a#-e &6 intere!t &6 #an, an, $ateria#!
•
B&t% !%are in in!-ran*e i6 /&t% 0a 0re$i-$" i6 &7ner &n# t%en 0r&*ee,! 7i## (& t& &7ner &n#
•
E66e*t &6 /a, -!e &6 t%e t%in( &7ner $a ,e$an, t%e ,e#i+er &6 an, a,$ini!trati&n &6 t%e t%in( 7it% re!0&n!i/i#it t& ,e#i+er net 6r-it! t& -!-6r-*t-ar at ter$inati&n &6 -!-6r-*t
•
T%in( t& /e ,e#i+ere, t& &7ner 7it% ri(%t &6 retenti&n 6&r tae! an, etra&r,inar e0en!e! 7* !%&-#, /e rei$/-r!e,) !e*-rit &6 $&rt(a(e !%a## /e *an*e##e,
================================ TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- EASEMENTS 1- inds $& Easemens 2- Ri's and O#%i'ai$ns (- M$des $& E6in'!ismen )- Le'a% Easemens a- P!#%ic #- Pri.ae i- Waers ii- Ri' $& Wa" iii- Par" Wa%% i.- Li' and Vie/ .- Draina'e $& B!i%din' .i- Inermediae Disances .ii- A'ains N!isance .iii- Laera% and S!#4acen S!$r ================================ EASEMENT i! an en*-$/ran*e i$0&!e, -0&n an i$$&+a/#e 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 an&t%er i$$&+a/#e /e#&n(in( t& a ,i66erent &7ner. T%e i$$&+a/#e in 6a+&r &6 7%i*% t%e ea!e$ent i! e!ta/#i!%e, i!
*a##e, t%e d$minan esae" t%at 7%i*% i! !-/e*t t%eret&) t%e ser.ien esae.
1- INDS a Acc$rdin' $ !r$se $& easemen $r e na!re $& %imiai$n a. P$sii.e &ne 7%i*% i$0&!e! -0&n t%e !er+ient e!tate t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 a##&7in( !&$et%in( t& /e ,&ne &r &6 ,&in( it %i$!e#6 /. Ne'ai.e t%at 7%i*% 0r&%i/it! t%e &7ner &6 t%e !er+ient e!tate 6r&$ ,&in( !&$et%in( 7%i*% %e *&-#, #a76-## ,& i6 t%e ea!e$ent ,i, n&t ei!t / Acc$rdin' $ ar" 'i.en e #ene&i a. Rea% ?&r 0re,ia# 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 an&t%er /e#&n(in( t& a ,i66erent &7ner ?e.(. ea!e$ent &6 7ater 7%ere #&7er e!tate! are &/#i(e, t& a##&7 7ater nat-ra## ,e!*en,in( 6r&$ -00er e!tate! t& 6#&7 int& t%e$ /. Pers$na% 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 &ne &r $&re 0er!&n! &r *&$$-nit ?e.(. ea!e$ent &6 ri(%t &6 7a 6&r 0a!!a(e &6 #i+e!t&*1 * Acc$rdin' $ e manner e" are e6ercised i- C$nin!$!s t%eir -!e i! in*e!!ant &r $a /e in*e!!ant a. 6&r #e(a# 0-r0&!e! 6&r a*2-i!iti+e 0re!*ri0ti&n) t%e ea!e$ent &6 a2-e,-*t i! *&n!i,ere, *&ntin-&-!" ea!e$ent &6 #i(%t an, +ie7 i! a#!& *&ntin-&-! ii- Disc$nin!$!s -!e, at inter+a#! an, ,e0en, -0&n t%e a*t! &6 $an Ex% right of way because it can only be used if a man passes , Acc$rdin' $ /eer $r n$ eir e6isence is indicaed i- Aaren $a1e 1n&7n an, *&ntin-a## 1e0t in +ie7 / eterna# !i(n! t%at re+ea# t%e -!e an, en&$ent &6 t%e !a$e Ex% right of way wh en there is an alley or a permanent path ii- N$n>aaren t%e !%&7 n& eterna# in,i*ati&n &6 t%eir ei!ten*e Ex% easement of not building to more than certain height
DOCTRINE O: APPARENT SI3N Ea!e$ent! are in!e0ara/#e 6r&$ t%e e!tate t& 7%i*% t%e a*ti+e# &r 0a!!i+e# 0ertain. T%e ei!ten*e &6
t%e a00arent !i(n -n,er Art. [email protected] i! e2-i+a#ent t& a tit#e. It i! a! i6 t%er e i! an i$0#ie, *&ntra*t /et7een t%e t7& ne7 &7ner! t%at t%e ea!e$ent !%&-#, /e *&n!tit-te,) !in*e n& &ne &/e*te, t& t%e *&ntin-e, ei!ten*e &6 t%e 7in,&7!. A&or v.
Acc$rdin' $ s$!rce $r $ri'in and esa#%ismen $& easemen a. V$%!nar" *&n!tit-te, / 7i## &r a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie! &r / a te!tat&r /. Mi6ed *reate, 0art# / a(ree$ent an, 0art# / #a7 *. Le'a% *&n!tit-te, / #a7 6&r 0-/#i* -!e &r 6&r 0ri+ate intere!t
H$/ esa#%ised8 5. B #a7 ?Le(a# 8. B t%e 7i## &6 t%e &7ner! ?V&#-ntar =. T%r&-(% 0re!*ri0ti&n ?&n# 6&r *&ntin-&-! an, a00arent ea!e$ent! •
Re!-#tant#) 7%en t%e *&-rt !a! t%at an ea!e$ent ei!t!) it i! n&t *reatin( &ne. F&r) e+en an in-n*ti&n *ann&t /e -!e, t& *reate &ne a! t%ere i! n& !-*% t%in( a! a -,i*ia# ea!e$ent. T%e *&-rt $ere# ,e*#are! t%e ei!ten*e &6 an ea!e$ent *reate, / t%e 0artie!. ?% 'is!% Associ%!ion v. CA, 278 CRA +8 (17)
Essenia% @!a%iies $& easemens8 aa In*&r0&rea# aa I$0&!e, -0&n *&r0&rea# 0r&0ert aa C&n6er n& ri(%t t& a 0arti*i0ati&n in t%e 0r&6it! ari!in( 6r&$ it a a I$0&!e, 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 *&r0&rea# 0r&0ert a a Ha! 8 ,i!tin*t tene$ent! d$minan and ser.ien esae a a Ca-!e $-!t /e 0er0et-a# 2- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS a; Ri's O& D$minan O/ner 5. Eer*i!e a## ri( %t! ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e -!e &6 t%e ea!e$ent
8. M a1e an 7&r1! ne*e! !ar 6&r t%e -!e an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e !er+it-,e" !-/e*t t& t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n!: A. T%e 7&r1! !%a## /e at %i! e 0en!e) are ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e -!e an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e !er+it-,e" B. T%e ,& n&t a#ter &r ren,er t%e !er+it-,e $&re /-r,en!&$e" C. T%e ,&$inant &7n er) /e6&re $a1 in( t%e 7&r1!) $-!t n&ti6 t%e !er+ient &7ner" an, D. T%e !%a## /e ,&ne at t%e $&!t *&n+enient ti$e an, $anner !& t&a! t%e t& *a-!e t%e #ea!t in*&n+enien*e !er+ient &7ner =. Ren&-n*e t%e ea!e$ent i6 %e ,e!ire! t& ee$0t %i$!e#6 6r&$ *&ntri/-ti&n t& ne*e!!ar e0en!e! @. A!1 6&r $an,at&r in-n*ti&n t& 0re+ent i$0air$ent &6 %i! -!e &6 t%e ea!e$ent
#; O#%i'ai$ns O& Te D$minan O/ner 5. N&ti6 t%e !er +ient &7ner &6 7&r 1! ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e -!e an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e !er+it-,e 8. C&ntri/-te t& t%e ne*e!!ar e0en!e! i6 t%ere are !e+era# ,&$inant e!tate! in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e /ene6it! ,eri+e, 6r&$ t%e 7&r1! =. Cann&t a#ter &r i$0&!e a,,e, /-r,en &n t%e ea!e$ent @. C%&&!e t%e $&!t *&n+enient ti$e an, $anner in $a1in( t%e ne*e!!ar 7&r1! a! t& *a-!e t%e #ea!t in*&n+enien*e t& t%e !er+ient &7ner c; Ri's O& Te Ser.ien O/ner 5. Retain &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e 0& rti&n &n 7%i*% t%e ea!e$ent i! e!ta/#i!%e,) an, $a -!e it in !-*% a $anner a! n&t t& a66e*t t%e eer*i!e &6 t%e ea!e$ent 8. C%an(e t%e 0#a*e &r $anner &6 t%e -!e &6 t%e ea!e$ent) 0r&+i,e, it /e e2-a## *&n+enient =. U!e t%e 0r&0ert !-/ e*t &6 t%e ea!e$ent) -n#e!! t%ere i! an a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar
d; O#%i'ai$ns O& Te Ser.ien O/ner 5. C&ntri/-te t& t%e ne*e!!ar e0en!e! in *a!e %e -!e! t%e ea!e$ ent) -n#e!! t%ere i! an a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar 8. N&t t& i$0air t%e -!e &6 t%e ea!e$ent (- MODES O: EFTIN3UISHMENT H$/ e6in'!ised8 5. Mer(er in t%e !a$e 0er!&n &6 t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e ,&$inant an, !er+ient e!tate!" 8. N&n-!er 6&r 5 ear! α. I6 ,i!*&ntin-&-! ea!e$ent! 0eri&, *&$0-te, 6r&$ t%e ,a it 7a! *ea!e, t& /e -!e,
I6 *&ntin-&-! 0eri&, 6r&$ t%e ,a &n 7%i*% an a*t *&ntrar t& t%e !a$e t&&1 0#a*e E0irati&n &6 t%e ter $ &r 6-# 6i##$ent &6 t%e *&n,iti&n ?i6 te$0&rar &r *&n,iti&na# Ren-n*iati&n &6 t%e &7ner &6 t%e ,&$ inant e!tate Re,e$0ti&n a(ree, -0&n /et7een &7ner! &6 t%e ,&$inant an, !er+ient e!tate! ;%en ei t%er &r /&t% e!tate! 6a## in t& a *&n,iti&n t%at t%e ea!e$ent *ann&t /e -!e," re+i+e, i6 !-/!e2-ent *&n,iti&n !%&-#, a(ain 0er$it it! -!e) -n#e!! !-66i*ient ti$e 6&r 0re!*ri0ti&n %a! e#a0!e, β.
=. @. 4. .
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)-LE3AL EASEMENTS LE3AL EASEMENTS are t%&!e i$0&!e, / #a7 %a+in( 6&r t%eir &/e*t eit%er 0-/#i* -!e &r t%e intere!t &6 0ri+ate 0er!&n!. T%e !%a ## /e (&+erne, / t%e !0e*ia# #a7! an, re(-#ati&n! re#atin( t%eret&) an, in t%e a/!en*e t%ere&6) / t%e Ci+i# C&,e. inds O& Le'a% Easemens: 5. P!#%ic 6&r 0-/#i* &r *&$$-na# -!e 8. Pri.ae 6&r t%e intere!t &6 0ri+ate 0er!&n!0ri+ate -!e) in*#-,in( t%&!e re#atin( t&: ?;RPLDIAL Water! a. Ri(%t &6 ;a /. Part ;a## *. Li(%t an, Vie7 ,. e. Draina(e &6 B-i#,in( Inter$e,iate Di!tan*e! 6. A(ain!t N-i!an*e (. Latera# an, S-/a*ent S-00&rt %.
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a; Easemen Re%ain' T$ Waers L&7er e!tate! are &/#i(e, t& re*ei+e t%e 7ater! 7%i*% nat-ra## an, 7it%&-t t%e inter+enti&n &6 $an ,e!*en, 6r&$ t%e %i(%er e!tate!) a! 7e## a! !t&ne! &r eart% 7%i*% t%e *arr 7it% t%e$ Cann&t *&n!tr-*t 7&r1! 7%i*% 7i## i$0e,e t%e ea!e$ent" neit%er *an t%e &7ner &6 t%e %i(%er e!tate $a1e 7&r1! 7%i*% 7i## in*rea!e t%e /-r,en Ban1! &6 ri+er! an, !trea$!) a#t%&-(% &6 0ri+ate &7ner!%i0) are !-/e*t t%r&-(%&-t t%eir entire #en(t % an, 7it%in a &ne &6 = $eter! a#&n( t%eir $ar(in!) t& t%e ea!e$ent &6 0-/#i* -!e in t%e (enera# intere!t &6 na+i(ati&n) 6#&ata(e) 6i!%in( an, !a#+a(e E!tate! a,&inin( t%e /an1! &6 na+i(a/#e an, 6#&ata/#e ri+er! are) !-/e*t t& t%e ea!e$ent &6 t&70at%) 6&r t%e e*#-!i+e !er+i*e &6 ri+er na+i(ati&n an, 6#&ata(e
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• C& $0-#!&r ea!e$ent! 6&r ,ra7in( &6 7ater an, 6&r 7aterin( ani$a#! *an /e i$0&!e, 6&r rea!&n! &6 0-/#i* -!e in 6a+&r &6 a t&7n &r +i##a(e) a6ter 0a$ent &6 t%e 0r&0er in,e$nit U!e &6 an 7ater / an&ne *an /e ,i!0&!e, / %a+in( t%e 7ater 6#&7 t%r&-(% t%e inter+enin( e!tate! /-t i! &/#i(e, t& ,& t%e 6&##&7in(: 5. Pr&+e t%at %e *an ,i!0&!e &6 t% e 7ater an, t%at it i! !-66i*ient 6&r t%e -!e inten,e,
8. S%&7 t% at t% e 0r&0&!e, ri (%t &6 7a i! t%e $&!t *&n+enient an, #ea!t &ner&-! t& =r, 0er!&n! =. In,e$ni6 t%e &7ner &6 t%e !er+ient e!tate Ea!e$ent &6 a2-e,-*t i! *&ntin-&-! an, a00arent e+en t%&-(% t%e 6#&7 &6 7ater $a n&t /e *&ntin-&-!
#; Easemen O& Ri' O& Wa" Ri(%t (rante, t& a 0er!&n &r *#a!! &6 0er!&n! t& 0a!! &+er t%e #an, &6 an&t%er / -!in( a 0arti*-#ar 0at%7a t%erein) t& rea*% t%e 6&r$erK! e!tate!) 7%i*% %a+e n& a,e2-ate &-t#et t& a 0-/#i* %i(%7a) !-/e*t) %&7e+er t& 0a$ent &6 in,e$nit t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e !er+ient e!tate
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[email protected]!isies8 =LIPO NA; 5. C#ai$ant $-!t /e an $7ner &6 en*#&!e, i$$&+a/#e &r &ne 7 rea# ri(%t 8. N & a,e2-ate &-t#et t& 0-/#i* %i(%7a =. Ri(%t &6 7a i! a /!&#-te# ne*e!!ar @. Lea!t 0re-,i*ia# 4. I!&#ati&n n&t ,-e t& *#ai$antK! &7n a*t . Pr&0er in,e$nit a. N&t *&$0-#!&r i6 t%e i!&#ati&n &6 t%e i$$&+a/#e i! ,-e t& t%e 0r&0riet&rK! &7n a*t! /. Ri(%t &6 ;a i! (rante, 7it%&-t in,e$nit i6 #an, 7a! a*2-ire, / an, i! !-rr&-n,e, / t%e &t%er e!tate! &6 t%e +en,&r) e*%an(er &r *&&7ner t%r&-(%: i. Sa#e ii. E*%an(e iii. Partiti&n •
B-r,en &6 0r&&6 &6 0r&+in( t%e re2-i!ite! &n t%e &7ner &6 t%e ,&$inant e!tate
EFTIN3UISHMENT8 Le'a% $r c$m!%s$r" ri' $& /a" • ;%en t%e ,&$inant e!tate i! &ine, t& an&t%er e!tate ?!-*% a! 7%en t%e ,&$inant &7ner /&-(%t an a,a*ent e!tate 7%i*% i!
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a/-ttin( a 0-/#i* r&a,) t%e a**e!! /ein( a,e2-ate an, *&n+enient ;%en a ne7 r&a, i! &0ene, (i+in( a**e!! t& t%e i!&#ate, e!tate In /&t% *a!e!: $-!t !-/!tantia## $eet t%e nee,! &6 t%e ,&$inant e!tate. Ot%er7i!e) t%e ea!e$ent $a n&t /e etin(-i!%e,.
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Etin(-i!%$ent NOT ipso facto
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I6 etin(-i!%e,) $-!t ret-rn t%e a$&-nt re*ei+e, ,&$inant 7it%&-t a! anin,e$nit intere!t.t& t%e Intere!t !%a&7ner ## /e ,ee$e, in 0a$ent 6&r t%e rent.
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T%e &n# !er+it-,e 7* a 0ri+ate &7ner i! re2-ire, t& re*&(nie in 6a+&r &6 t%e (&+ern$ent i! t%e ea!e$ent &6 a 0-/#i* %i(%7a) 7a) 0ri+ate 7a e!ta/#i!%e, / #a7) &r an (&+ern$ent *ana# &r #atera# t%at %a! /een 0reei!tin( at t%e ti$e &6 t%e re(i!trati&n &6 t%e #an,. I6 t%e ea!e$ent i! NOT PREEISTING an, i! !&-(%t t& /e i$0&!e, &n# AFTER t%e #an, %a! /een re(i!tere, -n,er t%e Lan, Re(i!trati&n A*t) 0r&0er e0r&0riati&n 0r&*ee,in(! !%&-#, /e %a,) an, -!t *&$0en!ati&n 0ai, t& t%e re(i!tere, &7ner. Esl%%n v. '%. 4norio, G.R. o. 1+*0*2 (2001) Ea!e$ent &6 ri(%t &6 7a i! DISCONTINUOUS. It $a6&&t /e eer*i!e, &n# i6 ae#!eK! 0er!&n #an,. 0a!!e!An &r !et! &n !&$e/&, ea!e$ent &6 ri(%t &6 7a &6 rai#r&a, tra*1! i! ,i!*&ntin-&-! /e*a-!e t%e ri(%t i! eer*i!e, &n# i6 an, 7%en a train &0erati&n / a 0er!&n 0a!!e! &+er an&t%erK! 0r&0ert. =o&co v. '%l, G.R. o. 12+** (2003)
c; Easemen O& A Par" Wa%% A 7a## ere*te, &n t%e #ine /et7een t7& a,&inin( 0r&0ertie! /e#&n(in( t& ,i66erent 0er!&n!) 6&r t%e -!e &6 /&t% e!tate!. • Pre!-$e,) -n#e!! t%ere i! a tit#e) &r eteri&r !i(n) &r 0r&&6 t& t%e *&ntrar: 5. In ,i+i,in( 7a##! &6 a, &inin( /-i#,in(! -0 t& t%e 0&int &6 *&$$&n e#e+ati&n 8. In ,i+i,in( 7a##! &6 (ar,en! &r ar,! !it-ate, in *itie!) t&7n!) &r in r-ra# *&$$-nitie! =. In 6en*e!) 7a##! an, #i+e %e,(e! ,i+i,in( r-ra# #an,!
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E6eri$r si'ns re#!in' res!mi$n8 5. T%ere i! a 7i n,&7 &r &0enin( in t%e ,i+i,in( 7a## &6 /-i#,in(!
8. Di +i,in( 7a## i! &n &ne !i,e !trai(%t an, 0#-$/ &n a## it! 6a*e$ent) an, &n t%e &t%er) it %a! !i$i#ar *&n,iti&n! &n t%e -00er 0art /-t t%e #&7er 0art !#ant! &r 0r&e*t! &-t7ar, =. Entire 7a## i! /-i #t 7it %in t%e /&-n,arie! &6 &ne &6 t%e e!tate! @. T%e ,i+i,in( 7a# # /ear! t%e /-r,en &6 t%e /in,in( /ea$!) 6#&&r! an, r&&6 6ra$e &6 &ne &6 t%e /-i#,in(!) /-t n&t t%&!e &6 t%e &t%er! 4. T%e ,i+i,in( 7a## /et7een *&-rtar,!) (ar,en! an, tene$ent! i! *&n!tr-*te, in !-*% a 7a t%at t%e *&0in( !%e,! t%e 7ater &n# &ne &6 t%e e!tate! . -0&n T%e ,i+i,in( 7a##) /ein( /-i#t / $a!&nr) %a! !te00in( !t&ne!) 7%i*% at *ertain inter+a#! 0r&e*t 6r&$ t%e !-r6a*e &6 &ne !i,e &n#) /-t n&t &n t%e &t%er >. T%e #an,! en*#&!e, / 6en*e! &r #i+e %e,(e! a,&in &t%er! 7%i*% are n&t en*#&!e, In a## t%e!e *a!e!) t%e &7ner!%i0 i! ,ee$e, t& /e#&n( e*#-!i+e# t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert 7%i*% %a! in it! 6a+&r t%e 0re!-$0ti&n /a!e, &n an &6 t%e!e !i(n!.
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d; Easemen O& Li' And Vie / Peri&, &6 0re!*ri0ti&n 6&r t%e a*2-i!iti&n !%a## /e *&-nte,: 5. Fr&$ t%e ti$e &6 &0e nin( &6 t% e 7in,&7) i6 t%r&-(% a 0art 7a## 8. Fr&$ t%e ti $e &6 t%e 6&r $a# 0r&%i/iti&n -0&n t%e 0r&0riet&r &6 t%e a,&inin( #an,) i6 7in,&7 i! t%r&-(% a 7a## &n t%e ,&$inant e!tate
)- VOLUNTAR, EASEMENTS are t%&!e 7%i*% $a /e e!ta/#i!%e, / t%e &7ner &6 a tene$ent &6 0ie*e &6 #an, a! %e $a ,ee$ !-ita/#e) an, in t%e $anner an, 6&r$ 7%i*% %e $a ,ee$ /e!t) 0r&+i,e, t%at %e ,&e! n&t *&ntra+ene t%e #a7!) 0-/#i* 0&#i* &r 0-/#i* &r,er. ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS J. M$des $& [email protected]!irin' O/nersi 1- M$de .- Ti%e 2- Ori'ina%Deri.ai.e M$des '. Occ!ai$n L. Ine%%ec!a% Creai$n M. D$nai$n 1-- Es sen 2 in ds ia% E%emens (- C$ndii$na% D$n ai$ns a- E&&ec $& Im$ssi#%eI%%e'a% C$ndii$ns
)- Iner Vi. $sM$ris Ca !sa D$nai$ns *- :$rm a- Oner$!s D$nai$ns +- Caaci" a- O& D $n$r #- O& D$nee ?- Re.$cai$n a- Bir5 S !r.i.a% $r Ad$ i$n #- In'rai!de c- N$n>&!%&i%%men $& C$ ndii$n d- Inn $&ici$!s nes s N- OTHER MODES O: ACUIRIN3 OWNERSHIP 1- La/ 2- Prescrii$n O- NUISANCE ================================ MODES O: ACUIRIN3 =OLDTIPS; 5. O **-0ati&n 8. La7 =. D&nati&n @. Tra,iti&n 4. Inte##e*t-a# Creati&n . P re!*ri0ti&n >. S -**e!!i&n
OWNERSHIP8
1- MODE V- TITLE Di&&erence #e/een M$de and Ti%e MODE i! t%e 0r&*e!! &6 a*2-irin( &r tran!6errin( &7ner!%i0 TITLE i! t%e -ri,i*a# a*t) ri(%t &r *&n,iti&n 7%i*% (i+e! t%e -ri,i*a# -!ti6i*ati&n 6&r a $&,e &r $ean! t& t%eir a*2-i!iti&n /-t 7%i*% in it!e#6 i! in!-66i*ient t& 0r&,-*e t%e$ M$de Dire*t# an, i$$e,iate# 0r&,-*e! a rea# ri(%t T%e *a-!e Pr&i$ate *a-!e E!!en*e &6 t%e ri(%t 7%i*% i! t& /e *reate, &r
Ti%e Ser+e! $ere# t& (i+e t%e &**a!i&n 6&r it! a*2-i!iti&n &r ei!ten*e T%e $ean! Re$&te *a-!e Mean! 7%ere/ t%at e!!en*e i! tran!$itte,
tran!$itte,
2- ORI3INALDERIVATIVE MODES Ori'ina% M$de in,e0en,ent &6 an 0re ei!tin( &r 0re*e,in( tit#e &r ri(%t &6 an&t%er
Deri.ai.e M$de &7ner
t%ere 7a! a 0re*e,in(
M$des O& E6in'!isin' O/nersi8 1. A/!&#-te a## 0er!&n! are a66e*te, a. P%!i*a# #&!! &r ,e!tr-*ti&n /. Le(a# #&!! &r ,e!tr-*ti&n ?7%en it (&e! &-t &6 t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an 2. Re#ati+e &n# 6&r *ertain 0er!&n! 6&r &t%er! $a a*2-ire t%eir &7ner!%i0 a. La7 /. S-**e!!i&n *. Tra,iti&n a ! a *&n!e2-en*e & 6 *ertain *&ntra*t! ,. D&nati&n e. A/an,&n$ent 6. De!tr-*ti&n & 6 t %e 0 ri&r t it#e & r ri(%t ?#i1e e0r&0riati&n) re!*i!!i&n) ann-#$ent) 6-#6i##$ent &6 a re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n (. Pre!*ri0ti&n OCCUPATION i! t%e a*2-i!iti&n &6 &7ner!%i0 / !eiin( *&r0&rea# t%in(! 7* %a+e n& &7ner) $a,e 7it% t%e intenti&n &6 a*2-irin( t%e$) an, a**&$0#i!%e, a**&r,in( t& #e(a# r-#e! [email protected]!isies8 5. Sei-re &r a00 re%en!i&n • T%e %&#,in( &6 t%e $ateria# i! n&t re2-ire, a! #&n( a! t%ere i! ri(%t &6 8. ,i!0&!iti&n Pr&0ert $-!t /e *&r0&rea# 0er!&na# 0r&0ert =. Pr&0ert $-!t /e !-!*e0ti/#e &6 a00r&0riati&n a. A/an,&ne, 0r&0ert res derelicata) a t%in( i! *&n!i,ere, a/an,&ne, 7%en: i. T%e spes recuperandi ?e0e*tati&n t& re*&+er i! (&ne ii. T%e animo re"ertendi ?intenti&n t& ret-rn &r t& %a+e it ret-rne, %a! /een (i+en -0 / t%e &7ner /. Un&7ne, 0r&0ert res nullius @. ;it%&-t an &7ner 4. Intent t& a00r&0riate . C&$0#ian*e 7it% t%e re2 -i!ite! &r *&n,i ti&n! &6 t%e #a7 • A/an,&n$ent re2-ire! ?5 a *#ear an, a/!&#-te intenti&n ren&-n*e a ri(%t an, &r a *#ai$ &r t& a/an,&nt&a ri(%t &r 0r&0ert" ?8 an eterna# a*t / 7%i*% t%at intenti&n i! e0re!!e, &r *arrie, int& e66e*t. T%e intenti&n t& a/an,&n i$0#ie! a ,e0art-re) 7it% t%e a+&7e, intent &6 ne+er ret-rnin() re!-$in( &r *#ai$in( t%e ri(%t an, t%e intere!t t%at
%a+e /een a/an,&ne, % Case%%an$ .:rancisc$5 K3-R- N$- 1**+)05 Ma" ?5 200
,. I6 6in,er retain! t%e t%in( 6&-n, %e $a /e *%ar(e, 7it% t%e6t e. I6 &7ner i! -n1n&7n) (i+e t& $a&r" $a&r !%a## ann&-n*e 6in,in( &6 t%e $&+a/#e 6&r 8 7ee1! in a 7a %e ,ee$! /e!t 6. I6 &7ner ,&e! n&t a00ear $& nt%! a6ter 0-/#i*ati&n) t%in( 6&-n, !%a## /e a7ar,e, t& t%e 6in,er (. I6 &7ner a00ear!) %e i! &/#i(e, t& 0a t%e 6in,er 55 &6 +a#-e &6 0r&0ert a! 0ri*e %. I6 $&+a/#e i! 0eri!%a/#e &r *ann&t /e 1e0t 7& ,eteri&rati&n &r 7& e0en!e! it !%a##
Tin's S!scei#%e $ Occ!ai$n 5. T%in(! 7* %a! n& &7ner res nullius" a/an,&ne, 8. St&#en 0r&0ert *ann&t /e !-/e*t &6 &**-0ati&n =. Ani$a#! t%at ar e t%e &/e*t &6 %-n tin( an, 6i!%in( NOTE8 H-ntin( an, 6i!%in( are re(-#ate, / !0e*ia# #a7!: A*t 84" Fi!%erie! A*t @= a! a$en,e, / CA 55) CA [email protected]> an, RA 4" A*t [email protected] a! a$en,e, / A*t 594" PD [email protected]" M-ni*i0a# &r,inan*e!. inds O& Anima%s a. ;i#, *&n!i,ere, res nullius 7%en n&t et *a0t-re," 7%en *a0t-re, an, e!*a0e, /e*&$e! res nullius a(ain /. D&$e!ti*ate, ani$a#! &ri(ina## 7i#, /-t %a+e /een *a0t-re, an, ta$e," n&7 /e#&n( t& t%eir *a0t-rer" %a! %a/it &6 ret-rnin( t& 0re$i!e! &6 &7ner" /e*&$e! res nullius i6 t%e #&!e t%at %a/it &6 ret-rnin( an, re(ain t%eir &ri(ina# !tate &6 6ree,&$ *. D&$e!ti*ta$e, ani$a#! /&rn an, &r,inari# rai!e, -n,er t%e *are &6 0e&0#e" /e*&$e res nullius 7%en a/an,&ne, / &7ner • •
Hi,,en trea!-re ?&n# 7%en 6&-n, &n t%in(! n&t /e#&n(in( t& an&ne A/an,&ne, $&+a/#e!
Anima%s 5. S7ar$ &6 /ee! &7ner !%a## %a+e ri(%t t& 0-r!-e t%e$ t& an&t%erK! #an, ?&7ner t& i,enti6 #atter 6&r ,a$a(e!) i6 an #an, &7ner !%a## &**-0retain t%e /ee! i6 a6ter 8 ,a!) &7ner ,i, n&t 0-r!-e t%e /ee! 8. D&$e!ti*ate, ani$a#! $a /e re,ee$e, 7it%in 8 ,a! 6r&$ &**-0ati&n &6 an&t%er 0er!&n" i6 n& re,e$0ti&n i! $a,e) t%e !%a## 0ertain t& t%e &ne 7%& *a-(%t t%e$ =. Pi(e&n! an, 6i!% 7%en t%e (& t& an&t%er /ree,in( 0#a*e) t%e !%a## /e &7ne, / t%e ne7 &7ner 0r&+i,e, t%e are n&t enti*e, M$.a#%es8 5. Trea!-re 6&-n, &n an&t%erK! 0r&0ert 8. M&+a/#e 6&-n, 7* i! n$ reas!re: *. M-!t /e ret-rne, t& &7ner
/e !&#, at 0-/#i* a-*ti&n 9 ,a! a6ter t%e 0-/#i*ati&n
O/nersi $& a iece $& %and cann$ #e [email protected]!ired #" $cc!ai$n • Be*a-!e 7%en a #an, i! 7it%&-t an &7ner) it 0ertain! t& t%e State • Lan, t%at ,&e! n&t /e#&n( t& an&ne i! 0re!-$e, t& /e 0-/#i* #an, • B-t 7%en a 0r&0ert i! 0ri+ate an, it i! a/an,&ne, it *an /e &/e*t &6 &**-0ati&n
- INTELLECTUAL CREATION •
B Arti*#e >88 an, De*ree Inte##e*t-a# Pr&0ert ?P.D. @) t%e a-t%&r) *&$0&!er) arti!t) &r !*ienti!t *an /e *&n!i,ere, a! t%e &7ner &6 t%e *reati&n &r 0r&,-*t e+en i6 it %a! n&t /een *&0ri(%te, &r 0atente,. urado*
•
Letter! &t%er 0ri+ate in 7ritin( an, are &7ne, / t%e*&$$-ni*ati&n! 0er!& n t& 7%&$ t%e are a,,re!!e, an, ,e#i+ere,) /-t t%e *ann&t /e 0-/#i!%e, &r ,i!!e$inate, 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e 7riter &r %i! %eir! ECEPT 7%en t%e *&-rt !& a-t%&rie i6 t%e 0-/#i* (&&, &r t%e intere!t &6 -!ti*e !& re2-ire!.
- DONATION DONATION i! an a*t &6 #i/era#it 7%ere/ a 0er!&n ,i!0&!e! (rat-it&-!# &6 a t%in( &r ri(%t in 6a+&r &6 an&t%er) 7%& a**e0t! it 1- ESSENTIAL EL EMENTS Caracerisics 5. Uni#atera# &/#i(ati&n i$0&!e, &n t%e ,&n&r 8. C&n!en!-a# 0er6e*te, at ti$ e ,&n&r 1n&7! &6 a**e0tan*e [email protected]!isies8 =CIDA; a a T%e ,&n&r $-!t %a+e capacity to maDe the donation &6 a t%in( &r ri(%t
a a
!onati"e intent ?animus donandi &r int ent t& $a1e t%e ,&nati&n &-t &6 #i/era#it t& /ene6it t%e ,&nee a a eli"ery ) 7%et%er a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e &6 t%e t%in( &r ri(%t ,&nate, a a ,&nee $-!t % ccept &r consent t& ,&nati&n • T%e ,&nati&n i! 0er6e*te, &n*e t%e a**e0tan*e &6 t%e ,&nati&n 7a! $a,e 1n&7n t& t%e ,&n& r. A**&r,in(#) &7ner!%i0 7i## &n# re+ert t& t%e ,&n&r i6 t%e re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n i! n&t 6-#6i##e,. Juij%% v. CA, 2 CRA *5 (18)
[email protected]!iremens $& a D$nai$n8 5. S-/e*t $atter ant%in( &6 +a#-e" 0re!ent an, n&t 6-t-re 0r&0ert) $-!t n&t i$0air #e(iti$e 8. Ca-!e ant%in( t& !-00&rt a *&n!i,erati&n) (ener&!it) *%arit) (&&,7i##) 0a!t !er+i*e) ,e/t =. Ca0a*it t& ,&nate) ,i!0&!e an, a**e0t ,&nati&n @. F&r$ ,e0en,! &n +a#-e &6 ,&nati&n 2- INDS a; As $ E&&eci.i" 5. Iner .i.$s ta1e! e66e*t ,-rin( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e ,&n&r 8. M$ris Ca!sa ta1e! e66e* t -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r =. Pr$er N!ias $a,e / rea!&n &6 $arria(e an, /e6&re it! *e#e/rati&n) in *&n!i,erati&n &6 t%e !a$e an, in 6a+&r &6 &ne &r /&t% &6 t%e 6-t-re !0&-!e!. DONATION INTER VIVOS Di!0&!iti&n an, a**e0tan*e t& ta1e e66e*t ,-rin( #i6eti$e &6 ,&n&r an, ,&nee A#rea, 0ertain! t& t%e ,&nee -n#e!! t%ere i! a *&ntrar intent
DONATION MORTIS CAUSA Di!0&!iti&n %a00en! -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 ,&n&r
E+en i6 t%ere i! a ter$ &6 e66e*ti+it an, e66e*ti+it i! -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r) !ti## entit#e, t& 6r-it! F&r$a#itie! re2-ire, F&r$a#itie! re2-ire, 6&##&7 #a7 &n 6&##&7 #a7 &n ,&nati&n! an, *ertain !-**e!!i&n t& /e +a#i,) 1in,! &6 ,&nati&n! an, an, ,&nati&n $-!t /e #a7 &n &/#i(ati&n! an, in t%e 6&r$ &6 a 7i## *&ntra*t! ?!-00#et&r Irre+&*a/#e at t%e Re+&*a/#e ad mutuum in!tan*e &6 t%e ,&n&r" ?e*#-!i+e 7i## &6 $a /e re+&1e, &n# ,&n&r / rea!&n! 0r&+i,e, / #a7 Re+&1e, &n# 6&r
rea!&n! 0r&+i,e, 6&r / #a7 ?e*e0t &ner&-! ,&nati&n!
#; As $ C$nsiderai$n 5. Sim%e t%e *a-!e &6 7%i*% i! t%e 0-re #i/era#it &6 t%e ,&n&r in *&n!i,erati&n &6 t%e ,&neeK! $erit! 8. Rem!nera$r" $r c$mensa$r" it i! (i+en &-t &6 (ratit-,e &n a**&-nt &6 t%e !er+i*e! ren,ere, / t%e ,&nee t& t%e ,&n&r) 0r&+i,e, t%e ,& n&t *&n!tit-te a ,e$an,a/#e ,e/t. =. M$da% i$0&!e! -0&n t%e ,&nee a /-r,en #e!! t%an t%e +a#-e &6 t%e (i6t @. Oner$!s t%e +a#-e &6 7%i*% i! *&n!i,ere, t%e e2-i+a#ent &6 t%e *&n!i,erati&n 6&r 7%i*% it i! (i+en an, t%-! (&+erne, / t%e r-#e! &6 &/#i(ati&n! an, *&ntra*t! c; As $ E&& eci.i" $& E6 in'!ismen 5. P!re n&t !-/e*t t& an *&n,iti&n ?-n*ertain e+ent &r 0eri&, 8. C$ndii$na% !-/e*t t& !-!0en!i+e &r re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n =. Wi a Term !-/e*t t& a 0eri&,) !-!0en!i+e &r re!&#-t&r (- CONDITIONAL DONATIONS E&&ec $& C$ndii$ns C$ndii$na% !-/e*t re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n
Im$ssi#%eI%%e'a%
t&
!-!0en!i+e
)- INTER VIVOSMORTIS DONATIONS
&r
CAUSA
Iner .i.$s ta1e! e66e*t ,-rin( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e ,&n&r M$ris Ca!sa ta1e! e66e*t -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r *- :ORM a- Oner$!s D$na i$ns ONEROUS t%e +a#-e &6 7%i*% i! *&n!i,ere, t%e e2-i+a#ent &6 t%e *&n!i,erati&n 6&r 7%i*% it i! (i+en an, t%-! (&+erne, / t%e r-#e! &6 &/#i(ati&n! an, *&ntra*t! +- CAPACIT, a- O& D $n$r W$ ma" 'i.e d$nai$ns A## 0er!&n! 7%& $a *&ntr a*t an, ,i!0&!e &6 t%eir 0r&0ert [ ,&n&rK! *a0a*it !%a## /e
,eter$ine, a! &6 t%e ti$e &6 t%e $a1in( &6 t%e ,&nati&n
#- O& D$nee W$ ma" acce d$nai$ns 5. Nat-ra# an, -ri ,i*a# 0er!&n! n&t e!0e*ia## ,i!2-a#i6ie, / #a7 8. Min&r! an, &t%er in*a0a*itate, A. B t%e$!e#+e! I. I6 0-re an, !i$0#e ,&nati&n II. I6 it ,&e! n&t re2-ire 7ritten a**e0tan*e B. B (-ar,ian) #e(a# re0re!entati+e! i6 nee,! 7ritten a**e0tan*e I. Nat-ra# (-ar,ian n&t $&re t%an 4) II. C&-rt a00&inte, $&re t%an 4) @. C&n*ei+e, an, -n/&rn *%i#,) re0re!ente, / 0er!&n 7%& 7&-#, %a+e /een (-ar,ian i6 a#rea, /&rn W$ are [email protected]!a%i&ied $ d$nae 5. G-ar,ian! an, tr-!tee! 7it% re!0e*t t& 0r&0ert entr-!te, t& t%e$ 8. H-!/an, an, 7i6e =. Bet7een 0ara$&-r!0er!&n! (-i#t &6 a,-#ter &r *&n*-/ina(e at t%e ti$e &6 ,&nati&n @. Bet7een 0artie! (-i#t &6 !a$e *ri$ina# &66en!e 4. Ma,e t& 0-/#i* &66i*er!) 7i6e) ,e!*en,ant) a!*en,ant) / rea!&n &6 %i! &66i*e T%e 0r&%i/iti&n a(ain!t ,&nati&n! /et7een !0&-!e! $-!t #i1e7i!e a00# t& ,&nati&n! /et7een 0er!&n! #i+in( t&(et%er in i##i*it re#ati&n!. [email protected]!in$ .- Re"es5 K3-R- N$1*)+)*5 !%" 1(5 200(
Oer ers$ns [email protected]!a%i&ied $ recei.e d$nai$ns 5. Prie!t 7%& %ear, *&n6e!!i&n &6 ,& n&r ,-rin( %i! #a!t i##ne!! 8. Re#ati+e! &6 0r ie!t 7it%in @ t% ,e(ree) *%-r*%) &r,er &r *&$$-nit 7%ere 0rie!t /e#&n(! =. P%!i*ian) n-r!e) et*. 7%& t&&1 *are &6 ,&n&r ,-rin( %i! #a!t i##ne!! @. In,i+i,-a#!) *&r0&rati&n! an, a!!&*iati&n! n&t 0er$itte, Acceance a. A**e0tan*e $-!t /e $a,e 0er!&na## &r t%ra(ent /. D&nati&n $a /e $a,e &ra## &r in 7ritin(: • M&+a/#e: 9&222 and below $a /e &ra# &r 7ritten) i6 &ra# it $-!t /e 7it% !i$-#tane&-!
*.
,e#i+er &6 t%in(,&*-$ent a**e0tan*e nee, n&t /e in 7ritin( abo"e 9&222 $-!t /e 7ritten an, a**e0te, a#!& in 7ritin( • I$$&+a/#e $-!t /e in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent an, a**e0tan*e $-!t a#!& /e in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent ?in !a$e in!tr-$ent &r in &t%er in!tr-$ent" &t%er7i!e it i! +&i, M-!t /e $a,e ,-rin( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e ,&n&r an, ,&nee
In *a!e &6 ,&-/t 7it% re(ar, t& nat-re &6 ,&nati&n: in!r vivos
Bad'es $& &or!is c%us%8 8. Tit#e re$ain! 7it% ,&n&r ?6-## &r na1e, &7ner!%i0 an, *&n+ee, &n# -0&n ,eat% =. D&n&r *an re+&1e ad mutuum @. Tran!6er i! +&i, i6 tran!6er&r !-r +i+e! tran!6eree • A ,&nati&n $&rti! *a-!a $-!t *&$0# 7it% t%e 6&r$a#itie! &6 a #a!t 7i## an, te!ta$ent &t%er7i!e) it 7&-#, /e +&i, an, 7&-#, 0r&,-*e n& e66e*t. I6 t%e ,&nati&n i! $a,e in !-*% a 7a t%at t%e 6-## an, na1e, &7ner!%i0 7i## 0a!! t& t%e ,&nee -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r) t%en it i! at t%at ti$e 7%en t%e ,&nati&n 7i## ta1e e66e*t an, it i! t%e ,&nati&n $&rti! *a-!a 7%i*% !%&-#, /e e$/&,ie, in t%e #a!t 7i## an, te!ta$ent. 9%l%s%n v. C%%!in%n, [G.R. o. 13153, un 2, 2002]
SOME RULES ON DETERMINATION WHETHER MORTIS CAUSA OR INTER VIVOS8 5. A ,&nati&n $a,e in *&n!i,erati&n &6 #&+e an, a66e*ti&n &6 t%e ,&n&r an, t%e ,&nee /-t 6-rt%er !ti0-#ate! t%at It became effecti"e upon the death of the donor pro"ided that in the e"ent the donee should die before the donor& the present donation shall be deemed automatically rescinded and of no force and effect% m$ris ca!sa !in*e t%e ri(%t &6 ,i!0&!iti&n i! n&t tran!6erre, t& ,&nee 7%i#e ,&n&r i! !ti## a#i+e. ic% v. CA A ,&nati&n $a,e !ti0-#atin( t%at it 7i## ta1e e66e*t a6ter t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r /-t 6-rt%er !ti0-#ate! t%at ?5 t%e ,&n&r 7i## n&t ,i!0&!e n&r ta1e it a7a 6r&$ t%e ,&nee an, t%at ?8 t%e ,&n&r i! 0artin( 7it% t%e /ene6i*ia# &7ner!%i0 7%i#e %e #i+e, iner .i.$s
5.
D$nai$n O& Te Same Tin' T$ 2 Or M$re Di&&eren Pers$ns • R-#e! &n ,&-/#e !a#e 7i## a00#
CLASSI:ICATION O: DONATION INTER VIVOS 5. :r$m e .ie/$in $& m$i.e5 !r$se5 $r ca!se PURE SIMPLE C$nsider a>i$n Merit! &6 ,&nee
La/ $ a%" &$rms La7 &n ,&nati&n!
:$rm $& accea nce Re2-ire, Reser.a i$n /re'ar d $ ers$na% s!$r and %e'iime A00#i*a/# e Warran " a'ains e.ici$n and idden de&ecs In /a, 6ait% &n# Re.$cai $n A00#i*a/# e
REMUNERA TOR,
COND ITION AL Va#-a/#e *&n!i,era ti&n i! i$0&!e, /-t +a#-e i! #e!! t%an +a#-e &6 t%in( ,&nate,
ONEROU S
Li/era#it &r $erit! &6 ,&nee &r /-r,en *%ar(e &6 0a!t !er+i*e! 0r&+i,e, t%e ,& n&t *&n!tit-te ,e$an,a /#e ,e/t La7 &n ,&nati&n!
Va#-a/#e *&n!i,era ti&n (i+en
Etent &6 /-r,en
Re2-ire,
Re2-ire,
A00#i*a/# e
A00#i*a/# e
La7 &n &/#i(ati&n ! i$0&!e, Q O/#iC&n e*e!!Q ,&nati&n Re2-ire,
N&t A00#i*a/# e
In /a, 6ait% &n#
In /a, 6ait% &n#
A00#ie!
A00#i*a/# e
A00#i*a/# e
A00#i*a/# e
8. :r
$m e .ie/$in $& e a
A ,&nati&n 7&-#, n&t /e #e(a## 6ea!i/#e i6 t%e ,&n&r %a! neit%er &7ner!%i0 n&r rea# ri(%t! t%at %e *an tran!$it t& t%e ,&nee. Hemedes .- CA5 K3-R- N$- 10?1(25 Oc$#er 5 200
DOUBLE DONATIONS: R!%e8 Pri&rit in ti$e) 0ri&rit in ri(%t 5. I6 $&+a/#e &ne 7%& 6ir!t ta1e! 0&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% 8. I6 i$$&+a/#e &ne 7%& re* &r,e, in re(i!tr &6 0r&0ert in (&&, 6ait% • N& in!*ri0ti&n) &ne 7%& 6ir!t t&&1 0&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% • In a/!en*e t%ere&6) &ne 7%& 0re!ent! &#,e!t tit#e ?- REVOCATION 3r$!nds :$r Re.$cai$n 5. Birt%) A,&0ti&n) Rea00earan*e &6 a *%i #, • Peri&, &6 @ ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 /irt%) a,&0ti&n &r rea00earan*e t& re+&1e t%e ,&nati&n
Tran!$i!!i/#e t& t%e %eir! &6 t%e ,&n&r i6 t%e ,&n&r ,ie! 7it%in t%e @ ear 0eri&,) in 7%i*% *a!e t%e re$ainin( 0eri&, !%a## a00# t& t%e ,&n&rK! %eir! • Re,-*ti&n !%a## /e /a!e, &n t%e in&66i*i&-!ne!! &6 t%e ,&nati&n 8. N&n6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e *& n,iti&n! =. In(ratit-,e • Cann&t /e 0a!!e, t& t%e ,&n&rK! %eir • Peri&, &6 5 ear 6r&$ 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e a*t &6 in(ratit-,e) an, it 7a! 0&!!i/#e 6&r %i$ t& /rin( t%e a*ti&n •
3r$!nds :$r Red!ci$n 5. Fai#-re &6 t %e ,&n&r t& re!er+e !-66i*ient $ean! 6&r !-00&rt &6 %i$!e#6 &r ,e0en,ent re#ati+e! 8. Fai#-re &6 ,&n&r t& re!er+e !-66i*ient 0r&0ert t& 0a &66 ei!tin( ,e/t! =. In&66i*i&-!ne!!) t%at i!) t%e ,&nati&n e*ee,! t%at 7%i*% t%e ,&n&r *an (i+e / 7i## @. Birt%) a00earan*e &r a,&0ti&n &6 a *%i#, AUTOMATIC REVOCATION • In *&ntra*t! 0r&+i,in( 6&r a-t&$ati* re+&*ati&n) -,i*ia# inter+enti&n i! ne*e!!ar n&t 6&r 0-r0&!e! &6 &/tainin( a -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n re!*in,in( a *&ntra*t a#rea, ,ee$e, re!*in,e, / +irt-e &6 an a(ree$ent 0r&+i,in( 6&r re!*i!!i&n e+en 7it%&-t -,i*ia# inter+enti&n) /-t in &r,er t& ,eter$ine 7%et%er &r n&t t%e re!*i!!i&n 7a! 0r&0er t%e !ti0-#ati&n &6 t%e &6 0artie! 0r&+i,in( 6&r a-t&$ati* re+&*ati&n t%e ,ee, &6 ,&nati&n) 7it%&-t 0ri&r -,i*ia# a*ti&n 6&r t%at 0-r0&!e) i! +a#i, !-/e*t t& t%e ,eter$inati&n &6 t%e 0r&0riet &6 t%e re!*i!!i&n !&-(%t. ;%ere !-*% 0r&0riet i! !-!taine,) t%e ,e*i!i&n &6 t%e *&-rt 7i## /e $ere# ,e*#arat&r &6 t%e re+&*ati&n) /-t it i! n&t in it!e#6 t%e Gam#$an'a Barer re+&*at&r a*t. Traders .- P%a'aa5 K3-R- N$- 1))((
Re.$cai$n O& D$nai$ns A66e*t! t%e 7%&#e ,&nati&n • • A00#ie! &n# t& ,&nati&n inter "i"os • N&t a00#i*a/#e t& &ner&-! ,&nati&n! D&n&r *an re+&1e ,&nati&n i6 t%e ,&nee • 6ai#! t& *&$0# 7it% t%e *&n,iti&n! i$0&!e, / t%e ,&n&r. Pre!*ri0ti&n: @ ear! 6r&$ t%e n&n*&$0#ian*e 7it% *&n,iti&n. •
,&nate, a 0ar*e# &6 #an, t& t%e Uni+er!it &n t%e *&n,iti&n t%at t%e #atter 7i## e!ta/#i!% a $e,i*a# *&##e(e na$e, a6ter . A6ter 4 ear!) K! %eir! 6i#e, ann-#$ent 6&r 6ai#-re t& a/i,e / t%e *&n,iti&n. Can t%i! /e re+&1e,X Genera# r-#e i! t%at i6 t%e 0eri&, i! n&t 6ie,
in t%e *&ntra*t) t%e *&-rt *an 6i t%e 0eri&,. H&7e+er) it %a! /een 4 ear!) $&re t%an en&-(% ti$e t& *&$0#. T%e C&-rt re6-!e, t& 6i a 0eri&, an, r-#e, t%at t%e ,&nati&n *an /e re+&1e, 6&r 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% *&n,iti&n. Cenra% Pi%iine Uni.ersi" .CA5 2)+ SCRA *11
Aci$n &$r re.$cai$n #" reas$n $& in'rai!de 5. D&nee *&$$it! &66en!e a(ain!t 0er!&n) %&n&r) 0r&0ert &6 ,&n&r) !0&-!e) *%i#,ren -n,er %i! 0arenta# a-t%&rit 8. D&nee i$0-te! t& ,&n&r an *ri$ina# &66en!e &r an a*t in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e e+en i6 %e !%&-#, 0r&+e it -n#e!! a*t*ri$e %a! /een *&$$itte, a(ain!t ,&nee %i$!e#6) !0&-!e &r *%i#,ren -n,er %i! 0arenta# a-t%&rit =. D&nee -n,-# re6 -!e! t& (i+ e !-00&rt t& ,&n&r 7%en #e(a## &r $&ra## /&-n, t& (i+e !-00&rt t& ,&n&r BIRTH O: CHILD Ipso jure re+&*ati&n) n& nee, 6&r a*ti&n) *&-rt ,e*i!i&n i! $ere# ,e*#arat&r Etent: 0&rti&n 7%i*% $a i$0air #e(iti$e &6 %eir! Pr&0ert $-!t /e ret-rne, A#ienati&n$&r t(a(e! ,&ne 0ri&r t& re*&r,in( in Re(i!ter &6 Dee,!: I6 a#rea, !&#, &r *ann&t /e ret-rne, t%e +a#-e $-!t /e ret-rne, I6 $&rt(a(e, ,&n&r $a re,ee$ t%e $&rt(a(e 7it% ri(%t t& re*&+er 6r&$
NON> :UL:ILLMEN T O: CONDITION Nee,! *&-rt a*ti&n
Etent: 7%&#e 0&rti&n /-t *&-rt $a r-#e 0artia# re+&*ati&n &n# Pr&0ert in e*e!! A#ienati&n!$ &rt(a(e! i$0&!e, are +&i, -n#e!! re(i!tere, 7it% Re(i!ter &6 Dee,!
IN3RTITAUD E Nee,! *&-rt a*ti&n
Etent: ;%&#e 0&rti&n ret-rne,
Pr&0ert t& /e ret-rne, Pri&r &ne! are +&i," ,e$an, +a#-e &6 0r&0ert 7%en a#ienate, an, *ann&t /e re*&+ere, &r re,ee$e, 6r&$ =r, 0er!&n!
,&nee Fr-it! t& /e ret-rne, at 6i#in( &6 a*ti&n 6&r re+&*ati&n Pre!*ri0ti&n &6 a*ti&n i! @ ear! 6r&$ /irt%) et*.
A*ti&n *ann&t /e ren&-n*e, Ri(%t &6 a*ti&n tran!$itte, t& %eir!
A*ti&n eten,! t& ,&neeK! %eir!
Fr-it! t& /e ret-rne, at 6i#in( &6 *&$0#ainant Pre!*ri0ti&n i! @ ear! 6r&$ n&n 6-#6i##$ent
A*ti&n *ann&t /e ren&-n*e, in a,+an*e Ri(%t &6 a*ti&n at in!tan*e &6 ,&n&r /-t $a /e tran!$itte, t& %eir! A*ti&n ,&e! n&t eten, t& ,&neeK! %eir!
. E66e*t &6 ,e*# arati&n a! in& 66i*i&-!: t%e ,&nati&n i! ann-##e, &n# a! t& t%e 0&rti&n ,i$ini!%in( t%e #e(iti$e •
Pre!*ri0ti&n i! 5 ear 6r&$ 1n&7#e,(e &6 6a*t an, it 7a! 0&!!i/#e 6&r %i$ t& /rin( a*ti&n
Heir! *ann&t 6i#e a*ti&n
E6cei$n $ r!%e $n inransmissi#i%i" $& aci$n /i re'ard $ re.$cai$n d!e $ in'rai!de8 5. Per!&na# t& t%e ,&n&r" (enera# r-#e i! %eir *ann&t in!tit-te i6 ,&n&r ,i, n&t in!tit-te 8. Heir! *an &n# 6i#e in t%e 6&##&7in( *a!e!: a. D&n&r %a! in!tit-te, 0r&*ee,in(! /-t ,ie! /e6&re /rin(in( *i+i# a*ti&n 6&r re+&*ati&n /. D&n&r a#rea, in!tit-te, *i+i# a*ti&n /-t ,ie,) %eir! *an !-/!tit-te *. D&nee 1i##e, ,&n&r &r %i! in(ratit-,e *a-!e, t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r ,. D&n&r ,ie, 7& %a+in( 1n&7n t%e in(ratit-,e ,&ne e. Cri$ina# a*ti&n 6i#e, /-t a/ate, / ,eat% =. Can &n# $a1e %eir! &6 ,&nee #ia/#e i6 *&$0#aint 7a! a#rea, 6i#e, 7%en ,&nee ,ie, In$&&ici$!s d$nai$ns8 5. S%a## /e re,-*e, 7it% re(ar, t& t%e e*e!! 8. A*ti&n t& re,-*e !%a ## /e 6i#e, / %ei r! 7%& %a+e ri(%t t& #e(iti$e at ti$e &6 ,&nati&n =. D&nee!*re,it&r! &6 ,e*ea!e, ,&n&r *ann&t a!1 6&r re,-*ti&n &6 ,&nati&n @. I6 t% ere are 8 &r $& re ,& nati&n: re*ent &ne! !%a## /e !-00re!!e, 4. I6 8 &r $& re ,& nati&n at !a $e ti $e treate, e2-a## an, re,-*ti &n i! pro rata /-t ,&n&r $a i$0&!e 0re6eren*e 7%i*% $-!t /e e0re!!# !tate, in ,&nati&n
Ca-!e &6 a*ti&n ari!in( 6r&$ t%e in&66i*i&-!ne!! &6 ,&nati&n ari!e! &n# -0&n ,eat% &6 t%e ,&n&r) a! t%e +a#-e &6 t%e ,&nati&n 7i## /e *&ntra!te, 7it% t%e net +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate &6 t%e ,&n&r ,e*e,ent. E%$" Imeria% .- CA5K 3-R- N$- 112)( =1999;
Cec<%is :$r D$nai$n: 5. ;%et%er &ner&-! &r (r at-it&-! i6 &ne r&-!) (&+erne, / #a7 &n *&ntra*t! 8. I6 (rat-it&-!) 7%et%er mortis causa &r inter "i"os i6 $&rti! *a-!a) (&+erne, / #a7 &n !-**e!!i&n =. I6 inter "i"os) 7%et%er 0er6e*te, &r n&t ?$a,e 1n&7n t& t%e ,&n&r. I6 n& 0er6e*ti&n) ,&nati&n i! +&i,. @. I6 0er 6e*te,) *%e*1 6&r t%e *a0a*it &6 t%e ,&n&r t& (i+e an, t%e ,&nee t& re*ei+e. I6 n& *a0a*it) ,&nati&n i! +&i,. 4. C&$0#ian*e 7it% Art >@9 ?$&+a/#e an, >@ ?i$$&+a/#e &6 NCC . N&n*&$0#ian*e) ,&nati&n i! +&i,. ILLE3AL AND IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONS In Si$0#eRe$-nat&r ,&nati&n! !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a! n&t i$0&!e, =Ar ?2?; In Oner&-!C&ntra*t ann-#! &/#i(ati&n" &/#i(ati&n an, *&n,iti&n! are +&i, =Ar 11(;
N- Oer M$des $& [email protected]!irin' O/nersi 1- LAW Re6er! t& t%&!e in!tan*e! 7%ere t%e #a7) in,e0en,ent# &6 t%e &t%er $&,e! &6 a*2-irin( &7ner!%i0) a-t&$ati*a## an, ,ire*t# +e!t! t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e t%in( in a *ertain in,i+i,-a# &n*e t%e 0re!*ri/e, re2-i!ite! &r *&n,iti&n! are 0re!ent &r *&$0#ie, 7it% urado*.
2- PRESCRIPTION PRESCRIPTION i! a $&,e / 7%i*% &ne a*2-ire! &7ner!%i0 an, &t%er rea# ri(%t! t%r- #a0!e &6 ti$e" a#!& a $ean! / 7%i*% &ne #&!e! &7ner!%i0) ri(%t! an, a*ti&n!" retr&a*ti+e 6r&$ t%e $&$ent 0eri&, /e(an t& r-n" 6&-n,e, &n (r&-n,! &6 0-/#i* 0&#i*" re(ar,e, a! a !tat-te &6 re0&!e inds8 5. A*2-i!iti+e 3enera% [email protected]!isies: A. Ca0a*it t& a*2-ire / 0re!*ri0ti&n
B. T%in( *a0a/#e &6 a*2-i!iti&n / 0re!*ri0ti&n C. P&!!e!!i&n &6 t%in( -n,er *ertain *&n,iti&n! D. La0!e &6 ti$e 0r&+i,e, / #a7 8. Etin*ti+e a#!& *a##e, a! #i$itati&n &6 a*ti&n! 9or%ls v C
W$ ma" [email protected]!ire #" rescrii$n 5. Per!&n 7%& i! *a0a/#e &6 a* 2-irin( 0r&0ert / &t%er #e(a# $&,e! 8. State =. Min&r! t%r&-(% (-ar,ian! &r 0er!&na## A'ains /$m rescrii$n ma" r!n 5. Min&r! an, in*a0a*itate, 0er!&n 7%& %a+e (-ar,ian! 8. A/!entee! 7%& %a+e a,$ini!trat&r! =. Per!&n! #i+in( a/r&a, 7%& %a+e a,$ini!trat&r! @. J-ri,i*a# 0er!&n! except t%e !tate 7it% re(ar, t& 0r&0ert n&t 0atri$&nia# in *%ara*ter 4. Bet7een %-!/an, an, 7i6e . Bet7een 0arent! an, *%i#,ren ?,-rin( $in&ritin!anit >. Bet7een ( -ar,ian a n, 7 ar, ? ,-rin( (-ar,ian!%i0 9. Bet7een *&%eir!*&&7ner! . Bet7een &7ner &6 0r&0ert an, 0er!&n in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 0r&0ert in *&n*e0t &6 %&#,er
Prescrii$n d$es NOT r!n 5. Bet7een %-!/an, an, 7i6e) e+en t%&-(% t%ere /e a !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert a(ree, -0&n in t%e $arria(e !ett#e$ent! &r / -,i*ia# ,e*ree 8. Bet7een 0arent! an, *%i#,ren) ,-rin( t%e $in&rit &r in!anit &6 t%e #atter =. Bet7een (-ar,ian a n, 7 ar, , -rin( t%e *&ntin-an*e &6 t%e (-ar,ian!%i0 Tin's s!#4ec $ rescrii$n : a## t%in(! 7it%in t%e *&$$er*e &6 $en 5. Pri+ate 0r&0ert 8. Patri$&nia# 0r&0ert &6 t%e State Tin's n$ s!#4ec $ rescrii$n 5. P-/#i* ,&$ain 8. Intran!$i!!i/#e ri(%t! =. M&+a/#e! 0&!!e!!e, t%r&-(% a *ri$e @. Re(i!tere, #an, Ren!nciai$n $& Prescrii$n Per!&n! 7it% *a0a*it t& a#ienate $a • ren&-n*e 0re!*ri0ti&n a#rea, &/taine, /-t n&t t%e ri(%t t& 0re!*ri/e in t%e 6-t-re • Ma /e e0re!! &r ta*it • Pre!*ri0ti&n i! ,ee$e, t& %a+e /een ta*it# ren&-n*e," ren-n*iati&n re!-#t! 6r&$ t%e a*t! 7* i$0# a/an,&n$ent &6 ri(%t a*2-ire, Cre,it&r! an, 0er!&n! intere!te, in • $a1in( 0re!*ri0ti&n e66e*ti+e $a a+ai# it t%e$!e#+e! n&t7it%!tan,in( e0re!! &r ta*it ren-n*iati&n PRESCRIPTION O: OWNERSHIP AND OTHER REAL RI3HTS inds $& [email protected]!isii.e rescrii$n 5. Or,inar a. P&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% /. J-!t tit#e *. ;it%in ti$e 6ie, / #a7 i. @ ear! 6&r $&+a/#e! ii. 9 ear! 6&r i$$&+a/#e! ,. In *&n*e0t &6 an &7ner e. P-/#i*) 0ea*e6-#) -ninterr-0te, 8. Etra&r,inar a. J-!t tit#e i! 0r&+e, /. ;it%in ti$e 6ie, / #a7 i. 5ear!6&r$&+a/#e! ii. = ear! 6&r i$$&+a/#e! 5. In *&n*e0t &6 an &7ner 8. P-/#i*) 0ea*e6-#) -ninterr-0te,
3OOD :AITH
•
• Re a!&na/#e /e#ie6 t%at 0er!&n 7%& tran!6erre, t%e t%in( i! t%e &7ner an, *&-#, +a#i,# tran!$it &7ner!%i0 M-!t ei!t t%r&-(%&-t t%e entire 0eri&, re2-ire, 6&r 0re!*ri0ti&n
UST TITLE =TRUE and VALID; $-!t /e 0r&+e, an, ne+er 0re!-$e," &n# Titulo 0olorado i! re2-ire, • Titulo 0olorado !-*% tit#e 7%ere t%ere 7a! a $&,e &6 tran!6errin( &7ner!%i0 /-t !&$et%in( i! 7r&n( /e*a-!e t%e (rant&r i! n&t t%e &7ner • Titulo putati"o a 0er!&n /e#ie+e! %e %a! &/taine, tit#e /-t %e %a! n&t /e*a-!e t%ere 7a! n& $&,e &6 a*2-irin( &7ner!%i0) a! 7%en &ne i! in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 a t%in( in t%e $i!ta1en /e#ie6 t%at it %a, /een /e2-eat%e, t& %i$. olino v =i%rns%, 7 ;"il. 232, •
•
10* Tit#e $-!t /e &ne 7%i*% 7&-#, %a+e /een !-66i*ient t& tran!6er &7ner!%i0 i6 (rant&r %a, /een t%e &7ner T%r&-(% &ne &6 t%e $&,e! &6 tran!6errin( &7ner!%i0 /-t t%ere i! +i*e,e6e*t in *a0a*it &6 (rant&r t& tran!$it &7ner!%i0
IN CONCEPT O: OWNER • P&!!e!!i&n n&t / $ere t&#eran*e &6 &7ner /-t a,+er!e t& t%at &6 t%e &7ner • C#ai$ t%at %e &7n! t%e 0r&0ert PUBLIC5 PEACE:UL UNINTERRUPTED M-!t /e 1n&7n t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e • t%in( • A*2-ire, an, $aintaine, 7& +i&#en*e Uninterr-0te, ?n& a*t &6 ,e0ri+ati&n • / &t%er! in t%e en&$ent &6 0r&0ert INTERRUPTION 5. Nat-ra# A. T%r&-(% an *a-!e) 0&!!e!!i&n *ea!e! 6&r $&re t%an 5 ear B. I6 5 ear &6 #e!! a! i6 n & interr-0ti&n 8. Ci+i# A. Pr&,-*e, / - ,i*ia# !-$$&n!" ECEPT: i. V&i, 6&r #a*1 &6 #e(a# !&#e$nitie! ii. P#ainti66 ,e!i!t! 6r&$ *&$0#ainta##&7! 0r&*ee,in(! t& #a0!e iii. P&!!e!!&r i! a/!&#+e, 6r&$ *&$0#aint • E0re!! &r ta*it ren-n*iati&n •
P&!!e!!i&n in 7arti$e
RULES IN COMPUTATION O: PERIOD • Pre!ent 0&!!e!!&r $a ta*1 %i! 0&!!e!!i&n t& t%at &6 %i! (rant&r &r 0re,e*e!!&r in intere!t
• Pre!ent 0&!!e!!&r 0re!-$e, t& /e in *&ntin-&-! 0&!!e!!i&n e+en 7it% inter+enin( ti$e -n#e!! *&ntrar i! 0r&+e, • Fir!t ,a e*#-,e,) #a!t ,a in*#-,e,
TACIN3 PERIOD • T%ere $-!t /e 0ri+it /et7een 0re+i&-! an, 0re!ent 0&!!e!!&r • P&!!i/#e 7%en t%ere i! !-**e!!i&n &6 ri(%t! • I6 *%ara*ter &6 0&!!e!!i&n ,i66erent: 0re,e*e!!&r in /a, 6ai t% 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% -!e etra&r,inar 0re!*ri0ti&n PRESCRIPTION O: ACTIONS PRESCRIPTIV ACTION E PERIOD = r! 5. a*ti&n &+er i$$&+a/#e! 6r&$ ti$e 0&!!e!!i&n i! #&!t r!5 5. $ &rt(a(e a*ti&n 8. a*ti&n -0&n 7ritten *&ntra*t =. a*ti&n -0&n &/#i(ati&n *reate, / #a7 @. a*ti&n -0&n a -,($ent 9 r! 5. a*ti&n t& re*&+er $&+a/#e! 6r&$ ti$e 0&!!e!!i&n i! #&!t r! 5. a*ti&n -0&n an &ra# *&ntra*t 8. a*ti&n -0&n a 2-a!i*&ntra*t @r! 5. -0&n in-r t& ri(%t! &6 0#ainti66 8. -0&n a 2-a!i,e#i*t 5 r 4 r!
@. O /!tr-*t! &r inter6ere! 7it% t%e 6ree 0a!!a(e &6 an 0-/#i* %i(%7a &r !treet) &r an /&, &6 7ater 4. Hin,er! &r i$0air! t%e -!e &6 0r&0ert •
inds $& N!isances Acc$rdin' T$ N!m#er $& Pers$ns A&&eced8 5. P!#%ic =$r c$mm$n; n!isance a66e*t! a *&$$-nit &r nei(%/&r%&&, &r *&n!i,era/#e n-$/er &6 0er!&n! 8. Pri.ae n!isance a66e*t! a an in,i+i,-a# &r 6e7 0er!&n! &n#
Oer C%assi&icai$n: 5. N!isance ;r a#7a! a n-i!an*e /e*a-!e &6 it! nat-re re(ar,#e!! &6 #&*ati&n &r !-rr&-n,in(! 8. N!isance ;r Accins n-i!an*e / rea!&n &6 #&*ati&n) !-rr&-n,in( &r in t%e $anner it i! *&n,-*te, &r $ana(e,. DOCTRINE O: ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE8 aa REASON 6&r t%e ,&*trine: &ne 7%& $aintain! &n %i! 0re$i!e! ,an(er&-! in!tr-$enta#itie! &r a00#ian*e! &6 a *%ara*ter #i1e# t& attra*t *%i#,ren in 0#a) an, 7%& 6ai#! t& eer*i!e &r,inar *are t& 0re+ent *%i#,ren 6r&$ 0#ain( t%ere7it% &r re!&rtin( t%eret&) i! #ia/#e t& a *%i#, &6 ten,er ear! 7%& i! in-re,
5. 6&r*i/#e e ntr a n, - n#a76-# ,etainer 8. ,e6a$ati&n 5. &t%er! 7%ere 0eri&,! are n&t 6ie, / #a7
Ri's n$ e6in'!ised #" rescrii$n8 5. De$an, ri(%t &6 7a 8. A/ate 0-/#i*0ri+ate n-i!an*e =. De*#are *&ntra*t +&i, @. Re*&+er 0r&0ert !-/e*t t& e0re!!e, tr-!t 4. Pr&/ate &6 a 7i## . <-iet tit#e
aa
O- NUISANCE NUISANCE i! an a*t) &$i!!i&n) e!ta/#i!%$ent) /-!ine!!) *&n,iti&n &6 0r&0ert) &r ant%in( e#!e 7%i*%: 5. In-re! &r en,a n(er! t%e %ea#t% &r !a6et &6 &t%er! 8. Ann&! &r &66en,! t%e !en!e! =. S%&*1!) ,e6ie! &r ,i!re(ar,! ,e*en* &r $&ra#it
La0!e &6 ti$e *ann&t #e(a#ie an n-i!an*e) 7%et%er 0-/#i* &r 0ri+ate
t%ere/) e+en i6 t%e *%i#, i! te*%ni*a## a tre!0a!!er in t%e 0re$ i!e!. T%e 0rin*i0a# rea!&n 6&r t%e ,&*trine i! t%at t%e *&n,iti&n &r a00#ian*e in 2-e!ti&n a#t%&-(% it! ,an(er i! a00arent t& t%&!e &6 a(e) i! !& enti*in( &r a##-rin( t& *%i#,ren &6 ten,er ear! a! t& in,-*e t%e$ t& a00r&a*%) (et &n &r -!e it) an, t%i! attra*ti+ene!! i! an i$0#ie, in+itati&n t& !-*% *%i#,ren. Bi%lo En!rpriss, /nc. v. =%l%n%n, 1 ;"il. +88 (152) A00#i*ati&n t& /&,ie! &6 7ater (enera## n&t a00#i*a/#e t& /&,ie! &6 7ater) arti6i*ia# a! 7e## a! nat-ra# in t%e a/!en*e &6 !&$e -n-!-a# *&n,iti&n &r arti6i*ia# 6eat-re &t%er t%an t%e $ere 7ater an, it! #&*ati&n.
Remedies a'ains a !#%ic n!isance8 aa Pr&!e*-ti&n -n,er t%e Pena# C&,e &r an #&*a# &r,inan*e aa aa
•
Ci+i# a*ti&n Etra-,i*ia# a/ate$ent A## re$e,ie! $a /e !i$-#tane&-!# 0-r!-e, t& re$&+e a n-i!an*e
[email protected]!iremens &$r a#aemen $& a !#%icri.ae n!isance #" a ri.ae ers$n8 5. De$an, %a! /een $a,e 8. De$an, %a! /een ree*te, =. A/ate$ent /e a00r&+e, / t%e ,i!tri*t %ea#t% &66i*er an, ee*-te, 7it% t%e a!!i!tan*e &6 t%e #&*a# 0&#i*e @. Va#-e &6 t%e ,e!tr-*ti&n ,&e! n&t e*ee, P= 4. I6 0-/#i* n-i!an*e) it $-!t /e !0e*ia## in-ri&-! t& %i$ A ri.ae ers$n $r a !#%ic $&&icia% e6ra> 4!dicia%%" a#ain' a n!isance sa%% #e %ia#%e &$r dama'es8 aa I6 %e *a-!e! -nne*e!!ar in-r aa I6 an a##e(e, n-i!an*e i! #ater ,e*#are, / t%e *&-rt! t& /e n&t a rea# n-i!an*e Remedies a'ains a ri.ae n!isance8 aa Ci+i# a*ti&n aa A/ate$ent) 7it%&-t -,i*ia# 0r&*ee,in(! NOTE8 5. N& #e(a#iati&n &6 n-i !an*e) 7%et%er 0ri+ate &r 0-/#i*) / 0re!*ri0ti&n 8. E+en i6 n-i!an*e n& #&n(er ei!t!) t%e a((rie+e, 0er!&n $a !ti ## 0-r!-e a *i+i # a*ti&n 6&r ,a$a(e! 6&r t%e in-rie! !-66ere, ,-rin( t%e ei!ten*e &6 n-i!an*e =. S-/!e2-ent &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert) %a+in( 6-## 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e n-i!an*e) ,i, n&t re$&+e t%e n-i!an*e i! !&#i,ari# #ia/#e 6&r t%e in-rie! an, ,a$a(e! *a-!e, @. O7ner &6 n-i!an*e 0r&0ert i! n&t entit#e, t& *&$0en!ati&n 4. Ci+i# a*ti&n a(ain!t a 0-/#i* n-i!an*e !%a## /e *&$$en*e, / t%e $a&r &6 t%e #&*a#it . A 0ri+ate 0 er!&n $a *&$$en*e a * i+i# a*ti&n t& e#i$inate a 0-/#i* n-i!an*e &n# i6 %e !-66ere, a 0arti*-#ar %ar$ &r in-r 7%i*% i! ,i66erent 6r&$ t%e %ar$ &r ,a$a(e !-66ere, / t%e (enera# 0-/#i* / rea!&n t%ere&6
OBLI3ATIONS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
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2- ELEMENTS O: AN OBLI3ATION
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS 1- De&inii$n 2- E%emens $& an O#%i'ai$n (- Di&&eren inds $& Presai$n )- C%assi&icai$n $& O#%i'ai$ns
ELEMENTS O: AN OBLI3ATION8 AR:- 11*+ 11+2 =PAVO; A- PASSIVE SUBECT ?&/#i(&r,e/t&r8 &ne 7%&
*-AS$!rces $& O#%i'ai$ns Ar- 11*? B- Na!ra% $#%i'ai$ns C- E6ra>c$nrac!a% $#%i'ai$ns
%a! t%e/&-n, ,-t &6t&(i+in() ,&in( &r n&t ,&in(" 0er!&n t%e 6-#6i##$ent
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C- VINCULUM URIS LE3AL TIE8 t%e e66i*ient *a-!e &r t%e -ri,i*a# tie /et7een t7& !-/e*t! / rea!&n &6 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r i! /&-n, in 6a+&r &6 t%e *re,it&r t& 0er6&r$ t%e &/#i(ati&n. It *an /e e!ta/#i!%e, / +ari&-! !&-r*e! &6 &/#i(ati&n! ?#a7) *&ntra*t) 2-a!i*&ntra*t!) ,e#i*t!) an, 2-a!i,e#i*t! an, $a ari!e eit%er 6r&$ /i#atera# &r -ni#atera# a*t! &6 0er!&n!.
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS 1- De&inii$n =========================================
1- DE:INITION
B- ACTIVE SUBECT ?&/#i(ee*re,it&r: &ne in 7%&!e 6a+&r t%e &/#i(ati&n i! *&n!tit-te," 0er!&n entit#e, t& ,e$an,
D- OBECT SUBECT MATTER : t%e 0re!tati&n &r *&n,-*t 7%i*% %a! t& /e &/!er+e, / t%e ,e/t&r&/#i(&r. It i! n&t a t%in( /-t a 0arti*-#ar *&n,-*t &6 t%e ,e/t&r. REUISITES O: A VALID PRESTATION8
OBLI3ATION:
a. Li*it
5. A -ri,i*a# ne*e!!it t& (i+e) t& ,& &r n&t t& ,&. ?Art. 554
/. P&!!i/#e
8. It i! a #e(a# /&n, 7%ere/ *&n!traint i! #ai, -0&n a 0er!&n &r (r&-0 &6 0er!&n! t& a*t &r 6&r/ear &n /e%a#6 &6 an&t%er 0er!&n &r (r&-0 &6 0er!&n!.5
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS 2- E%emens $& an O#%i'ai$n 1 Gilliam % Elliot& 0ommentaries on the =aw of
*. Deter$inate Deter$ina/#e ,. M-!t %a+e 0e*-niar +a#-e
An' ,! As!nci$n .s C$!r $& Aea%s K3-RN$- 10912*5 Decem#er 25 199)T%e &/#i(ati&n i! *&n!tit-te, -0&n t%e *&n*-rren*e &6 t%e e!!entia# e#e$ent! t%ere&6) +i.: ?a T%e "inculum juris &r t%e juridical tie 7%i*% i! t%e e66i*ient *a-!e e!ta/#i!%e, / t%e +ari&-! !&-r*e! &6 &/#i(ati&n! ?#a7) *&ntra*t!) 2-a!i*&ntra*t!) ,e#i*t! an, 2-a!i,e#i*t!" ?/ t%e object 7%i*% i! t%e 0re!tati&n &r *&n,-*t) re2-ire, t& /e &/!er+e, ?t& (i+e) t& ,&) &r n&t t& ,&" an, ?* subject
0ontracts& @olume '& '6'. edition& Indianapolis& The +obbs<#errill 0ompany& page 5& citing Anson 0ont% 9& ).%
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e * $& )01
a*ti+e ?&/#i(ee !-/e*t!.
an,
t%e
0a!!i+e
?&/#i(&r
NOTE8 T%e 6&r$ in 7%i*% t%e &/#i(ati&n i! $ani6e!te, i! !&$eti$e! a,,e, a! a 6i6t% e#e$ent. T%i! e#e$ent) %&7e+er) *ann&t /e *&n!i,ere, a! e!!entia# a! t%ere i! n& 0arti*-#ar 6&r$ re2-ire, t& $a1e &/#i(ati&n! /in,in() e*e0t in rare *a!e!.
/. Na!ra% O#%i'ai$ns n&t /a!e, &n 0&!iti+e #a7 /-t &n e2-it an, nat-r a# #a7) ,& n&t (rant a ri(%t &6 a*ti&n t& en6&r*e t%eir 0er6&r$an*e) /-t a6ter +&#-ntar 6-#6i##$ent / t%e &/#i(&r) t%e a-t%&rie retenti&n &6 7%at %a! /een ,e#i+ere, &r ren,ere, / rea!&n t%ere&6. *.
M$ra% O#%i'ai$ns t%&!e t%at *ann&t /e en6&r*e, / a*ti&n /-t 7%i*% are /in,in( &n t%e 0art 7%& $a1e! it in *&n!*ien*e an, nat-ra# #a7.
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B- Vie/$in $& Per&$rmance
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
a. P$sii.e O#%i'ai$n t& (i+e" t& ,&.
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
/. Ne'ai.e O#%i'ai$n n&t t& ,&.
(- Di&&eren inds $& Presai$n =========================================
C- Vie/$in $& S!#4ec Maer
(- DI::ERENT INDS O: OBLI3ATION a T& (i+e / T& ,& * N&t t& ,& *&n!i!t! in a/!tainin( 6r&$ !&$e a*t) in*#-,e! n&t t& (i+e) /&t% /ein( ne(ati+e &/#i(ati&n!
a- Pers$na% O#%i'ai$n #- Rea% O #%i'ai$n I.
Deter$inate &r S 0e*i6i*
II. Generi* III. Li$ite, Generi*
D- Vie/$in $& Pers$n O#%i'ed =========================================
α.
Uni%aera% &n# &ne 0art i! /&-n,
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
β.
Bi%aera% /&t% 0artie! are /&-n,
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS )- C%assi&icai$n $& O#%i'ai$ns =========================================
)- CLASSI:ICATION O: OBLI3ATIONS A- Vie/$in $& Sanci$n a. Ci.i% O#%i'ai$ns (i+e a ri(%t &6 a*ti&n t& *&$0e# t%eir 0er6&r$an*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Disin'!is a Ci.i% O#%i'ai$n &r$m Na!ra% O#%i'ai$n CIVIL OBLI3ATION
Art. 554
NATURAL OBLI3ATION Art!. [email protected]= [email protected]=
Ba!e, &n 0&!iti+e #a7
Ba!e, &n e2-it an, nat-ra# -!ti*e
En6&r*ea/#e / *&-rt
Cann&t /e *&$0e#e,
Pa'e + $& )01
a*ti&n
/ *&-r a*ti&n /-t ,e0en,! e*#-!i+e# -0&n t%e (&&, *&n!*ien*e &6 t%e ,e/t&r
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
t%eir *&rre#ati+e ri(%t! are (&+erne, / t%e #a7 / 7%i*% t%e are *reate,. •
It $-!t /e e0re!!# &r i$0#ie,# !et 6&rt% an, cann$ #e res!med-
A-2CONTRACTS CONTRACTU; •
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
=OBLI3ATION
EF
A -ri,i*a# *&n+enti&n! $ani6e!te, in #e(a# 6&r$) / +irt-e &6 7%i*% &ne &r $&re 0er!&n! /in, t%e$!e#+e! in 6a+&r an&t%er) &r &t%er!) &r re*i0r&*a##) t& t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 a 0re!tati&n t& (i+e) t& ,&) &r n&t t& ,&. ?/anche$ 1oman
*- S$!rces $& O#%i'ai$ns =========================================
*- SOURCES O: OBLI3ATION A- ARTICLE :ROM
11*?-
OBLI3ATIONS
•
O#%i'ai$ns ari!in( 6r&$ *&ntra*t! %a+e t%e &$rce $& %a/ #e/een e c$nracin' aries an, !%&-#, /e *&$0#ie, 7it% in (&&, 6ait%. ?Art% ''96
•
T%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t! ,eter$ine t%e re!0e*ti+e &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e 0artie!.
•
I6 t%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t are *#ear an, #ea+e n& ,&-/t -0&n t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie!K intenti&n) !-*% ter$! !%&-#, /e a00#ie, in t%eir #itera# $eanin(.
•
Neit%er 0art $a -ni#atera## e+a,e %i! &/#i(ati&n in t%e *&ntra*t) -n#e!! t%e *&ntra*t a-t%&rie! it &r t%e &t%er 0art a!!ent!.
•
Partie! $a 6ree# enter int& an !ti0-#ati&n! 0r&+i,e, t%e are n&t *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#!) (&&, *-!t&$!) 0-/#i* &r,er &r 0-/#i* 0&#i*.
ARISE
?5 La7" ?8 C&ntra*t!" ?= <-a!i*&ntra*t!" [email protected] A*t! &r &$i!!i&n! 0-ni!%e, / #a7" an, ?4 <-a!i,e#i*t!
NOTE: T%e #i!t i! e*#-!i+e ? /agrado Orden "% Nacoco& J8%1% No% =<.7795& une .2& '69)K . H&7e+er) !&$e 7riter! e0re!!# re*&(nie t%at a UNILATERAL PROMISE *an (i+e ri!e t& &/#i(ati&n! ?Tolentino& @olume [email protected]& p% 5).
A-1- LAW =OBLI3ATION EF LE3E; •
T%e #a7 *ann&t ei!t a! a !&-r*e &6 &/#i(ati&n!) -n#e!! t%e a*t! t& 7%i*% it! 0rin*i0#e! $a /e a00#ie, ei!t.
•
On*e t%e ari!in( a*t! &r 6a*t! ei!t) t%e&6 &/#i(ati&n! t%ere6r&$ / +irt-e t%e e0re!! 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e #a7 are entire# in,e0en,ent &6 t%e a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie!. An, !-*% &/#i(ati&n! an,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
A-(- UASI>CONTRACTS =O#%i'ai$n E6 !asi>C$nrac!; • J-ri,i*a# re#ati&n! re!-#tin( 6r&$ lawful& "oluntary and unilateral a*t!) 7%i*% %a! 6&r it! 0-r0&!e) t%e 0a$ent &6 in,e$nit t& t%e en, t%at n& &ne !%a## /e -n-!t# enri*%e, &r /ene6ite, at t%e e0en!e &6 an&t%er.
Pa'e ? $& )01
•
Disin'!ised &r$m $er S$!rces =LUV;
a. T%e a*t (i+in( ri!e t& a 2-a!i*&ntra*t $-!t /e LAW:UL ,i!tin(-i!%in( it 6r&$ ,e#i*t"
VOLUNTAR, /. T%e a*t $-!t /e ,i!tin(-i!%in( it 6r&$ a 2-a!i,e#i*t 7%i*% i! /a!e, &n 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e" *.
T%e a*t $-!t /e UNILATERAL ,i!tin(-i!%in( it 6r&$ *&ntra*t 7%i*% i! /a!e, &n a(ree$ent. Tolentino& @olume [email protected]& p% 5(*
%i$!e#6 &6 it in a ,i!tin*t *i+i# a*ti&n &r in *a!e! 7%ere an in,e0en,ent *i+i# a*ti&n i! a##&7e, / #a7.
3OVERNIN3 RULES8 5. Arti*#e! 555= &6 t%e RPC an, &t%er 0ena# #a7! !-/e*t t& Art 85>> Ci+i# C&,e ?2-a!i ,e#i*t" 8. C%a0ter 8) Pre#i$inar tit#e) &n H-$an Re#ati&n! ? Ci+i# C&,e =. Tit#e 59 &6 B&&1 IV &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e &n ,a$a(e!
SCOPE O: CIVIL LIABILIT, 5. Re!tit-ti&n
INDS O: UASI>CONTRACT
8. Re0arati&n 6&r ,a$a(e *a-!e,
a. Ne'$i$r!m 3esi$ : i! t%e +&#-ntar $ana(e$ent &6 t%e 0r&0ert &r a66air! &6 an&t%er 7it%&-t t%e 1n&7#e,(e &r *&n!ent &6 t%e #atter. ?Art% )'CC
=. In,e$nit 6&r C&n!e2-entia# ,a$a(e!
/. S$%!i$ inde#ii: i! t%e -ri,i*a# re#ati&n) 7%i*% i! *reate, 7%en !&$et%in( i! re*ei+e, 7%en t%ere i! n& ri(%t t& ,e$an, it an, it 7a! -n,-# ,e#i+ere, t%r&-(% $i!ta1e. ? Art% )'C9* T%e re2-i!ite! are: *.
e. Ot%er *a!e! ?Art. 85@85>4
A-)- DELICTS =OBLI3ATION EF MALE:ICIO OR EF DELICTO; • Arti*#e 5 &6 t%e Re+i!e, Pena# C&,e E+er 0er!&n *ri$ina## #ia/#e 6&r a 6e#&n i! a#!& *i+i## #ia/#e.
•
3ENERAL RULE8 T%e a*2-itta# &6 t%e a**-!e, in t%e *ri$ina# *a!e ,&e! n&t 0re-,i*e t%e *i+i# a*ti&n) in 7%i*% t%e &66en,e, 0art $a !ti## /e a/#e t& re*&+er ,a$a(e! / a 0re0&n,eran*e &6 e+i,en*e.
T%ere i! n$ ri' t& re*ei+e t%e t%in( ,e#i+ere,"
,. T%e t%in( 7a! de%i.ered r$!' misa
•
E::ECT O: ACUITTAL IN CRIMINAL CASE
T%e *i+i# #ia/i#it !0rin(! &-t an, i! ,e0en,ent -0&n t%e 6a*t! 7%i*%) i6 tr-e) 7&-#, *&n!tit-te a *ri$e. S-*% *i+i# #ia/i#it i! a ne*e!!ar *&n!e2-en*e &6 *ri$ina# re!0&n!i/i#it) an, i! t& /e ,e*#are, an, (enera## en&$rced in e crimina% r$ceedin' e*e0t 7%ere t%e in-re, 0art re!er+e! %i! ri(%t t& a+ai#
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
EFCEPTION8 ;%ere t%e -,($ent &6 a*2-itta# *&ntaine, a ,e*#arati&n t%at n& ne(#i(en*e *an /e attri/-te, t& t%e a**-!e, an, t%at t%e 6a*t 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e *i+i# a*ti&n $i(%t ari!e ,i, n&t ei!t
CRIMES WITHOUT CIVIL LIABILIT, 5. C&nte$0t 8. In!-#t! t& 0er!&n! in a-t%&rit =. Ga$/#in( @. Vi&#ati&n! &6 tra66i* re(-#ati&n! !e =eon& )22. ed%&p% ).*
Pa'e $& )01
EFTIN3UISHMENT O: LIABILIT, : T%e *i+i# #ia/i#it 6&r *ri$e! i! etin(-i!%e, / t%e !a$e *a-!e! 0r&+i,e, / t%e Ci+i# C&,e 6&r t%e etin(-i!%$ent &6 &t%er &/#i(ati&n!.
*.
TEST $& NE3LI3ENCE8 ;&-#, a 0r-,ent $an) in t%e 0&!iti&n &6 t%e 0er!&n t& 7%&$ ne(#i(en*e i! attri/-te,) 6&re!ee %ar$ t& t%e 0er!&n in-re, a! a rea!&na/#e *&n!e2-en*e &6 t%e *&-r!e a/&-t t& /e 0-r!-e,X Picar .- Smi5 K(? Pi%- 09
•
A-*- UASI>DELICTTORTS =OBLI3ATION EF UASI>DELICTO EF UASI MALE:ICIO; • It i! an ac $r $missi$n arisin' &r$m &a!% $r ne'%i'ence 7%i*% *a-! e! ,a$a(e t& an&t%er) t%ere /ein( n& 0reei!tin( *&ntra*t-a# re#ati&n! /et7een t%e 0artie! •
ELEMENTS 8 5. T%at t%ere ei!t! a 7r&n(6-# ac $r $missi$n i$0-ta/#e t& t%e ,e6en,ant / rea!&n &6 %i! 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e"
An in4!r" t& t%e 0#ainti66 t%r&-(% !-*% 6ai#-re.
B- NATURAL OBLI3ATIONS =Ar!s- 1)2( 1)(0;
NATURAL OBLI3ATIONS 8. T%at t%ere ei!t! a dama'e $r in4!r" ) 7%i*% $-!t /e 0r&+e, / t%e 0er!&n *#ai$in( re*&+er" =. T%at t%ere $-!t /e a direc ca!sa% *&nne*ti&n &r a re#ati&n &6 *a-!e an, e66e*t /et7een t%e 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e an, t%e ,a$a(e &r in-r" &r t%at t%e 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e /e t%e *a-!e &6 t%e ,a$a(e &r in-r.
DISTINCT :ROM A CRIME: An in-re, 0art &r %i! %eir! %a! t%e *%&i*e &6 eit%er: ?a An a*ti&n t& en6&r*e *i+i# #ia/i#it ari!in( 6r&$ *ri$e -n,er Arti*#e 5 &6 t%e RPC) &r ?/
An a*ti&n 6r&$ 2-a! i,e#i*t -n,er Arti *#e! 85>85@ &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e.
NE3LI3ENCE: Fai#-re t& &/!er+e 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e intere!t! &6 an&t%er 0er!&n) t%at ,e(ree &6 *are) 0re*a-ti&n an, +i(i#an*e 7%i*% t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! -!t# ,e$an,) 7%ere/ !-*% &t%er 0er!&n !-66er! in-r. US .Barrias5 K2( Pi%- )()5 =1912; •
ELEMENTS O: NE3LI3ENCE8 =D:I; a.
A d!" &n t%e 0art &6 t%e ,e6en,ant
$ r$ e aini*&$0#ain!" && &r$m e in4!r" &6ec 7%i*% t%e% #atter /.
A &ai%!re $ er&$rm t%at ,-t" an,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
5. T%e are rea# &/#i(ati&n! t& 7%i*% t%e #a7 ,enie! an a*ti&n) /-t 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r $a 0er6&r$ +&#-ntari#. 8. It i! 0atri$&nia#) an, 0re!-00&!e! a 0re!tati&n. =. T%e /in,in( tie &6 t%e!e &/#i(ati&n! i! in t%e *&n!*ien*e &6 $an) 6&r -n,er t%e #a7) t%e ,& n&t %a+e t%e ne*e!!ar e66i*a* t& (i+e ri!e t& an a*ti&n.
EFAMPLES O: NATURAL OBLI3ATIONS ENUMERATED UNDER THE CIVIL CODE8 5. Per6&r$an*e a6ter t%e *i+i# &/#i(ati&n %a! 0re!*ri/e, 8. Rei$/-r!e$ent & 6 a t %ir, 0 er!&n 6&r a ,e/t t%at %a! 0re!*ri/e, =. Re!tit-ti&n / $in&r a6ter ann-#$ent &6 *&ntra*t @. De#i+er / $i n&r & 6 $ &ne & r 6 -n(i/#e t%in( in 6-#6i##$ent &6 &/#i(ati&n 4.
Per6&r$an*e a6ter a*ti&n t& en6&r*e *i+i#
&/#i(ati&n %a! 6ai#e, . Pa$ent / %eir &6 ,e/t e*ee,in( +a#-e &6 0r&0ert in%erite,
Pa'e 9 $& )01
>. Pa$ent &6 #e(a* a6ter 7i## %a+e /een ,e*#are, +&i,.
ELEMENTS =CDLI; C- EFTRA>CONTRACTUAL OBLI3ATIONS
C-1- ESTOPPEL =Ar!s- 1)(1 1)(9; ESTOPPEL a *&n,iti&n &r !tate / +irt-e &6 7%i*% an a,$i!!i&n &r re0re!entati&n i! ren,ere, *&n*#-!i+e -0&n t%e 0er!&n $a1in( it an, *ann&t /e ,enie, &r ,i!0r&+e, a! a(ain!t t%e 0er!&n re#in( t%ere&n.
5. C$nd!c &n 0art &6 t%e ,e6en,ant) &r &6 &ne -n,er 7%&$ %e *#ai$!) 'i.in' rise $ e si!ai$n &6 7%i*% *&$0#aint i! $a,e an, 6&r 7%i*% t%e *&$0#aint !ee1! a re$e, 8. De%a" in asserin' e c$m%ainans ri's) t%e *&$0#ainant %a+in( 1n&7#e,(e &r n&ti*e) &6 t%e ,e6en,antK! *&n,-*t an, %a+in( /een a66&r,e, t%e &00&rt-nit t& in!tit-te a !-it =. Lac< $&
INDS8 5. E!t&00e# in 0ai! ?/ *&n,-*t a. E!t&00e# / !i#en*e /. E!t&00e# / a**e0tan*e &6 /ene6it!
8. Te*%ni*a# E!t&00e# a. E!t&00e# / ,ee, /. E!t&00e# / re*&r, *.
E!t&00e# / -,($ent
,. E!t&00e# / #a*%e!
C-2- LACHES OR STALE DEMANDS LACHES Fai#-re &r ne(#e*t) 6&r an -nrea!&na/#e an, -ne0#aine, #en(t% &6 ti$e t& ,& t%at 7%i*%) / eer*i!in( ,-e ,i#i(en*e) *&-#, &r !%&-#, %a+e /een ,&ne ear#ier" it i! ne(#i(en*e &r &$i!!i&n t& a!!ert a ri(%t 7it%in rea!&na/#e ti$e 7arrantin( a 0re!-$0ti&n t%at t%e 0art entit#e, t& a!!ert it eit%er %a! a/an,&ne, it &r ,e*#ine, t& a!!ert it
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Disin'!is Laces &r$m Prescrii$n LACHES C&n*erne, ,e#a
PRESCRIPTION
7it% e66e*t &6
C&n*erne, 7it% 6a*t &6 ,e#a
<-e!ti&n &6 ine2-it &6 0er$ittin( t%e *#ai$ t& /e en6&r*e,
<-e!ti&n &r $atter &6 ti$e
N&t!tat-t&r
Stat-t&r
A00#ie! in e2-it
A00#ie! at #a7
N&t /a!e, &n a 6ie, ti$e
Ba!e, &n a 6ie, ti$e
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS ================================
B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS
Pa'e 90 $& )01
1- O#%i'ai$n $ 'i.e A- A deerminae $r seci&ic in' B- An indeerminae $r 'eneric in' 2- O#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ (- Breaces $& $#%i'ai$ns A- C$m%ee &ai%!re $ er&$rm B- De&a!% $r De%a" =Ar- 11+9; B-1- M$ra s$%.endi B-2- M$ra acciiendi B-(- C$mesai$ m$rae C- :ra!d C-1- Wai.er $& &!!re &ra!d is .$id =Ar- 11?1; D- Ne'%i'ence D-1- Ordinar" Di%i'ence D-2 E6cei$ns E- C$nra.eni$n $& e en$r $& $#%i'ai$n :- :$r!i$!s E.en )- Remedies $& O#%i'ai$ns A- Seci&ic Per&$rmance A-1- S!#si!ed er&$rmance #" a ird ers$n $n $#%i'ai$n $ de%i.er 'eneric in' and in $#%i'ai$n $ d$5 !n%ess a !re%" ers$na% ac B- Rescissi$n =res$%!i$n in recir$ca% $#%i'ai$ns; C- Dama'es5 in an" e.en D- S!#sidiar" remedies $& credi$rs =Ar- 11??; D-1- Acci$n s!#r$'a$ria D-2- Acci$n a!%iana D-(- Acci$n direca =Ars- 1+*25 1+05 1?295 19(;
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Pers$na% O#%i'ai$ns: &/#i(ati&n! t& ,& &r n&t t& ,&" 7%ere t%e !-/e*t $atter i! an a*t t& /e ,&ne &r n&t t& /e ,&ne a. P&!iti+e &/#i(ati&n t& ,& /. Ne(ati+e &/#i(ati&n n&t t& ,&
Rea% O#%i'ai$ns8 &/#i(ati&n! t& (i+e" 7%ere t%e !-/e*t $atter i! a t%in( 7%i*% t%e &/#i(&r $-!t ,e#i+er t& t%e &/#i(ee a. Deter$inate &r !0e*i6i* &/e*t i! 0arti*-#ar# ,e!i(nate, &r 0%!i*a## !e(re(ate, 6r&$ a## &t%er t%in(! &6 t%e !a$e *#a!! /. Generi* &/e*t i! ,e!i(nate, / it! *#a!! &r (en-! *.
Li$ite, Generi* (eneri* &/e*t! *&n6ine, t& a 0arti*-#ar *#a!! a. E68 An &/#i(ati&n to deli"er one of my horses Tolentino& @olume [email protected]& p% 6'H !e =eon& )22. ed%& p% 7*
1- OBLI3ATION TO 3IVE A- DUTIES O: OBLI3OR IN AN OBLI3ATION TO 3IVE A DETERMINATE THIN3 = Ar!s11+(5 11+)5 11++-; T& 0re!er+e &r ta1e *are &6 t%e t%in( ,-e 7it% t%e di%i'ence $& a '$$d &aer $& a &ami%"
EFCEPTION8 i6 t%e #a7 re2-ire! &r t%e 0artie! !ti0-#ate an&t%er !tan,ar, &6 *are B- DUTIES O: OBLI3OR IN AN OBLI3ATION TO 3IVE A 3ENERIC THIN3 =Ars- 12)+ AND 11?0;
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS 1- O#%i'ai$n $ 'i.e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
T& de%i.er e in' $& e @!a%i" inten,e, / t%e 0artie!) ta1in( int& *&n!i,erati&n t%e 0-r0&!e t%e &/#i(ati&n) intent &6 t%e 0artie!) an, &t%er&6*ir*-$!tan*e!" T& #e %ia#%e &$r dama'es in *a!e &6 6ra-,) ne(#i(en*e) &r ,e#a) in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 %i! &/#i(ati&n) &r *&ntra+enti&n &6 t%e ten&r t%ere&6.
Pa'e 91 $& )01
5. T& de%i.er e &r!is $& e in' : Ri(%t t& t%e 6r-it! &6 t%e t%in( 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er it ari!e!H 8. T& de%i.er is accessi$ns and access$ries Art% ''55* a. Accssions a,,iti&n! t& &r i$0r&+e$ent! -0&n a t%in(. E: air conditioner in a car% /. Accssoris t%in(! &ine, t&) &r in*#-,e, 7it% t%e 0rin*i0a# t%in( 6&r it! /etter -!e) e$/e##i!%$ent &r *&$0#eti&n. E: Dey of a houseH frame of a picture !e =eon& )22. ed%& pp% .7<.(*
/. T& ,e$an, rescissi$n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n 7it% ri(%t t& re*&+er ,a$a(e! *.T& ,e$an, a"men $& dama'es 7%en it i! t%e &n# 6ea!i/#e re$e,
I& e $#%i'$r de%a"s ) &r %a! 0r&$i!e, ,. t& ,e#i+er t%e !a$e t%in( t& t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! 7%& ,& n&t %a+e t%e !a$e intere!t) %e !%a## /e res$nsi#%e &$r an" &$r!i$!s e.en -nti# %e %a! e66e*te, ,e#i+er.
=. T& de%i.er e in' ise%& ?S0e*i6i* Per6&r$an*e @. T& a" dama'es in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n / rea!&n &6 ,e#a) 6ra-,) ne(#i(en*e &r *&ntra+enti&n &6 t%e ten&r &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n.
NOTE8 In an &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er a ,eter$inate t%in() t%e +er t%in( it!e#6 $-!t /e ,e#i+ere, an, *&n!e2-ent#) &n# t%e ,e/t&r *an *&$0# 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n.
RI3HTS O: THE CREDITOR TO THE :RUITS
WHEN OBLI3ATION TO DELIVER THE THIN3 AND :RUIT ARISES
5. +efore De#i+er 0er!&na# ri(%t 8. After De#i+er rea# ri(%t
RI3HTS O: THE CREDITOR IN REAL OBLI3ATION TO 3IVE =Ar- 11+*; 1- 3ENERIC REAL OBLI3ATION Obligation to deli"er a generic thing*: a. T& a!1 6&r 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n /. T& a!1 t%at &/#i(ati&n /e *&$0#ie, 7it% at t%e e0en!e &6 t%e &/#i(&r *. T& re*&+er ,a$a(e! in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 &/#i(ati&n
NOTE8 A (eneri* rea# &/#i(ati&n *an /e 0er6&r$e, / a t%ir, 0er!&n !in*e t%e &/e*t i! e0re!!e, &n# a**&r,in( t& it! 6a$i# &r (en-!.
2- DETERMINATE OR SPECI:IC REAL OBLI3ATION ?Obligation to deli"er a determinate thing: seci&ic er&$rmance &r a.T& ,e$an, 6-#6i##$ent ?i6 it i! !ti## 0&!!i/#e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n 7it% a ri(%t t& in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
5. I6 t%e !&-r*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! #a7) 2-a!i *&ntra*t) ,e#i*t) 2-a!i,e#i*t) it ari!e! 6r&$ t%e ti$e ,e!i(nate, / t%e #a7 *reatin( &r re(-#atin( t%e$" 8. I6 t%e !&-r*e i! *&ntra*t) it ari!e! 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t ?i.e. $eetin( &6 t%e $in,! /et7een t%e 0artie!) -n#e!! a.t%e 0artie! $a,e a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar) /. t%e &/#i(ati&n i! !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n &r 0eri&," ari!e! -0&n 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e *&n,iti&n &r arri+a# &6 t%e 0eri&, *.in a *&ntra*t t& !e##) t%e &/#i(ati&n ari!e! 6r&$ t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t e+en i6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n &r a !-!0en!i+e 0eri&, 7%ere t%e 0ri*e %a! /een 0ai,
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
Pa'e 92 $& )01
B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS 2- O#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ =========================================
2- OBLI3ATION TO DO OR NOT TO DO RI3HTS O: A CREDITOR IN PERSONAL OBLI3ATION =TO DO OR NOT TO DO;
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS (- Breaces $& $#%i'ai$ns ========================================
(- BREACHES O: OBLI3ATIONS =Ar!s- 11?0 A- POSITIVE PERSONAL OBLI3ATIONS8 5- Per&$rmance a de#$rs ca!se8 T%e &/#i(ee i! entit#e, t& %a+e t%e t%in( ,&ne in a 0r&0er $anner) / %i$!e#6 &r / a t%ir, 0er!&n) at t%e e0en!e &6 t%e ,e/t&r. 8. T& ,e$an, 7%at %a! /een 0&&r# ,&ne /e -n,&ne =. T& re*&+er ,a$a(e! /e*a-!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
A-11?); V$%! nar" ,e/t&r in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! (-i#t &6: 5. De#a? #ora* 8.
Fra-,? !olo
=.
Ne(#i(en*e ? 0ulpa*
@. C&ntra+enti&n &/#i(ati&n
&6
t%e
ten&r
&6
t%e
NOTE8 ,e/t&r i! #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! B- NE3ATIVE PERSONAL OBLI3ATION 5. T& %a+e it -n,&ne at t%e e0en!e &6 t%e &/#i(&r" an,
B- In.$% !nar" ,e/t&r i! -na/#e t& *&$0# 7it% %i! &/#i(ati&n ,-e t& 6&rt-it&-! e+ent!
8. T& a!1 6&r ,a$a(e!
NOTE8 ,e/t&r i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! DISTIN3UISH PERSONAL RI3HT :ROM REAL RI3HT PERSONAL
R E AL
us % r&, a ri(%t en6&r*ea/#e &n# a(ain!t a ,e6inite 0er!&n &r (r&-0 &6 0er!&n!
us in re& a ri(%t en6&r*ea/#e a(ain!t t%e 7%&#e 7&r#,
Ri' 0ertainin( t& a 0er!&n $ demand &r$m an$er) a! a ,e6inite 0a!!i+e !-/e*t) e &!%&i%%men $& e resai$n t& (i+e) t& ,& &r n&t t& ,&.
Ri(%t 0ertainin( t& a 0er!&n &+er a !0e*i6i* t%in() 7it%&-t a ,e6inite 0a!!i+e !-/e*t a(ain!t 7%&$ t%e ri(%t $a /e 0er!&na## en6&r*e,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
A-1- DE:AULT OR DELA, 3ENERAL RULE8 T%&!e &/#i(e, t& ,e#i+er &r t& ,& !&$et%in( in*-r in ,e#a 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e &/#i(ee -,i*ia## &r etra-,i*ia## ,e$an,! 6r&$ t%e$ t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%eir &/#i(ati&n. ?Art. 55
EFCEPTION8 De$an, / t%e *re,it&r !%a## n&t /e ne*e!!ar in &r,er t%at ,e#a $a ei!t: ?5 ;%en t%e &/#i(ati&n &r t%e #a7 e0re!!# !& ,e*#are!" ?8 ;%en 6r&$ t%e nat-re an, t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n it a00ear! t%at t%e ,e!i(nati&n
Pa'e 9( $& )01
&6 t%e ti$e 7%en t%e t%in( i! t& /e ,e#i+ere, &r t%e !er+i*e i! t& /e ren,ere, 7a! a *&ntr&##in( $&ti+e 6&r t%e e!ta/#i!%$ent &6 t%e *&ntra*t" &r
5. La7 &r &/#i(ati&n e0re!!# ,e*#are! !&
?= ;%en t%e ,e$an, 7&-#, /e -!e#e!!) a! 7%en t%e &/#i(&r %a! ren,ere, it /e&n, %i! 0&7er t& 0er6&r$.
=. De$an, 7&-#, /e -!e#e!!
In re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n!) neit%er 0art in*-r! in ,e#a i6 t%e &t%er ,&e! n&t *&$0# &r i! n&t rea, t& *&$0# in a 0r&0er $anner 7it% 7%at i! in*-$/ent -0&n %i$. Fr&$ t%e $&$ent &ne &6 t%e 0artie! 6-#6i##! %i! &/#i(ati&n) ,e#a / t%e &t%er /e(in!.
NOTE8 Art. 55 i! a00#i*a/#e &n# 7%en t%e &/#i(ati&n i! t& ,& !&$et%in( &t%er t%an t%e 0a$ent &6 $&ne. In *a!e &6 &/#i(ati&n 6&r 0a$ent &6 !-$ &6 $&ne) t%e intere!t re0#a*e! t%e ,a$a(e!.
INDS O: DELA,8 5. M&ra !&#+en,i ,e#a &r ,e6a-#t *&$$itte, / ,e/t&r 8. M&ra a**i0ien,i ,e#a &r ,e6a-#t *&$$itte, / *re,it&r =. C&$0en!ati& M&rae ,e6a-#t &6 /&t% 0artie! in re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n!
8. Ti$e i! &6 t%e e!!en*e
NOTE8 In re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n!) a 0art ,&e! n&t in*-r in ,e#a 6&r 6ai#-re &6 t%e &t%er 0art t& a!!-$e an, 0er6&r$ t%e &/#i(ati&n i$0&!e, -0&n %i$%er.
A-2- :RAUD =D$%$; It i! t%e ,e#i/erate &r intenti&na# e+a!i&n &6 t%e n&r$a# 6-#6i##$ent &6 an &/#i(ati&n. ? ( #anresa 7) It i! t%e 6ra-, in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &r 6-#6i##$ent &6 an &/#i(ati&n a#rea, ei!tin() a! ,i!tin(-i!%e, 6r&$ t%e 6ra-, re6erre, t& in Arti*#e 5==9 7%i*% i! t%e *a-!e &6 n-##it &6 *&ntra*t! an, 7%i*% ei!t! /e6&re an, at t%e $&$ent &6 *reatin( t%e &/#i(ati&n.
Sams$n .s C$!r $& Aea%s K3-R- N$102)*5 N$.em#er 2*5 199)Ba, 6ait% i! e!!entia## a !tate &6 $in, a66ir$ati+e# &0eratin( 7it% 6-rti+e ,e!i(n &r 7it% !&$e $&ti+e &6 i##7i##. It ,&e! n&t !i$0# *&nn&te /a, -,($ent &r ne(#i(en*e. It i$0&rt! a ,i!%&ne!t 0-r0&!e &r !&$e $&ra# &/#i2-it an, *&n!*i&-! ,&in( &6 7r&n(. +ad faith is thus synonymous with fraud an, in+&#+e! a ,e!i(n t& $i!#ea, &r ,e*ei+e an&t%er) n&t 0r&$0te, / an %&ne!t $i!ta1e a! t& &neK! ri(%t! &r ,-tie!) /-t / !&$e intere!te, &r !ini!ter $&ti+e.
3ENERAL RULE8 An a*ti&n &r !-it *an /e 6i#e, at anti$e a6ter t%e n&n*&$0#ian*e &6 t%e &t%er 0art. H&7e+er) ,a$a(e! &r intere!t !%a## &n# !tart t& r-n a6ter -,i*ia# &r etra-,i*ia# ,e$an,.
EFCEPTION8 In ee*t$ent an, *&n!i(n$ent
T,PES O: :RAUD8
*a!e!) t%e etra-,i*ia# ,e$an, !%&-#, 6ir!t /e $a,e 0ri&r t& t%e 6i#in( &6 a *i+i# !-it.
5. Ca!sa% :ra!d = olo C%us%n!): 6ra-, e$0#&e, in t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t
DEMAND IS NOT NECESSAR, WHEN8
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e 9) $& )01
8.
Incidena% :ra!d = olo /ncin!): 6ra-, in 0er6&r$an*e &6 &/#i(ati&n a#rea, ei!tin( /e*a-!e &6 a *&ntra*t
:RAUD IN THE PER:ORMANCE DOLO INCIDENTE
CAUSAL :RAUD DOLO CAUSANTE =ART- 1((; INDS O: NE3LI3ENCE
=ART- 11?0; Pre!ent
*ir*-$!tan*e! &6 t%e 0er!&n!) &6 t%e ti$e an, &6 t%e 0#a*e Art% ''7.*
,-rin( t%e a er&eci$n &6 *&ntra*t
a. !asi>De%ic = Culp% %uili%n%Iculp%
,-rin( t%e er&$rmance &6 a 0reei!tin( &/#i(ati&n
Pre!ent
P-r0&!e i! t& e.ade t%e n&r$a# &!%&i%%men &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
P-r0&!e i! t& !e*-re t%e c$nsent &6 an&t%er t& enter int& t%e *&ntra*t
/. C$nrac!a% Ne'%i'ence = Culp% Con!r%c!u%l) F 7r&n( &r ne(#i(en*e in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 a &/#i(ati&n*&ntra*t
Re!-#t! in t%e #reac &6 an &/#i(ati&n
Re!-#t! in .iiai$n $& c$ns en +&i,a/#e *&ntra*t
*. Crimina% Ne'%i'ence (Culp% Cri&in%l) K 7r&n( &r ne(#i(en*e in t%e *&$$i!!i&n &6 a *ri$e
Gi+e! ri!e t& a ri(%t in 6a+&r &6 t%e *re,it&r t& re*&+er dama'es
Gi+e! ri!e t& a ri(%t &6 an inn&*ent 0art t& ann!% e c$nrac
NOTE8 uture fraud *ann&t /e 7ai+e,. H&7e+er) t%e #a7 ,&e! n&t 0r&%i/it ren-n*iati&n &6 t%e a*ti&n 6&r ,a$a(e! &n t%e (r&-n, &6 past fraud.
REMEDIES O: DE:RAUDED PART, a.
S0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e Art ')..*
b.
Re!&#+e *&ntra*t Art ''6'*
c.
Da$a(e!) in eit%er *a!e
A-(- NE3LI3ENCE =C!%a; •
An +&#-ntar a*t &r &$i!!i&n) t%ere /ein( n& $a#i*e 7%i*% 0re+ent! t%e n&r$a# 6-#6i##$ent &6 an &/#i(ati&n
•
C&n!i!t! in t%e &$i!!i&n &6 t%at ,i#i(en*e 7%i*% i! re2-ire, / t%e nat-re &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n an, *&rre!0&n,! 7it% t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
x!r% con!r%c!u%l) !&-r*e &6 &/#i(ati&n" 7r&n( &r ne(#i(en*e *&$$itte, in,e0en,ent &6 *&ntra*t an, 7it%&-t *ri$ina# intent
INSTANCES WHERE THE LAW REUIRES A HI3HER STANDARD O: CARE8 C.5. Ban1! a! a /-!ine!! a66e*te, 7it% 0-/#i* intere!t) an, /e*a-!e &6 t%e nat-re &6 it! 6-n*ti&n!) t%e /an1 -n,er &/#i(ati&n $& isi!de$si$rs t%e acc$!ns 7it% t& treat $eti*-#&-! *are) a#7a! %a+in( in $in, t%e 6i,-*iar nat-re &6 t%eir re#ati&n!%i0. ?/imex "% 0A& '(. /01A .52*
EFCEPTION8 Etra&r,inar ,i#i(en*e ,&e! n&t *&+er tran!a*ti&n! &-t!i,e /an1 ,e0&!it!) ie: c$mmercia% ransaci$ns 1eyes "% 0A& .5. /01A 9'* C.8. C&$$&n Carrier! 6r&$ t%e nat-re &6 t%eir /-!ine!! an, 6&r rea!&n! &6 0-/#i* 0&#i*) *&$$&n *arrier! are /&-n, t& &/!er+e etra&r,inar ,i#i(en*e in t%e +i(i#an*e &+er t%e (&&,! an, 6&r t%e !a6et &6 t%e 0a!!en(er! tran!0&rte, / t%e$) a**&r,in( t& a## t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! &6 ea*% *a!e ?Art% '7..*
Di%i'ence $& a '$$d &aer $& a &ami%": &r,inar *are &r t%at ,i#i(en*e 7%i*% an a+era(e &r rea!&na/# 0r-,ent 0er!&n 7&-#, eer*i!e &+er %i! &7n 0r&0ert.
Pa'e 9* $& )01
NOTE8 R-#e &n Stan,ar, &6 Care •
T%at 7%i*% t%e #a7 re2-ire!" &r
•
T%at !ti0-#ate, / t%e 0artie!" &r
•
In t%e a/!en*e &6 t%e t7&) ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i#
AMOUNT O: EVIDENCE
Pre0&n,eran*e &6 e+i,en*e
COMPROMIS E
Can /e *&$0r&$i!e, a! an &t%er *i+i# #ia/i#it Pre!-$0ti&n &6 ne(#i(en*e
PRESUMPTIO N
Pr&&6 /e&n, rea!&na/#e ,&-/t Cri$ina# #ia/i#it *an ne+er /e *&$0r&$i!e, Pre!-$0ti&n &6 inn&*en*e
INDS O: NE3LI3ENCE5 DISTIN3UISHED DISTIN3UISH :RAUD :ROM NE3LI3ENCE
:RAUD NE3LI3ENCE
CULPA AUILIANA Ne(#i(en*e !-/!tanti+e in,e0en,ent
CULPA CONTRACTUAL
i! an,
Ne(#i(en*e $ere# an in*i,ent &6 0er6&r$an*e &6 an &/#i(ati&n
T%ere i! ,e#i/erate intenti&n t& *a-!e ,a$a(e.
T%ere i! n& ,e#i/erate intenti&n t& *a-!e ,a$a(e.
T%ere $a &r $a n&t /e a 0reei!tin( *&ntra*t-a# &/#i(ati&n
T%ere i! a 0reei!tin( *&ntra*t-a# re#ati&n
Lia/i#it *ann&t /e $iti(ate,.
Lia/i#it $a /e $iti(ate,.
S&-r*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! t%e ne(#i(en*e it!e#6
S&-r*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! t%e /rea*% &6 t%e *&ntra*t-a# &/#i(ati&n
Pre!-$e, 6r&$ t%e /rea*% &6 a *&ntra*t-a# &/#i(ati&n
M-!t /e *#ear# 0r&+e,
Ne(#i(en*e $-!t /e 0r&+e,
Pr&&6 &6 ei!tin( &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, it! /rea*% i! prima facie !-66i*ient
;ai+er 6&r 6-t-re 6ra-, i! +&i,.
;ai+er 6&r 6-t-re ne(#i(en*e $a /e a##&7e, in *ertain *a!e!
DISTIN3UISH NE3LI3ENCE :ROM CRIME NE3LI3ENCE
t& 7arrant re*&+er Di#i(en*e in t%e !e#e*ti&n an, !-0er+i!i&n &6 t%e e$0#&ee! i! n&t a+ai#a/#e a! a ,e6en!e
CRIME
WHAT IT PUNISHABLE
An a*t 7it% 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e
A*t! 0-ni!%a/#e / #a7
CONDITION O: THE MIND LIABILIT, :OR DAMA3ES
Cri$ina# intent -nne*e!!ar
Ne*e!!ar
Da$a(e! $a /e a7ar,e, t& in-re, 0art
NATURE O: THE RI3HT VIOLATED
Vi&#ati&n &6 0ri+ate ri(%t!
S&$e *ri$e! ,& n&t (i+e ri!e t& *i+i# #ia/i#it P-/#i* ri(%t!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Di#i(en*e in t%e !e#e*ti&n an, !-0er+i!i&n &6 t%e e$0#&ee! i! a ,e6en!e
E::ECTS O: CONTRIBUTOR, NE3LI3ENCE O: THE OBLI3EE 3ENERAL RULE : Re,-*e! &r $iti(ate! t%e ,a$a(e! 7%i*% %e *an re*&+er
EFCEPTION8 I6 t%e ne(#i(ent a*t &r &$i!!i&n &6 t%e *re,it&r t%e,a$a(e proximate cause *&$0#aine, &6 t%e e+ent) 7%i*% #e, t&i!t%e &r in-r &6) %e *ann&t re*&+er.
Pa'e 9+ $& )01
E::ECTS O: IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONS CONDITION
TO i$0&!!i/#e i##e(a#
DO OR
NOT t& D& an
AND
ILLE3AL
E::ECT ON OBLI3ATIO N
E::ECT ON CONDITION
VOID
VOID
5. T%e *a-!e &6 /rea*% i! in,e0en,ent &6 t%e ,e/t&rK! 7i##. 8. T%e e+ent -na+&i,a/#e
$-!t
/e
-n6&re!eea/#e
&r
=. T%e e+ent! ren,er 0er6&r$an*e i$0&!!i/#e @. T%e ,e/t&r $-!t /e 6ree 6r&$ an 0arti*i0ati&n) &r a((ra+ati&n &6 t%e in-r.
VALID
VALID
NOT t& ,& an i$0&!!i/#e t%in(
VALID
DISREGARD CONDITION
C&n,iti&n i! 0re ei!tin( an, NOT ,e0en,ent &n t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 i$0&!!i/#e *&n,iti&n 6&r ei!ten*e
VALID
VOID
C&n,iti&n IMPOSSIBLE BUT O/#i(ati&n DIVISIBLE
ONLY THE AFFECTED OBLIGATION IS VOID.
I##e(a# T%in(
A-)- CONTRAVENTION O: THE TENOR O: THE OBLI3ATION
NOTE8 In t%e *a!e &6 Re!#%ic .- L!J$n Se.ed$rin' K3-R- N$- L>21?)95 Seem#er 295 19+?5 t%e C&-rt %e#, t%at t%e 0er!&n &/#i(e, t& 0er6&r$ an &/#i(ati&n !%a## n&t /e e*-!e, 6r&$ a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent 7%en t%e nat-re &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n re2-ire! t%e assumption of risD. In &t%er 7&r,!) it i! n&t en&-(% t%at t%e e+ent !%&-#, n&t /e 6&re!een &r anti*i0ate,) /-t it $-!t /e &ne t%at i! i$0&!!i/#e t& 6&re!ee &r t& a+&i,.
========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS )- Remedies $& $#%i'ai$ns ========================================
B- :ORTUITOUS EVENT =:$rce Ma4e!re; 3ENERAL RULE8 N& &ne !%&-#, /e %e#, t& a**&-nt 6&r 6&rt-it&-! *a!e!) 7%i*% are t%&!e !it-ati&n! t%at *&-#, n&t /e 6&re!een) &r 7%i*% t%&-(% 6&re!een) 7ere ine+ita/#e.
3ENERAL RULE8 T%e #a7 0r&te*t! t%e *re,it&r!. T%e *re,it&r! are (i+en / #a7 a## 0&!!i/#e re$e,ie! t& en6&r*e !-*% &/#i(ati&n!.
A- SPECI:IC PER:ORMANCE EFCEPTION8 T%ere *&n*-r! a *&rre!0&n,in( 6ra-,) ne(#i(en*e) ,e#a &r +i&#ati&n &r *&ntra+enti&n in an $anner &6 t%e ten&r &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n.
T& ,e$an, seci&ic er&$rmance &r 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n 7it% a ri(%t t& in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e!
B- RESCISSION •
ELEMENTS O: A :ORTUITOUS EVENT8
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
It $ean! t& a/r&(ate t%e *&ntra*t 6r&$ t%e /e(innin( an, t& re!t&re t%e 0artie! t& t%eir
Pa'e 9? $& )01
re#ati+e 0&!iti&n! a! i6 n& *&ntra*t %a! /een $a,e. •
It i! t& ,e*#are t%e *&ntra*t +&i, at it! in*e0ti&n an, t& 0-t an en, t& it a! t%&-(% it ne+er 7a!.8
•
It i! 0re,i*ate, &n t%e /rea*% &6 6ait% / an 0art t%at +i&#ate! t%e re*i0r&*it /et7een t%e$.
NOTE8 In t%e *a!e &6 Ad$ra#%e .- C$!r $& Aea%s K3-R- N$- 119)++5 N$.em#er 2*5 19995 t%e C&-rt %e#, t%at -n#e!! a ,e/t&r a*te, in 6ra-, &6 %i! *re,it&r) t%e *re,it&r %a! n& ri(%t t& re!*in, a !a#e $a,e / t%e ,e/t&r t& !&$e&ne &n t%e $ere (r&-n, t%at !-*% !a#e 7i## 0re-,i*e t%e *re,it&r!K ri(%t! in *&##e*tin( #ater &n 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r. T%e *re,it&rK! ri(%t a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r i! &n# a 0er!&na# ri(%t t& re*ei+e 0a$ent 6&r t%e #&an" it i! n&t a rea# ri(%t &+er t%e #&t !-/e*t &6 t%e ,ee, &6 !a#e tran!6errin( t%e ,e/t&rK! 0r&0ert. =
C- DAMA3ES T& ,e$an, a"men $& dama'es 7%en it i! a 6ea!i/#e re$e,
D- SUSIDIAR, REMEDIES O: CREDITORS 5. Acci$n S!#r$'a$ria a*ti&n 7%i*% t%e *re,it&r $a eer*i!e in t%e 0#a*e &6 %i! ne(#i(ent ,e/t&r in &r,er t& 0re!er+e &r re*&+er 6&r t%e 0atri$&n &6 t%e ,e/t&r t%e 0r&,-*t &6 !-*% a*ti&n) an, t%en &/tain t%ere6r&$ t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 %i! &7n *re,it 8. Acci$n Pa!%iana a*ti&n t& re+ &1e &r re!*in, a*t! 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r $a %a+e ,&ne t& ,e6ra-, %i! *re,it&r. =. Acci$n Direca ?Art!. 548) 59) 5>8 ) 59=
2 SPOUSES VELARDE V. COURT OF APPEALS) G.R. NO. 5[email protected])
JULY 55)85. 3 MELENCIO S. S TA. MARIA) JR.) OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS: TET AND CASES 55 ?8ND ED. 8=%
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC B- NATURE AND E::ECT O: OBLI3ATIONS ================================
C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATIONS ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- P!re INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATIONS 1O#%i'ai$ns =Ars- 11?9>110; 2- C$ndii$na% O#%i'ai$ns =Ar- 111; A- S!sensi.e C$ndii$n B- Res$%!$r" C$ndii$n C- P$esai.e cas!a% $r mi6ed C-1- O#%i'ai$ns s!#4ec $ $esai.e s!sensi.e c$ndii$ns are .$id =Ar- 112; D- E&&ec $& e aenin' $& s!sensi.e c$ndii$n $r res$%!$r" c$ndii$n =Ar- 11?; D-1- E6en $& rer$aci.i" E- E&&ec $& imr$.emen5 %$ss $r deeri$rai$n $& seci&ic in' #e&$re e aenin' $& a s!sensi.e c$ndii$n in $#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ =Ar- 119; :- E&&ec /en a res$%!$r" c$ndii$n in $#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ aens and ere is imr$.emen5 %$ss $r deeri$rai$n $& e seci&ic in' =Ar- 11905 ar(; (- O#%i'ai$n /i a eri$d $r a erm =Ar-119(; A- Pres!mi$n a eri$d is &$r e #ene&i $& #$ de#$r and credi$r =Ar- 119+; B- E&&ec i& s!sensi.e eri$d is &$r e #ene&i $& #$ de#$r and credi$r C- E&&ec i& 'i.en $ de#$r a%$ne C-1- Insances /en de#$r %$sses #ene&i $& eri$d =Ar- 119;
Pa'e 9 $& )01
D- Res$%!$r" eri$d E- De&inie $r inde&inie eri$d E-1- Insances /en c$!rs ma" &i6 e eri$d =Ar- 119?; E-2- Credi$r m!s as< c$!r $ se e eri$d #e&$re e can demand a"men )- A%ernai.e $r &ac!%ai.e =Ar1199; A- Di&&erence #e/een a%ernai.e and &ac!%ai.e $#%i'ai$ns B- E&&ec $& %$ss $& seci&ic in's $r im$ssi#i%i" $& er&$rmance $& a%ernai.e5 r$!' &a!% $& de#$rcredi$r $r r$!' &$r!i$!s e.ens =========================================
2- CONDITIONAL OBLI3ATIONS It i! ea*t# t%e re+er!e &6 a 0-re &/#i(ati&n. T%e 0er6&r$an*e in *&n,iti&na# &/#i(ati&n! ,e0en,! -0&n a 6-t-re &r -n*ertain e+ent &r -0&n a 0a!t e+ent -n1n&7n t& 0artie!.
A- RESOLUTOR, CONDITION •
De$an,a/#e at &n*e
•
On*e t%e *&n,iti&n i! e!ta/#i!%e, &r a*1n&7#e,(e,) t%e ri(%t t& ,e$an, 0er6&r$an*e i$$e,iate# ei!t! an, t%ere6&re t%e &/#i(ati&n *&n*&$itant t& t%e ri(%t *an /e ,e$an,e, at &n*e.
•
It i! a#!& 1n&7n a! *&n,iti&n !-/!e2-ent
•
It etin(-i!%e! &/#i(ati&n!
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATION 1- P!re O#%i'ai$ns =========================================
1- PURE OBLI3ATIONS It i! an -n2-a#i6ie, &/#i(ati&n 7%i*% i! ,e$an,a/#e i$$e,iate#. It i! an &/#i(ati&n 7%&!e 0er6&r$an*e ,&e! n&t ,e0en, -0&n a 6-t-re an, -n*ertain e+ent) &r 0a!t e+ent -n1n&7n t& t%e 0artie!. ?Art. 55>
=========================================
NOTE8 In *a!e &6 a *&ntra*t 7it% a re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n) t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 &ne i! a re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 t%e &t%er) t%e n&n 6-#6i##$ent &6 7%i*% entit#e! t%e &t%er 0art t& re!*in, t%e *&ntra*t.
B- SUSPENSIVE CONDITION •
N&t ,e$an,a/#e at &n*e
•
It (i+e! ri!e t& t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 an &/#i(ati&n ?e. C&ntra*t t& Se##
•
It i! a#!& 1n&7n a! *&n,iti&n 0re*e,ent
•
It (i+e! /irt% t& &/#i(ati&n!
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATION
C- POTESTATIVE CONDITION T%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e *&n,iti&n entire# ,e0en,!
2- C$ndii$na% O#%i'ai$ns
-0&n t%e !&#e 7i## &6 t%e ,e/t&r.
=========================================
3ENERAL RULE8 A## 0&te!tati+e *&n,iti&n! are +&i,.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER
Pa'e 99 $& )01
EFCEPTION8 P&te!tati+e re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n! are n&t +&i,. I6 t%e 0&te!tati+e *&n,iti&n i! i$0&!e, n&t &n t%e /irt% ?!-!0en!i+e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n /-t &n it! 6-#6i##$ent ?re!&#-t&r) &n# t%e *&n,iti&n i! a+&i,e,) #ea+in( -na66e*te, t%e &/#i(ati&n it!e#6.
DE::ECT O: SUSPENSIVE RESOLUTOR, CONDITIONS
AND
NOTE8 LOSS %a00en! 7%en t%e t%in( 0eri!%e!) (&e! &-t &6 *&$$er*e) &r it ,i!a00ear! in !-*% a 7a t%at it! ei!ten*e i! -n1n&7n &r it *ann&t /e re*&+ere,. ?Art. 559
E-1- Be&$re e aenin' $& a s!sensi.e c$ndii$n in an $#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ =Ar- 119; •
Ar- 11?8 •
•
t%e &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e etin(-i!%e,.
;%en t%e &/#i(ati&n i$0&!e! re*i0r&*a# 0re!tati&n!) t%e 6r-it! an, intere!t! ,-rin( t%e 0en,en* &6 t%e *&n,iti&n !%a## /e ,ee$e, t& %a+e /een $-t-a## *&$0en!ate,. I6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! -ni#atera#) t%e ,e/t&r &r &/#i(&r !%a## a00r&0riate t%e 6r-it! an, intere!t! re*ei+e,) -n#e!! 6r&$ t%e nat-re an, *ir*-$!tan*e! &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n it !%&-#, /e in6erre, t%at t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0er!&n *&n!tit-tin( t%e !a$e i! ,i66erent.
D-1- E6en $& Rer$aci.i" • In re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n!) retr&a*ti+it i! irre#e+ant. •
In !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n!) t%e e66e*t &6 a *&n,iti&na# &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e retr&a*t! t& t%e ,a &6 t%e *&n!tit-ti&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n ?Art 559>
•
I6 t%e t%in( i! #&!t 7it% t%e 6a-#t &6 ,e/t&r) %e !%a## /e &/#i(e, t& 0a ,a$a(e!.
•
I6 t%e t%in( ,eteri&rate! 7it%&-t t%e 6a-#t &6 ,e/t&r) t%e i$0air$ent i! t& /e /&rne / *re,it&r
•
I6 t%e t%in( ,eteri&rate! 7it% t%e 6a-#t &6 ,e/t&r) t%e *re,it&r $a *%&&!e /et7een re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n an, it! 6-#6i##$ent) 7it% in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e! in eit%er *a!e
•
I6 t%e t%in( i$0r &+e! / it! nat-re &r / ti$e) t%e /ene6it !%a## in-re t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e *re,it&r.
•
I6 t%e t%in( i$0r&+e! at t%e e0en!e &6 ,e/t&r) %e !%a## %a+e n& &t%er ri(%t t%an t%at (rante, t& t%e -!-6r-*t-ar.
E-2- Wen a res$%!$r" c$ndii$n in an $#%i'ai$n $ d$ $r n$ $ d$ aens =Ar11905 ar- (; •
EIMPROVEMENT5 DETERIORATION
I6 t%e t%in( i! #&!t 7it%&-t t%e 6a-#t &6 ,e/t&r)
L O SS5
AN D
C$nsr!ci.e &!%&i%%men > T%e *&n,iti&n !%a## /e ,ee$e, 6-#6i##e, 7%en t%e &/#i(&r ?,e/t&r +&#-ntari# 0re+ent! it! 6-#6i##$ent ?Art. 559
In &/#i(ati&n! t& ,& an, n&t t& ,&) t%e *&-rt !%a## ,eter$ine t%e e66e*t &6 t%e etin(-i!%$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATION
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 100 $&
(- O#%i'ai$ns /i a Peri$d $r Term
INDS O: OBLI3ATIONS WITH A PERIOD8
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5. Acc$rdin' $ e&&ec8 a. Res$%!$r" ?in ,ie$ ,e$an,a/#e at &n*e /-t ter$inate! -0&n arri+a# &6 t%e ,a *ertain
(- OBLI3ATIONS WITH A PERIOD OR TERM
•
WITH A PERIOD An &/#i(ati&n 7%&!e ,e$an,a/i#it &r etin(-i!%$ent ,e0en,! &n a 6-t-re an, *ertain e+ent" !-/e*t t& t%e e0irati&n &6 a ter$ &6 0eri&, ? Arts 55=) 55 • PERIOD Inter+a# &6 ti$e) 7%i*%) eertin( an in6#-en*e &n an &/#i(ati&n a! a *&n!e2-en*e &6 a -ri,i*a# a*t) eit%er !-!0en,! it! ,e$an,a/i#it &r 0r&,-*e! it! etin(-i!%$ent
• Da *ertain t%at 7%i*% $-!t ne*e!!ari# *&$e) a#t%&-(% it $a n&t /e 1n&7n 7%en
/. S!sensi.e ?e ,ie &/#i(ati&n /e*&$e! ,e$an,a/#e &n t%e ,a !ti0-#ate, 8. Acc$rdin' $ s$!rce a. Le'a% 7%en it i! 0r&+i,e, / #a7! /. C$n.eni$na% $r V$%!nar" > 7%en it i! a(ree, t& / t%e 0artie! *. !dicia% 7%en it i! 6ie, / t%e *&-rt =. Acc$rdin' $ de&inieness8
REUISITES8
a.De&inie > 7%en it i! 6ie, &r it i! 1n&7n 7%en it 7i## *&$e
5. F-t-re
/. Inde&inie > 7%en it i! n&t 6ie, &r it i!
8. Certain
n&t 1n&7n 7%en it 7i## *&$e
=. Le(a## an, 0%!i*a## 0&!!i/#e
WHEN STIPULATION SA,S PA,ABLE WHEN ABLE •
;%en t%e &/#i(&r /in,! %i$!e#6 t& 0a 7%en %i! $ean! 0er$it %i$ t& ,& !&) t%e &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e ,ee$e, t& /e &ne 7it% a 0eri&,.
•
Re$e,:
5.
A(ree$ent a$&n( 0artie!
8. C&-rt !%a## 6i 0eri&, &6 0a$ent 7%en 0artie! -na/#e t& a(ree
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
TERM VS- CONDITION5 DISTIN3UISHED T E RM
CONDITION
Inter+a# &6 ti$e 7%i*% i! 6-t-re an, *ertain
Fa*t &r e+ent 7%i*% i! 6-t-re &r -n*ertain &r a 0a!t e+ent -n1n&7n t&
Pa'e 101 $&
t%e 0artie! Ti$e 7* $-!t ne*e!!ari# *&$e a#t%&-(% it $a n&t /e 1n&7n 7%en
F-t-re an, -n*ertain 6a*t &r e+ent 7%i*% $a &r $a n&t %a00en
Eert! an in6#-en*e -0&n t%e ti$e &6 ,e$an,a/i#it &r etin(-i!%$ent &6 an &/#i(ati&n
Eert! an in6#-en*e -0&n t%e +er ei!ten*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n it!e#6
D&e! n&t %a+e an retr&a*ti+e e66e*t -n#e!! t%ere i! an a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar
Ha! retr&a*ti+e e66e*t
;%en it i! #e6t e*#-!i+e# t& t%e 7i## &6 t%e ,e/t&r) t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! a66e*te,
;%en it i! #e6t e*#-!i+e# t& t%e 7i## &6 t%e ,e/t&r) t%e &/#i(ati&n i! +&i,
0eri&, %a! /een e!ta/#i!%e, in 6a+&r &6 &ne &r t%e &t%er.
PERIOD :OR CREDITOR •
THE
BENE:IT
O:
THE
Cre,it&r $a ,e$an, t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n at an ti$e /-t t%e ,e/t&r *ann&t *&$0e# %i$ t& a**e0t /e6&re t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e 0eri&,
PERIOD :OR THE BENE:IT O: THE DEBTOR •
De/t&r $a &00&!e an 0re$at-re ,e$an, &6 t%e *re,it&r /-t %e $a ren& -n*e t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 0eri&, / 0er6&r$in( %i! &/#i(ati&n in a,+an*e ?Manre!a
WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RI3HT TO PERIOD =Ar 119; 5. In!&#+en* 0r&+i,e,
&6
,e/t&r)
-n#e!!
!e*-rit
WHEN COURTS MA, :IF PERIOD8 8. Di, n&t ,e#i+er !e*-rit 0r&$i!e, I6 t%e &/#i(ati&n d$es n$ &i6 a eri$d ) /-t 6r&$ it! nat-re an, *ir*-$!tan*e! it *an /e in&erred t%at a 0eri&, 7a! inten,e, / t%e 0artie!
=. I$0aire, !e*- rit t%r &-(% %i! &7n a*t ! &r t%r&-(% 6&rt-it&-! e+ent -n#e!! %e (i+e! ne7 !e*-ritie! e2-a## !ati!6a*t&r
aa
I6 t%e d!rai$n $& e eri$d deends !$n e /i%% &6 t%e ,e/t&r
@. Vi&#ate! -n,erta1in( in *&n!i,erati&n &6 eten!i&n &6 0eri&,
aa
In *a!e &6 re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n!) 7%en t%ere i! a 4!s ca!se 6&r 6iin( a 0eri&,
4. Atte$0t! t& a/!*&n,
I6 t%e de#$r #inds %i$!e#6 7%en %i! $ean! 0er$it %i$ t& ,& !&
=========================================
aa
aa
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS PERIOD5 :OR WHOSE BENE:IT
C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATION
3ENERAL RULE : ;%en a 0eri&, i! ,e!i(nate, 6&r t%e 0er6&r$an*e &r 6-#6i##$ent &6 an
)- A%ernai.e $r :ac!%ai.e O#%i'ai$n
&/#i(ati&n) it i! 0re!-$e, t& %a+e /een e!ta/#i!%e, 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 /&t% 0artie!.
=========================================
EFCEPTION: ;%en it a00ear! 6r&$ t%e ten&r &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n &r &t%er *ir*-$!tan*e! t%at t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 102 $&
)- ALTERNATIVE OR :ACULTATIVE OBLI3ATION WHEN CONVERTED OBLI3ATION8
=AR:- 1199 120+;
:ACULTATIVE > &n# &ne 0re!tati&n %a! /een a(ree, -0&n /-t an&t%er $a /e (i+en in !-/!tit-ti&n
E::ECT O: LOSS OR DETERIORA0TION THRU NE3LI3ENCE5 DELA, OR :RAUD O: OBLI3OR8 •
O6 t%in( inten,e, a! !-/!tit-te n& #ia/i#it
•
O6 t%e !-/!tit-te a6ter !-/!tit-ti&n i! $a,e 7it% #ia/i#it
IN
;%en t%e 0er!&n 7%& %a! a ri(%t &6 *%&i*e %a! *&$$-ni*ate, %i! *%&i*e
2.
On# &ne i! 0ra*ti*a/#e
E::ECT O: LOSS O: OBECTS O: ALTERNATIVE OBLI3ATIONS 1-
I& e r i' $ & c $ice # e%$n's $ e de#$r •
I6 t%r&-(% a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent a## 7ere #&!t) ,e/t&r *ann&t /e %e#, #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
•
I6 5 &r $&re /-t n&t a## &6 t%e t%in(! are #&!t &r &ne &r !&$e /-t n&t a## &6 t%e 0re!tati&n! *ann&t /e 0er6&r$e, ,-e t& 6&rt-it&-! e+ent &r 6a-#t &6 t%e ,e/t&r) *re,it&r *ann&t %&#, t%e ,e/t&r #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! /e*a-!e t%e ,e/t&r *an !ti## *&$0# 7it% %i! &/#i(ati&n
•
I6 a## t%in(!) e*e0t &ne) 7ere #&!t) t%e ,e/t&r $-!t *&$0# / 0er6&r$in( t%at 7%i*% re$ain
•
I6 a## 7ere #&!t / 6a-#t &6 t%e ,e/t&r t%e #ater i! #ia/#e 6&r t%e +a#-e &6 t%e #a!t t%in( &r !er+i*e 7%i*% /e*a$e i$0&!!i/#e
ALTERNATIVE
3ENERAL RULE8 t%e ri(%t &6 *%&i*e /e#&n(! t& ,e/t&r EFCEPTION8 5. E0re!!# (rante, t& *re,it&r 8. E0re!!# (rante, t& t%ir, 0er!&n
LIMITATIONS ON THE RI3HT O: CHOICE O: THE DEBTOR
SIMPLE
1.
ALTERNATIVE /&-n, / ,i66erent 0re!tati&n! /-t &n# &ne i! ,-e
RI3HT O: CHOICE OBLI3ATIONS
TO
2-
I& ri' $& c$ice #e%$n's $ e credi$r
a. I$0&!!i/#e
I6 5 &6 t%e t%in(! i! #&!t t%r&-(% a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent) t%e ,e/t&r !%a## 0er6&r$ t%e &/#i(ati&n / ,e#i+erin( t%at 7%i*% t%e *re,it&r !%&-#, *%&&!e 6r&$
/. Un#a76-#
a$&n( re$ain,er re$ain! t%e i6 &n# 5 !-/!i!t! &r t%at 7%i*%
T%e ,e/t&r !%a## n&t %a+e t%e ri(%t t& *%&&!e t%e 0re!tati&n!) 7%i*% are:
*.
T%&!e 7%i*% *&-#, n&t %a+e /een t%e &/e*t &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
•
•
I6 t%e #&!! &6 5 &6 t%e t%in(! &**-r! t%r&-(% t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e ,e/t&r) t%e
Pa'e 10( $&
*re,it&r $a *#ai$ an &6 t%&!e !-/!i!tin( &r t%e 0ri*e &6 t%at 7%i*%) t%r&-(% t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e 6&r$er) %a! ,i!a00eare, 7it% a ri(%t t& ,a$a(e! •
I6 a## t%e t%in(! are #&!t t%r&-(% t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e ,e/t&r) t%e *%&i*e / t%e *re,it&r !%a## 6a## -0&n t%e 0ri*e &6 an 5 &6 t%e$) a#!& 7it% in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e!.
I6 it i! i$0&!!i/#e t& (i+e a## e*e0t &ne) t%e #a!t &ne $-!t !ti## /e (i+en
I6 it i! i$0&!!i/#e t& (i+e t%e 0rin*i0a#) t%e !-/!tit-te ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e (i+en" i6 it i! i$0&!!i/#e t& (i+e t%e !-/!tit-te) t%e 0rin*i0a# $-!t !ti## /e (i+en
Ri(%t t& *%&&!e $a /e (i+en eit%er t& ,e/t&r &r *re,it&r
T%e ri(%t &6 *%&i*e i! (i+en &n# t& t%e ,e/t&r
REUISITES :OR MAIN3 THE CHOICE: 5. Ma,e 0r&0er# !& t%at *re,it&r &r %i! a( ent 7i## a*t-a## 1n&7 8. Ma,e 7it% 6-## 1n&7#e,(e t%at a !e#e*ti&n i! in,ee, /ein( $a,e =. Ma,e +&#-ntari# an, 6ree# @. Ma,e in ,-e ti$e /e6&re &r -0&n $at-rit
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC C- INDS O: CIVIL OBLI3ATION ================================
D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATION ================================
4. Ma,e t& a## 0r&0er 0er!&n!
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
. Ma,e 7& *&n ,iti&n! -n#e!! a(r ee, / t%e *re,it&r
D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATION 1- $in =Di.isi#%e; O#%i'ai$n A- C$nc!rrence $& /$ $r m$re credi$rs and$r /$ $r m$re de#$rs A-1- $in $#%i'ai$n is res!med5 !n%ess $er/ise indicaed #" e %a/ $r na!re $& $#%i'ai$n =Ar120?; A-2- O#%i'ai$n res!med $ #e di.ided in$ as man" [email protected]!a% sares as ere are credi$rs $r de#$rs A-(- Eac credi is disinc &r$m $ne an$er5 ere&$re a 4$in de#$r cann$ #e [email protected]!ired $ a" &$r e sare $& an$er /i de#$r5 a%$!' e ma" a" i& e /ans $ =Ar- 1209; A-)- Ins$%.enc" $& a 4$in de#$r5 $ers n$ %ia#%e &$r is sare =Ar1209;
>. Ma /e 7ai+e,) e0re!!# &r i$0#ie,#
DISTIN3UISH ALTERNATIVE :ROM :ACULTATIVE ALTERNATIVE
:ACULTATIVE
Vari&-! t%in(! are ,-e /-t t%e (i+in( 0rin*i0a## &6 &ne i! !-66i*ient
On# &ne t%in( i! ,-e /-t a !-/!tit-te $a /e (i+en t& ren,er 0a$ent6-#6i##$ent ea!
I6 &ne &6 0re!tati&n! i! i##e(a#) &t%er! $a /e +a#i, /-t &/#i(ati&n re$ain!
I6 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n! i! +&i, an, t%ere i! n& ne*e!!it &6 (i+in( t%e !-/!tit-te" n-##it &6 P *arrie! 7it% it n-##it &6 S
2- $in =Indi.isi#%e; O#%i'ai$n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 10) $&
A- O#%i'ai$n cann$ #e er&$rmed in ars #! de#$rs are #$!nd 4$in%" B- In case $& &ai%!re $& $ne 4$in de#$r $ er&$rm is ar =sare;5 ere is de&a!% #! $n%" e '!i%" sa%% #e %ia#%e &$r dama'es
3ENERAL RULE8 T%e 0re!-$0ti&n &6 t%e #a7 i! t%at an &/#i(ati&n i! a#7a! &int. EFCEPTIONS TO THE PRESUMPTION 5. ;%en e0re!!# !&#i,arit
!tate,
t%at
t%ere
i!
8. ;%en t%e #a7 re2-ire! !&#i,arit
(- S$%idar" O#%i'ai$n A- M!!a% a'enc" am$n' s$%idar" de#$rs =Ars- 121)>121*; B- M!!a% '!aran" am$n' s$%idar" de#$rs =Ars- 121+5 121?5 1222; C- Eac $ne $& s$%idar" credi$rs ma" d$ /ae.er ma" #e !se&!% $ e $ers5 #! n$ an"in' re4!dicia% $ em =Ar- 1212; C-1- E&&ec $& an" n$.ai$n5 c$mensai$n5 c$n&!si$n $r remissi$n $& de# e6ec!ed #" a s$%idar" credi$r )- Di.isi#%e and Indi.isi#%e =Ar122*; *- O#%i'ai$ns /i a Pena% C%a!se =Ars- 122+5 122>12(0; =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATIONS
=========================================
1- OINT =DIVISIBLE; OBLI3ATION OBLI3ATION
=4li%cion
9%ncu&un%%) K T%e 7%&#e &/#i(ati&n i! t& /e 0ai, &r 6-#6i##e, 0r&0&rti&nate# / ,i66erent ,e/t&r! &r ,e$an,e, 0r&0&rti&nate# / t%e ,i66erent &/#i(ee!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
@. ;%en a *%ar(e &r *&n,iti&n i! i$0&!e, -0&n %eir! &r #e(atee! an, t%e te!ta$ent e0re!!# $a1e! t%e *%ar(e &r *&n,iti&n in !&#i,-$ ?Manre!a 4. ;%en a !&#i ,ar re!0&n!i/i#it i! i$ 0-te, / a 6ina# -,($ent -0&n !e+era# ,e6en,ant! ?8utierre$ "% 8utierre$*
E::ECTS O: OINT LIABILIT, 5. De$an, &n &ne 0r&,-*e! ,e#a &n# 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e ,e/t 8. Interr-0ti&n in 0a$ent / &ne ,&e! n&t /ene6it &r 0re-,i*e t%e &t%er =. Vi*e! &6 &ne , e/t&r t& *re,it&r %a! n& e66e*t &n t%e &t%er! @. In!&#+en* &6 &ne ,e/t&r ,&e! n&t a66e*t &t%er ,e/t&r!
OINT DIVISIBLE OBLI3ATIONS
1- $in =Di.isi#%e; O#%i'ai$n
OINT
=. ;%en t%e nat -re &6 t%e &/# i(ati&n re2-ire! !&#i,arit
5. Ea*% *re,it&r *an ,e$an, 6&r t% e 0a$ent &6 %i! 0r&0&rti&nate !%are &6 t%e *re,it) 7%i#e ea*% ,e/t&r *an /e %e#, #ia/#e &n# 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 %i! 0r&0&rti&nate !%are &6 t%e ,e/t 8. A &int *re,it&r *ann&t a*t in re0r e!entati&n &6 t%e &t%er *re,i t&r! 7%i#e a &int ,e/t&r *ann&t /e *&$0e##e, t& an!7er 6&r t%e a*t! &r #ia/i#it &6 t%e &t%er ,e/t&r!
Pa'e 10* $&
NOTE8 Un#e!! t%ere i! n& !0e*i6i*ati&n a! t& t%eir 0r&0&rti&nate !%are in t%e *re,it &r in t%e ,e/t) t%e *re,it&r! an, ,e/t&r! in a &int &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e entit#e, &r !%a## $a1e 0a$ent in e2-a# 0r&0&rti&n.
&/e*t &6 &/#i(ati&n
P#-ra#it &6 !-/e*t! i! n&t re2-ire,
P#-ra#it &6 !-/e*t! i! in,i!0en!a/#e
=========================================
In *a!e &6 /rea*%) &/#i(ati&n i! *&n+erte, int& 5 &6 in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e! /e*a-!e &6 /rea*%) in,i+i!i/i#it &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i! ter$inate,
;%en t%ere i! #ia/i#it &n t%e 0art &6 t%e ,e/t&r! /e*a-!e &6 t%e /rea*%) t%e !&#i,arit a$&n( t%e ,e/t&r! re$ain!
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATIONS 2- $in =Indi.isi#%e; O#%i'ai$n =========================================
2- OINT =INDIVISIBLE; OBLI3ATION 5. I6 t%ere are 8 &r $&re ,e/t&r!) t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 &r *&$0#ian*e 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n re2-ire! t%e *&n*-rren*e &6 a## t%e ,e/t&r!) a#t%&-(% ea*% 6&r %i! &7n !%are. T%e &/#i(ati&n *an /e en6&r*e, &n# / 0r&*ee,in( a(ain!t a## &6 t%e ,e/t&r!. 8. I6 t%ere are 8 &r $&re *re,it&r!) t%e *&n*-rren*e &r *&##e*ti+e a*t &6 a## t%e *re,it&r!) a#t%&-(% ea*% 6&r %i! &7n !%are) i! a#!& ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e en6&r*e$ent &6 t%e
t%e
&6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
PASSIVE SOLIDARITY
SURETYSHIP
Sands &$r s$me $er ers$n Ma" #e reim#!rsed a&er a"men %ia#%e &$r is and c$> $n%" e de#$rs sare rincia%s sare Primar" Sec$ndar" E6ensi$n $& ime5 Re%eased n$ re%eased
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATIONS
&/#i(ati&n
E::ECT O: BREACH I6 &ne &6 t%e &int ,e/t&r! 6ai#! t& *&$0# 7it% %i! -n,erta1in() t%e &/#i(ati&n *an n& #&n(er /e 6-#6i##e, &r 0er6&r$e,. C&n!e2-ent#) it i! *&n+erte, int& &ne &6 in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e!. Inn&*ent &int ,e/t&r !%a## n&t *&ntri/-te t& t%e in,e$nit /e&n, t%eir *&rre!0&n,in( !%are &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n.
(- S$%idar" O#%i'ai$n =========================================
(- SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATION
SOLIDAR, INDIVISIBILIT, DISTIN3UISHED INDIVISIBILIT, Re6er! t& 0re!tati&n *&n!tit-te!
t%e 7%i*% t%e
and
SOLIDARIT,5
OBLI3ATION (4li%cion oli%ri%) $-!t /e e0re!!e, in !ti0-#ati&n &r 0r&+i,e, / #a7 &r / nat-re &6 &/#i(ati&n
SOLIDARIT, Re6er! t& t%e #e(a# tie an, *&n!e2-ent# t& t%e !-/e*t! &r 0artie!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
5. Aci.e &n t%e 0art &6 *re,it&r &r &/#i(e
E::ECTS8
Pa'e 10+ $&
e. B
•
Deat% &6 5 !&#i,ar *re,it&r tran!$it! !%are t& %eir! ?/-t *&##e*ti+e# •
Ea*% *re,it&r re0re!ent! t%e &t%er in t%e a*t &6 re*&+er &6 0a$ent
•
Cre,it i! ,i+i,e, e2-a## /et7een *re,it&r! a! a$&n( t%e$!e#+e!
•
De/t&r $a 0a an &6 t%e !&#i,ar *re,it&r!
ai#ee! in *&$$&,at-$
•
E::ECTS:
a. Pa$ent $a,e /e 6&re ,e/ t i! ,- e) n& intere!t *an /e *%ar(e,) &t%er7i!e intere!t *an /e *%ar(e, /. In!&#+en* &6 &ne &t% er! are #ia /#e 6&r !%are 0r&rata
8. Passi.e &n t%e 0art &6 ,e/t&r! &r &/#i(&r!
*.
E::ECTS8
I6 ,i66erent ter$! an, *&n,iti&n! *&##e*t &n# 7%at i! ,-e) #ater &n *&##e*t 6r&$ an
•
Ea*% ,e/t&r $a /e re2-e!te, t& 0a 7%&#e &/#i(ati&n 7it% ri(%t t& re*&+er 6r&$ *& ,e/t&r!
,. N& rei$/-r!e$ent i6 0a $ent i! $a, e a6ter 0re!*ri0ti&n &r /e*a$e i##e(a#
•
Interr-0ti&n &6 0re!*ri0ti&n t& &ne *re,it&r a66e*t! a##
e. Re$i!!i&n $a,e a6 ter 0a$ent i! $a,e *&,e/t&r !ti## entit#e, t& rei$/-r!e$ent
•
Intere!t 6r&$ ,e#a &n 5 ,e/t&r i! /&rne / a##
6.
E66e*t &6 in!&#+en* &r ,eat% &6 *&,e/t&r !ti## #ia/#e 6&r 7%&#e a$&-nt
(. Fa-#t &6 an ,e/t&r e+er&ne i! re!0&n!i/#e 0ri*e) ,a$a(e an, intere!t
=. Mi6ed &n t%e 0art &6 t%e &/#i(&r! an, &/#i(ee!) *re,it&r! &r t%e 0art &6 t%e ,e/t&r! an, t%e
%. C&$0#ete 0er!&na# ,e6en!e t&ta# &r 0artia# ? -0 t& a$&-nt &6 !%are &n# i6 n&t 0er!&na# t& %i$
@. C$n.eni$na% a(ree, -0&n / t%e 0artie!
E::ECT O: LOSS OR IMPOSSIBILIT, O: THE PRESTATION8 4. Le'a% K i$0&!e, / #a7 •
Insances /ere s$%idar" $#%i'ai$n8
%a/
1.
I6 7it%&-t 6a-#t n& #ia/i#it
2.
I6 7it% 6a-#t t%ere i! #ia/i#it ?a#!& 6&r ,a$a(e an, intere!t
3.
L&!! ,-e t& 6&rt-it&-! e+ent a6ter ,e6a-#t t%ere i! #ia/i#it ?/e*a-!e &6 ,e6a-#t
im$ses
a. O/#i(ati&n! ari!in( 6r&$ t&rt /. O/#i(ati&n! ari!in( 6r&$ 2-a!i*&ntra*t! *. Le(a# 0r&+i!i&n! re(ar,in( &/#i(ati&n &6 ,e+i!ee! an, #e(atee! ,. Lia/i#it &6 0rin*i0a#!) a**e!!&rie! &6 a 6e#&n
a**&$0#i*e!)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
an,
NOTE8 T%e #a7 *#ear# 0r&+i,e! t%at t%e *re,it&r 7%& $a %a+e ee*-te, an a*t! $enti&ne, in Art. 5854 ?N&+ati&n) C&$0en!ati&n) Mer(er &r C&n6-!i&n) a! 7e## a! %e &r !%e 7%& *&##e*t! t%e
Pa'e 10? $&
,e/t!) !%a## /e #ia/#e t& t%e &t%er! 6&r t%e !%are in t%e &/#i(ati&n *&rre!0&n,in( t& t%e$.
• In
tenti&n &6 0artie! !%&-#, /e ta1en int& a**&-nt t& ,eter$ine 7%et%er &/#i(ati&n i! ,i+i!i/#e &r n&t
========================================= =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATIONS )- Di.isi#%e and Indi.isi#%e O#%i'ai$n
D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATIONS *- O#%i'ai$ns /i a Pena% C%a!se
========================================= =========================================
)- DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLI3ATION
DIVISIBLE < &/#i(ati&n t%at i! *a0a/#e &6 0artia# 0er6&r$an*e •
Ee*-ti&n &6 *ertain n& &6 ,a! 7&r1
•
E0re!!e, / $etri*a# -nit!
•
Nat-re &6 &/#i(ati&n !-!*e0ti/#e &6 0artia# 6-#6i##$ent
INDIVISIBLE &ne n&t *a0a/#e &6 0artia# 0er6&r$an*e •
T& (i+e ,e6inite t%in(!
•
N&t !-!*e0ti/#e &6 0artia# 0er6&r$an*e
•
Pr&+i,e, / #a7
•
Intenti&n &6 0artie!
NOTES8 •
Di+i!i/i#it &r0er6&r$an*e in,i+i!i/i#it &6 re6er! t& t%e &6 t%e t%e &/#i(ati&n 0re!tati&n an, n&t t& t%e t%in( 7%i*% i! t%e &/e*t t%ere&6
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
*- OBLI3ATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE
WITH A PENAL CLAUSE K One t& 7%i*% an a**e!!&r -n,erta1in( i! atta*%e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 in!-rin( it! 0er6&r$an*e / +irt-e &6 7%i*% t%e &/#i(&r i! /&-n, t& 0a a !ti0-#ate, in,e$nit &r 0er6&r$ a !ti0-#ate, 0re!tati&n in *a!e &6 /rea*%. PENAL CLAUSE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM CONDITION PENAL CLAUSE CONDITION C&n!tit-te! an &/#i(ati&n De$an,a/#e in ,e6a-#t O/#i(ati&n ei!t! De0en,! &n t%e n&n 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n
N&t an &/#i(ati&n Ne+er ,e$an,a/#e N& &/#i(ati&n -nti# *&n,iti&n %a00en! Prin*i0a# it!e#6 i! ,e0en,ent &n an -n*ertain e+ent
PENAL CLAUSE DISTI3UISHED :ROM ALTERNATIVE OBLI3ATIONS PENALC LAUSE ALTERNATIVE OBLI3ATIONS On# 5 0re!tati&n Se+era# 0re!tati&n! I$0&!!i/i#it &6 I$0&!!i/i#it &6 5 0rin*i0a# etin(-i!%e! 0re!tati&n ,&e! n&t 0ena#t etin(-i!% t%e &/#i(ati&n De/t&r $a n&t *%&&!e /et7een 0rin*i0a# an, 0ena#t
De/t&r $a *%&&!e a$&n( t%e 0re!tati&n!
Pa'e 10 $&
PENAL CLAUSE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM :ACULTATIVE OBLI3ATION PENAL CLAUSE :ACULTATIVE OBLI3ATION Pena#t &6 0a$ent P&7er t& *%&&!e in #ie- &6 t%e 0re!tati&n i! a/!&#-te 0rin*i0a# $-!t /e e0re!!# (rante, Cre,it&r $a Cre,it&r $a n&t ,e$an, /&t% i6 ,e$an, /&t% 0rin*i0a# e0re!!# (rante, an, 0ena#t
*a!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n ?0-niti+e.
CHARACTERISTICS O: PENAL CLAUSES8 5. S!#sidiar" > A! a (enera# r-#e) &n# 0ena#t *an /e ,e$an,e,) 0rin*i0a# *ann&t /e ,e$an,e,) e*e0t: Pena#t i! &int &r *-$-#ati+e 8. E6c%!si.e > ta1e! 0#a*e &6 ,a$a(e) ,a$a(e *an &n# /e ,e$an,e, in t%e 66. *a!e!:
PENAL CLAUSE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM 3UARANTEE PENAL CLAUSE 3UARANTEE In!-re 0er6&r$an*e &6 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n A**e!!&r an, !-/!i,iar &/#i(ati&n! O/#i(ati&n t& 0a t%e O/e*t &6 t%e 0ena#t i! ,i66erent 0rin*i0a# an, t%e 6r&$ t%e 0rin*i0a# (-arantee i! t%e &/#i(ati&n !a$e Prin*i0a# an, 0ena#t N& *an /e a!!-$e, / t%e !a$e 0er!&n Pena#t i! etin(-i!%e, G-arantee !-/!i!t! / t%e n-##it &6 t%e e+en i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n i! +&i,a/#e) -nen6&r*ea/#e &r a nat-ra# &ne) !a$e a00#ie! i6 0ena# *#a-!e i! a!!-$e, / a (-arantee
a.
Sti0-#ati&n (rantin( ri(%t
/.
Re6-!a# t& 0a 0ena#t
*.
;it% ,&#& ? n&t &6 *re,it&r
PENALT, AS SUSTITUTE :OR DAMA3ES 3ENERAL RULE8 t%e 0ena#t 6ie, / t%e 0artie! i! &r !-/!tit-te 6&r ,a$a(e! in *a!e &6 /rea*% EFCEPTIONS8 5. ;%en t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar 8. ;%en t%e ,e/t&r i! !-e, 6&r re6-!a# t& 0a t%e a(ree, 0ena#t" an, =. ;%en ,e/t&r i! (-i#t &6 6ra-,
DOUBLE :UNCTIONS O: PENALT, 5.
t& 0r&+i,e 6&r #i2-i,ate, ,a$a(e!
PURPOSE O: PENALT,8 1. uncion coerciti"a o de garantia F t& in!-re t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
8. t& !t ren(t%en t% e *&er*i+e 6&r*e &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n / t%e t%reat &6 (reater re!0&n!i/i#it in t%e e+ent &6 /rea*%
2. uncion li;uidatoria F t& #i2-i,ate t%e a$&-nt &6 ,a$a(e! t& /e a7ar,e, t& t%e
in-re, 0art in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n ?*&$0en!at&r) an,
INDS O: PENALTIES8 5. =egal *&n!tit-te, / #a7
3. uncion estrictamente penal F in *ertain e*e0ti&na# *a!e!) t& 0-ni!% t%e &/#i(&r in
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 109 $&
8. 0on"entional *&n!tit-te, / a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie! =. 0ompensatory e!ta/#i!%e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 in,e$ni6in( t%e ,a$a(e! !-66ere, / t%e &/#i(ee &r *re,it&r in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n @. Puniti"e e!ta/#i!%e, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 0-ni!%in( t%e &/#i(&r &r ,e/t&r in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n 4. /ubsidiary or alternati"e in *a!e &6 n&n0er6&r$an*e &n# t%e 0ena#t i! ,e$an,a/#e . oint or cumulati"e /&t% t%e 0rin*i0a# -n,erta1in( an, t%e 0ena#t $a /e ,e$an,e,
CAUSES :OR REDUCTION O: PENALT, : 5. 8.
Partia#irre(-#ar 0er6&r$an*e Pena#t 0r&+i,e, i! ini2-it&-! -n*&n!*i&na/#e
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC D- OINT AND SOLIDAR, OBLI3ATION ================================
E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS
E- Tender $& a"men and c$nsi'nai$n =Ars- 12*+>12+1; 2- L$ss $& deerminae in' d!e $r im$ssi#i%i" $r di&&ic!%" $& er&$rmance =Ars- 12+25 12++> 12+?; (- C$nd$nai$n $r remissi$n $& de# A- E6ress c$nd$nai$ns and [email protected]!ired &$rma%i" ere$& =Ar12?0; B- Im%ied =Ars- 12?15 12?25 12?); )- C$n&!si$n $r Mer'er $& Ri's =Ars- 12?*5 12?2; *- C$mensai$n A- inds =Ars- 12?5 12?9; A-1- Le'a% c$mensai$n =Ars12+>1290; A-2- A'reemen =Ar- 122; A-(- V$%!nar" =Ar- 122; A-)- !dicia% =Ar- 12(; A-*- :ac!%ai.e B- O#%i'ai$ns n$ c$mensa#%e =Ars- 12?>12; +- N$.ai$n =Ars- 1291>12;
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS 1- Pa"men =Ars- 12(+>12(; A- Dai$n in a"men =Ar- 12)*; B- :$rm $& a"men =Ar- 12)9; C- E6ra$rdinar" in&%ai$n $r de&%ai$n =Ar- 12*0; D- A%icai$n $& a"men =Ars12*2>12*);
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS 1- Pa"men =========================================
Princia% M$des8 =PAL>C$C$C$>N$;
Pa'e 110 $&
5. Pa$ent &r 0er6&r$an*e
1- PA,MENT OR PER:ORMANCE
8. L&!! &6 t%e t%in( ,-e
De#i+er &6 $&ne an, 0er6&r$an*e) in an &t%er $anner &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
=. C&n,&nati&n &r re$i!!i&n &6 ,e/t @. C&n6-!i&n &r $er(er &6 ri(%t! 4. C&$0en!ati&n . N&+ati&n
Oer M$des8 >. Ann-#$ent
REUISITES :OR PA,MENTPER:ORMANCE
VALID
5. Wi resec $ resai$n ise%& a.
I,entit
b.
Inte(rit &r *&$0#etene!!
c.
In,i+i!i/i#it
9. Re!*i!!i&n . F-#6i##$ent &6 re! &#-t&r *&n,iti&n 5. Pre!*ri0ti&n
N$ Saed in e Ci.i% C$de8 55. Deat% &6 a Part in Per!&na# O/#i(ati&n!
8. Wi resec $ aries > $-!t /e $a,e / 0r&0er 0art t& 0r&0er 0art a. Pa"$r 5. Pa&r t%e &ne 0e r6&r$in() %e *an /e t% e ,e/t&r %i$! e#6 &r %i! %eir! &r a!!i(n! &r %i! a(ent) &r an&ne intere!te, in t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n" *an /e an&ne a! #&n( a! it i! 7it% t%e *re,it&r! *&n!ent
58. M-t-a# De!i!tan*e 8. =RD 0er!&n 5=. C&$0r&$i!e [email protected] I$0&!!i/i#it &6 F-#6i##$ent 54. Ha00enin( &6 F&rt-it&-! E+ent 5. Arri+a# &6 Re!&#-t&r Peri&, 5>. ;i## &6 One &6 t%e Partie! D-e t& In,eter$inate D-rati&n &r Nat-re &6 t%e Pre!tati&n Uni#atera# ;it%,ra7a# in Partner!%i0! 59. C%an(e &6 Ci+i# Stat-! 5. Re/-! Si* Stanti/-! ?Art. 58> 8. ;ant &6 Intere!t in S&$e Cir*-$!tan*e!
0a!0er6&r$!
&n#
t%e
*re,it&r! *&n!ent" i6 0er6&r$an*e i! ,&ne a#!& 7it% ,e/t&r! *&n!ent %e ta1e! t%e 0#a*e &6 t%e ,e/t&r. T%ere i! !-/r&(ati&n e*e0t i6 t%e = r, 0er!&n inten,e, it t& /e a ,&nati&n =. =r, 0er!&n 0a!0er6&r$! 7it% *&n!ent &6 *re,it&r /-t n&t 7it% ,e/t&r! *&n!ent) t%e re0a$ent i! &n# t& t%e etent t%at t%e 0a$ent %a! /een /ene6i*ia# t& ,e/t&r /. Pa"ee i. Paee *re,it&r &r &/#i(ee &r !-**e!!&r in intere!t &6 tran!6eree) &r a(ent ii. =r, 0er!&n i6 an &6 t%e 66. *&n*-r: a.It $-!t %a+e &/#i(ee!
re,&-n,e,
t&
t%e
85. A/an,&n$ent in S0e*ia# Ca!e! 88. In!&#+en* J-,i*ia## De*#are, an, De/t&r i! Di!*%ar(e,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
/. /ene6it an, &n# t& t%e etent &6 !-*% /ene6it
Pa'e 111 $&
*.It 6a##! -n,er art [email protected]) 0ar 5)8)= t%e /ene6it i! t&ta# !&) 0er6&r$an*e i! t&ta# iii. An&ne in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e *re,it /-t 7i## a00# &n# i6 ,e/t %a! n&t /een 0re+i&-!# (arni!%e,
PRINCIPLE O: INTE3RIT, =Ar- 12((; 3ENERAL
RULE8
A
,e/t
!%a##
n&t
/e
-n,er!t&&, t& %a+e /een 0ai, -n#e!! a t%in( &r !er+i*e &6 7%i*% t%e &/#i(ati&n *&n!i!t! %a! /een *&$0#ete# ,e#i+ere, &r ren,ere,) a! t%e *a!e $a/e.
EFCEPTIONS: 5. ;%en t%e &/#i(ati&n %a! /een !-/!tantia## 0er6&r$e, in (&&, 6ait% ?Art. [email protected]" 8. ;%en t%e &/#i(ee a**e0t! 0er6&r$an*e ,e!0ite it! in*&$0#etene!! &r irre(-#arit an, 7it%&-t e0re!!in( an 0r&te!t &r *&rre*ti&n. ?Art. 58=4
PERSONS :ROM WHOM THE CREDITOR MUST ACCEPT PA,MENT 5. De#$r imse%& &r %i! #e(a# re0re!entati+e 8. An 0er!&n 7%& as &/#i(ati&n ?i.e.) (-arant&r
ineres in t%e
TO WHOM PA,MEN, MUST BE MADE 5. T%e 0er!&n in 7%&!e 6a+&r t%e &/#i(ati&n %a! /een *&n!tit-te, 8. Hi! !-**e!!&rinintere!t =. An 0er!&n a-t%&rie, / #a7 &r / t%e &/#i(ee at t%e ti$e 7%en 0a$ent i! ,-e t& re*ei+e it ?n&t ,-rin( t%e ti$e 7%en t%e &/#i(ati&n i! *&n!tit-te,
PA,MENT TO AN INCAPACITATED PERSON5 VALID I:8 5. In*a0a*itate, 0er!&n 1e0t t%e t%in( ,e#i+ere,) &r 8. In!&6ar a! t%e /ene6i*ia# t& %i$
PA,MENT MADE B, (Rd PERSON •
I6 0a$ent 7a! $a,e without the Dnowledge or against the will: t%e re*&+er i! &n# -0 t& t%e etent &r t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e ,e/t at t%e ti$e &6 t%e 0a$ent" t%e ,e6en!e $a &n# /e a+ai#e, &6 / t%e &/#i(&r
•
I6 0a$ent 7a! with Dnowledge: t%e ri(%t! &6 rei$/-r!e$ent! an, !-/r&(ati&n are a*2-ire, / t%e = r, 0er!&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
%a!
/een
PA,MENT TO ( RD PERSON 3ENERAL RULE8 Pa$ent i! n&t +a#i,) e+en t%&-(% $a,e in (&&, 6ait% EFCEPTIONS8 5. Pa$ent 7%i*% re,&-n,e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e &/#i(ee •
r,
=. A = 0er!&n 7%& %a! n$ ineres in e $#%i'ai$n5 7%en t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar
0a$ent
Instances when the presumption that the payment redounded to the benefit of the obligee:
5. A6ter 0 a$ent) = r, 0er!&n a*2-ire! t%e *re,it&rK! ri(%t! ?!-/r&(ati&n 8.
Cre,it&r rati6ie! 0a$ent t& =
r,
0er!&n
=. B *r e,it&rK! *& n,-*t) ,e/t&r %a! /e en #e, t& $a1e t%e 0a$ent ?e!t&00e# 8. Pa$ent t& t%e 0&!!e!!&r &6 t%e *re,it) 7%en $a,e in (&&, 6ait% •
REUISITES8
Pa$ent / ,e/t&r $-!t /e $a,e in '$$d &ai a a
Pa'e 112 $&
a a
Cre,it&r $-!t /e in $ssessi$n $& e credi an, n&t $ere# t%e e+i,en*e &6 in,e/te,ne!!
E::ECT O: SUBSTANTIAL PER:ORMANCE IN 3OOD :AITH •
O/#i(&r $a re*&+er a! t%&-(% t%ere %a! /een !tri*t an, *&$0#ete 6-#6i##$ent) #e!! ,a$a(e! !-66ere, / t%e &/#i(e
•
Ri(%t t& re!*in, *ann&t /e -!e, 6&r !#i(% t /rea*%
NOTE8 Wi resec $ ime and %ace $& a"men > $-!t /e a**&r,in( t& t%e &/#i(ati&n
WHERE PA,MENT SHOULD BE MADE 5. In t%e 0#a*e ,e!i(nate, in t%e &/#i(ati&n 8. I6 t%e re i! n& e0 re!! !ti0-#ati&n an, t%e -n,erta1in( i! t& ,e#i+er a !0e*i6i* t%in( at t%e 0#a*e 7%ere t%e t%in( $i(%t /e at t%e $&$ent t%e &/#i(ati&n 7a! *&n!tit-te, =. In &t%er *a!e in t%e 0#a*e &6 t%e ,&$i*i#e &6 t%e ,e/t&r
SPECIAL RULES:ORMS O: PA,MENT 5.
A00#i*ati&n &6 Pa$ent!
8. Dati&n in Pa$ent Da*i&n en Pa(& A,-,i*ati&n Da*i&n in S&#-t-$ A,-,i*a*i&n en Pa(& Pa$ent in 'in, Dati&n en Paie$ent
•
Ti$e &6 0a$ent ti$e !ti0-#ate,
=.
Pa$ent / Ce!!i&nCe!!i&n en Pa(&
•
E66e*t &6 0a$ent F etin(-i!% &/#i(ati&n Except: &r,er t& retain ,e/t
@.
Ten,er &6 Pa$ent an, C&n!i(nati&n
SUBSTANTIAL PER:ORMANCE A ,e/t !%a## n&t /e -n,er!t&&, t& %a+e /een 0ai, -n#e!! t%e t%in( &r !er+i*e in 7%i*% t%e &/#i(ati&n *&n!i!t! %a! /een *&$0#ete# ,e#i+ere, &r ren,ere,) a! t%e *a!e $a /e. I6 t%e &/#i(ati&n %a! /een !-/!tantia## 0er6&r$e, in (&&, 6ait%) t%e &/#i(&r $a re*&+er a! t%&-(% t%ere %a, /een a !tri*t an, *&$0#ete 6-#6i##$ent) #e!! ,a$a(e! !-66ere, / t%e &/#i(ee. ;%en t%e &/#i(ee a**e0t! t%e 0er6&r$an*e) 1n&7in( it! in*&$0#etene!! &r irre(-#arit) an, 7it%&-t e0re!!in( an 0r&te!t &r &/e*ti&n) t%e &/#i(ati&n i! ,ee$e, 6-## *&$0#ie, 7it%
A- APPLICATION O: PA,MENTS t%e ,e!i(nati&n &6 t%e ,e/t 7%i*% 0a$ent !%a## /e $a,e) &-t &6 8 &r $&re ,e/t! &7in( t%e !a$e *re,it&r: !ti0-#ati&n &r a00#i*ati&n &6 0art (i+en /ene6it &6 0eri&, O'" t& /e +a#i,: $-!t /e ,e/t&rK! *%&i*e &r 7 *&n!ent &6 ,e/t&r
REUISITES :OR THE APPLICATION O: PA,MENT 8 a. T%ere $-!t /e &n # &ne ,e/t&r an , &n# &ne *re,it&r /. T7& &r $&re ,e/t! &6 t%e !a$e 1in,
•
Atte$0t in G&&, Fait% t& 0er6&r$ 7it%&-t 7i##6-# &r intenti&na# ,e0art-re
•
De+iati&n i! !#i(%t
E?0EPTION: t%ere $a /e a00#i*ati&n &6 0a$ent e+en i6 a## ,e/t! are n&t et ,-e
•
O$i!!i&nDe6e*t i! te*%ni*a# &r -ni$0&rtant
i6:
•
M-!t n&t /e !& $ateria# t%at intenti&n &6 0artie! i! n&t attaine,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
*.
A## ,e/t! $-!t /e ,-e
i.
Partie! !& !ti0-#ate
Pa'e 11( $&
ii.
;%en a00#i*ati&n &6 0a$ent i! $a,e / t%e 0art 6&r 7%&!e /ene6it t%e ter$ %a! /een *&n!tit-te,
•
I6 ,e/t! are &6 t%e !a$e nat-re an, /-r,en) a00#i*ati&n !%a## /e $a,e t& a## 0r&0&rti&nate#
iii. Pa$ent i! n&t en&-(% t& etin (-i!% a## ,e/t!
,. A$&-nt 0ai, / t%e ,e/t&r i! in!-66i*ient t& *&+er t%e t&ta# a$&-nt &6 a## ,e/t!.
HOW APPLICATION IS MADE8 a.
De/t&r $a1e! t%e ,e!i(nati&n
/. I6 n&t) *re,it&r $a1e! it / !& !tatin( in t%e re*ei0t t%at %e i!!-e! -n#e!! t%ere i! *a-!e 6&r in+a#i,atin( t%e *&ntra*t *.
I6 neit%er t%e ,e/t&r n&r *re,it&r %a! $a,e t%e a00#i*ati&n &r i6 t%e a00#i*ati&n i! n&t +a#i,) t%en a00#i*ati&n) i! $a,e / &0erati&n &6 #a7
WHO MAES APPLICATION O: DEBTS 3ENERAL RULE: De/t&r EFCEPTION: Cre,it&r a. De/t&r 7it%&-t 0r&te!t a**e0t! re*ei0t in 7%i*% *re,it&r !0e*i6ie, e0re!!# an, -n$i!ta1a/# t%e &/#i(ati&n t& 7%i*% !-*% 0a$ent 7a! t& /e a00#ie, ,e/t&r in t%i! *a!e ren&-n*e, t%e ri(%t &6 *%&i*e /. ;%en $&nt%# !tate$ent! 7ere $a,e / t%e /an1 !0e*i6in( t%e a00#i*ati&n an, t%e ,e/t&r !i(ne, !ai, !tate$ent! a00r&+in( t%e !tat-! &6 %er a**& -nt a! t%-! !ent t& %er $&nt%# / t%e /an1 *.
B. DACION EN PA3O 8 $&,e &6 etin(-i!%in( an &/#i(ati&n 7%ere/ t%e ,e/t&r a#ienate! in 6a+&r &6 t%e *re,it&r 0r&0ert 6&r t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 $&netar ,e/t" etin(-i!% -0 t& a$&-nt &6 0r&0ert -n#e!! 7 *&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n" A !0e*ia# 6&r$ &6 0a$ent /e*a-!e 5 e#e$ent &6 0a$ent i! $i!!in(: IDENTITY
REUISITES :OR PA3O8
A VALID
DACION EN
a. T%ere $-!t /e t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e 0re!tati&n in #ie- &6 0a$ent ? animo sol"endi 7%i*% $a *&n!i!t in t%e ,e#i+er &6 a *&r0&rea# t%in( &r a rea# ri(%t &r a *re,it a(ain!t t%e t%ir, 0er!&n /. T%ere $-!t /e !&$e ,i66eren*e /et7een t%e 0re!tati&n ,-e an, t%at 7%i*% i! (i+en in !-/!tit-ti&n ?aliud pro alio *.
T%ere $-!t /e an a(re e$ent /et7een t%e *re,it&r an, ,e/t&r t%at t%e &/#i(ati&n i! i$$e,iate# etin(-i!%e, / rea!&n &6 t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 a 0re!tati&n ,i66erent 6r&$ t%at ,-e
CONDITIONS :OR A VALID DACION8 a. I6 *re,it&r *&n!ent!) /e*a-!e a !a#e 0re!-00&!e! t%e *&n!ent &6 /&t% 0artie! /. I6 ,a* i&n 7i## n&t 0re-,i*e t%e &t%er *re,it&r! *. I6 ,e/t&r i! n&t -,i*ia## ,e*#are, in!&#+ent
In *a!e n& a00#i*ati&n i! $a,e: •
A00# 0a$ent t& t%e $&!t &ner&-!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
NOTE8 DACION i! (&+erne, / t%e #a7 &n !a#e!
Pa'e 11) $&
DACION EN PA3O DISTIN3UISHED :ROM PACTUM COMMISORIUM DACION EN PACTUM PA3O COMMISORIUM T%ere i! an Genera##) &n# $ne iner.enin' sin'%e c$nrac a'reemen 7%ere t%e 0artie! !-/!e2-ent an, a(ree t%at in t%e e+ent in,e0en,ent 6r&$ ,e/t&r 6ai#! t& 0a) t%e t%e &ri(ina# $&rt(a(e, &r 0#e,(e, *&ntra*t i! entere, 0r&0ert !%a## int& / t%e 0artie! a!$maica%%" /e t& %a+e t%e a00r&0riate, &r &7ne, 0r&0ert / t%e *re,it&r *&##aterie! in t%e &ri(ina# a(ree$ent a! 0a$ent &6 t%e ,e/t Va#i, V&i,
CCESSION $r ASSI3NMENT =IN :AVOR O: CREDITORS; t%e 0r&*e!! / 7%i*% ,e/t&r tran!6er a## t%e 0r&0ertie! n&t !-/e*t t& ee*-ti&n in 6a+&r &6 *re,it&r! i! t%at t%e #atter $a !e## t%e$ an, t%-!) a00# t%e 0r&*ee,! t& t%eir *re,it! etin(-i!% -0 t& a$&-nt &6 net 0r&*ee,! ? -n#e!! 7 *&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n
INDS O: ASSI3NMENT8 a. Le'a% (&+erne, / t%e in!&#+en* #a7 /. V$%!nar" a(ree$ent &6 *re,it&r!
REUISITES O: VOLUNTAR, ASSI3NMENT8 a. M&re t%an &ne ,e/t /. M&re t%an &ne *re,it&r
DACION EN PA3O DISTIN3UISHED :ROM PLED3E DACION EN PLED3E PA3O De#i+er an, De#i+er /-t n& tran!6er &6 tran!6er &6 &7ner!%i0 &7ner!%i0 Pre!-$e, !in*e #e!! tran!$i!!i&n &6 ri(%t! DACION EN PA3O DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE DACIONENPA3O SALE Preei!tin( *re,it N&ne O/#i(ati&n etin(-i!%e, O/#i(ati&n ri!e! Le!! 6ree,&$ in Greater 6ree,&$ ,eter$inin( t%e 0ri*e T&ta# &r 0artia# Pa$ent &6 0ri*e etin(-i!%$ent (enera## t&ta## etin(-i!%e! i6 ,&ne / $i!ta1e) ... re*&+er &6 t%e re*&+er &6 t%e t%in( 0ri*e 0ai, DACION EN PA3O DISTIN3UISHED :ROM ASSI3NMENT DACION EN PA3O ASSI3NMENT S-/!tit-te 6&r$! &6 0er6&r$an*e 5*re,it&r Se+era#*re,it&r! De/t&r n&t 0artia## De/t&r 0artia## in!&#+ent in!&#+ent
*.
C&$0#ete &r 0artia# in!&#+en* &6 ,e/t&r
,. A/an,&n$ent &6 a## ,e/t&rK! 0r&0ert n&t ee$0t 6r&$ ee*-ti&n e. A**e0tan*e &r *&n!ent &n t%e 0art &6 t%e *re,it&r!
E::ECTS O: ASSI3NMENT8 a.
Cre,it&r! ,& n&t /e*&$e t%e &7ner" t%e are $ere# a!!i(nee! 7it% a-t%&rit t& !e##
/.
De/t&r i! re#ea!e, -0 t& t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e net 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e !a#e) -n#e!! t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar
*.
Cre,it&r! 7i## *&##e*t *re,it! in t%e &r,er &6 0re6eren*e a(ree, -0&n) &r in ,e6a-#t &6 a(ree$ent) in t%e &r,er &r,inari# e!ta/#i!%e, / #a7
DATION IN PA,MENT DISTIN3UISHED :ROM CESSION IN PA,MENT DATION IN PA,MENT
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
CESSION IN
Pa'e 11* $&
PA,MENT One *re,it&r
P#-ra#it &6 *re,it&r!
N&t ne*e!!ari# in !tate &6 6inan*ia# ,i66i*-#t
De/t&r $-!t / 0artia## &r re#ati+e# in!&#+ent
T%in( ,e#i+ere, *&n!i,ere, e2-i+a#ent 0er6&r$an*e
i! a! &6
Uni+er!a#it &6 0r&0ert &6 ,e/t&r i! 7%at i! *e,e,
Pa$ent etin(-i!%e! &/#i(ati&n t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e t%in( ,e#i+ere, a! a(ree, -0&n) 0r&+e, &r i$0#ie, 6r&$ t%e *&n,-*t &6 t%e *re,it&r
Mere# re#ea!e! ,e/t&r 6&r net 0r&*ee,! &6 t%in(! *e,e, &6) a!!i(ne,) -n#e!! t%ere i! a *&ntrar intenti&n
*.
,. A*t-a# ,e0&!itC&n!i(nati&n 7it% 0r&0er -,i*ia# a-t%&ritie! e. S-/!e2-ent n&ti*e &6 C&n!i(nati&n ?8 n, n&ti*e
E::ECTS8 OBLI3ATION
EFTIN3UISHMENT
a. De/t&r $a a!1 -,(e *an*e##ati&n &6 &/#i(ati&n
t&
O: &r,er
/. R-nnin( &6 intere!t i! !-!0en,e, *.
D- TENDER AND CONSI3NATION
TENDER t%e a*t &6 &66erin( t%e *re,it&r 7%at i! ,-e %i$ t&(et%er 7it% a ,e$an, t%at t%e *re,it&r a**e0t t%e !a$e ?;%en *re,it&r re6-!e! 7& -!t *a-!e t& a**e0t 0a$ent) %e /e*&$e! in mora accepiendi an, ,e/t&r i! re#ea!e, 6r&$ re!0&n!i/i#it i6 %e *&n!i(n! t%e t%in( &r !-$ ,-e
Pri&r N&ti*e &6 C&n!i(nati&n %a, /een (i+en t& t%e 0er!&n intere!te, in 0er6&r$an*e &6 &/#i(ati&n ?5!t n&ti*e
Be6&re *re ,it&r a**e0t! &r /e6 &re -,(e ,e*#are! *&n!i(nati&n %a! /een 0r&0er# $a,e) &/#i(ati&n re$ain! ?,e/t&r /ear! ri!1 &6 #&!! at t%e $eanti$e) a6ter a**e0tan*e / *re,it&r &r a6ter -,(e ,e*#are! t%at *&n!i(nati&n %a! /een 0r&0er# $a,e ri!1 &6 #&!! i! !%i6te, t& *re,it&r
CONSI3NATION a##&7e, in:
WO
PRIOR
TENDER
a. Cre,it&r a/!ent &r -n1n&7n ,&e! n&t a00ear at t%e 0#a*e &6 0a$ent
CONSI3NATION t%e a*t &6 ,e0&!itin( t%e t%in( ,-e 7it% t%e *&-rt &r -,i*ia# a-t%&ritie! 7%ene+er t%e *re,it&r *ann&t a**e0t &r re6-!e! t& a**e0t 0a$ent" (enera## re2-ire! 0ri&r ten,er &6 0a$ent
/. In*a0a*itate, t& re*ei+e 0a$ent at t%e ti$e it i! ,-e *.
Re6-!e! t& i!!-e re*ei0t 7& -!t *a-!e
,. 8 &r $& re *re ,it&r *#ai$in( t%e !a $e ri(%t t& *&##e*t
REUISITES O: VALID CONSI3NATION8
e. Tit#e &6 &/#i(ati&n %a! /een #&!t
a. Ei!ten*e &6 +a#i, ,e/t /. C&n!i(nati&n 7a! $a,e /e*a-!e &6 !&$e #e(a# *a-!e 0re+i&-! +a#i, ten,er 7a! -n-!t# re6-!e, &r *ir*-$!tan*e! $a1in( 0re+i&-! ten,er ee$0t
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
TENDER O: PA,MENT DISTIN3UISHED :ROM CONSI3NATION TENDER OF CONSIGNATION PAYMENT
Pa'e 11+ $&
aneceden ac reara$r" e6ra4!dicia%
rincia% ac r$d!ces e e&&ecs $& a"men 4!dicia%
=========================================
ii.
In,ire*t# *a-!e, a! 7%en ,e/t&r i! re2-ire, t& enter a $i#itar ,ra6t
E::ECT O: LOSS IN OBLI3ATION DELIVER A SPECI:IC THIN3
TO
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS
3ENERAL RULE : L&!! !%a## etin(-i!% t%e &/#i(ati&n
2- L$ss $& deerminae in' d!e $r im$ssi#i%i" $r di&&ic!%" $& er&$rmance
EFCEPTIONS:
=========================================
2- LOSS O: DETERMINATE THIN3 OR IMPOSSIBILIT, OR DI::ICULT, O: PER:ORMANCE
a. I6 / #a7 t% e &/#i(&r i! #i a/#e e+en 6&r 6&rt-it&-! e+ent /. I6 / !ti0-#ati&n t%e &/#i(&r i! #ia/#e e+e n 6&r 6&rt-it&-! e+ent *. I6 t%e nat-re &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n re2-ire! t%e a!!-$0ti&n &6 t%e ri!1
LOSS O: THE THIN3 DUE8 0artia# &r t&ta# in*#-,e! i$0&!!i/i#it &6 0er6&r$an*e
,. I6 t% e #&!! &6 t%e t% in( &**-r! a6t er t% e &/#i(&r in*-rre, in ,e#a e. I6 t% e #&!! &6 t%e t% in( &**-r! a6t er t% e &/#i(&r in*-rre, ,e#a 6.
WHEN IS THERE A LOSS
I6 t%e &/#i(&r 0r&$i!e, t& ,e#i+er t%e !a$e t%in( t& t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! 7%& ,& n&t %a+e t%e !a$e intere!t
a. ;%en t%e &/e*t 0eri!%e! ?0%!i*a## /. ;%en it (&e! &-t &6 *&$$er*e *.
;%en it ,i !a00ear! in !-* % a 7a t%at: it! ei!ten*e i! -n1n&7n &r it *ann&t /e re*&+ere,
(. IF t%e &/#i(ati&n i! (eneri*) -n#e!! t%e &/e*t i! a 0arti*-#ar *#a!! &r (r&-0 7it% !0e*i6i* &r ,eter$inate 2-a#itie!
OBLI3ATION TO DELIVER A 3ENERIC THIN3 3ENERAL RULE: N&t etin(-i!%e, WHEN IS THERE PER:ORMANCE:
IMPOSSIBILIT,
O:
a- P"sica% im$ssi#i%i" /. Le'a% im$ssi#i%i" i.
Dire*t# *a-!e, a! 7%en 0r&%i/ite, / #a7
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
EFCEPTIONS# a. I6 t%e (eneri* t%in( i! ,e#i$ite, /. I6 t% e (eneri* t%in( %a! a#rea, /een !e(re(ate, *.
M&netar &/#i(ati&n
Pa'e 11? $&
E::ECT O: IMPOSSIBILIT, PER:ROMANCE IN OBLI3ATION TO DO
O:
0er6&r$an*e" O/#i(&r $a /e re#ea!e, in 7%&#e &r in 0art /a!e, &n t%i! (r&-n,
3ENERAL RULE : De/t&r i! re#ea!e, 7%en 0re!tati&n /e*&$e! #e(a## &r 0%!i*a## i$0&!!i/#e 7it%&-t 6a-#t &n 0art &6 ,e/t&r
REUISITES8
E::ECT O: PARTIAL LOSS
B. T%e 0er6&r$an*e i! etre$e# ,i66i*-#t) /-t
a. ;%en #&!! i! si'ni&ican $a /e en&-(% t& etin(-i!% &/#i(ati&n /. ;%en #&!! insi'ni&ican n&t en&-(% t& etin(-i!% &/#i(ati&n
A. T%e e+ent &r *%an(e *&-#, n&t %a+e /een 6&re!een at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t
n&t i$0&!!i/#e ?/e*a-!e i6 it i! i$0&!!i/#e) it i! etin(-i!%e, / i$0&!!i/i#it C. T%e e+ent 7a! n&t ,-e t& t%e a*t &6 an &6 t%e 0artie! D. T%e *&ntra*t i! 6&r a 6-t-re 0re!tati&n
NOTE8
==========================================
•
J-,i*ia# ,eter$inati&n ne*e!!ar
•
oc!rin o norsn Evn!s : T%e *&-rt i! a-t%&rie, t& re#ea!e t%e &/#i(&r) in 7%&#e &r in 0art) 7%en t%e !er+i*e %a! /e*&$e !& ,i66i*-#t a! t& /e $ani6e!t# /e&n, t%e *&nte$0#ati&n &6 t%e 0artie!.
•
&6
etent
i!
oc!rin o ujc!iv /&possiili!6 : T%e &/#i(ati&n -n,&-/te,# /e*&$e! i$0&!!i/#e i6 t%ere i! n& 0%!i*a# &r #e(a# #&!! /-t t%e &/e*t &/#i(ati&n /e#&n(! t& an&t%er 0er!&n" t%e &/#i(&r $-!t in,e$ni6 t%e &/#i(ee 6&r t%e ,a$a(e! !-66ere, / t%e #atter.
WHEN THIN3 IS LOST IN THE POSSESSION O: THE DEBTOR Pres!mi$n8 L&!! ,-e t& ,e/t&rK! 6a-#t ?,i!0-ta/#e E6cei$n8 nat-ra# *a#a$it) eart%2-a1e) 6#&&,) !t&r$
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS (- C$nd$nai$n $r Remissi$n $& De# =========================================
(- CONDONATION OR REMISSION O: DEBT CONDONATIONREMISSION O: THE DEBT (rat-it&-! a/an,&n$ent &6 ,e/t" ri(%t t& *#ai$" ,&nati&n" r-#e! &6 ,&nati&n a00#ie!" e0re!! &r i$0#ie,
REUISITES8 a. T%ere $-!t /e an a(ree$ent /. T%ere $-!t /e a !-/e*t $atter ?&/e*t &6 t%e re$i!!i&n) &t%er7i!e t%ere 7&-#, /e n&t%in( t& *&n,&ne *.
REBUS SIC STANTIBUS8 a(ree$ent i! +a#i, &n# i6 t%e !a$e *&n,iti&n! 0re+ai#in( at ti$e &6 *&ntra*tin( *&ntin-e t& ei!t at t%e ti$e &6
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Ca-!e &6 *&n!i,erati&n $-!t /e #i/era#it ?E!!entia## (rat-it&-!) an a*t &6 #i/era#it
Pa'e 11 $&
,. Partie! $-!t /e *a0a*itate, an, $-!t *&n!ent" re2-ire! a**e0tan*e / &/#i(&r" i$0#ie, in $&rti! *a-!a an, e0re!!e, inter +i+&! e. F&r$a#itie! &6 a ,& nati&n are re2-ire, in t%e *a!e &6 an e0re!! re$i!!i&n 6.
Re+&*a/#e !-/e*t t& r-#e &n in&66i*i&-! ,&nati&n ? e*e!!i+e) #e(iti$e i! i$0aire, an, in(ratit-,e an, *&n,iti&n n&t 6&##&7e,
(. O/#i(ati&n re$itte, $-!t %a+e /een ,e$an,a/#e at t%e ti$e &6 re$i!!i&n %. ;ai+er! &r re$i!!i&n are n&t t& /e 0re!-$e, (enera##
a. If in hands of joint debt or &n# %i! !%a re i! *&n,&ne, /. If in hands of solidary debtor ,e/t i! *&n,&ne,
7%&#e
*. Tacit +&#-ntar ,e!tr-*ti&n &6 in!tr-$ent / *re,it&r" $a,e t& 0re!*ri/e 7& ,e$an,in(
========================================== T
OPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS )- C$n&!si$n $r Mer'er =========================================
:ORMS
EFTENT
a. Express 6&r$a#itie! &6 ,&nati&n
a. T&ta#
/. Implied *&n,-*t i! !-66i*ient
/. Partia#
INDS a. Principal a**e!!&r a#!& *&n,&ne,
/. Accessory 0rin*i0a# !ti## &-t!tan,in( *. Accessory obligation of pledge *&n,&ne," 0re!-$0ti&n &n#) re/-tta/#e
)- CON:USION OR MER3ER
CON:USION OR MER3ER8 *%ara*ter &6 ,e/t&r an, *re,it&r i! $er(e, in !a$e 0er!&n 7it% re!0e*t t& !a$e &/#i(ati&n
REUISITES8 a. It $-!t ta1e 0#a*e /et7een 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r an, 0rin*i0a# *re,it&r &n# /. Mer(er $-!t /e *#ear an, ,e6inite *. T%e &/#i(ati&n in+&#+e, $-!t /e !a$e an, i,enti*a# &ne &/#i(ati&n &n#
REUISITES O: IMPLIED CONDONATION
,. Re+&*a/#e) i6
5. V$%!nar" de%i.er" 0re!-$0ti&n" 7%en e+i,en*e &6 in,e/te,ne!! i! 7 ,e/t&r 0re!-$e, +&#-ntari# ,e#i+er / *re,it&r" re/-tta/#e 8. E&&ec
$&
de%i.er"
$&
e.idence
$&
inde# ednes is c$nc*&n*#-!i&n" %!si$n a+&#-ntar de# is c$ nd$ne d sa#rea, ,e#i+er &6 0ri+ate ,&*-$ent
rea!&n 6&r *&n6-!i&n *ea!e!) t%e &/#i(ati&n i! re+i+e,
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS *- C$mensai$n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 119 $&
=========================================
*- COMPENSATION
COMPENSATION8 Set &66" it i! a $&,e &6 etin(-i!%$ent t& t%e *&n*-rrent a$&-nt t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 0er!&n! 7%& are in t%eir &7n ri(%t re*i0r&*a## ,e/t&r! &r *re,it&r!
,. !dicia# !et &66" -0&n &r,er &6 t%e *&-rt" nee,! 0#ea,in( an, 0r&&6" a## re2-ire$ent! $-!t *&n*-r e*e0t #i2-i,ati&n e. T$a% 7%en 8 ,e/t! are &6 t%e !a$e a$&-nt 6.
Paria% 7%en 8 ,e/t! are n&t &6 t%e !a$e a$&-nt
REUISITES8 a. B&t% 0artie! $-!t /e $-t-a## *re,it&r! an, ,e/t&r! in t%eir &7n ri(%t an, a! 0rin*i0a#! /. B&t% ,e/t! $-!t *&n!i!t in !-$ &6 $&ne &r i6 *&n!-$a/#e ) &6 t%e !a$e 1in, &r 2-a#it *.
B&t% ,e/t! are ,-e
,. B&t% ,e/t! are #i2-i,ate, ,e$an,a/#e ?,eter$ine,
an,
e. Neit%er ,e/t $-!t /e retaine, in a *&ntr&+er! *&$$en*e, / = r, 0er!&n an, *&$$-ni*ate, 7 ,e/t&r ?neit%er ,e/t i! (arni!%e,
1- inds O: COMPENSATION a. Le'a% / &0erati&n &6 #a7" a! #&n( a! 4 re2-i!ite! *&n*-r e+en i6 -n1n&7n t& 0artie! an, i6 0aa/#e in ,i66 0#a*e!" in,e$nit 6&r e0en!e &6 e*%an(e!" e+en i6 n& t e2-a# ,e/t! &n# -0 t& *&n*-rrin( a$&-nt /. C$n.eni$na% a(ree$ent &6 0artie! i! en&-(%) 6&r(et &t%er re2-ire$ent a! #&n( a! /&t% *&n!ente, *.
:ac!%ai.e K &ne 0art %a! *%&i*e &6 *#ai$in(&00&!in( &ne 7%& %a! /ene6it &6 0eri&, $a *%&&!e t& *&$0en!ate: i. ii.
E::ECT O: ASSI3NMENT O: CREDIT TO ( RD PERSON CAN THERE STILL BE COMPENSATION a. I6 $a,e a6ter *&$0en!ati&n t&&1 0#a*e n& e66e*t" *&$0en!ati&n a#rea, 0er6e*te, /. I6 $a,e /e6&re *&$0en!ati&n t&&1 0#a*e ,e0en,! i. Gith consent of debtor ,e/t&r i! e!t&00e, -n#e!! %e re!er+e! %i! ri(%t an, (a+e n&ti*e t& a!!i(nee ii. Gith Dnowledge but wo consent of debtor *&$0en!ati&n $a /e !et -0 a! t& ,e/t! $at-rin( 0ri&r t& a!!i(n$ent iii. Go Dnowledge *&$0en!ati&n $a /e !et-0 &n a## ,e/t! 0ri&r t& %i! 1n&7#e,(e
COMPENSATION DISTIN3UISHED :ROM CON:USION COMPENSATION CON:USION 8 0er!&n!" ea*% i! a &n# 5 0er!&n 7%& i! ,e/t&r an, *re,it&r &6 *re,it&r an, ,e/t&r ea*% &t%er &6 %i$!e#6 8 &/#i(ati&n! in,ire*t 0a$ent
&ne &/#i(ati&n i$0&!!i/i#it &6 0a$ent
N&t a## re2-i!ite! are 0re!ent De0&!it-$" *&$$&,at-$" *ri$ina# &66en!e" *#ai$ 6&r 6-t-re !-00&rt" tae!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
COMPENSATION DISTIN3UISHED :ROM PA,MENT COMPENSATION PA,MENT *a0a*it n&t *a0a*it t& ,i!0&!e an, ne*e!!ar *a0a*it t& re*ei+e re2-ire,
Pa'e 120 $&
$a /e 0artia# 0er6&r$an*e Si$0#er $&re (-arantee an, #e!! ri!1 $a ta1e 0#a*e / &0erati&n &6 #a7
• C
$-!t /e *&$0#ete 0er6&r$an*e
in+&#+e! a*ti&n &r ,e#i+er &6 t%e a$&-nt 0ai,
%an(in( &/e*t &r 0rin*i0a# *&n,iti&n! •
S-/!tit-tin( 0er!&n &6 ,e/t&r
•
S-/r&(atin( =r, 0er!&n in ri(%t &6 *re,it&r
REUISITES: a.Va#i, &/#i(ati&n
COMPENSATION DISTIN3UISHED :ROM COUNTERCLAIM COMPENSATION COUNTERCLAIM ta1e! 0#a*e / &0erati&n $-!t /e 0#ea,e, &6 #a7 an, etin(-i!%e! t& /e e66e*t-a# re*i0r&*a## 8 *#ai$! a! !&&n a! t%e ei!t !i$-#tane&-!# t& t%e *&n*-rrent a$&-nt!
/. Intent t& etin(-i!% &#, &/#i(ati&n e0re!!e, &r i$0#ie,: *&$0#ete#!-/!tantia## in*&$0ati/#e &#, an, ne7 &/#i(ati&n &n e+er 0&int *.Ca0a*it an, *&n!ent &6 0artie! t& t%e ne7 &/#i(ati&n ,. Va#i, ne7 &/#i(ati&n
2- O#%i'ai$ns N$ C$mensa#%e • ;%en &ne &6 t%e ,e/t! ari!e! 6r&$ a ,e0&!it-$ &r 6r&$ t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 a ,e0&!itar &r &6 a /a#iee in *&$$&,at-$. ?Art. 589> •
•
E::ECTS O: NOVATION8 a. Etin(-i!%$ent a**e!!&r) e*e0t:
A(ain!t a *re,it&r 7%& %a! a *#ai$ 6&r !-00&rt ,-e / (rat-it&-! tit#e) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& Arti*#e =5 0ar. 8 ?Arti*#e 589>
&6
0rin*i0a#
*arrie!
i. Sti0-#ati&n t& *& ntrar ii. Sti0-#ati&n pour autrui /ene6i*iar *&n!ent!
I6 &ne &6 t%e ,e/t! *&n!i!t! in *i+i# #ia/i#it ari!in( 6r&$ a 0ena# &66en!e. ?Art. 5899
-n#e!!
iii. M&,i6i*at&r n&+ati&n &n#" &/#i(e, t& 7* i! #e!! &ner&-! i+. O#, &/#i(ati&n i! +&i,
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: OBLI3ATIONS *- N$.ai$n =========================================
*- NOVATION NOVATION8 Etin(-i!%$ent &6 &/#i(ati&n / *reatin( !-/!tit-tin( a ne7 &ne in it! 0#a*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
/. O#, &/#i(ati&n !-/!i!t! i6 ne/ $#%i'ai$ n i! .$id $r .$ida#%e /-t ann-##e, a#rea, ?e*e0t: intenti&n &6 0artie! *.
I6 &#, &/#i(ati&n %a! *&n,iti&n i. I6 Res$%!$r" an, it &**-rre, &#, &/#i(ati&n a#rea, etin(-i!%e," n& ne7 &/#i(ati&n !in*e n&t%in( t& n&+ate ii. I6 S!sensi.e an, it ne+er &**-rre, a! i6 n& &/#i(ati&n" a#!& n&t%in( t& n&+ate
Pa'e 121 $&
,. I6 &#, &/#i(ati&n %a! *&n,iti&n) $-!t /e *&$0ati/#e 7it% t%e ne7 &/#i(ati&n" i6 ne7 i! 7& *&n,iti&n ,ee$e, atta*%e, t& ne7
5. !elegante &#, ,e/t&r
e. I6 ne7 &/#i(ati&n %a! *&n,iti&n
=. !elegado ne7 ,e/t&r
8. !elegatario *re,it&r
i. I6 res$%!$r": +a#i,
s!sensi.e an, ,i, ii. I6 n&t $ateria#ie: &#, &/#i(ati&n i! en6&r*e,
INDS O: NOVATION: 5. REALOBECTIVE *%an(e &/e*t) *a-!e*&n!i,erati&n &r 0rin*i0a# *&n,iti&n
2- PERSONALSUBECTIVE i. S!#si!in' ?0a!!i+e
ers$n $& de#$r
• EL;R49//4: initiati+e i! 6r&$ = r, 0er!&n &r ne7 ,e/t&r" ne7 ,e/t&r an, *re,it&r t& *&n!ent" &#, ,e/t&r re#ea!e,
6r&$ &/#i(ati&n" !-/e*t t& 6-## rei$/-r!e$ent an, !-/r&(ati&n i6 $a,e 7 *&n!ent &6 &#, ,e/t&r" i6 7& *&n!ent &r a(ain!t 7i## ) &n# /ene6i*ia# rei$/-r!e$ent" i6 ne7 ,e/t&r i! in!&#+ent) n&t re!0&n!i/#e !in*e 7& %i! *&n!ent
EFPROMISION DISTIN3UISHED :ROM DELE3ACION EFPROMISIO DELE3ACION N Intenti&n: &#, ,e/t&r /e re#ea!e, 6r&$ t%e &/#i(ati&n C&n!ent &6 *re,it&r $a /e e0re!! &r ta*it /-t n&t 0re!-$e, / a**e0tan*e &6 0a$ent 6r&$ t%ir, 0er!&n D&nati&n *ann&t /e 0re!-$e, *&n!ent &6 *&n!ent &6 ,e/t&r *re,it&r an, ?initiate!) *re,it&r an, t%ir, 0er!&n t%ir, 0er!&n" nee, n&t /e (i+en !i$-#tane&-!# (&+erne, / !a$e a00#ie! in t%e t%e r-#e! &6 a/!en*e &6 an a(ree$ent 0a$ent / / &#, an, ne7 ,e/t&r! t%ir, 0er!&n! i6 7& !-/r&(ati&n 1n&7#e,(e &6 ,e/t&r) /ene6i*ia# rei$/-r!e$ent ) n& !-/r&(ati&n ne7 ,e/t&r! in!&#+en* ,&e! n&t $a1e &#, ,e/t&r #ia/#e
2-ite rare • E?EGAC/4: initiati+e &6 &#, ,e/t&r" a## 0artie! t& *&n!ent" 6-## rei$/-r!e$ent" i6 in!&#+ent ne7 ,e/t&r n&t re!0&n!i/#e &#, ,e/t&r /e*a-!e &/#i(ati&n etin(-i!%e, / +a#i, n&+ati&n -n#e!!: in!&#+en* a#rea, ei!tin( an, &6 0-/#i* 1n&7#e,(e &r 1n&7 t& %i$ at ti$e &6 ,e#e(a*i&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
!a$e -n#e!! ne7 ,e/t&r i! 1n&7n t& t%e 0-/#i* a! in!&#+ent &r &#, ,e/t&r 1n&7! &6 !-*% in!&#+en* at t%e ti$e &6 ,e#e(a*i&n *re,it&r $a n&t re*&+er 6r&$ &#, ,e/t&r i6 %e 1n&7! &6 !-*% in!&#+en* &6 t%e ne7 ,e/t&r ,e#e(ante ?&#, ,e#e(a,& ?ne7 ,e#e(atari& ?*re,it&r
ii. S!#r$'ain' (rd ers$n $ ri's $& credi$r ? a*ti+e 5. 0on"entional a(ree$ent an, *&n!ent &6 a## 0artie!" *#ear# e!ta/#i!%e,
Pa'e 122 $&
8. =egal < ta1e! 0#a*e / &0erati&n &6 #a7" n& nee, 6&r *&n!ent" n&t 0re!-$e, e*e0t a! 0r&+i,e, 6&r in #a7:
=r, 0er!&n %a! n& &/#i(ati&n t& 0a i6 in!&#+ent
ne7 ,e/t&r i! &/#i(e, t& 0a
PRESUMED WHEN < Cre,it&r 0a! an&t%er 0re6erre, *re,it&r e+en 7& ,e/t&rK! 1n&7#e,(e •
•
=r, 0er!&n n&t intere!te, in &/#i(ati&n 0a!
CONVENTIONAL DISTIN3UISHED
SUBRO3ATION ASSI3NMENT O:
:ROM
7 a00r&+a# &6 ,e/t&r
RI3HTS
Per!&n intere!te, in 6-#6i##$ent &6 &/#i(ati&n 0a! ,e/t e+en 7& 1n&7#e,(e &6 ,e/t&r
CONVENTIONA L SUBRO3ATION
ASSI3NMENT O: RI3HTS
G&+erne, / Art!. 5=5=@
G&+erne, / Art!. 5[email protected] t& 58>
,e/t&rK! *&n!ent i! re2-ire,
,e/t&rK! re2-ire,
etin(-i!%e! t%e &/#i(ati&n an, (i+e! ri!e t& a ne7 &ne
tran!$i!!i&n &6 ri(%t &6 t%e *re,it&r t& t%ir, 0er!&n 7it%&-t $&,i6in( &r etin(-i!%in( t%e &/#i(ati&n
,e6e*t! an, +i*e! in t%e &#,
,e6e*t! an, +i*e! in t%e &#, &/#i(ati&n an, n&t *-re,
•
DI::ERENCE :ROM PA,MENT PERSON .s CHAN3E O: DEBTOR DI::ERENCE :ROM PA,MENT B, (RD PERSON
B,
(
rd
CHAN3E O: DEBTOR
,e/t&r i! n&t ne*e!!ari# re#ea!e, 6r&$ ,e/t
,e/t&r i! re#ea!e,
*an /e ,&ne 7& *&n!ent &6 *re,it&r
nee,! *&n!ent &6 *re,it&r
&ne &/#i(ati&n
t7& &/#i(ati&n!" &ne i! etin(-i!%e, an, ne7 &ne *reate,
&/#i(ati&n *-re,
*&n!ent
i!
n&t
are
ta1e! e66e*t -0&n $&$ent &6 n&+ati&n &r !-/r&(ati&n
a! 6ar a! t%e ,e/t&r i! *&n*erne,) ta1e! e66e*t -0&n n&ti6i*ati&n
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC ================================
e0re!! &r i$0#ie,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 12( $&
CONTRACTS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS 1- Essenia% [email protected]!isies =Ar- 12+1;
=2; Pac!m de n$n a%ienand$ =Ar21(0; =(; Pac!m %e$nine =Ar- 1?99; ?- E&&ec $& c$nracs =Ar- 1(11; =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 2-Ainds $& C$nracs C$nsens!a% B- Rea% C- :$rma% $r s$%emn C-1- D$nai$ns =Ars- ?)>?)9; C-2- Parnersi /ere rea% r$er" c$nri#!ed =Ars- 1??15 1??(; C-(- Anicresis =Ar- 21(); C-)- A'enc" $ se%% rea% r$er" $r an ineres erein =Ar- 1?); C-*- Si!%ai$n $ car'e ineres =Ar- 19*+; C-+- Si!%ai$n %imiin' c$mm$n carriers d!" $& e6ra$rdinar" di%i'ence $ $rdinar" di%i'ence =Ar- 1?)); C-?- Cae% m$r'a'e C-- Sa%e $& %ar'e ca%e (- :$rma%i" =Ars- 1(*+5 1(*?5 1(*; )- Re&$rmai$n $& C$nracs *- Inerreai$n $& C$nracs +- De&eci.e C$nracs A- Rescissi#%e c$nracs =Ar- 1(1; A-1- Di&&erence /i rescissi$n =res$%!i$n; !nder Ar- 1191 B- V$ida#%e c$nracs =Ars- 1(2> 1())5 1(90>1)02; C- Unen&$rcea#%e c$nracs =Ars1)0(>1)05 1(1?; D- V$id c$nracs =Ars- 1)095 1()+; =1; Pac!m c$mmiss$ri!m =Ars205 21(05 1(90;
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS 1- Essenia% [email protected]!isies =========================================
1- ESSENTIAL REUISITES
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS8 5. C&n!ent 8. S-/e*t Matter =. C&n!i,erati&n
A- CONSENT CONSENT $eetin( &6 $in,! /et7een 0artie! &n !-/e*t $atter an, *a-!e &6 *&ntra*t" *&n*-rren*e &6 &66er an, a**e0tan*e
REUIREMENTS 8 5. M-!t /e $ani6e!te, / e c$nc!rrence &6 t%e &66er an, 0a$ent 8. Paries are #e(a## *a0a*itate t& enter int& *&ntra*t! =. C$nsen $-!t /e !0&ntane&-!) an, rea#
inte##i(ent)
6ree)
AUTO CONTRACTS > $a,e / a 0er!&n a*tin( in an&t%erK! na$e in &ne *a0a*it
Pa'e 12) $&
COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS > 7i## &6 $a&rit /in,! a $in&rit t& an a(ree$ent n&t7it%!tan,in( t%e &00&!iti&n &6 t%e #atter
CONTRACTS O: ADHES ION > &ne 0art %a! a#rea, a 0re0are, 6&r$ &6 a *&ntra*t) *&ntainin( t%e !ti0-#ati&n! %e ,e!ire!) an, %e !i$0# a!1! t%e &t%er 0art t& a(ree t& t%e$ i6 %e 7ant! t& enter int& t%e *&ntra*t
@. S -/e*t $atter /e*&$e! i##e(a# &r i$0&!!i/#e /e6&re a**e0tan*e i! *&$$-ni*ate,
ACCEPTANCE > $ani6e!tati&n / t%e &66eree &6 %i! a!!ent t& t%e ter$! &6 t%e &66er $-!t /e a/!&#-te
A ;ualified NOTE8 counter
NOTE8 ;e 6&##&7 t%e t%e&r &6 *&(niti&n an, n&t t%e t%e&r &6 $ani6e!tati&n.
acceptance
constitutes
PERIOD :OR ACCEPTANCE 5. State, 6ie, 0eri&, in t%e &66er
Under $!r Ci.i% La/) t%e &66er an, a**e0tan*e *&n*-r &n# 7%en t%e &66er&r *&$e! t& 1n&7) an, n&t 7%en t%e &66eree $ere# $ani6e!t! %i! a**e0tan*e.
O::ER a 0r&0&!a# $a, e / &ne 0art t& an&t%er t& enter int& a *&ntra*t" $-!t /e *ertain &r ,e6inite) *&$0#ete an, intenti&na#
ELEMENTS O: VALID O::ER ELEMENTS O: VALID ACCEPTANCE 5. De6inite-ne2-i+&*a# 8. C&$0#ete-n*&n,iti&na# =. Intenti&na#
WHEN O::ER BECOMES INE::ECTIVE8 5. Deat%) *i+i# inter,i*ti&n) in!anit &r in!&#+en* &6 eit%er 0art /e6&re a**e0tan*e i! *&n+ee, 8. E0re!! &r i$0#ie, re+&*ati&n &6 t%e &6 6er / t%e &66eree =. <-a#i6ie, &r *&n, iti&na# a**e0tan*e &6 t%e &66er) 7%i*% /e*&$e! a *&-nter&66er
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
8. N& !tate, 6ie, 0eri&, a. O&&er is made $ a ers$n resen a**e0tan*e $-!t /e $a,e i$$e,iate# /. O&&er is made $ a ers$n a#sen a**e0tan*e $a /e $a,e 7it%in !-*% ti$e t%at) -n,er n&r$a# *ir*-$!tan*e!) an an!7er *an /e re*ei+e, 6r&$ %i$ $a /e re+&1e, it NOTE8 A**e0tan*e *&$e! t& t%e 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e /e6&re &66er&r. ?7it%,ra7a# &6 &66er
AMPLI:IED ACCEPTANCE Un,er *ertain *ir*-$!tan*e!) a $ere a$0#i6i*ati&n &n t%e &66er $-!t /e -n,er!t&&, a! an a**e0tan*e &6 t%e &ri(ina# &66er) 0#-! a ne7 &66er) 7%i*% i! *&ntaine, in t%e a$0#i6i*ati&n.
RULE ON COMPLEF O::ERS 5. O&&ers are inerre%aed *&ntra*t i! 0er6e*te, i6 a## t%e &66er! are a**e0te, 8. O&&ers are n$ inerre%aed !in(#e a**e0tan*e &6 ea*% &66er re!-#t! in a 0er6e*te, *&ntra*t -n#e!! t%e &66er&r %a! $a,e it *#ear t%at &ne i! ,e0en,ent -0&n t%e &t%er an, a**e0tan*e &6 /&t% i! ne*e!!ar.
Pa'e 12* $&
•
O&&er in!r pr%sn!s $-!t /e a**e0te, IMMEDIATELY. I6 t%e 0artie! inten,e, t%at t%ere !%&-#, /e an e0re!! a**e0tan*e) t%e *&ntra*t 7i## /e 0er6e*te, &n# -0&n 1n&7#e,(e / t%e &66er&r &6 t%e e0re!! a**e0tan*e / t%e &66eree &6 t%e &66er. An a**e0tan*e 7%i*% i! n&t $a,e in t%e $anner 0re!*ri/e / t%e &66er&r i! NOT EFFECTIVE) BUT A COUNTEROFFER 7%i*% t%e &66er&r $a a**e0t &r ree*t. Ma%#ar$sa .- CA5 K3-R- N$- 12*?+15 Ari% (05 200(
tran!a*ti&n! -n,er t%e C&,e &6 C&$$er*e -!e t%e 9%nis!%!ion :"or6.
;%en t%e &66er&r re6-!e! t& &0en t%e #etter &r te#e(ra$ %e i! %e#, t& %a+e a *&n!tr-*ti+e n&ti*e &6 t%e *&ntent! t%ere&6 an, 7i## /e /&-n, / t%e a**e0tan*e &6 t%e &66eree. ?J-ra,& *itin( Ca!tan
OPTION8 &0ti&n $a /e 7it%,ra7n anti$e /e6&re a**e0tan*e i! *&$$-ni*ate, /-t n&t 7%en !-00&rte, / a *&n!i,erati&n &t%er t%an 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e: &0ti&n $&ne
RULE ON ADVERTISEMENTS AS O::ERS E::ECTS O: OPTION8 B!siness ad.erisemens N&t a ,e6inite &66er) /-t $ere in+itati&n t& $a1e an &66er) -n#e!! it a00ear! &t%er7i!e
Ad.erisemen &$r Bidders &n# in+itati&n t& $a1e 0r&0&!a#! an, a,+erti!er i! n&t /&-n, t& a**e0t t%e %i(%e!t &r #&7e!t /i,,er) -n#e!! a00ear! &t%er7i!e
THE ) THEORIES IN ACCEPTANCE O: O::ER B, TELE3RAM OR LETTER
•
NOT !-00&rte, / in,e0en,ent *&n!i,erati&n t%e &66er&r *an 7it%,ra7 t%e 0ri+i#e(e at an ti$e / *&$$-ni*atin( t%e 7it%,ra7a# /e6&re a**e0tan*e
•
S-00&rte, / in,e0en,ent *&n!i,erati&n t%e &66er&r *ann&t 7it%,ra7 %i! &66er
PERSONS WHO CANNOT 3IVE CONSENT TO A CONTRACT: 5. Min&r!
5. Mani&esai$n 0er6e*te, 6r&$ t%e $&$ent t%e a**e0tan*e i! ,e*#are, &r $a,e 8. E6edii$n 0er6e*te, 6r&$ t%e $&$ent t%e &66eree tran!$it! t%e n&ti6i*ati&n &6 a**e0tan*e =. Recei$n 0er6e*te, 6r&$ t%e $&$ent t%e &66er&r re*ei+e! t%e #etter
8. In!ane &r ,e$ente, 0er!&n!) -n#e!! t%e *&ntra*t 7a! entere, int& ,-rin( a #-*i, inter+a# =. I##iterate! ,e a6$-te! 7% & d$ n$
@. C$'nii$n 0er6e*te, 6r&$ t%e $&$ent t%e a**e0tan*e *&$e! t& t%e 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e &66er&r
4. Art 5==5 0er!&n -n,er $i! ta1e" $i!ta1e $a ,e0ri+e inte##i(en*e . causante Art 5== 9 0er!&n in ,-*e, / 6r a-, ? dolo
NOTE8 C&ntra*t! -n,er t%e Ci+i# C&,e (enera## a,%ere t& t%e Coni!ion :"or6 7%i#e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
NOTE: !olus bonus ?-!-a# ea((erati&n! in tra,e are n&t in t%e$!e#+e! 6ra-,-#ent
Pa'e 12+ $&
RULE ON CONTRACTS ENTER ED INTO B, MINORS
$ana(e t%eir 0r&0ert) /e*&$in( an ea! 0re 6&r ,e*eit an, e0#&itati&n ?R-#e 8) Se*.8) R-#e! &6 C&-rt
3ENERAL RULE: VOIDABLE EFCEPTIONS: a. U0&n rea*%in( a(e &6 $a &rit t%e rati6 t%e !a$e /. T%e 7ere entere, -nt& / a (-ar,ian an, t%e *&-rt %a+in( -ri!,i*ti&n %a, a00r&+e, t%e !a$e *.
T%e 7ere *&ntra*t! 6&r ne*e!!itie! !-*% a! 6&&,) /-t %ere t%e 0er!&n! 7%& are /&-n, t& (i+e t%e$ !-00&rt !%&-#, 0a t%ere6&r
,. Min&r i! e!t&00e, an, *ann&t /e a/!&#+e, 6r&$ t%e *&ntra*t t%e entere, int& 6&r %a+in( misreresened is a'e an, $i!#e, t%e &t%er 0art t%r&-(% %i! a*ti+e Mercad$ .s$i!re0re!entati&n. Esiri!5 K(? Pi% 21* B4$E'ER) $in&r! *an !et -0 t%e ,e6en!e &6 $in&rit t& re!i!t t%e *#ai$ 7%en t%ere i! &n# 0a!!i+e $i!re0re!entati&n) a! t%e did n$ disc%$se eir min$ri" /e*a-!e t%e %a, n& -ri,i*a# ,-t t& ,i!*#&!e t%eir ina/i#it. ? Bra'anJa .sDe Vi%%a A#ri%%e5 K10* Pi% )*+
DISUALI:IED TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS8 ?*&ntra*t! entere, int& are +&i, 5.
T%&!e -n,er *i+i# inter,i*ti&n
8.
H&!0ita#ie, #e0er!
=.
Pr&,i(a#!
@. Dea6 an, ,-$/ 7%& are -na/#e t& rea, an, 7rite 4. T%&!e 7% & / r ea!&n & 6 a( e) , i!ea!e) 7ea1 $in, an, &t%er !i$i#ar *a-!e!) *ann&t 7it%&-t &-t!i,e ai,) ta1e *are &6 t%e$!e#+e! an,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
INCAPACIT, DISTIN3UISHED DISUALI:ICATION
:ROM
INCAPACIT,
DISUALI:ICATION
Re!train! t%e eer*i!e &6 t%e ri(%t t& *&ntra*t
Re!train! t%e +er ri(%t it!e#6
Ma !ti## enter int& *&ntra*t t%r&-(% 0arent) (-ar,ian &r #e(a# re0re!entati+e
A/!&#-te# ,i!2-a#i6ie,
Ba!e, -0&n !-/e*ti+e *ir*-$!tan*e &6 *ertain 0er!&n
Ba!e, -0&n 0-/#i* 0&#i* an, $&ra#it
C&ntra*t! int& are
C&ntra*t! entere, int& are +&i,
entere, $ere#
+&i,a/#e
CAUSES WHICH VITIATE :REEDOM 1-
Vi$%ence
•
REUISITES a. Irre!i!ti/#e 0%!i*a# 6&r*e /. S-*% 6&r*e i! t%e ,eter$inin( *a-!e 6&r (i+in( *&n!ent
2•
Inimidai$n REUISITES8 /.
Deter$inin( *a-!e 6&r t%e *&ntra*t
*.
T%reatene, a*t i! -n-!t an, -n#a76-#
Pa'e 12? $&
o
,. e.
Rea# an, !eri&-! Pr&,-*e! a 7 e## (r&-n,e, 6ear t%at t%e 0er!&n $a1in( it 7i## *arr it &+er
C a!sa% :ra!d =D$%$ Ca!sane ;> Fra-, in t%e PER:ECTION &6 t%e *&ntra*t
Re%!can c$nsen a *&ntra*t i! +a#i, e+en t%&-(% &ne &6 t%e 0artie! entere, int& it a(ain!t %i! 7i!%e! an, ,e!ire! &r e+en a(ain!t %i! /etter -,($ent. C&ntra*t! are a#!& +a#i, e+en t%&-(% t%e are entere, int& / &ne &6 t%e 0artie! 7it%&-t %&0e &6 a,+anta(e &r 0r&6it. MarineJ .s- H$n'<$n' and San'ai Ban<5 K1* Pi% 2*2
(-
•
De*e0ti&n &6 !eri&-! *%ara*ter) 7it%&-t 7%i*% t%e &t%er 0art 7&-#, n&t %a+e entere, int&
•
It i! t%e *a-!e 7%i*% in,-*e! t%e 0art t& enter int& a *&ntra*t
•
Ren,er! t%e *&ntra*t +&i,a/#e. In!i,i&-! 7&r,! &r $a*%inati&n! are e$0#&e,
•
N&t e$0#&e, / /&t% &r / t%ir, 0er!&n
•
Gr&-n, 6&r ann-#$ent
Misa
N&t &n# 7r&n( *&n*e0ti&n &6 t%e t%in( /-t a#!& t%e #a*1 &6 1n&7#e,(e 7it% re!0e*t t& it ?Manre!a
Incidena% :ra!d =D$%$ Incidene;> Fra-, in t%e PER:ORMANCE &6 an &/#i(ati&n o
•
De*e0ti&n 7%i*% are n&t !eri&-! an, 7it%&-t 7%i*% t%e &t%er 0art 7&-#, !ti## %a+e entere, int& t%e *&ntra*t
a.Misa
•
It i! n&t t%e *a-!e 7%i*% in,-*e, t%e 0art t& enter int& a *&ntra*t
6a*t ,&e! n&t ei!t 7%en in rea#it it ,&e!
•
Ren,er! t%e 0art #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
T/$ 3enera% inds $& Misa
/. Misa
*-
Und!e in&%!ence •
3enera% R!%e8 Mi!ta1e ,&e! n&t +itiate *&n!ent E6cei$n8 M-t-a# err&r a! t& t%e e66e*t &6 an a(ree$ent 7%en t%e rea# 0-r0&!e &6 t%e 0artie! i! 6r-!trate,
;%en a 0er!&n ta1e! i$0r&0er a,+anta(e &6 %i! 0&7er &+er t%e 7i## &6 an&t%er) ,e0ri+in( t%e #atter &6 a rea!&na/#e 6ree,&$ &6 *%&i*e
SIMULATED CONTRACTS )-
:ra!d •
;%en) t%r&-(% in!i,i&-! 7&r,! &r $a*%inati&n! &6 5 &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie!) t%e &t%er i! in,-*e, t& enter int& a *&ntra*t 7%i*%) 7it%&-t t%e$) %e 7&-#, n&t %a+e a(ree, t&.
INDS8
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
5.
A#s$%!e n& intenti&n t& /e /&-n, at a##) 6i*titi&-! &n# +&i, 6r&$ /e(innin(
8.
Re%ai.e t%ere i! intenti&n t& /e /&-n, /-t *&n*ea#e," *&n*ea#e, *&ntra*t /in,!: *.
N& 0re-,i*e t& = r, 0er!&n!
,. N&t *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#!) et*.
Pa'e 12 $&
WANT O: CAUSE
E::ECT
8. In tran!$i!!i/#e ri(%t!
ABSENCE O: CAUSA
V&i, 0r&,-*e n& #e(a# e66e*t
=. F-t-re in%eritan*e) e*e0t in *a!e! e0re!!# a-t%&rie, / #a7
ILLE3ALIT, O: CAUSA
V&i, 0r&,-*e n& #e(a# e66e*t
@. Ser+i*e! 7%i*% are *& ntrar t& #a 7) $&ra#!) (&&, *-!t&$!) 0-/#i* &r,er &r 0-/#i* 0&#i*
:ALSIT, O: CAUSA
V&i,a/#e 0art $-!t 0r&+e t%at *a-!e i! -ntr-t%6-#" 0re!-$0ti&n &6 +a#i,it /-t
4. I$0&!!i/#e t%in(! &r !er+i*e!
re/-tta/#e
CAUSA NOT STATED IN CONTRACT
Pre!-$e, t& Ei!t /-r,en &6 0r&&6 i! &n t%e 0er!&n a!!ai#in( it! ei!ten*e
INADEUAC , O: CAUSA
D&e! n&t In+a#i,ate C&ntra*t 0er !e E*e0ti&n!: Fra-, Mi!ta1e Un,-e in6#-en*e Ca!e! !0e*i6ie, / #a7
*&ntra*t! entere, 7%en 7ar, !-66er! #e!i&n &6 $&re t%an 84
. O/e*t!
7%i*%
are
n&t
0&!!i/#e
&6
,eter$inati&n a! t& t%eir 1in,
C- CAUSE =CAUSA; CAUSA I$$e,iate) ,ire*t an, $&!t 0r&i$ate rea!&n 7% 0artie! enter int& *&ntra*t REUISITES8 5. It $-!t ei!t 8. It $-!t /e tr-e =. It $-!t /e #i*it
MOTIVE8 B- OBECT REUISITES 8 5. ;it%in t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an eit%er ei!tin( &r in 0&ten*
P-re# 0ri+ate rea!&n" i##e(a#it ,&e! n&t in+a#i,ate *&ntra*t e*e0t 7%en it 0re,eter$ine! 0-r0&!e &6 *&ntra*t" 7%en $er(e, int& &ne
8. Li*it &r n&t *&ntrar t& #a7) (&&, *-!t&$! =. P&!!i/#e @. Deter$inate a! t& it! 1in, &r ,eter$ina/#e 7& nee, t& enter int& a ne7 *&ntra*t
CAUSE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM MOTIVE CAUSE
MOTIVE
Dire*t an, $&!t 0r&i$ate rea!&n &6 a *&ntra*t
In,ire*t rea!&n!
THIN3S WHICH CANNOT BE THE OBECT O:
O/e*ti+e an, -ri,i*a# rea!&n &6 *&ntra*t
P!*%&#&(i*a# &r 0-re# 0er!&na# rea!&n
CONTRACT8 5. T%in(! 7%i *% are &-t !i,e t%e *&$ $er*e &6 $en
Ca-!e -! a#7a! !a$e 6&r ea*% *&ntra*tin( 0art
T%e $&ti+e ,i66er! 6&r ea*% *&ntra*tin( 0art
Le(a#it &r i##e(a#it &6
Le(a#it &r i##e(a#it &6
4. Tran!$i!!i/#e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
&r
re$&te
Pa'e 129 $&
*a-!e a66e*t! t%e ei!ten*e &r +a#i,it &6 t%e *&ntra*t
$&ti+e ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e ei!ten*e &r +a#i,it &6 *&ntra*t
A *&ntra*t i! a $eetin( &6 $in,! /et7 een t7& 0er!&n! 7%ere/ &ne /in,! %i$!e#6) 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e &t%er) t& (i+e !&$et%in( &r t& ren,er !&$e !er+i*e
CAUSA IN SOME CONTRACTS8 5. Oner$!s c$nracs t%e 0re!tati&n &6 0r&$i!e &6 a t%in( &r !er+i*e / t%e &t%er 8. Rem!nera$r" c$nracs t%e !er+i*e &r /ene6it re$-nerate, =. P!re Bene&icence $ere #i/era#it &6 t%e ,&n&r &r /ene6a*t&r @. Access$r" i,enti*a# 7it% *a-!e &6 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t) t%e #&an 7%i*% it ,eri+e, it! #i6e an, ei!ten*e ?e: $&rt(a(e &r 0#e,(e
Wan $& Ca!se > T%ere i! a t&ta# #a*1 &r a/!en*e &6 *a-!e
CONTRACT OBLI3ATION
DISTIN3UISHED
CONTRACT
:a%se Ca!se T%e *a-!e i! !tate, /-t it i! n&t tr-e
OBLI3ATION
One &6 t%e !&-r*e! &6 &/#i(ati&n!
Le(a# tie &r re#ati&n it!e#6
T%ere $-!t /e an &/#i(ati&n
T%ere nee, n&t /e a *&ntra*t
CONTRACT A3REEMENT
DISTIN3UISHED
CONTRACT I%%e'a% Ca!se T%e *a-!e i! *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#!) (&&, *-!t&$!) 0-/#i* &r,er an, 0-/#i* 0&#i*
:ROM
:ROM
A3REEMENT
A(ree$ent! en6&r*ea/#e t%r&-(% #e(a# 0r&*ee,in(!
Cann&t /e en6&r*e, / a*ti&n in *&-rt! &6 -!ti*e
S%&-#, %a+e a## t%e re2-i!ite! &6 a *&ntra*t
Nee, n&t %a+e a## t%e re2-i!ite!
T%ere $-!t /e an a(ree$ent
T%ere nee, n&t /e a *&ntra*t
M$ra% O#%i'ai$n as Ca!se A- PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS: • ;%ere t%e $&ra# &/#i(ati&n ari!e! 7%&## 6r&$ et%i*a# *&n!i,erati&n!) -n*&nne*te, 7it% an *i+i# &/#i(ati&n!) it *ann&t *&n!tit-te a !-66i*ient *a-!e &r *&n!i,erati&n t& !-00&rt an &ner&-! *&ntra*t. :iser .s- R$## K+9 Pi%
101 ;%ere !-*% $&ra# &/#i(ati&n i! /a!e, -0&n a 0re+i&-! *i+i# &/#i(ati&n 7%i*% %a! a#rea, /een
/arre, / *&ntra*t t%e !tat-te &6 #i$itati&n! t%e ti$e 7%en t%e i! entere, int&) itat*&n!tit-te! a !-66i*ient *a-!e &r *&n!i,erati&n t& !-00&rt a *&ntra*t Vi%%ar$e% .s- Esrada ?1 Pi% 1)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
5. A!$n$m" $& /i%%s F 0artie! $a !ti0-#ate ant%in( a! #&n( a! n&t i##e(a#) i$$&ra#) et*. 8. M!!a%i" 0er6&r$an*e &r +a#i,it /in,! /&t% 0artie!" n&t #e6t t& 7i## &6 &ne &6 0artie! =. O#%i'a$r" :$rce and C$nsens!a%i" 0artie! are /&-n, 6r&$ 0er6e*ti&n &6 *&ntra*t" *&ntra*t! are 0er6e*te, / $ere *&n!ent an, 6r&$ t%at $&$ent t%e 0artie! are /&-n, n&t &n# t& t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 7%at
Pa'e 1(0 $&
%a! /een e0re!!# !ti0-#ate, /-t a#!& t& a## *&n!e2-en*e! 7%i*%) a**&r,in( t& t%eir nat-re $a /e in 1ee0in( 7it% (&&, 6ait%) -!a(e an, #a7. @. F-#6i## 7%at si!%aed
%a!
/een
e6ress%"
4. A## *&n!e2-en*e! 7* $a /e in 1ee0in( 7it% '$$d &ai5 !sa'e and %a/ . Re%ai.i" /in,in( &n# /et7een t%e 0artie!) t%eir a!!i(n!) %eir!" !tran(er! *ann&t ,e$an, en6&r*e$ent
*&ntra*t are /&-n, t%ere/) !-/e*t t& t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e M&rt(a(e La7 an, t%e Lan, Re(i!trati&n La7!
D- REUISITES: 5. Ei!ten*e &6 a +a#i, *&ntra*t 8. 'n&7#e,(e &6 t%e *&ntra*t / a = r, 0er!&n r,
=. Inter6eren*e / t%e =
0er!&n
E- TEST O: BEN:ICIAL SITUATION T%e 6aire!t t& ,eter$ine 7%et%er t%e intere!t &6 = r, 0er!&n in a *&ntra*t i! a !ti0-#ati&n 0&-r a-tr-i &r $ere# an in*i,enta# intere!t i! t& re# -0&n t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! a! ,i!*#&!e, / t%eir *&ntra*t. Deter$ine 7%et%er *&ntra*tin( 0artie! ,e!ire, t& ten,er %i$ !-*% intere!t U" Tam .s- Le$nard5 K(0 Pi% )?1
•
B- EFCEPTION TO RELATIVIT,8 5. A**i&n Pa-#iana 8. A**i&n ,ire*ta =. Sti0-#ati&n 0&-r a-tr-i
C-
REUISITES
O:
STIPULATION
;4R
=========================================
A:R/
5.
Partie!
$-!t
%a+e
*#ear#
an,
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
,e#i/erate# *&n6erre, a 6a+&r -0&n a = r, 0er!&n
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
8. T%e ! ti0-#ati&n in 6a+&r & 6 a = r, 0er!&n !%&-#, /e a 0art &6) n&t t%e 7%&#e *&ntra*t
2- inds $& C$nracs
=. T%at t%e 6a+&ra/#e !ti0-#ati&n !%&-#, n&t /e *&n,iti&ne, &r *&$0en!ate, / an 1in, &6 &/#i(ati&n 7%at!&e+er
=========================================
2- INDS O: CONTRACTS 1- As $ er&eci$n $r &$rmai$n
@. Neit%er &6 t %e *&ntra*tin( 0a rtie! /ear! t%e #e(a# re0re!entati&n &r a-t%&riati&n &6 = r, 0art 4. T%e t%ir, 0er!&n *&$$-ni*ate! %i! a**e0tan*e /e6&re re+&*ati&n / t%e &ri(ina# 0artie! .
Art 5=58" Art [email protected]
In *&ntra*t! *reatin( rea# ri(%t!) t%ir, 0er!&n! 7%& *&$e int& 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e &/e*t &6 t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
2-
α.
C$nsens!a% 0er6e*te, / a(ree$ent &6 0artie!
β.
Rea% K 0er6e*te, / ,e#i+er *&$$&,at-$) 0#e,(e) ,e0&!it
χ.
:$rma%s$%emn *&n6&r$it t&
?e.(.
0er6e*te, / e!!entia# 6&r$a#itie!
?,&nati&n As $ ca!se
Pa'e 1(1 $&
A
a. Oner$!s 7it% +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n
s $ e ris< in.$%.ed
/. 3ra!i$!s 6&-n,e, &n #i/era#it
a- C$mm!ai.e ea$0#e #ea!e
*. Rem!nerai.e 0re!tati&n i! (i+en 6&r !er+i*e 0re+i&-!# &/#i(ati&n
ren,ere,
n&t
#- A%ea$r" ea$0#e in!-ran*e
a!
9- As $ name $r desi'nai$n
(- As $ im$rance $r deendence $& $ne !$n an$er α.
Princia% *&ntra*t $a !tan, a#&ne
β.
Access$r" ,e0en,! &n an&t%er *&ntra*t 6&r it! ei!ten*e" $a n&t ei!t &n it! &7n
χ.
Preara$r" n&t an en, / it!e#6" a $ean! t%r&-(% 7%i*% 6-t-re *&ntra*t! $a /e $a,e
a- N$minae t%&!e 7%i*% %a+e t%eir &7n ,i!tin*ti+e in,i+i,-a#it an, are re(-#ate, / !0e*ia# 0r&+i!i&n! &6 #a7 #- Inn$minae t%&!e 7%i*% #a*1 in,i+i,-a#it an, are n&t re(-#ate, / !0e*ia# 0r&+i!i&n! &6 #a7
)- As $ aries $#%i'ed a.
Uni%aera% &n# &ne &6 t%e 0artie! %a! an &/#i(ati&n!
b.
Bi%aera% /&t% 0artie! are re2-ire, t& ren,er re*i0r&*a# 0re!tati&n!
*- As $ &$rm a- C$mm$n $r in&$rma% 0arti*-#ar 6&r$ #Secia% $r &$rma% 0arti*-#ar
re2-ire n&
aaaa
D& -t 6a*ia! I (i+e t%at &- $a ,&
aVa
Fa*i& -t ,e! I ,& t%at &- $a (i+e
Va
Fa*i& -t 6a*ia! I ,& t%at &- $a ,&
NOTE8 A**&r,in( t& !&$e a-t%&ritie!) ,& -t ,e! i! n& #&n(er an inn&$inate *&ntra*t. It %a! a#rea, /een (i+en a na$e &6 it! &7n) i.e. /arter &r e*%an(e. ?Art. 5=9
:AGE / A C4:RAC:# 5.
Prearai$n ne(&tiati&n
8.
Per&eci$n/irt%
=.
C$ns!mmai$n 0er6&r$an*e
re2-ire !&$e
F&r$
D& -t ,e! I (i+e t%at &-
a aa
+- As $ eir !r$se a-
Trans&er $& $/nersi
:ORMAL CONTRACTS
#-
C$n.e"ance $& !se
1- D$nai$n
c- Rendii$n $& ser.ice
•
T%e ,&nati&n &6 a $&+a/#e $a /e $a,e &ra## &r in 7ritin( ?Arti*#e >@9
•
An &ra# ,&nati&n re2-ire! t%e !i$-#tane&-! ,e#i+er &6 t%e t%in( &r &6 t%e ,&*-$ent re0re!entin( t%e ri(%t ,&nate,. ?Arti*#e >@9
?- As $ eir s!#4ec maer a- Tin's #- Ser.ices
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1(2 $&
•
•
I6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0er!&na# 0r&0ert ,&nate, e*ee,! 6i+e t%&-!an, 0e!&!) t%e ,&nati&n an, t%e a**e0tan*e !%a## /e $a,e in 7ritin(. Ot%er7i!e) t%e ,&nati&n !%a## /e +&i,. ?Arti*#e >@9 In &r,er t%at t%e ,&nati&n &6 an i$$&+a/#e $a /e +a#i,) it $-!t /e $a,e in a 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent) !0e*i6in( t%erein t%e 0r&0ert ,&nate, an, t%e +a#-e &6 t%e *%ar( e! 7%i*% t%e ,&nee $-!t !ati!6. ?Arti*#e >@
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T%e a**e0tan*e $a /e $a,e in t%e !a$e ,ee, &6 ,&nati&n &r in a !e0arate 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent) /-t it !%a## n&t ta1e e66e*t -n#e!! it i! ,&ne ,-rin( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e ,&n&r. ?Arti*#e >@
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I6 t%e a**e0tan*e i! $a,e in a !e0arate in!tr-$ent) t%e ,&n&r !%a## /e n&ti6ie, t%ere&6 in an a-t%enti* 6&r$) an, t%i! !te0 !%a## /e n&te, in /&t% in!tr-$ent!. ?Arti*#e >@
A 'enc" $ Se%% Rea% Pr$er" •
Ineres •
•
•
A 0artner!%i0 $a /e *&n!tit-te, in an 6&r$) e*e0t 7%ere i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t! are *&ntri/-te, t%eret&) in 7%i*% *a!e a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent !%a## /e ne*e!!ar. ?Arti*#e 5>>5 A *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0 i! +&i,) 7%ene+er i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert i! *&ntri/-te, t%eret&) i6 an in+ent&r &6 !ai, 0r&0ert i! n&t $a,e) !i(ne, / t%e 0artie!) an, atta*%e, t& t%e 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent. ?Arti*#e 5>>=
A !ti0-#ati&n /et7een t%e *&$$&n *arrier an, t%e !%i00er &r &7ner #i$itin( t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e 6&r$e r 6&r t%e #&!!) ,e!tr-*ti&n) &r ,eteri&rati&n &6 t%e (&&,! t& a ,e(ree #e!! t%an etra&r,inar ,i#i(en*e !%a## /e +a#i,) 0r&+i,e, it /e: o
In 7ritin() !i(ne, / t%e !%i00er &r &7ner"
o
S-00&rte, / a +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n &t%er t%an t%e !er+i*e ren,ere, / t%e *&$$&n *arrier" an,
o
Rea!&na/#e) -!t an, n&t *&ntrar t& 0-/#i* 0&#i*. ?Arti*#e 5>@@
Cae% M$r'a'e
T%e a$&-nt &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# an, &6 t%e
B a *%atte# $&rt(a(e) 0er!&na# 0r&0ert i! re*&r,e, in t%e C%atte# M&rt(a(e Re(i!ter a! a !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 an &/#i(ati&n. I6 t%e $&+a/#e) in!tea, &6 /ein( re*&r,e,) i!
intere!t !%a## !0e*i6ie, 7ritin(" &t%er7i!e) t%e /e *&ntra*t &6 in anti*%re!i! !%a## /e +&i,
,e#i+ere, t& t%e *re,it&r &r a t%ir, 0er!&n) t%e *&ntra*t i! a 0#e,(e an, n&t a *%atte# $&rt(a(e.
•
Anicresis •
N& intere!t !%a## /e ,-e -n#e!! it %a! /een e0re!!# !ti0-#ate, in 7ritin( ?Arti*#e 59>
Ordinar" Di%i'ence
Parnersi •
;%en a !a#e &6 a 0ie*e &6 #an, &r an intere!t t%erein i! t%r&-(% an a(ent) t%e a-t%&rit &6 t%e #atter !%a## /e in 7ritin(" &t%er7i!e) t%e !a#e !%a## /e +&i,. ?Arti*#e 59>@
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1(( $&
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3 ENERAL RULE: *&ntra*t i! +a#i, an, /in,in( in 7%ate+er 6&r$ 0r&+i,e, t%at = e!!entia# re2-i!ite! *&n*-r
Sa%e $& Lar'e Ca%e •
T%e 6&r$ &6 !a#e &6 #ar(e *att#e !%a## /e (&+erne, / !0e*ia# #a7!. ?Arti*#e 5495 •
EFCEPTIONS
=========================================
a. La7 re2-ire! *&n tra*t t& /e in !&$e 6&r$ 6&r +a#i,it ,&nati&n an, a**e0tan*e &6 rea# 0r&0ert
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
/. La7 re2-ire! *&n tra*t t& /e in !&$e
(- :$rma%i"
6&r$ t& /e en6&r*ea/#e Stat-te &6 Fra-,!" *&ntra*t i! +a#i, /-t ri(%t t& en6&r*e *ann&t /e eer*i!e," nee, rati6i*ati&n t& /e en6&r*ea/#e
=========================================
(- :ORM O: CONTRACTS *.
:ORM8 in !&$e 1in, &6 *&ntra*t! &n# a! *&ntra*t! are (enera## *&n!en!-a#" 6&r$ i! a $anner in 7%i*% a *&ntra*t i! ee*-te, &r $ani6e!te,
La7 re2-ire! *& ntra*t t& /e in !& $e 6&r$ 6&r *&n+enien*e *&ntra*t i! +a#i, an, en6&r*ea/#e) nee,e, &n# t& /in, =r, 0artie! E: 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent! nee,e, 6&r t%e 66:
5. In&$rma% $a /e entere, int& 7%ate+er 6&r$ a! #&n( a! t%ere i! *&n!ent) &/e*t an, *a-!e
i. C&ntra*t! 7* &/e*t i! *reati&n) tran!$i!!i&n &r re6&r$ati&n &6 rea# ri(%t! &+er i$$&+a/#e!
8. :$rma% re2-ire, / #a7 t& /e in *ertain !0e*i6ie, 6&r$ !-*% a!: ,&nati&n &6 rea#
ii. Ce!!i&n) re0-,iati&n) ren-n*iati&n &6 %ere,itar ri(%t!CPG
0r&0ert) !ti0-#ati&n t& 0a intere!t) tran!6er &6 #ar(e *att#e) !a#e &6 #an, t%r- a(ent) *&ntra*t &6 anti*%re!i!) *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0) re(i!trati&n &6 *%atte# $&rt(a(e) ,&nati&n &6 0er!&na# 0r&0 in e*e!! &6 4)
iii. P&7er t& a,$ini!ter 0r&0ert 6&r an&t%er
=. Rea% *reati&n &6 rea# ri(%t! i$$&+a/#e 0r&0 $-!t /e 7ritten
&+er
i+. Ce!!i&n &6 a*ti&n &6 ri(%t! 0r&*ee,in( 6r&$ an a*t a00earin( in a 0-/#i* in!t. +. A## &t%er ,&*! 7%ere a$&-nt in+&#+e, i! in e*e!! &6 4 ?$-!t /e 7ritten e+en 0ri+ate ,&*!
WHEN :ORM IS IMPORTANT8 5. F&r +a#i,it ?6&r$a#!&#e$n *&ntra*t! 8. F&r en6&r*ea/i#it ?!tat-te &6 6ra- ,! =. F&r *&n+enien*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
NOTE8 RA ?92 =E>COMMERCE ACT; 6&r$a# re2-ire$ent! t& $a1e *&ntra*t! e66e*ti+e a! a(ain!t t%ir, 0er!&n! an, t& e!ta/#i!% t%e ei!ten*e &6 a *&ntra*t are ,ee$e, *&$0#ie, 7it% 0r&+i,e, t%at t%e e#e*tr&ni* ,&*-$ent i! -na#tere, an, *an /e a-t%enti*ate, a! t& /e -!ea/#e 6&r 6-t-re re6eren*e.
Pa'e 1() $&
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[email protected]!isies:
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
a.T%ere i! a 7ritten in!tr-$ent
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
/.
)- Re&$rmai$n $& Insr!mens
*.Tr-e intenti&n n&t e0re!!e, in in!tr-$ent ,.
=========================================
T%ere i! $eetin( &6 $in,!
C#ear an, *&n+in*in( 0r&&6
e.Fa*t! 0-t in i!!-e in 0#ea,in(!
)- RE:ORMATION O: INSTRUMENTS NOTE: RE:ORMATION O: CONTRACTS8 re$e, t& *&n6&r$ t& rea# intenti&n &6 0artie! ,-e t& $i!ta1e) 6ra-,) ine2-ita/#e *&n,-*t) a**i,ent
• Pre!*ri/e! in 5 ear! ee*-ti&n &6 in!tr-$ent
6r&$
,ate
&6
• ;%en &ne &6 t%e 0artie! %a! /r&-(%t an a*ti&n t& en6&r*e t%e in!tr-$ent) n& !-/!e2-ent re6&r$ati&n *an /e a!1e,. ?0rin*i0#e &6 e!t&00e#
CAUSES3ROUNDS8 •
1- M!!a%: in!tr-$ent in*#-,e! !&$et%in( 7* !%&-#, n&t /e t%ere &r &$it 7%at !%&-#, /e t%ere a. M-t-a#
Re6&r$ati&n i! /a!e, &n -!ti*e an, e2-it
• ;%en t%ere i! n& $eetin( &6 t%e $in,!) t%e 0r&0er re$e, i! ann-#$ent an, n&t re6&r$ati&n
b. Mi!ta1e &6 6a*t c.
WHEN RE:ORMATION NOT AVAILABLE8
C#ear an, *&n+in*in( 0r&&6
5. Si$0#e ,&nati&n inter +i+&! d. Ca-!e! 6ai#-re &6 in!tr-$ent t& e0re!! tr-e intenti&n
=. ;%en rea# a(ree$ent i! +&i,
2- Uni%aera%
@. E!t&00e# 7%en 0art %a! /r&-(%t !-it t& en6&r*e it
a. One 0art 7a! $i!ta1en /. Ot%er eit%er a*te, 6ra-,-#ent# ine2-ita/# &r 1ne7 /-t *&n*ea#e, *.
Part in (&&, re6&r$ati&n
8. ;i##!
6ait%
$a
a!1
&r
6&r
(- Misa
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS *- Inerreai$n $& C$nracs =========================================
Pa'e 1(* $&
*- INTERPRETATION O: CONTRACTS
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3ENERAL RULE8 I6 t%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t are *#ear an, #ea+e n& ,&-/t -0&n t%e intenti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie!) t%e #itera# $eanin( &6 it! !ti0-#ati&n! !%a## *&ntr&#. ?Art. 5=>
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
EFCEPTION8 It i! a##e(e, an, 0r&+e, t%at t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! i! &t%er7i!e. Sec- 1( R!%e 1(0 $& e R!%es $& C$!r8 ;%en an in!tr-$ent *&n!i!t! 0art# &6 7ritten 7&r,! an, 0art# &6 a 0rinte, 6&r$) an, t%e t7& are in*&n!i!tent) t%e 6&r$er *&ntr&#! t%e #atter. NOTE8 5. I6 t%e #a7 i! *#ear) t%ere i! n& r&&$ 6&r inter0retati&n 8. In *a!e &6 a$/i(-it) t%e $&!t i$0&rtant (-i,e#ine i! intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie!. =. A$/i(-it i! *&n!tr-e, a(ain!t t%e &ne 7%& *a-!e, it /e*a-!e %e %a, *&ntr&# ?e.(. *&ntra*t &6 a,%e!i&n. H&7e+er) t%i! r-#e ,&e! n&t a00# t& a## *&ntra*t! &6 a,%e!i&n ?e.(. i6 *&ntra*t i! ne(&tiate, @. In &r,er t& -,(e t%e intenti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie!) t%eir *&nte$0&rane&-! an, !-/!e2-ent a*t! !%a## /e 0rin*i0a## *&n!i,ere,. ?Art. 5=>5 4. ;&r,! 7%i*% $a %a+e ,i66erent !i(ni6i*ati&n! !%a## /e -n,er!t&&, in t%at 7%i*% i! $&!t in 1ee0in( 7it% t%e nat-re an, &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t. ?Art. 5=>4 . T%e inter0retati&n &6 &/!*-re 7&r,! &r !ti0-#ati&n! in a *&ntra*t !%a## n&t 6a+&r t%e 0art 7%& *a-!e, t%e &/!*-rit. ?Art. 5=>> >. I6 t%e *&-rt *ann&t re!&#+e t%e a$/i(-it /a!e, &n t%e e#e$ent! &6 t%e *&ntra*t: a. I6 a (rat-it&-! *&ntra*t) t%e #ea!t tran!$i!!i&n &6 ri(%t! an, intere!t! !%a## 0re+ai# /. I6 an &ner&-! *&ntra*t) ,&-/t !%a## /e !ett#e, in 6a+&r &6 t%e (reate!t re*i0r&*it &6 intere!t 9. T%e 0rin*i0#e! &6 inter0retati&n !tate, in R-#e 58= &6 t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt !%a## #i1e7i!e /e &/!er+e, in t%e *&n!tr-*ti&n &6 *&ntra*t! In t%e *a!e &6 :e%ie .- Heirs $& Ma6im$ A%d$n K3-R- N$- L>+01?)5 :e#r!ar" 1+5 19(5 t%e C&-rt !tate, t%at t%e ,e!*ri0ti&n t%at a *&ntra*t i! in+a#i, i! n& #&n(er 0re*i!e) !in*e t%e Ci+i# C&,e -!e! !0e*i6i* na$e! in ,e!i(natin( ,e6e*ti+e *&ntra*t ?e.(. re!*i!!i/#e) +&i,a/#e) -nen6&r*ea/#e) an, +&i, &r inei!tent *&ntra*t!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS +- De&eci.e C$nracs =========================================
+- DE:ECTIVE CONTRACTS
INDS O: DE:ECTIVE CONTRACTS8
A- RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS T%&!e 7%i*% %a+e *a-!e, a 0arti*-#ar e*&n&$i* ,a$a(e eit%er t& &ne &6 t%e 0artie! &r t& a = r, 0er!&n an, 7%i*% $a /e !et a!i,e e+en i6 +a#i,. It $a /e !et a!i,e in 7%&#e &r in 0art) t& t%e etent &6 t%e ,a$a(e *a-!e,
REUISITES8 =a; C$nrac m!s #e rescis si#%e Under Ar 1(1 : C&ntra*t! entere, int& / 0er!&n! eer*i!in( 6i,-*iar *a0a*it: 5. Entere, int& / (-ar,ian 7%ene+er 7ar, !-66er! ,a$a(e / $&re t%an 5@ &6 +a#-e &6 &/e*t 8. A(ree, -0&n in re0 re!entati&n &6 a/! entee!) i6 a/!entee !-66er! #e!i&n / $&re t%an \ &6 +a#-e &6 0r&0ert =. C&ntra*t! 7%ere re!*i!!i&n i! /a! e, &n 6ra -, *&$$itte, &n *re,it&r ?accion pauliana @. O/e*t! &6 #iti(ati&n" *&ntra*t entere, int& / ,e6en,ant 7& 1n&7#e,(e &r a00r&+a# &6 #iti(ant! &r -,i*ia# a-t%&rit 4. Pr&+i,e, 6&r / #a7 Art! 548) [email protected]) 54=) [email protected]) 544) 54) 54> an, 54
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Art. 548 Unaid se%%er &6 (&&,!) n&t7it%!tan,in( t%at t%e &7ner!%i0 in t%e (&&,! $a %a+e 0a!!e, t& t%e /-er) !-/e*t t& &t%er 0r&+i!i&n! &n Sa#e! Art. [email protected] Un0ai, !e##er %a+in( t%e ri(%t &6 #ien &r %a+in( !t&0 0e, t%e (&&,! in transit& 7%ere %e e6ress%" reser.ed %i! ri(%t t& ,& !& in *a!e t%e /-er !%&-#, $a1e ,e6a-#t) &r t%e /-er %a! /een in de&a!% in e a"men $& e rice &$r an !nreas$na#%e ime
•
•
Art. 54= In t%e !a#e &6 rea# e!tate at a rate &6 a *ertain 0ri*e 6&r a -nit &6 $ea!-re &r n-$/er) at t%e 7i## &6 t%e +en,ee) 7%en t%e in&eri$r .a%!e $& e in' s$%d e6ceeds $ne> en &6 t%e 0ri*e a(ree, -0&n) &r i6 t%e +en,ee 7&-#, n$ a.e #$!' e imm$.a#%e ad e
•
•
Art. 544 S%&-#, t%e +en,ee #&!e) / rea!&n &6 e.ici$n) a 0art &6 t%e t%in( !&#, &6 !-*% i$0&rtan*e) in re#ati&n t& t%e 7%&#e) t%at %e 7&-#, n&t %a+e /&-(%t it 7it%&-t !ai, 0art Art. 54 Ven,ee $a a!1 6&r re*e!!i&n i6 t%e i$$&+a/#e !&#, !%&-#, /e enc!m#ered /i an" n$n>aaren #!rden $r ser.i!de) n&t $enti&ne, in t%e a(ree$ent) &6 !-*% a nat-re t%at it $-!t /e 0re!-$e, t%at t%e +en,ee 7&-#, n&t %a+e a*2-ire, it %a, %e /een a7are t%ere&6
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
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Art. 54 > In *a !e! &6 #reac $& /arran" a(ain!t %i,,en ,e6e*t! &6 &r en*-$/ran*e! -0&n t%e t%in( !&#,
•
Art. 54 9 I6 t%e %ess$r $r %essee s$!%d n$ c$m%" /i eir $#%i'ai$ns) t%e a((rie+e, 0art $a a!1 6&r re!*i!!i&n
ART 1191 COMPARED TO ART 1(1 RESCISSION IN ART 1191
RESCISSION PROPER IN ART 1(1
It i! a 0rin*i0a# a*ti&n reta#iat&r in *%ara*ter
it i! a re$e,
!-/!i,iar
On# (r&-n, i! n&n 0er6&r$an*e &6 &neK! &/#i(ati&n &r 7%at i! in*-$/ent -0&n %i$
T%ere are 4 (r&-n,! t& re!*in,. N&n 0er6&r$an*e / t%e &t%er i! n&t i$0&rtant
A00#ie! &n# re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n
t&
A00#ie! t& /&t% -ni#atera# an, re*i0r&*a# &/#i(ati&n!
On# a 0art t& t%e *&ntra*t $a ,e$an, 6-#6i##$ent &r !ee1 t%e re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t
E+en a t%ir, 0er!&n 7%& i! 0re-,i*e, / t%e *&ntra*t $a ,e$an, t%e re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t.
C&-rt $a 6i a 0eri&, &r (rant eten!i&n &6 ti$e 6&r t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
C&-rt *ann&t (rant eten!i&n &6 ti$e 6&r 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n
It! 0-r0&!e i! t& *an*e# t%e *&ntra*t
It! 0-r0&!e i! t& !ee1 re0arati&n 6&r t%e ,a$a(e &r in-r *a-!e,) t%-! a##&7in( 0artia# re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t
Pa'e 1(? $&
Under Ar- 1(2 Pa$ent! $a,e in a !tate &6 in!&#+en* 5. P#ainti66 %a! n& &t%er $ean! t& &/tain re0arati&n. 8. P#ainti66 $-!t /e a/#e t& r et-rn 7%ate+er %e $a /e &/#i(e, t& ret-rn ,-e t& re!*i!!i&n =. T%e t%in(! $-!t n&t %a+e /een 0a!!e, t& = 0artie! 7%& ,i, n&t a*t in /a, 6ait%
r,
/. t%in( a#rea, in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 0art in (&&, 6ait%" !-/e*t t& in,e$nit &n#" i6 t%ere are 8 &r $&re a#ienati&n! #ia/i#it &6 5!t in6ra*t&r
BAD3ES O: :RAUD a.
*&n!i,erati&n &6 t%e *&n+ean*e ina,e2-ate &r 6i*titi&-!
b.
tran!6er 7a! $a,e / a ,e/t&r a6ter a !-it %a! /een /e(-n an, 7%i#e it i! 0en,in( a(ain!t %i$
c.
!a#e -0&n *re,it / an in!&#+ent ,e/t&r
d.
5. T%ere $-!t /e *re ,it ei!tin( 0ri &r t& t%e *e#e/rati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t.
e+i,en*e &6 in,e/te,ne!! &r *&$0#ete in!&#+en*
e.
8. T%ere $-!t /e 6ra-,) &r at #ea! t) t%e in tent t& *&$$it 6ra-, t& t%e 0re-,i*e &6 t%e *re,it&r !ee1in( re!*i!!i&n
tran!6er &6 a## %i! 0r&0ert / a ,e/t&r 7%en %e i! 6inan*ia## e$/arra!!e, &r in!&#+ent
f.
=. T%e *re,it&r *ann&t in an #e(a# $anner *&##e*t %i! *re,it ?!-/!i,iar *%ara*ter &6 re!*i!!i&n
tran!6er $a,e /et7een 6at%er an, !&n 7%ere t%ere i! 0re!ent an &6 t%e a/&+e *ir*-$!tan*e!
g.
6ai#-re &6 t%e +en,ee t& ta1e e*#-!i+e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert
@. It $-!t /e $a,e 7it%in t%e 0re!*ri/e, 0eri&, ?&6 @ ear!
REUISITES #e&$re a c$nrac enered in$ in &ra!d $& credi$rs ma" #e rescinded8
@. T%e &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t $-!t n& t /e #e(a## in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 a = r, 0er!&n 7%& ,i, n&t a*t in /a, 6ait%.
i!
B- VOIDABLE CONTRACTS VOIDABLE CONTRACTS >intrin!i* ,e6e*t" +a#i, -nti# ann-##e," ,e6e*t i! ,-e t& +i*e &6 *&n!ent &r #e(a# in*a0a*it
OBLI3ATION CREATED B, THE RESCISSION O: THE CONTRACT8 M!!a% Resi!i$n a. T%in(! 7* ar e t%e &/e*t! &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, t%eir 6r-it! /. Pri*e 7it% intere!t
MUTUAL RESTITUTION NOT WHEN
a. E66e*ti+e -nti# !et a!i,e /. Ma /e a!! ai#e, &r att a*1e, &n# in an a*ti&n 6&r t%at 0-r0&!e
APPLICABLE
a. *re,it&r ,i, n&t re*e i+e ant%in( 6r&$ *&ntra*t
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
CHARACTERISTICS:
*. Can /e *&n6ir$e, ? NOTE: *&n6ir$ati&n i! t%e 0r&0er ter$ 6&r *-rin( t%e ,e6e*t &6 a +&i,a/#e *&ntra*t ,. Can /e a!!ai#e, &n# / t%e 0art 7%&!e *&n!ent 7a! ,e6e*ti+e &r %i! %eir! &r a!!i(n!
Pa'e 1( $&
WHAT CONTRACTS ARE VOIDABLE8
!0&-!e) a!*en,ant! *&er*i&n
&r
,e!*en,ant!
?$&ra#
a. Min&r! /. In!ane -n#e!! a*te, in #-*i, inter+a#
UNDUE IN:LUENCE *. Dea6 $-te 7%& *anKt rea, &r 7rite ,. Per!&n! !0e*ia## inter,i*ti&n
,i!2-a#i6ie,:
*i+i#
Per!&n ta1e! i$0r&0er a,+anta(e &6 %i! 0&7er &+er 7i## &6 an&t%er ,e0ri+in( #atter &6 rea!&na/#e 6ree,&$ &6 *%&i*e
e. In !tate &6 ,r-n1enne!! 6.
In !tate &6 %0n&ti* !0e##
Fa#!e /e#ie6 &6 !&$et%in( 7%i*% i! *&ntrar t& t%e rea# intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie!
T%e ,&*trine &n re%!can c$nse n 0r&+i,e! t%at a *&ntra*t i! !ti## +a#i, e+en i6 &ne &6 t%e 0artie! entere, it a(ain!t %i! 7i!%e! &r e+en a(ain!t %i! /etter -,($ent. C&ntra*t! are a#!& +a#i, e+en t%&-(% t%e are entere, int& / &ne &6 t%e 0artie! 7it%&-t %&0e &6 a,+anta(e &r 0r&6it. MarineJ .s- HSBC5 K12 Pi% 2*2
REUISITES:
:RAUD
a. Re6er! t& t% e !-/e*t &6 t% e t%in( 7%i*% i! t%e &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t
T%r- in!i,i&-! 7&r,! &r $a*%inati&n! &6 *&ntra*tin( 0artie!) &t%er i! in,-*e, t& enter int& *&ntra*t 7& 7* %e 7i## n&t ente r ?,&#& *a-!ante
MISTAE
/. Re6er! t& t%e nat-re &6 t%e *&ntra*t *.
Re6er! t& t%e 0rin*i0a# *&n,iti&n! in an a(ree$ent
,. Err&r a! t& 0er!&n 7%en it i! t% e 0rin*i0a# *&n!i,erati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t e. Err&r a! t& #e( a# e66 e*t 7%en $i !ta1e i! $-t-a# an, 6r-!trate! t%e rea# 0-r0&!e &6 0artie!
VIOLENCE Seri&-! &r irre!i!ti/#e 6&r*e i! e$0#&e, t& 7re!t *&n!ent
INTIMIDATION
INDS O: :RAUD IN THE PER:ORMANCE O: OBLI3ATION OR CONTRACTS a. Ca!sa% :ra!d ?,&#& *a-!ante ,e*e0ti&n &6 !eri&-! *%ara*ter 7it%&-t 7%i*% t%e &t%er 0art 7&-#, n&t %a+e entere, int&" *&ntra*t i! VOIDABLE ?Art. 5==9 /. Incidena% :ra!d ?,&#& in*i,ente ,e*e0ti&n 7%i*% are n&t !eri&-! an, 7it%&-t 7%i*% t%e &t%er 0art 7&-#, !ti## %a+e entere, int& t%e *&ntra*t" %&#,! t%e (-i#t 0art #ia/#e 6&r DAMAGES ?Art. [email protected]@ *. T$%eraed :ra!d in*#-,e! $ini$iin( t%e ,e6e*t! &6 t%e t%in() ea((erati&n &6 it! (&, 2-a#itie! an, (i+in( it 2-a#itie! it ,&e! n&t %a+e" LA;FUL $i!re0re!entati&n
One 0art i! *&$0e##e, / a rea!&na/#e an, 7e##(r&-n,e, 6ear &6 an i$$inent an, (ra+e ,an(er -0&n 0er!&n an, 0r&0ert &6 %i$!e#6)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1(9 $&
NOTE8 E6ressi$n $& an $ini$n n&t 6ra-, -n#e!! $a,e / e0ert an, &t%er 0art re#ie, &n t%e 6&r$erK! !0e*ia# 1n&7#e,(e
:ra!d #" ird ers$n ,&e! n&t +itiate *&n!ent" &n# a*ti&n 6&r ,a$a(e! e*e0t i6 t%ere i! *&##-!i&n /et7een &ne 0art an, t%e t%ir, 0er!&n) &r re!-#te, t& !-/!tantia# $i!ta1e) $-t-a# /et7een 0artie!.
CAUSES O: EFTINCTION O: ACTION TO ANNUL a.PRESCRIPTION > 6&r Ann-#$ent
ιιι. T%e in-re, 0art $-!t %a+e ee*-te, an a*t 7%i*% e0re!!# &r i$0#ie,# *&n+e! an intenti&n t& 7ai+e %i! ri(%t
c- LOSS O: THE THIN3 7%i*% i! t%e &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntr a*t t%r&-(% 6ra-, &r 6a-#t &6 t%e 0er!&n 7%& i! entit#e, t& ann-# t%e *&ntra*t
NOTE8 O/e*t i! #&!t t%r&-(% a fortuitous e"ent) t%e *&ntra*t *an !ti## /e ann-##e,) /-t t%e 0er!&n &/#i(e, t& ret-rn t%e !a$e *an /e %e#, #ia/#e &n# 6&r t%e +a#-e &6 t%e t%in( at t%e ti$e &6 t%e #&!!) /-t 7it%&-t intere!t t%ere&n.
Peri&, t& /rin( an a*ti&n
i. Intimidation& "iolence& undue influence @ ear! 6r&$ ti$e ,e6e*t &6 *&n!ent *ea!e! ii.#istaDe& frau d @ ear! 6r&$ ti$e &6 ,i!*&+er iii. Incapacity Fr&$ ti$e (-ar,ian!%i0 *ea!e!
Rati6i*ati&n *#ean!e! t%e *&ntra*t &6 it! ,e6e*t! 6r&$ t%e $&$ent it 7a! *&n!tit-te,.
C- UNEN:ORCEABLE CONTRACT UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT +a#i, /-t *ann&t *&$0e# it! ee*-ti&n -n#e!! rati6ie," etrin!i* ,e6e*t" 0r&,-*e #e(a# e66e*t! &n# a6ter rati6ie,
INDS: •
Di!*&+er &6 6ra-, $-!t /e re*1&ne, t& %a+e ta1en 0#a*e 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ,&*-$ent 7a! re(i!tere, in t%e &66i* e &6 t%e re(i!ter &6 ,ee,!. Re(i!trati&n *&n!tit-te! *&n!tr-*ti+e n&ti*e t& t%e 7%&#e 7&r#,. Caranes .- CA5 K?+ SCRA *1)
i. N& a-t%&rit *&n6erre, ii. In
e*e!! &6 a-t%&rit *&n6erre, ?-#tra +ire!
/. C!ra#%e #" Rai&icai$n > B&t% 0artie! in*a0a/#e &6 (i+in( *&n!ent 8 $in&r &r 8 in!ane 0er!&n!
#- RATI:ICATION REUISITES8 &6 ι. 'n&7#e,(e *&ntra*t +&i,a/#e
a. Una!$riJed $r N$ s!&&icien a!$ri" entere, int& in t%e na$e &6 an&t%er 7%en:
rea!&n
ren,erin(
ιι. S-*% rea!&n $-!t %a+e *ea!e,) e*e0t in *a!e &6 rati6i*ati&n e66e*te, / t%e (-ar,ian t& *&ntra*t! entere, int& / an in*a0a*itate,)
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
*.
C!ra#%e #" Ac Fai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% Stat-te &6 Fra-,!
:A::E 4<
A(ree$ent t& /e 0er6&r$e, 7it%in a ear a6ter $a1in( *&ntra*t
Pa'e 1)0 $&
ii. S0e*ia# 0r&$i!e t& an!7er 6&r ,e/t) ,e6a-#t &r $i!*arria(e &6 an&t%er
CHARACTERISTICS8
iii.
A(ree$ent $a,e in *&n!i,erati&n &6 0r&$i!e t& $arr
a. It 0r&,-*e! n& e66e*t 7%at!&e+er eit%er a(ain!t &r in 6a+&r &6 an&ne
i+.
A(ree$ent 6&r !a#e &6 (&&,!) *%atte#! &r t%in(! in a*ti&n at 0ri*e n&t #e!! t%an 4" e*e0ti&n: a-*ti&n 7%en re*&r,e, !a#e in !a#e! /&&1
/. T%ere i! n& a*ti&n 6&r ann-#$ent ne*e!!ar a! !-*% i! i0!& -re. A -,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n t& t%at e66e*t i! $ere# a ,e*#arati&n
+.
A(ree$ent 6 &r # ea!e & 6 0 r&0ert 6 &r $ &re t%an &ne ear an, !a#e &6 rea# 0r&0ert re(ar,#e!! &6 0ri*e
*.
+i.
Re0re!entati&n a! t& *re,it &6 an&t%er
TWO WA,S O: CURIN3 UNEN:ORCEABLE CONTRACTS8 a. :ai%!re $& de&endan $ $#4ec in ime ) t& t%e 0re!entati&n &6 0ar&#e e+i,en*e in *&-rt) t%e ,e6e*t &6 -nen6&r*ea/i#it i! *-re,
/. Acceance $& #ene&is !nder e c$nrac. I6 t%ere i! 0er6&r$an*e in eit%er 0art an, t%ere i! a**e0tan*e &6 0er6&r$an*e) it ta1e! it &-t &6 -nen6&r*ea/#e *&ntra*t!" a#!& e!t&00e# !et! in / a**e0tin( 0er6&r$an*e) t%e ,e6e*t i! 7ai+e,
NOTES8 •
•
T%e *&ntra*t!a(ree$ent! -n,er t%e Stat-te &6 Fra-,! re2-ire t%at t%e !a$e /e e+i,en*e, / !&$e n&te &r $e$&ran,-$ &r 7ritin() !-/!*ri/e, / t%e 0art *%ar(e, &r / %i! a(ent) &t%er7i!e) t%e !ai, *&ntra*t! !%a## /e -nen6&r*ea/#e.
Te Sa!e $& :ra!ds a%ies $n%" $ e6ec!$r" c$nracs) n&t t& t%&!e t%at are 0artia## &r *&$0#ete# 6-#6i##e,.
D- VOID OR INEFISTENT VOID OR INEISTENT &6 n& #e(a# e66e*t
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
It *ann&t /e *&n6ir$e,) rati6ie, &r *-re,
,. I6 0er 6&r$e,) re!t&rati&n i! in &r,e r) e*e0t i6 0ari ,e#i*t& 7i## a00# e. T%e ri(%t t& !et -0 t%e ,e6en!e &6 n-##it *ann&t /e 7ai+e, 6.
I$0re!*ri0ti/#e
(. An&ne $a in +&1e t%e n- ##it &6 t%e *&ntra*t 7%ene+er it! -ri,i*a# e66e*t! are a!!erte, a(ain!t %i$
INDS O: VOID CONTRACT8 a. T$se %ac
Those wc are absolutely simulated or fictitious F n& *a-!e
ii. Those which cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction n& *a-!e&/e*t iii. Those whose object is outside the commerce of man n& &/e*t i+. Those
wc
contemplate
an
impossible ser"ice n& &/e*t +. T%&!e 7* intenti&n &6 0artie! re#ati+e t& 0rin*i0a# &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t *ann&t /e a!*ertaine,
Pa'e 1)1 $&
/. Pr$i#ied #" %a/ *.
T$se e6ress%" r$i#ied $r dec%ared .$id #" %a/ C&ntra*t! 7* +i&#ate an #e(a# 0r&+i!i&n) 7%et%er it a$&-nt! t& a *ri$e &r n&t
,. I%%e'a%I%%ici $nes T%&!e 7%&!e *a-!e) &/e*t &r 0-r0&!e i! *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#!) (&&, *-!t&$!) 0-/#i* &r,er &r 0-/#i* 0&#i* " E: C&ntra*t t& !e## $ari-ana
OTHER VOID CONTRACTS8 1PACTUM COMMISSORIUM =Ars- 205 21(05 1(90;
B&t% 0artie! are (-i#t) n& a*ti&n a(ain!t ea*% &t%er" t%&!e 7%& *&$e in e2-it $-!t *&$e 7it% *#ean %an,!" a00#ie! &n# t& i##e(a# *&ntra*t! an, n&t t& inei!tent *&ntra*t!" ,&e! n&t a00# 7%en a !-0eri&r 0-/#i* 0&#i* inter+ene
EFCEPTION TO PARI DELICTO RULE I6 0-r0&!e %a! n&t et /een a**&$0#i!%e, an, i6 ,a$a(e %a! n&t /een *a-!e, t& an =r, 0er!&n
OTHER EFCEPTIONS8 a. Pa$ent &6 U!-ri&-! intere!t
ELEMENTS8 5. T%ere !%&-#, /e a 0r&0ert $&rt(a(e, / 7a &6 !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n. 8. T%ere !%&-#, /e a !ti0-#ati&n 6&r a-t&$ati* a00r&0riati&n / t%e *re,it&r &6 t%e t%in( $&rt(a(e, in *a!e &6 n&n0a$ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n 7it%in t%e !ti0-#ate, 0eri&,.
/. 0a$ent &6 $&ne &r ,e#i+er &6 0r&0ert 6&r an i##e(a# 0-r0&!e) 7%ere t%e 0art 7%& 0ai, &r ,e#i+ere, re0-,iate! t%e *&ntra*t /e6&re t%e 0-r0&!e %a! /een a**&$0#i!%e,) &r /e6&re an ,a$a(e %a! /een *a-!e, t& a =r, 0er!&n
2PACTUM DE NON ALIENANDO =Ar21(0;
*.
•
A !ti0-#ati&n 6&r/i,,in( t%e &7ner 6r&$ a#ienatin( t%e i$$&+a/#e $&rt(a(e, !%a## /e +&i,.
•
(-
It i! a *#a-!e in a $&rt(a(e (i+in( t%e $&rt(a(ee t%e ri(%t t& 6&re*#&!e / ee*-t&r 0r&*e!! ,ire*te, !&#e# a(ain!t t%e $&rt(a(&r) an, (i+in( %i$ &r %er t%e ri(%t t& !eie an, !e## t%e $&rt(a(e, 0r&0ert) re(ar,#e!! &6 an !-/!e2-ent a#ienati&n!.
,. a(ree$ent &r *&ntra*t 7%i*% i! n&t i##e(a# 0er !e an, t%e 0r&%i/iti&n i! ,e!i(ne, 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e 0#ainti66 e. 0a$ent &6 an a$&-nt in e*e!! &6 t%e $ai$-$ 0ri*e &6 an arti*#e &r *&$$&,it 6ie, / #a7 &r re(-#ati&n / *&$0etent a-t%&rit 6.
PACTUM L EONINA = Ar- 1 ?99;
A !ti0-#ati&n 7%i*% e*#-,e! &ne &r $&re 0artner! 6r&$ an !%are in 0r&6it &r #&!! i! +&i,.
0a$ent &6 $&ne &r ,e#i+er &6 0r&0ert $a,e / an in*a0a*itate, 0er!&n
*&ntra*t 7%ere/ a #a/&rer -n,erta1e! t& 7&r1 #&n(er t%an t%e $ai$-$ n-$/er &6 %&-r! 6ie, / #a7
(. One 7%& #&!t in (a$ /#in( /e*a-!e &6 6ra-,-#ent !*%e$e! 0ra*ti*e, &n %i$ i! a##&7e, t& re*&+er %i! #&!!e! ?Art. =5= RPC e+en i6 (a$/#in( i! 0r&%i/ite,.
INDS O: ILLE3AL CONTRACTS PARI DELICTO DOCTRINE REUISITES O: ILLE3AL CONTRACTS8 a.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
C&ntra*t i! 6&r an i##e(a# 0-r0&!e
Pa'e 1)2 $&
/.
C&ntra*t $-!t /e re0-,iate, / an &6 t%e 0artie! /e6&re 0-r0&!e i! a**&$0#i!%e, &r ,a$a(e i! *a-!e, t& = r, 0artie!
*.
C&-rt /e#ie+e! t%at 0-/#i* intere!t 7i## /e !er+e, / a##&7in( re*&+er ?,i!*reti&nar -0&n t%e *&-rt /a!e, &n re$&r!e" i##e(a#it i! a**&$0#i!%e, 7%en 0artie! entere, int& *&ntra*t" /e6&re it ta1e! e66e*t 0art 7* i! re$&r!e6-# 0re+ent! it
WHERE LAWS ARE ISSUED TO PROTECT CERTAIN SECTORS8 CONSUMER PROTECTION5 LABOR5 AND USUR, LAW a. C$ns!mer r$eci$n i6 0ri*e &6 *&$$&,it i! ,eter$ine, / !tat-te) an 0er!&n 0ain( an a$&-nt in e*e!! &6 t%e $ai$-$ 0ri*e a##&7e, $a re*&+er !-*% e*e!! /. La#$r i6 #a7 !et! t%e $ini$-$ 7a(e 6&r #a/&rer!) an #a/&rer 7%& a(ree, t& re*ei+e #e!! $a !ti## /e entit#e, t& re*&+er t%e ,e6i*ien*" i6 #a7 !et $a 7&r1in( %&-r! an, #a/&rer 7%& -n,erta1e! t& 7&r1 #&n(er $a ,e$an, a,,iti&na# *&$0en!ati&n
,e!i(nate, 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e 0#ainti66 $a re*&+er 7%at %e %a! 0ai, &r ,e#i+ere, / +irt-e &6 0-/#i* 0&#i*
MUTUAL RESTITUTION IN VOID CONTRACTS 3ENERAL RULE8 0artie! !%&-#, ret-rn t& ea*% &t%er 7%at t%e %a+e (i+en / +irt-e &6 t%e +&i, *&ntra*t in *a!e • ;%ere n-##it ar&!e 6r&$ ,e6e*t in e!!entia# e#e$ent!
a. ret-rn &/e*t &6 *&ntra*t an, 6r-it! /. ret-rn 0ri*e 0#-! intere!t
EFCEPTION: N& re*&+er *an /e %a, in *a!e! 7%ere n-##it &6 *&ntra*t ar&!e 6r&$ i##e(a#it &6 *&ntra*t 7%ere 0artie! are in 0ari ,e#i*t&" e6ce 7%en in*a0a*itate, n&t &/# i(e, t& ret-rn 7%at %e (a+e /-t $a re*&+er 7%at %e %a! (i+en &t%er 0art i! #e!! (-i#t &r n&t (-i#t
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS *. Ineres 0ai, in e*e!! &6 t%e intere!t a##&7e, / t%e !s!r" %a/ $a /e re*&+ere, / ,e/t&r 7it% intere!t 6r&$ ,ate &6 0a$ent
A- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS ?- E&&ec $& C$nracs =========================================
E::ECTS O: ILLE3AL CONTRACTS a. I6 &ne 0art i! in*a0a*itate,) *&-rt! $a a##&7 re*&+er &6 $&ne) 0r&0ert ,e#i+ere, / in*a0a*itate, 0er!&n in t%e intere!t &6 -!ti*e" 0ari ,e#i*t& *ann&t a00# /e*a-!e an in*a0a*itate, 0er!&n ,&e! n&t 1n&7 7%at %e i! enterin( int&" -na/#e t& -n,er!tan, t%e *&n!e2-en*e! &6 %i! &7n a*ti&n /. I6 a( ree$ent i! n& t i##e(a# 0er !e /- t $ere# 0r&%i/ite, an, 0r&%i/iti&n i!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
?- E::ECT O: CONTRACTS C&ntra*t! ta1e e66e*t &n# /et7een t%e 0artie!) t%eir a!!i(n! an, %eir!) e*e0t in *a!e 7%ere t%e ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! ari!in( 6r&$ t%e *&ntra*t are n&t tran!$i!!i/#e / t%eir nat-re) &r / !ti0-#ati&n &r / 0r&+i!i&n &6 #a7. T%e %eir i! n&t #ia/#e /e&n, t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert %e re*ei+e, 6r&$ t%e ,e*e,ent. ?Arti*#e 5=55 I6 a *&ntra*t !%&-#, *&ntain !&$e !ti0-#ati&n in 6a+&r &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n) %e $a ,e$an, it! 6-#6i##$ent 0r&+i,e, %e *&$$-ni*ate, %i!
Pa'e 1)( $&
a**e0tan*e t& t%e &/#i(&r /e6&re it! re+&*ati&n. A $ere in*i,enta# /ene6it &r intere!t &6 a 0er!&n i! n&t !-66i*ient. T%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! $-!t %a+e *#ear# an, ,e#i/erate# *&n6erre, a 6a+&r -0&n a t%ir, 0er!&n. ?Arti*#e 5=55
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1)) $&
SALES A- INTRODUCTION ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- Inr$d!ci$n 1- De&inii$n $& sa%es =Ars- 1)*5 1)?0; 2- Essenia% $& a c$nrac $& sa%e =Ar- [email protected]!isies 1*0*; (- Sa'es $& c$nrac $& sa%e )- O#%i'ai$ns creaed =Ar- 11+*; *- Caracerisics $& a c$nrac $& sa%e +- Sa%e is i%e and n$ m$de ?- Sa%e disin'!ised &r$m $er c$nracs - C$nrac $& sa%ec$nrac $ se%% =========================================
2- ELEMENTS O: A CONTRACT O: SALE 5. C&n!ent 8. Deter$inate !-/e*t $atter =. Pri*e *ertain in $&ne &r it! e2-i+a#ent
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- INTRODUCTION (- Sa'es $& C$nrac $& Sa%e =========================================
(- STA3ES IN LI:E O: CONTRACT O: SALE 5. 8. =.
Ne(&tiati&n Per6e*ti&n C&n!-$$ati&n
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
A- INTRODUCTION
A- INTRODUCTION
)- O#%i'ai$ns creaed =========================================
1- De&inii$n $& Sa%es =========================================
1- DE:INITION O: SALES =Ars- 1)* 1)?0; CONTRACT O: SALE One &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! &/#i(ate! imse%& $ rans&er e $/nersi &6 an, t& de%i.er a deerminae in') an, t%e $er $ a" ere&$re a rice cerain in m$ne" &r it! e2-i+a#ent. A *&ntra*t &6 !a#e $a /e a/!&#-te &r *&n,iti&na#. =========================================
)- OBLI3ATIONS CREATED 8 !et! &6 rea# &/#i(ati&n! t& (i+e
O#%i'ai$n $& e Se%%er8 a. t& tran!6er &7ner!%i0 an, /. t& ,e#i+er 0&!!e!!i&n =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- INTRODUCTION *- Caracerisics $& C$nrac $& Sa%e =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS *- CHARACTERISTICS O: CONTRACT O:
A- INTRODUCTION 2- E%emens $& a C$nrac $& Sa%e =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
SALE8 5. N&$inate 8. Prin*i0a# =. C&n!en!-a# @. Bi#atera#
Pa'e 1)* $&
4. Re*i0r&*a# . Oner&-! >. C&$$-tatit+e 9. Tit#e an, n&t a $&,e
%an, &r n&t
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- INTRODUCTION +- Sa%e is Ti%e and n$ M$de =========================================
+- SALE IS TITLE AND NOT MODE
E!!en*e i! !er+i*e E!!en*e i! &/e*t Rea# &/#i(ati&n Per!&na# &/#i(ati&n Te!t! -n,er J-ri!0r-,en*e: GR: IF YES) C$nrac &$r iece $& /$r<5 IF NO) SALE 5. :i&in !s! Un,er art [email protected]>: 7%et%er t%e t%in( tran!6erre, &n# ei!te, -0&n !0e*ia# &r,er 8. B%i!u%li!6 !s! - i6 $an-6a*t-rer en(a(e! in a*ti+it 7it% t%e nee, t& e$0#& etra&r,inar !1i##! an, e2-i0$ent ?0elestino " 0I1
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- INTRODUCTION ?- Sa%e disin'!ised &r$m $er c$nracs ========================================
CONTRACT :OR PIECE Lea!e U!e &6 t%in( i! 6&r a !0e*i6ie, 0eri&, &n# 7it% an &/#i(ati&n t& ret-rn C&n!i,erati&n i! rent Le!!&r nee, n&t /e &7ner
O: WOR Sa#e O/#i(ati&n t& a/!&#-te# tran!6er &7ner!%i0 &6 t%in(
=. %!ur o !" ojc! !s! Ea*% 0r&,-*tK! nat-re &6 ee*-ti&n ,i66er! 6r&$ t%e &t%er!" 0r&,-*t! are n&t &r,inar 0r&,-*t! &6 Man-6a*t-rer ?EEI + CIR
BARTER DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE Barer Sa%e C&n!i,erati&n: (i+in( C&n!i,erati&n: (i+in( &6 a t%in( &6 $&ne a! 0a$ent G&+erne, / #a7 &n !a#e!: !0e*ie! &6 t%e (en-! !a#e! I6 *&n!i,erati&n *&n!i!t! 0art# in $&ne an, 0art# / t%in( #&&1 at $ani6e!t intenti&n" I6 intenti&n i! n&t *#ear: I6 intenti&n i! n&t +a#-e &6 t%in( is *#ear: +a#-e &6 t%in( m$re t%an a$&-nt &6 is u%l or lss t%an $&ne /arter a$&-nt &6 $&ne !a#e
C&n!i,erati&n i! 0ri*e Se##er nee,! t& /e &7ner &6 t%in( t& tran!6er &7ner!%i0
DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE C$nrac &$r iece $& /$r< G&&,! are t& /e $an-6a*t-re, !0e*ia## 6&r a *-!t&$er an,
Sa%e
-0&n !0e*ia# &r,er an, n&t 6&r t%e (enera# $ar1et
&r,inar *&-r!e &6 /-!ine!! $an-6a*t-re! &r 0r&*-re! 6&r (enera# $ar1et ?7%et%er &n
C&ntra*t 6&r ,e#i+er &6 an arti*#e 7%i*% t%e +en,&r in t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
DATION IN PA,MENT DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE Dati&n in Pa$ent Sa#e Preei!tin( *re,it N& 0reei!tin( *re,it O/#i(ati&n! are O/#i(ati&n! are etin(-i!%e, *reate, De/t&rK! *&n!i,erati&n: C&n!i,erati&n &6 etin(-i!%$ent &6 t%e !e##er: 0ri*e ,e/t C&n!i,erati&n &6 Cre,it&rK! *&n!i,erati&n: /-er: a*2-i!iti&n a*2-i!iti&n &6 t%e &/e*t &6 t%e &/e*t
Pa'e 1)+ $&
&66ere, in #ie- &6 t%e &ri(ina# *re,it Le!! 6ree,&$ in ,eter$inin( t%e 0ri*e Pa$ent i! re*ei+e, / t%e ,e/t&r /e6&re t%e *&ntra*t i! 0er6e*te,
A- INTRODUCTION Greater 6ree,&$ in ,eter$inin( t%e 0ri*e B-er !ti## %a! t& 0a t%e 0ri*e
A3ENC, TO SELL DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE A'enc"$Se%% Sa%e A(ent n&t &/#i(e, t& 0a 6&r 0ri*e) $ere# &/#i(e, t& ,e#i+er 0ri*e re*ei+e, 6r&$ /-er. Pre0arat&r *&ntra*t Prin*i0a# re$ain! &7ner e+en i6 &/e*t ,e#i+ere, t& a(ent A(ent a!!-$e! n& ri!1#ia/i#it a! #&n( a! 7it%in t%e a-t%&rit (i+en Ma /e re+&1e, -ni#atera## /e*a-!e 6i,-*iar an, e+en i6 re+&1e, 7& (r&-n, A(ent n&t a##&7e, t& 0r&6it Per!&na# C&ntra*t"
- C$nrac $& Sa%eC$nrac $ Se%% =========================================
- C$nrac $& Sa%eC$nrac $ Se%% C&ntra*t &6 Sa#e A/!&#-te Rea# &/#i(ati&n &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e Tit#e 0a!!e! t& t%e /-er -0&n ,e#i+er
B-er 0a! 6&r 0ri*e &6 &/e*t
Prin*i0a# *&ntra*t B-er /e*&$e! &7ner &6 t%in(" in a(en* Se##er 7arrant!
N&t -ni#atera## re+&*a/#e Se##er re*ei+e! 0r&6it Rea# C&ntra*t
N&n0a$ent &6 t%e 0ri*e i! a ne(ati+e re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n
Re$e,ie! a+ai#a/#e: S0e*i6i* Per6&r$an*e Re!*i!!i&n Da$a(e!
C&ntra*t t& Se## C&n,iti&na# Per!&na# &/#i(ati&n &/#i(ati&n t& ,& O7ner!%i0 i! re!er+e, in t%e !e##er an, 7i## 0a!! t& t%e /-er &n# -0&n 6-## 0a$ent &6 t%e 0ri*e F-## 0a$ent i! a 0&!iti+e !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n) t%e 6ai#-re &6 7%i*% i! n&t a /rea*% /-t 0re+ent! t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 t%e +en,&r t& *&n+e tit#e t& ari!e Re$e,ie! a+ai#a/#e: Re!&#-ti&n Da$a(e!
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC A- INTRODUCTION ================================
Re!*i!!i&n i! n&t a+ai#a/#e
DONATION DISTIN3UISED :ROM SALE D$nai$n Sa%e Grat-it&-! &r Oner&-! &ner&-! F&r$a# *&ntra*t C&n!en!-a# *&ntra*t NOTE8 Lease /i $i$n $ #!"8 rea## a *&ntra*t &6 !a#e /-t ,e!i(nate, a! #ea!e in na$e &n#" it i! a !a#e / in!ta##$ent!
B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- Paries $ a C$nrac $& Sa%e 1- Caaci" $& aries =Ars- 1)9> 1)92; 2- A#s$%!e incaaci" =Ars- 1(2?5 1(9?5 1(99; (- Re%ai.e incaaci"8 married ers$ns )- Secia% [email protected]!a%i&icai$ns =Ars1)91>1)92;
========================================= =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1)? $&
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
(- RELATIVE INCAPACIT,
B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE
A- SPOUSES > A !0&-!e $a) 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e &t%er !0&-!e) enter int& !a#e! tran!a*ti&n! in t%e re(-#ar 0-r!-it &6 t%eir 0r&6e!!i&n) +&*ati&n) &r tra,e. T%e!e *&ntra*t! are +&i,.
1- Caaci" $& Paries =========================================
3ENERAL RULE > A## 0er!&n! 7%& are a-t%&rie, in t%i! C&,e t& &/#i(ate t%e$!e#+e! $a enter int& a *&ntra*t &6 !a#e
3ENERAL RULE8 T%e %-!/an, an, t%e 7i6e *ann&t !e## 0r&0ert t& ea*% &t%er. EFCEPTION8 • ;%en a !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert 7a! a(ree, -0&n in t%e marria'e se%emen
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
•
;%en t%ere %a! /een a 4!dicia% searai$n &6 0r&0ert -n,er Art. 55
B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE 2- A#s$%!e Incaaci"
NOTE8 Pr&%i/iti&n #i1e7i!e a00#ie! t& *&$$&n #a7 !0&-!e!
=========================================
B- OTHERS > TRUST RELATIONSHIPS I. Art. [email protected]5 T7& (r&-0! &6 0artie! 0r&%i/ite, 6r&$ a*2-irin( / 0-r*%a!e *ertain 0r&0ertie!:
2- ABSOLUTE INCAPACIT, MINORS5 INSANE AND DEMENTED PERSONS5 AND DEA:>MUTES •
C&ntra*t! are +&i,a/#e) !-/e*t t& ann!%men $r rai&icai$n
•
A#!& in*#-,e!: -
State &6 ,r-n1enne!!
-
H0n&ti* !0e##
-
NECESSARIES: T%&!e !&#, an, ,e#i+ere, t& a $in&r &r &t%er 0er!&n 7it%&-t *a0a*it t& a*t) %e $-!t 0a a rea!&na/#e 0ri*e t%ere6&re
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE (- Re%ai.e Incaaci" =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
a. G-ar,ianA(entEe*-t&r! an, A,$ini!trat&r! • Dire*t &r in,ire*t •
Ma /e rati6ie, !in*e &n# 0ri+ate 7r&n( i! in+&#+e,
/. P-/#i* O66i*er! E$0#&ee!O66i*er! &6 C&-rt i. Cann&t /e rati6ie, !in*e 0-/#i* 7r&n( i! in+&#+e, ii. Re2-i!ite! 6&r t%e 0r&%i/iti&n t& a00# t& att&rne!: 5. Ei!ten*e &6 att&rne *#ient re#ati&n!%i0" 8. Pr&0ert i! t%e !-/e*t $atter in #iti(ati&n" =. ;%i#e in #iti(ati&n ?6r&$ 6i#in( &6 *&$0#aint t& 6ina# -,($ent
NOTE8 E*e0ti&n t& t%e 0r&%i/iti&n a(ain!t att&rne!: c$nin'en &ee arran(e$ent 7%ere t%e a$&-nt &6 #e(a# 6ee! i! /a!e, &n a +a#-e &6 0r&0ert in+&#+e, in #iti(ati&n ?rea!&n i! t%at t%e tran!6er &r a!!i(n$ent &6 t%e 0r&0ert ta1e! e66e*t &n# a6ter t%e 6ina#it &6 a 6a+&ra/#e -,($ent II- Le'a% Sa!s $& C$nrac 5. V&i, ?*a!e #a7 (-ar,ian ee*-t&r0-/#i* &66i*er! &66i*er! &6 t%e *&-rt
Pa'e 1) $&
8. V&i,a/#e ?*i+i# *&,e a(ent" VALID i6 7it% *&n!ent
i. ;%et%er t%e !-/e*t $atter i! &6 a t0e an, nat-re t%at ei!t! &r *&-#, /e $a,e t& ei!t t& a##&7 t%e !e##er rea!&na/#e *ertaint &6 /ein( a/#e t& *&$0# 7it% %i! &/#i(ati&n!
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE
ii. Mini$-$ re2-ire$ent & 6 0&tentia# ei!ten*e: ta1in( int& *&n!i,erati&n t%e !tate &6 !*ien*e an, te*%n&#&( at t%e ti$e &6
)- Secia% [email protected]!a%i&icai$ns =========================================
)- SPECIAL DISUALI:ICATIONS
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC B- PARTIES TO A CONTRACT O: SALE ================================
C- SUBECT MATTER O: SALE ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t B- Lici B.5. N&t &-t!i,e t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an B.8. I6 i##i*it) *&ntra*t i! +&i, B.=. Pr&%i/ite,: i. Ani$a#! 7it% *&nta(i&-! ,i!ea!e! ii. Sa#e &6 6-t-re in%eritan*e
C- Deerminae $r deermina#%e i. Deter$inate: 0arti*-#ar# ,e!i(nate, &r 0%!i*a## !e(re(ate, 6r&$ a## &t%er! &6 t%e !a$e *#a!!" a#7a! !0e*i6i* ii. Deter$ina/#e: a#7a! (eneri*
C- S!#4ec Maer 1- [email protected]!isies $& a .a%id s!#4ec
a
T%in(i!*a0a/#e&6 /ein( $a,e ,eter$inate
maer =Ars- 1)*9>1)+*; 2- Paric!%ar
/
;it%&-t t%e ne*e!!it &6 a ne7 &r 6-rt%er *&ntra*t /et7een t%e 0artie!.
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
Emi$ rei seraae Sa#e &6 an e0e*te, t%in(
C- SUBECT MATTER O: SALE 1- [email protected]!isies $& a .a%id s!#4ec maer =========================================
1- REUISITES O: A VALID SUBECT MATTER
[email protected]!isies8 1- Tin's A- P$ssi#%e *&ntin(ent
ei!tin()
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
6-t-re)
an,
Sa#e i! !-/e*t t& t%e *&n,iti&n" t%at t%e t%in( 7i## ei!t" i6 it ,&e! n&t) t%ere i! n& *&ntra*t Un*ertaint i! 7it% re(ar, t& t%e 2-antit an, 2-a#it &6 t%e t%in( an, n&t t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e t%in( O/e*t i! a 6-t-re t%in(
Emi$ sei Sa#e &6 a $ere %&0e &r e0e*tan* t%at t%e t%in( 7i## *&$e t& ei!ten*e" !a#e &6 t%e %&0e it!e#6 Sa#e i! e66e*ti+e e+en i6 t%e t%in( ,&e! n&t *&$e int& ei!ten*e) -n#e!! it i! a +ain %&0e ?Art [email protected]5 Sa#e &6 a +ain %&0e &r e0e*tan* i! +&i, T%e -n*ertaint i! 7it% re(ar, t& t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e t%in(
Pa'e 1)9 $& O/e*t i! a 0re!ent t%in( 7%i*% i! t%e %&0e &r e0e*tan*
NOTE8 S-/e*t $atter CAN DETERMINED BY a =r, PARTY.
NOT
/e
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
2- Ri's M-!t /e tran!$i!!i/#e) e*e0t: a. F-t-re in%eritan*e /. Ser+i*e
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS C- SUBECT MATTER O: SALE 2- Paric!%ar inds =========================================
D- O#%i'ai$ns $& e Se%%er $ Trans&er O/nersi 1- Sa%e #" a ers$n n$ e $/ner a ime $& de%i.er" =Ars- 1)+25 1*0*5 1)*9; E6cei$ns 2- Sa%e #" a ers$n a.in' a .$ida#%e i%e =Ars- 1*0+5 **9; =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
2- PARTICULAR INDS
D- OBLI3ATIONS O: THE SELLER TO TRANS:ER OWNERSHIP
3OODS THAT MA, BE THE OBECTS O: SALE 5. E6isin' '$$ds (&&,! &7ne, &r 0&!!e!!e, / t%e !e## er at t%e ti$e &6 0er6e*ti&n
1- Sa%e #" a ers$n n$ e $/ner a e ime $& de%i.er"
8. :!!re '$$ds (&&,! t& /e $an-6a*t-re,) rai!e, &r a*2-ire, / t%e !e##er a6ter t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t
NOTES8 • <-antit &6 !-/e*t $atter i! n&t e!!entia# 6&r 0er6e*ti&n" $-!t ,eter$ine nat-re an, 2-a#it &6 !-/e*t $atter • Generi* t%in(! $a /e t%e &/e*t &6 !a#e) /-t t%e &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er t%e !-/e*t $atter *an &n# /e *&$0#ie, 7it% 7%en t%e !-/e*t $atter %a! /een $a,e ,eter$inate ?eit%er / 0%!i*a# !e(re(ati&n &r 0arti*-#ar ,e!i(nati&n
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC C- SUBECT MATTER O: SALE ================================
D- OBLI3ATIONS O: THE SELLER TO TRANS:ER OWNERSHIP CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
=========================================
1- OBLI3ATION O: THE SELLER TO TRANS:ER OWNERSHIP 3ENERAL RULE8 Se##er nee, n&t /e t%e &7ner &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter at t%e ti$e &6 0er6e*ti&n: !-66i*ient ,e#i+er. t%at %e i! t%e &7ner at t%e ti$e &6
EFCEPTION8 F&re*#&!-re !a#e ?$&rt(a(er $-!t /e a/!&#-te &7ner RULES ON LE3AL E::ECTS O: SALE B, A NON>OWNER 3ENERAL RULE8 Sa#e / n&n&7ner) /-er a*2-ire! n& /etter tit#e t%an !e##er %a,. EFCEPTIONS8 5. O7ner / %i! *&n,-*t i! 0re*#-,e, 6r&$ ,enin( !e##erK! a-t%&rit ?ESTOPPEL 8. C&ntrar i! 0r&+i,e, 6&r in re*&r,in( #a7! ?PD 548 =. Sa#e i! $a,e -n,er !tat-t&r 0&7er &6 !a#e &r -n,er &r,er &6 a *&-rt &6 *&$0etent -ri!,i*ti&n @. Sa#e i! $a,e in a $er*%antK! !t&re in a**&r,an*e 7it% *&,e &6 *&$$er*e an, !0e*ia# #a7!. +ut subject to ANTI<EN0IN8 =AG
TITLE AS TO MOVABLE PROPERTIES
Pa'e 1*0 $&
3ENERAL RULE8 P&!!e!!i&n i! e2-i+a#ent t& tit#e REUISITES8 P&!!e!!i&n &6 $&+a/#e an, G&&, Fait% EFCEPTIONS8 5. O7ner #&!t $&+a/#e &7ner *an re*&+er 7it%&-t rei$/-r!in( 0ri*e 8. O7ner i! -n#a76-## ,e0ri+e, &7ner *an re*&+er 7& rei$/-r!in( 0ri*e EFCEPTIONS TO THE EFCEPTIONS8 5. M&+a/#e i! /&-(%t at 0-/#i* !a#e &7ner *an &n# re*&+er a6ter rei$/-r!in( 0ri*e 8. A*2-ire, in (&&, 6ait% an, 6&r +a#-e 6r&$ a-*ti&n
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE 1- Meanin' $& Price =========================================
1- MEANIN3 O: PRICE PRICE T%e !-$ !ti0-#ate, a! t%e e2-i+a#ent &6 t%e t%in( !&#, 6&r an,t%e a#!& e+er ta1en int& *&n!i,erati&n 6iin( &6in*i,ent t%e 0ri*e) 0-t t& t%e ,e/it &6 t%e +en,ee an, a(ree, t& / %i$.
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TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS D- OBLI3ATIONS O: THE SELLER TO TRANS:ER OWNERSHIP 1- Sa%e #" a ers$n a.in' a .$ida#%e i%e ========================================
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE 2- [email protected]!isies &$r a Va%id Price =========================================
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC D- OBLI3ATIONS O: THE SELLER TO TRANS:ER OWNERSHIP ================================
E- PRICE ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- Price 1- Meanin' $& rice =Ars- 1)+9> 1)?); 2- [email protected]!isies &$r a .a%id rice (- H$/ rice is deermined )- [email protected]!ac" $& rice =Ars- 1(**5 1)?0; *- Wen n$ rice a'reed =Ar- 1)?); +- Manner a'reed !$n$& a"men m!s #e ?- Earnes m$ne" .s- Oi$n m$ne" =Ar- 1)2;
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
2- REUISITES :OR A VALID PRICE8 A- Rea% ;%en at t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e) t%ere i! e+er intenti&n &n t%e /-er t& 0a t%e 0ri*e) an, e+er e0e*tati&n &n t%e 0art &6 t%e !e##er t& re*ei+e !-*% 0ri*e a! t%e +a#-e &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter %e &/#i(ate! %i$!e#6 t& ,e#i+er. ?Te!t &6 intenti&n B- In m$ne" $r is [email protected]!i.a%en C&n!i,erati&n 6&r a +a#i, *&ntra*t &6 !a#e *an /e t%e 0ri*e an, &t%er +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n" at t%e +er #ea!t) a tr-e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e $-!t %a+e 0ri*e a! 0art &6 it! *&n!i,erati&n ?Te!t &6 +a#-e *&n!i,erati&n C- Cerain $r asceraina#%e i- Certain: e0re!!e, an, a(ree, in ter$! &6 !0e*i6i* 0e!&! an,&r *enta+&! ii- A!*ertaina/#e: a. Set / ird ers$ns
Pa'e 1*1 $&
/. Set / t %e c$!rs in *a!e! 7%ere t%e t%ir, 0er!&n 6ie! t%e 0ri*e in /a, 6ait% &r / $i!ta1e *.
Set / re6eren*e t& a de&inie da"5 0arti*-#ar e*%an(e &r $ar1et
,. Set / r e6eren*e t& an$er in ( *ertain e. =u! nvr 6 on p%r!6 t& t%e *&ntra*t ?-n#e!! t%e 0ri*e i! a**e0te, / t%e &t%er 0art
(- H$/ rice is deermined =========================================
(- HOW PRICE IS DETERMINED
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE )- [email protected]!ac" $& rice =========================================
N$e8 ;%en t%e =r, 0art i! -n7i##in( t& !et t%e 0ri*e) t%e 0artie! $a n&t a!1 t%e *&-rt t& 6i t%e 0ri*e /e*a-!e t%e *&n,iti&n i$0&!e, &n t%e *&ntra*t %a! n&t %a00ene, et an, t%-!) n& en6&r*ea/#e *&ntra*t %a! ari!en. E::ECT WHERE PRICE IS SIMULATED T%e a*t $a /e !%&7n t& %a+e /een in rea#it a ,&nati&n) &r !&$e &t%er a*t &r *&ntra*t I6 n&t an, neit%er 0art %a, an intenti&n 7%at!&e+er t%at t%e a$&-nt 7i## /e 0ai, ?a/!&#-te# !i$-#ate,: t%e !a#e i! +&i,
I6 i! a rea#i!0ri*e /-t&ne 7%at i! !tate, in t%ere t%e *&ntra*t n&t t%e inten,e, t& /e 0ai, ?&n# re#ati+e# !i$-#ate,: t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e i! +a#i, /-t !-/e*t t& re6&r$ati&n ?6a#!e 0ri*e
E::ECT O: NON>PA,MENT O: PRICE NOTE: N&n0a$ent &6 0ri*e ,&e! n&t *an* e# !a#e) a! t%e !a#e i! !ti## *&n!i,ere, 0er6e*te,. B-t it i! a *a-!e 6&r eit%er: 1- S0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e &r
)- INADEUAC, O: PRICE E::ECT O: 3ROSS INADEUAC, O: PRICE NOTE8 Mere ina,e2-a* &6 t%e 0ri*e ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e !a#e 5 e*e0t ?5 ;%en t%ere i! 6ra-,) $i!ta1e) &r -n,-e in6#-en*e in,i*ati+e &6 a ,e6e*t in *&n!ent i! 0re!ent) ?8;%en it !%&7! t%at t%e 0artie! rea## inten,e, a ,&nati&n &r !&$e &t%er a*t &r *&ntra*t. ?=J-,i*ia# !a#e) 7%ere t%e ina,e2-a* i! !%&*1in( t& t%e *&n!*ien*e &6 $an an, t%ere i! !%&7in( t%at in e+ent &6 re!a#e) a /etter 0ri*e *an /e &/taine,. =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE *- Wen n$ rice a'reed =========================================
2- Re!*i!!i&n. =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
*- WHEN NO PRICE A3REED N$e8 If there was a failure of the contract to set a price #! e BU,ER as a%read" APPROPRIATED IT5 t%en t%e /-er $-!t 0a a rea!&na/#e 0ri*e ?Arti*#e [email protected]>@
E- PRICE =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1*2 $&
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE +- Manner $& a"men m!s #e a'reed !$n
M&ne (i+en a! ,i!tin*t *&n!i,erati&n 6&r an &0ti&n *&ntra*t
Part &6 t%e 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e
A00#ie! t& a !a#e n&t 0er6e*te,
Gi+en &n# 7%en t%ere i! a#rea, a !a#e
N&t re2-ire, t& /-
;%en (i+en) /-er i! /&-n, t& 0a t%e /a#an*e
=========================================
+- MANNER O: PA,MENT MUST BE A3REED UPON Manner $& a"men m!s #e a'reed !$n Marne%e'$ .- Banc$ :i%iin$ Sa.in's and M$r'a'e Ban<5 K3-R- N$- 1+1*2)5 an!ar" 2?5 200+
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC E- PRICE
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS E- PRICE
================================
:- :ORMATION O: CONTRACT O: SALE ================================
?- Earnes m$ne" .s- Oi$n m$ne"
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
=========================================
?- EARNEST VS- OPTION MONE, EARNEST MONE, 5. M&ne (i+en a! 0art &6 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e 8. A**e0tan*e i! t%e 0 r&&6 t%at *&ntra*t &6 !a#e ei!t! =. N&t%in( in #a7 0 re+ent! 0artie! 6r&$ treatin( earne!t $&ne ,i66erent# @. O#, *&n*e0t: !-/e*t t& 6&r6eit-re 7%en BUYER /a*1! &-t 4. Ne7 *&n*e0t: *ann&t /e 6&r6eite, 0art &6 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e" $-!t /e re!t&re, . <-a#i6i*ati&n: i6 &#, *&n*e0t i! !ti0-#ate, VALID >. Pre!-$0ti&n &6 0er6e*ti&n &6 *&ntra*t &6 !a#e an, !-*% earne!t $&ne a! 0art &6 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e i! ,i!0-ta/#e
OPTION MONE, DISTIN3UISHED :ROM EARNEST MONE, OPTION MONE, EARNEST MONE,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
:- :$rmai$n $& C$nrac $& Sa%e 1- Preara$r" =Ar- 1)?9; 1-1- O&&er =Ar- 1)?*; 1-2- Oi$n c$nrac =Ars- 1)?95 1(2); 1-(- Ri' $& &irs re&!sa% 1-)- M!!a% r$mise $ #!" and se%% =Ar- 1)?9; 2- Per&eci$n =Ars- 1)?*5 1(195 1(2*5 1(2+; (- :$rma%iies $& e c$nrac =Ar1)0( =d;=e;; =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS :- :ORMATION O: CONTRACT O: SALE 1- Preara$r" =========================================
Pa'e 1*( $&
1- PREPARATOR, ( STA3ES IN LI:E O: A CONTRACT O: SALE A- P$%iciaci$nNe'$iai$n Sa'e > &66er i! 6#&ate,) a**e0tan*e i! 6#&ate, /-t t%e ,& n&t $eet" t%e ti$e 7%en 0artie! in,i*ate t%eir intere!t /-t n& *&n*-rren*e &6 &66er an, a**e0tan*e. B- Per&eci$n > *&n*-rren*e &6 a## re2-i!ite!" $eetin( &6 t%e $in,!. C- C$ns!mmai$n > 0artie! 0er6&r$ t%eir re!0e*ti+e -n,erta1in(!
0ai, a !e0arate *&n!i,erati&n) t& /- a *ertain &/e*t 7it%in an a(ree, 0eri&, 4:E# There is n& 0re!-$0ti&n &6 *&n!i,erati&n) it nee,! t& /e 0r&+en
OPTION an -na**e0te, &r -neer*i!e, *&ntra*t-a# &66er
Caracerisics $& Oi$n C$nrac
A- PREPARATOR,
a. N&t t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e / it!e#6) !e0arate an, ,i!tin*t
I-
/. N&$inate
RULES8
5. O66er i! 6#&ate,
Pri&r t& a**e0tan*e) $a /e 7it%,ra7n at 7i## / &66er&r
8. O66er 6#&ate, 7it% a 0eri&,
;it%&-t a**e0tan*e) etin(-i!%e, 7%en 0eri&, %a! en,e, an, $a/e 7it%,ra7n at 7i## / &66er&r" ri(%t t& 7it%,ra7 $-!t n&t /e ar/itrar &t%er7i!e) #ia/#e t& ,a$a(e -n,er Art 5) 8) 85 &6 Ci+i# C&,e
=. O66er 6#&ate, 7 *&n,iti&n
Etin(-i!%e, / %a00enin(n&n%a00enin( &6 *&n,iti&n
@. O66er 6#&ate, 7it%&-t
C&ntin-e! t& /e +a#i, ,e0en,in( -0&n *ir*-$!tan*e! &6 ti$e) 0#a*e an, 0er!&n
0eri&,7it%&-t *&n,iti&n 4. O66er i! 6#&ate, an, t%ere i! *&-nter&66er . O66er i! 6#&ate, >. O66er a**e0te,
Ori(ina# &66er i! ,e!tr&e,) t%ere i! a ne7 &66er" *an n&t (& /a*1 t& &ri(ina# &66er
N& a-t%&rit &6 &66er&r t& $&,i6 &66er Pr&*ee, t& 0er6e*te, !ta(e
a/!&#-te#
*.
Prin*i0a# /-t *an /e atta*%e, t& &t%er 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t!
,. Oner&-! e. C&$$-tati+e 6.
Uni#atera# "ersus *&ntra*t &6 !a#e 7%i*% i! /i#atera#
(. Pre0arat&r
C&n!i,erati&n in an &0ti&n *&ntra*t $a /e ant%in( &6 +a#-e) -n#i1e in !a#e 7%ere it $-!t /e 0ri*e *ertain in $&ne. ? /an #iguel Philippines "% 0ojuangco* H&7 EERCISED: N&ti*e &6 a**e0tan*e !%&-#, /e *&$$-ni*ate, t& &66er&r 7it%&-t a*t-a# 0a$ent a! #&n( a! t%ere i! ,e#i+er &6 0a$ent in *&n!-$$ati&n !ta(e
ELEMENTS O: VALID OPTION CONTRACT a. C&n!ent $eetin( &6 t%e $in,! /. S-/e*t $atter an &0ti&n ri(%t) &r a**e0te, -ni#atera# &66er t& /-) &r a**e0te, -ni#atera# &66er t& !e##: i. a ,eter$inate &/e*t ii. 6&r a 0ri*e *ertain ?in*#-,in( $anner &6 0a$ent *. Pre!tati&n a *&n!i,erati&n !e0arate 6r&$ 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e 6&r &0ti&n (i+en
OPTION CONTRACT > a *&ntra*t (rantin( an e*#-!i+e ri(%t in &ne 0er!&n) 6&r 7%i*% %e %a!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1*) $&
SITUATIONS IN AN OPTION CONTRACT8 a- Wi searae c$nsiderai$n
OPTION CONTRACT DISTIN3UISHED :ROM RI3HT O: :IRST RE:USAL Oi$n C$nrac Ri' $& :irs Re&!sa%
i. O0ti&n *&ntra*t i! +a#i, ii. O66er&r *ann&t 7it%,ra7 &66er -nti# a6ter e0ir 0eri&, iii. S-/e*t t& re!*i!!i&n) ,a$a(e! /-t n&t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e /e*a-!e t%i! i! n&t an &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e
#-
Wi$! searae c$nsiderai$n i. OLD RULE &66er i! !ti## +a#i,) /-t &0ti&n *&ntra*t i! +&i, an, n&t !-/e*t t& re!*i!!i&n) ,a$a(e!
Prin*i0a# *&ntra*t" !tan,! &n it! &7n Nee,! !e0arate *&n!i,erati&n S-/e*t $atter an, 0ri*e $-!t /e +a#i, N&t *&n,iti&na# N&t !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
A**e!!&r" *an n&t !tan, &n it! &7n D&e! n&t nee, !e0arate *&n!i,erati&n T%ere $-!t /e !-/e*t $atter /-t 0ri*e n&t i$0&rtant C&n,iti&na# S-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
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ii. NE; RULE: Ri(%t &6 6ir!t re6-!a# re*&(nie, a! a +a#i, &66er
RI3HT O: :IRST RE:USAL8 5. Create! a 0r&$i!e t& enter int& a *&ntra*t &6 !a#e an, it %a! n& !e0arate *&n!i,erati&n) n&t !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e /e*a-!e t%ere i! n& *&ntra*t-a# re#ati&n!%i0 %ere an, it i! n&t an &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e ?n&t a rea# *&ntra*t 8. Ne7 ,&*trine: Ma /e !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e.
T%e ri(%t &6 6ir!t re6-!a# i! &n# !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e in!&6ar a! it i! atta*%e, t& a +a#i, 7ritten 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t ?e.(. #ea!e. RFR /e*&$e! &ne &6 t%e *&n!i,erati&n! in t%e *&ntra*t. I6 RFR i! +i&#ate,) an, 0r&0ert !&#, t& an&t%er /-er in /a, 6ait%) t%e !a#e t& t%e = r, 0art /-er i! re!*i!!i/#e. T%e 0ri*e 6&r t%e = r, 0art /-er i! t& /e t%e /a!i! 6&r t%e 0ri*e &6 t%e !a#e /a*1 t& t%e &ne 7it% t%e RFR. [email protected]!a$ria% De. .- Ma"&air Teaer5 K(?0 SCRA *+ E66e*t &6 ne7 ,&*trine: t-rne, t%e 7&r#, &6 policitacion -0!i,e ,&7n /e*a-!e 7%i#e +a#i, &0ti&n *&ntra*t i! n&t !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e) ri(%t &6 6ir!t re6-!a# 7%i*% ,&e! n&t e+en %a+e a !e0arate *&n!i,erati&n $a /e !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS :- :ORMATION O: CONTRACT O: SALE 2- Per&eci$n $& Sa%es =========================================
2- PER:ECTION O: SALES 3ENERAL RULE8 A *&ntra*t &6 !a#e i! 0er6e*te, at t%e t%e $&$ent i! a i! $eetin( &6 t%e &6 $in,! -0&n t%in(t%ere 7%i*% t%e &/e*t t%e *&ntra*t an, -0&n t%e 0ri*e" *&n!en!-a# *&ntra*t
EFCEPTION: ;%en t%e !a#e i! !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n REUIREMENTS8 1- Wen aries are &ace $ &ace 7%en t%ere i! a/!&#-te a**e0tan*e &6 an &66er t%at i! *ertain 2- Wen r! c$rres$ndence $r e%e'ram 7%en t%e &66er&r re*ei+e! &r %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e a**e0tan*e (- Wen e sa%e is s!#4ec $ a s!sensi.e c$ndii$n 6r&$ $&$ent t%e *&n,iti&n i! 6-#6i##e,
Re*&(nie! re*&+er &6 ,a$a(e /a!e, &n a/-!e &6 ri(%t! ,&*trine
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1** $&
t%e
NOTES8 <-a#i6ie, a**e0tan*e: $ere *&-nter &66er 7%i*% nee,! t& /e a/!&#-te# a**e0te, t& (i+e ri!e t& 0er6e*te, *&ntra*t &6 !a#e
8. Sa#e &6 #ar(e *att#e" $-!t a#!& /e re(i!tere, 7it% M-ni*i0a# trea!-rer &t%er7i!e VOID
B-!ine!! a,! are $ere in+itati&n! t& $a1e an &66er e*e0t 7%en it a00ear! t& /e &t%er7i!e
=. Sa#e &6 #an, / n&nC%ri!tian i6 n&t a00r&+e, / G&+ern&r VOID
R!%es '$.ernin' a!ci$n sa%es8 5. Sa#e! &6 !e0arate #&t! / a-*ti&n are !e0arate *&ntra*t! &6 !a#e 8. Sa#e i! 0er6e*te, / t%e 6a## &6 t%e %a$$er =. Se##er %a! t%e ri(%t t& /i, at t%e a-*ti&n 0r&+i,e, !-*%e66e*t ri(%t 7a! re!er+e, an, n&ti*e 7a! (i+en t& t%at
Wen &$rm is im$ran &$r en&$rcea#i%i" KSTATUTE O: :RAUDS Aric%e 1)0( =2; a. Per6&r$e, 5 Year: A !a#e a(ree$ent 7%i*% / it! ter$! i! n&t t& /e 0er6&r$e, 7it%in a ear 6r&$ t%e $a1in( t%ere&6"
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
/. 4 an, A/&+e: An a(re e$ent 6&r t%e !a#e &6 (&&,!) *%atte#! &r t%in(! in a*ti&n) at a 0ri*e n&t #e!! t%an P4." an,
:- :ORMATION O: CONTRACT O: SALE
*. Sa#e Lan,: A !a#e &6 rea# 0r&0ert &r &6 an intere!t t%erein.
=========================================
(- :$rma%iies $& e C$nrac =========================================
(- :ORMALITIES O: THE CONTRACT :$rm n$ im$ran in .a%idi" $& sa%e A. Sa#e /ein( *&n!en!-a#) $a /e &ra# &r 7ritten) 0er6e*te, / $ere *&n!ent a! t& 0ri*e an, !-/e*t $atter B. I6 0arti*-#ar 6&r$ i! re2-ire, -n,er t%e !tat-te &6 6ra-,!: -
+a#i, an, /in,in( /et7een 0artie! /-t n&t /in,in( t& =r, 0er!&n!
-
Rea!&n: 0-r0&!e! &6 *&n+enien*e &n# an, n&t 6&r +a#i,it an, en6&r*ea/i#it" *a-!e &6 a*ti&n i! (rante, t& !-e an, *&$0e# &t%er 0art t& ee*-te t%e ,&*-$ent
Wen &$rm is im$ran &$r .a%idi" e6cei$n #" seci&ic r$.isi$n $& %a/ 5. P&7er t& !e# # a 0ie*e &6 #an , (rante, t& an a(ent &t%er7i!e VOID
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
EFCEPTIONS TO COVERA3E O: STATUTE IN SALES CONTRACTS8 5. ;RITTEN: ;%en t%ere i! a n&te &r $e$&ran,-$ in 7ritin( an, !-/!*ri/e, t& / 0art &r %i! a(ent ?*&ntain! e!!entia# ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t 8. PARTIAL EECUTION: ;%en t%ere %a! /een 0artia# 0er6&r$an*eee*-ti&n ?!e##er ,e#i+er! 7it% intent t& tran!6er tit#ere*ei+e! 0ri*e =. FAILURE TO OBJECT: ;%en t%ere %a! /een 6ai#-re t& &/e*t t& 0re!entati&n &6 e+i,en*e ?&ra# @. ECOMMERCE: ;%en !a#e! are e66e*te, t%r&-(% e#e*tr&ni* *&$$er*e
;%i#e a !a#e &6 #an, a00earin( in a 0ri+ate ,ee, i! /in,in( /et7een t%e 0artie!) it *ann&t /e *&n!i,ere, /in,in( &n t%ir, 0er!&n! i6 n&t e$/&,ie, in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent an, re*&r,e, in t%e Re(i!tr &6 Dee,!. Sec!"a .- Vda- De Se%ma5 K3-R- N$- 1(+0215 :e#r!ar" 225 2000
Pa'e 1*+ $&
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC E- :ORMATION O: CONTRACT O: SALE
5. Pre!er+e !-/e*t $atter ?0r&0er ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# -n#e!! #a7 &r 0artie! !ti0-#ate an&t%er !tan,ar, 8. De#i+er tran!6er &7ner!%i0 an, ,e#i+er &/e*t =. De#i+er 6r-it! an, a**e!!&rie! @. ;arrant !-/e*t $atter a(ain!t e+i*ti&n an, %i,,en ,e6e*t! A. De#i+er &6 t%e T%in( Tran!6er &7ner!%i0 ?tradicion *&+er! t7in &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e !e##er 7%i*% are: 5. T& tran!6er t%e &7ner!%i0" an, 8. T& ,e#i+er a ,eter$inate t%in(
================================
3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 3- Trans&er $& O/nersi 1- Manner $& Trans&er =Ars- 1)??5 1)9+>1*01; 2- Wen de%i.er" d$es n$ rans&er i%e (- inds $& de%i.er" )- D$!#%e sa%es =Ar- 1*)); *- Pr$er" Re'israi$n Decree *-1- [email protected]!isies &$r re'israi$n $& deed $& sa%e in '$$d &ai *-2- Acc$manied #" .end$rs d!%icae ceri&icae $& i%e5 a"men $& caia% 'ains a65 and d$c!menar" a6 re'israi$n &ees =========================================
B. De#i+er &6 t%e t%in( t&(et%er 7it% t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e 0ri*e) $ar1! t%e *&n!-$$ati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e. PNB .- Lin'5 K+9 Pi% +115 Oc$#er *5 192? T%e a*t &6 ,e#i+er $-!t /e *&-0#e, 7it% t%e intenti&n &6 ,e#i+erin( t%e t%in( an, 0-ttin( t%e /-er -n,er *&ntr&#. N$r
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP 2- Wen De%i.er" d$es n$ rans&er Ti%e
=========================================
2- WHEN DELIVER, DOES NOT TRANS:ER TITLE =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP
3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP
(- Di&&eren inds $& De%i.er"
1- Manner $& Trans&er =========================================
1- MANNER O: TRANS:ER NOTE8 Sta(e 7%ere 0artie! /&t% *&$0# 7it% t%eir &/#i(ati&n. OBLI3ATIONS O: THE SELLER
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
=========================================
(- DI::ERENT INDS O: DELIVER, Di&&eren inds $& De%i.er"8 5. A*t-a# &r rea# 7%en t%in( !&#, i! 0#a*e, in t%e *&ntr&# an, 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e /-er 8. Le(a# &r C&n!tr-*ti+e *an ta1e !e+era# 6&r$! an, $a /e an $anner !i(ni6in( an a(ree$ent t%at t%e 0&!!e!!i&n i! tran!6erre, 6r&$ t%e +en,&r t& t%e +en,ee.
Pa'e 1*? $&
W HEN EFECUTION O: PUBLIC INSTRUMENT DOES NOT PRODUCE THE E::ECTS O: DELIVER,
C. Di66erent 6&r$! &6 C&n!tr-*ti+e De#i+er C&n!tr-*ti+e ,e#i+er %a! !a$e #e(a# e66e*t a! a*t-a# &r 0%!i*a# ,e#i+er Gi+e! ri!e &n# t& a 0ri$a 6a*ie 0re!-$0ti&n &6 ,e#i+er 7%i*% i! ,e!tr&e, 7%en a*t-a# ,e#i+er i! n&t e66e*te, /e*a-!e &6 a #e(a# i$0e,i$ent. Ten orty 1ealty "% 0ru$
1.
;%en t%ere i! !ti0-#ati&n t& *&ntrar) ee*-ti&n ,&e! n&t 0r&,-*e e66e*t &6 ,e#i+er
2.
;%en at t%e ti$e &6 ee*-ti&n &6 in!tr-$ent) !-/e*t $atter 7a! n&t !-/e*t t& *&ntr&# &6 t%e !e##er
3.
S-/e*t $atter !%&-#, /e 7it%in *&ntr&# &6 !e##er" %e !%&-#, %a+e *a0a*it t& ,e#i+er at t%e ti$e &6 ee*-ti&n &6 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent 7%en %e 7ant! t& e66e*t a*t-a# ,e#i+er
4.
S-*% *a0a*it !%&-#, !-/!i!t 6&r a rea!&na/#e ti$e a6ter ee*-ti&n &6 in!tr-$ent ?rea!&na/#e ti$e ,e0en,! &n *ir*-$!tan*e! &6 0er!&n!) 0#a*e! an, t%in(!
1- Tradii$ L$n'a Man! De#i+er &6 t%in( / $ere a(ree$ent" 7%en SELLER 0&int! t& t%e 0r&0ert 7it%&-t nee, &6 a*t-a## ,e#i+erin(
2- Tradii$ Bre.i Man! Be6&re *&ntra*t &6 !a#e) t%e 7&-#, /e /-er 7a! a#rea, in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 7&-#, /e !-/e*t $atter &6 !a#e ?e: a! #e!!ee
(- S"m#$%ic de%i.er" A! t& $&+a/#e! e: ,e#i+er &6 t%e 1e! t& a *ar
)- C$nsi!!m $ssessari!m ;%en at t%e ti$e &6 t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e) !e##er %a, 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter in t%e *&n*e0t &6 &7ner an, 0-r!-ant t& t%e *&ntra*t) !e##er *&ntin-e! t& %&#, 0%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n n& #&n(er in t%e *&n*e0t &6 an &7ner /-t a! a #e!!ee &r an &t%er 6&r$ &6 0&!!e!!i&n &t%er t%an in t%e *&n*e0t &6 &7ner.
*- !asi>radii$n De#i+er &6 ri(%t!) *re,it! &r in*&r0&rea# 0r&0ert) $a,e /: P#a*in( tit#e! &6 &7ner!%i0 in t%e %an,! &6 t%e /-er A##&7in( /-er t& $a1e -!e &6 ri(%t!
+- Tradii$n #" $erai$n $& %a/ T%e ee*-ti&n &6 a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent i! e2-i+a#ent t& ,e#i+er. B-t t& /e e66e*ti+e) it i! ne*e!!ar t%at t%e +en,&r %a+e !-*% *&ntr&# &+er t%e t%in( !&#, t%at) at t%e $&$ent &6 !a#e) it! $ateria# ,e#i+er *&-#, %a+e /een $a,e. Addis$n .- :e%i65 K( Pi%- )0)
•
T%e 0re!-$0ti&n &6 ,e#i+er 7%en t%e !a#e i! $a,e t%r&-(% a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent *an /e re/-tte, / *#ear an, *&n+in*in( e+i,en*e. Pre!-$0ti+e ,e#i+er t%r&-(% a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent *an /e ne(ate, / t%e 6ai#-re &6 t%e +en,ee t& ta1e a*t-a# 0&!!e !!i&n &6 t%e #an, &r t%e *&ntin-e, en&$ent &6 0&!!e!!i&n / t%e +en,&r. San$s .San$s5 K(++ SCRA (9*
De%i.er" $& Access$ries
:r!is
and
Accessi$ns
Ri(%t t& 6r-it! an, a**e!!i&n!a**e!!&rie! a**r-e 6r&$ ti$e !a#e i! 0er6e*te, /-t n& rea# ri(%t &+er it -nti# it i! ,e#i+ere,
De%i.er" Tr$!' Carrier 3ENERAL RULE: ;%ere t%e !e##er i! a-t%&rie, &r re2-ire, t& !en, t%e (&&,! t& t%e /-er) ,e#i+er t& t%e *arrier i! ,e#i+er t& t%e /-er.
EFCEPTIONS8 a *&ntrar intenti&n a00ear! &r i$0#ie, re!er+ati&n &6 &7ner!%i0 -n,er 0ar!. 5)8) = &6 Art. 54=
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1* $&
Ι.
:AST :REE ALON3 SIDE > ;%en (&&,! ,e#i+ere, a#&n(!i,e t%e !%i0) t%ere i! a#rea, ,e#i+er t& t%e /-er ?t7in e66e*t! ,ee$e, 6-#6i##e,
ΙΙ.
1- C&ntra*t t& !e## 2- Sa#e &n a**e0tan*ea00r&+a# &7ner!%i0 &n# 0a!!e! t& t%e /-er 7%en:
:OB > :REE ON BOARD > S%i0$ent 7%en (&&,! are ,e#i+ere, at !%i0 at 0&int &6 !%i0$ent" ,e#i+er t& *arrier / 0#a*in( (&&,! &n +e!!e# i! ,e#i+er t& /-er
De!tinati&n 7%en (&&,! rea*% t%e 0&rt e+en i6 n&t ,i!e$/ar1e, et 6r&$ t%e +e!!e#) t%ere i! ,e#i+er t& t%e /-er
CI: COST5 INSURANCE5 :REI3HT ;%en /-er 0a! 6&r !er+i*e! &6 *arrier ,e#i+er t& *arrier i! ,e#i+er t& /-er" *arrier i! a(ent &6 t%e /-er.
•
;%en /-er 0a! !e##er t%e 0ri*e 6r&$ $&$ent t%e +e!!e# i! at 0&rt &6 ,e!tinati&n) t%ere i! a#rea, ,e#i+er t& /-er.
•
Ars- 1*225 1*(95 1*)05 1*)15 1*)25
1*)(TIME AND PLACE O: DELIVER,
T%e /-er !i(ni6ie! a00r&+a# t& t%e !e##er) &r
T%e /-er ,&e! n&t !i(ni6 %i! ree*ti&n /-t retain! t%e (&&,!
(- Sa#e &n ret-rn &7ner!%i0 0a!!e! t& t%e /-er /-t %e $a re+e!t &7ner!%i0 t& t%e !e##er / ret-rnin( t%e (&&,! 7it%in ti$e 6ie,. I6 n& ti$e i! 6ie,) 7it%in rea!&na/#e ti$e. NOTE8 ;%& Bear! E0en!e! &6 De#i+erX Se##er SALE DESCRIPTIONSAMPLE
B,
5. Sam%e (&&,! $-!t *&rre!0&n, 7it% !a$0#e !%&7n 8. Descrii$n (&&,! $-!t *&rre!0&n, 7it% ,e!*ri0ti&n &r !a$0#e =. E&&ec i& ere is n$ c$m%iance : RESCISSION $a /e a+ai#e, &6 / t%e /-er
a- F&##&7 !ti0-#ati&n in *&nta*t) &r #- F&##&7 -!a(e in tra,e) &r c- Se##erK! 0#a*e &6 /-!ine!! &r %i! re!i,en*e
OBLI3ATIONS O: BU,ER 1- Pa" e rice o
B-er i! &/#i(ate, t& 0a 0ri*e a**&r,in( t& ter$! a(ree, -0&n re(ar,in( ti$e) 0#a*e an, a$&-nt
o
I6 0a$ent &6 intere!t i! !ti0-#ate, $-!t 0a" i6 a$&-nt &6 intere!t n&t $enti&ne, a00# #e(a# rate
o
;%en /-er ,e6a-#t! *&n!tit-te! /rea*%: !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*ere!*i!!i&n an, ,a$a(e!" intere!t t& /e 0ai, a#!& 6r&$ ,e6a-#t
d- S0e*i6i* (&&,! 0#a*e 7%ere t%e t%in( i! e- At rea!&na/#e %&-r E::ECTS O: DELIVER, 3ENERAL RULE :
T%e &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e t%in(
!&#, !%a## /e tran!6erre, t& t%et%ere&6. /-er -0&n t%e a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e ,e#i+er
EFCEPTION8 ;%en t%e *&ntrar i! !ti0-#ate, !-*% in t%e *a!e! &6:
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1*9 $&
IREUISITES :OR DOUBLE SALES TO EFIST8 =VOCS;
2- Acce de%i.er" $& in' s$%d a- ;%ere t& a**e0t: at ti$e an, 0#a*e !ti0-#ate, in t%e *&ntra*t" i6 n&ne !0e*i6ie, at t%e ti$e an, 0#a*e &6 ,e#i+er (&&,!" t%ere i! a**e0tan*e 7%en:
5. T7& &r $&re !a#e! tran!a*ti&n! $-!t *&n!tit-te +a#i, !a#e!" 8. T7& &r $&re !a#e! tran!a*ti&n! $-!t 0ertain t& t%e !a$e &/e*t &r !-/e*t $atter"
i. He inti$ate! t& !e##er t%at %e %a! a**e0te,
=. T7& &r $&re /-er! at &,,! &+er t%e
ii. ;%en ,e#i+ere, an, ,&e! an a*t in*&n!i!tent 7it% &7ner!%i0 &6 !e##er
ri(%t6-# &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter $-!t ea*% re0re!ent *&n6#i*tin( intere!t!" an,
iii. Retain! 7it%&-t inti$atin( t& !e##er t%at %e %a! ree*te,
(-
Sa%e $& 3$$ds $n insa%%men 1- G&&,! $-!t /e ,e#i+ere, in 6-##) e*e0t 7%en !ti0-#ate, 2- ;%en n&t ea$ine, / /-er n&t a**e0te, -nti# ea$ine, &r at #ea!t %a, rea!&na/#e ti$e t& ea$ine
•
A**e0tan*e &6 (&&,! in (enera#) a/!ent *&ntrar e0re!! !ti0-#ati&n) ,&e! n&t ,i!*%ar(e !e##er 6r&$ #ia/i#it in *a!e &6 /rea*% &6 7arrantie! ?-n#e!! n& n&ti*e &r 6ai#-re t& (i+e it 7it%in rea!&na/#e ti$e
@. ;%en /-er %a! a ri(%t t& re6-!e (&&,!) n& nee, t& ret-rn" !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a! ,e0&!itar" -n#e!! t%ere i! !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP )- D$!#%e Sa%e =========================================
)- DOUBLE SALE 3ENERAL RULE: FIRST IN TIME) PRIORITY IN RIGHT Wen d$es i a%" : 7%en n&t a## re2-i!ite! e$/&,ie, in Art. [email protected]@ *&n*-r.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
@. T7& &r $&r e /-er! $-!t ea*% %a+e /&-(%t 6r&$ t%e +er !a$e !e##er. •
I6 n&t a## t%e e#e$ent! are 0re!ent 6&r Art. [email protected]@ t& a00#) t%e 0rini*i0#e &6 0ri&r te$0&re) 0&ti&r -re &r !i$0# %e 7%& i! 6ir!t in ti$e i! 0re6erre, in ri(%t !%&-#, a00#. Un,i!0-ta/#) %e i! a 0-r*%a!er in (&&, 6ait% /e*a-!e at t%e ti$e %e /&-(%t t%e rea# 0r&0ert) t%ere 7a! !ti## n& !a#e t& a! a !e*&n, +en,ee. C$ns$%idaed R!ra% Ban< .- CA5 Kan1?5 200*
II- RULES ACCORDIN3 TO 1*))8 1- MOVABLE Fir!t t& 0&!!e! in (&&, 6ait%
2- IMMOVABLE 1- Fir!t t& re(i!ter in (&&, 6ait% 2- N& in!*ri0ti&n) 6ir!t t& 0&!!e!! in (&&, 6ait% (- N& in!*ri0ti&n an, n& 0&!!e!!i&n in (&&, 6ait% Per!&n 7%& 0re!ent! &#,e!t tit#e in (&&, 6ait% )- G&&, Fait% &ne 7%& /-! 0r&0ert 7it%&-t n&ti*e t%at an&t%er 0er!&n %a! a ri(%t &r intere!t in !-*% 0r&0ert" &ne 7%& %a! 0ai, 0ri*e /e6&re n&ti*e t%at an&t%er %a! *#ai$ &r intere!t
Pa'e 1+0 $&
I6
III- LIS PENDENS n&ti*e t%at !-/e*t $atter i! in #iti(ati&n IV- ADVERSE CLAIM n&ti*e t%at !&$e/&, i! *#ai$in( /etter ri(%t V- POSSESSION B&t% a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e VI- RE3ISTRATION: an entr $a,e in t%e /&&1! &6 t%e re(i!tr) in*#-,in( /&t% re(i!trati&n in it! &r,inar an, !tri*t !en!e) an, *an*e##ati&n) ann&tati&n) an, e+en $ar(ina# n&te!. It i! t%e entr $a,e in t%e re(i!tr 7%i*% re*&r,! !&#e$n# an, 0er$anent# t%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 an, &t%er rea# ri(%t!. Re(i!tere, -n,er [email protected]@ a00#ie!
T&rren!
!!te$
N&t re(i!tere, -n,er t%e T&rren! !!te$ [email protected]@ !ti## a00#ie!
t%e *&n,iti&n i! in t%e nat-re &6 a 0r&$i!e t%at it !%&-#, %a00en) t%e n&n0er6&r$an*e &6 !-*% *&n,iti&n $a /e treate, / t%e &t%er 0art a! /rea*% &6 7arrant.
2- E&&ec i& #!"er as a%read" s$%d e '$$ds 3ENERAL RULE8 T%e -n0a i, !e##erK! ri(%t t& #ien &r !t&00a(e in transitu re$ain! e+en i6 /-er %a! !&#, t%e (&&,! EFCEPTION8 • ;%en t%e !e##er %a! (i+en *&n!ent t%eret&) &r •
;%en t%e /-er i! a 0-r*%a!er in (&&, 6ait% 6&r +a#-e &6 a ne(&tia/#e ,&*-$ent &6 tit#e.
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I6 8 n, !a#e i! a -,i*ia# !a#e ?/ 7a &6 #e+ &n ee*-ti&n) /-er $ere# !te0! int& t%e !%&e! &6 t%e -,($ent ,e/t&r. O-t!i,e &6 !-*% !it-ati&n $-!t a00# t& *&n6#i*tin(
3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP )- Pr$er" Re'israi$n Decree =========================================
!a#e! &+er t%e !a$e -nre(i!tere, 0ar*e# &6 #an,. I6 !a#e 5 &**-r! 7%en #an, i! n&t et re(i!tere, an, !a#e 8 i! ,&ne 7%en #an, i! a#rea, re(i!tere, a00# FIRST IN TIME) PRIORITY IN RIGHT. G&&, 6ait% $-!t *&n*-r 7it% re(i!trati&n. T& /e entit#e, t& 0ri&rit) t%e !e*&n, 0-r*%a!er $-!t n&t &n# e!ta/#i!% 0ri&r re*&r,in( &6 %i! ,ee,) /-t $-!t %a+e a*te, in (&&, 6ait%. 3a#rie% .- Ma#ana5 K3R 1)2)0(5 Marc 2+5 200(
CONDITION 1- E&&ec $& N$n>:!%&i%%men $& C$ndii$n T%e &t%er 0art $a a. re6-!e t& 0r&*ee, 7it% t%e *&ntra*t /. 0r&*ee, 7it% t%e *&ntra*t) 7ai+in( t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e *&n,iti&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
)- PROPERT, RE3ISTRATION DECREE
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC 3- TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP ================================
H- RIS O: LOSS ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS H- Ris< $& L$ss 1- 3enera% R!%e =Ars- 12+(5 119; 2- Wen %$ss $cc!rred #e&$re er&eci$n (- Wen %$ss $cc!rred a ime $& er&eci$n =Ars1)9( and )- Wen %$ss $cc!rred a&er1)9); er&eci$n #! #e&$re de%i.er"
Pa'e 1+1 $&
*- Wen $/nersi is rans&erred =Ar- 1*0);
(- A:TER PER:ECTION DELIVER,
BUT
BE:ORE
• L&!! *&n6-!e, !tate =========================================
• Para!: BUYER
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
•
H- RIS O: LOSS =========================================
T&#entin&: SELLER
• Deteri&rati&n an, 6r-it! B-er /ear! #&!!"
)- A:TER DELIVER,
1- 3ENERAL RULE • Le(a# *&n!e2-en*e! 6r&$ 0&int &6 0er6e*ti&n are t%e !a$e in /&t% #e(a# !!te$!: -0&n 0er6e*ti&n &6 an -n*&n,iti&na# *&ntra*t &6 !a#e in+&#+in( !0e*i6i* &r ,eter$inate !-/e*t $atter) t%e ri!1 &6 #&!! ,eteri&rati&n an, t%e /ene6it! &6 6r-it! an, i$0r&+e$ent!) 7ere 6r& t%e a**&-nt &6 t%e /-er.
• I6 S-/e*t $atter i! GENERIC) Si$0# re0#a*e ite$.
• 1es perit domino • De#i+er etin(-i!%e! &7ner!%i0 "is< a<"is t%e !e##er an, *reate! a ne7 &ne in 6a+&r &6 t%e /-er
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC H- RIS O: LOSS ================================
I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE ================================
WHO BEARS RIS DETERIORATION :RUITS8
O:
LOSS
1- BE:ORE PER:ECTION •
1es perit domino
•
O7ner i! !e##er !& !e##er /ear! ri!1 &6 #&!!
2- AT PER:ECTION •
1es perit domino
•
C&ntra*t i! $ere# ine66i*a*i&-! /e*a-!e #&!! &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter ,&e! n&t a66e* t t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e !a#e
•
Se##er *ann&t an$&re *&$0# 7it% &/#i(ati&n !& /-er *ann&t an$&re /e *&$0e##e,-
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- D$c!mens $& Ti%e 1- De&inii$n =Ar- 1+(+; 2- P!r$se $& d$c!mens $& i%e (- Ne'$ia#%e d$c!mens $& i%e )- N$n>ne'$ia#%e d$c!mens $& i%e *- Warranies $& se%%er $& d$c!mens $& i%e =Ar- 1*1+; +- R!%es $n %e."'arnismen $& '$$ds =Ars- 1*1)5 1*195 1*20; =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE 1- De&inii$n =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1+2 $&
1- DE:INITION E+en i6 6a*e &6 in!tr-$ent !a! NON NEGOTIABLE) it i! !ti## NEGOTIABLE" #i$itin( 7&r,! ,&e! n&t ,e!tr& ne(&tia/i#it.
DOCUMENTS O: TITLE 5. N&t *reati&n &6 #a7 /-t / $er*%ant! t& a##&7 t%e$ t& ,ea# 7it% $er*%an,i!e 7it%&-t %a+in( t& 0%!i*a## *arr t%e$ ar&-n, 8. Pertain! t& !0e*i6i* t0e &6 $&+a/#e! &n#: GOODS a. D&*-$ent! &6 tit#e !er+e t7& ?8 6-n*ti&n!: i.
E+i,en*e 0&!!e!!i&n t%erein
ii.
&6 &6
ei!ten*e (&&,!
an,
,e!*ri/e,
Me,i-$ / 7%i*% !e##er i! a/#e t& tran!6er 0&!!e!!i&n &6 (&&,!
=. A ,&*-$ent &6 tit#e 7%i*% !tate! t%at t%e (&&,! re6erre, t& t%erein 7i## /e ,e#i+ere, t& t%e /earer) &r t& t%e &r,er &6 an 0er!&n na$e, in !-*% ,&*-$ent @. Ne(&tia/#e / ,e#i+er &r in,&r!e$ent =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE 2- P!r$se $& d$c!mens $& i%e =========================================
2- PURPOSE O: DOCUMENTS =========================================
I6 &r,er in!tr-$ent an, n& en,&r!e$ent 7a! $a,e e2-i+a#ent t& a!!i(n$ent =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE )- N$n>ne'$ia#%e d$c!mens $& i%e =========================================
)- NON>NE3OTIABLE TITLE
(- Ne'$ia#%e d$c!mens $& i%e =========================================
(- NE3OTIABLE DOCUMENTS O: TITLE 5.
De#i+er t& /earer ?ne(&tiati&n / $ere ,e#i+er
8.
De#i+er t& !0e*i6i* 0er!&n &r %i! &r,er ?ne(&tiati&n / en,&r!e$ent ,e#i+er
Im$ran C$nsiderai$ns 1. Ne(&tiati&n (i+e! /etter a!!i(n$ent
ri(%t
t%an
2.
A!!i(nee ta1e! ,&*-$ent 7it% ,e6e*t! &6 t%e a!!i(n&r
3.
O/#i(ati&n &6 /ai#ee /ai#ee i$$e,iate# /&-n, t& t%e ,&*-$ent
i!
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE *- Warranies $& se%%er $& d$c!mens $& i%e =========================================
Warranies $n Ne'$iai$n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
O:
E&&ecs $& Una!$riJed Ne'$iai$n The "alidity of the negotiation of a negotiable document is not impaired by the fact that negotiation was done in breach of duty or that the owner of the document was depri"ed of the same by loss& theft& accident& fraud& mistaDe if the person to whom the document is deli"ered is in good faith and without notice of the said irregularities%
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE
DOCUMENTS
Pa'e 1+( $&
1- T%e ,&*-$ent i! (en-ine 2- He %a! #e(a# ri(%t t& ne(&tiate &r tran!6er it (- He %a! 1n&7#e,(e &6 n& 6a*t 7%i*% 7&-#, i$0air t%e +a#i,it &r 7&rt% &6 t%e ,&*-$ent )- He %a! ri(%t t& tran!6er tit#e t& (&&,! an, (&&,! are $er*%anta/#e6it
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
Tran!6er&r%&#,er a*2-ire! tit#e t& (&&,!
A*2-ire! tit#e t& (&&,! a(ain!t tran!6er&r
Bai#ee %a! ,ire*t &/#i(ati&n t& %&#,er a! i6 ,ire*t# ,ea#t 7it% %i$
A*2-ire! ri(%t t& n&ti6 /ai#ee !& t%at %e a*2-ire! &/#i(ati&n &6 /ai#ee t& %&#, (&&,! 6&r %i$
A- SALE B, NON>OWNER OR B, ONE HAVIN3VOIDABLE TITLE 1- PER:ECTION STA3E
I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE
a- Sa#e / &7ner VALID
+- R!%es $n Le." $r 3arnismen $& 3$$ds =========================================
+- R!%es $& Le."3arnismen $& 3$$ds C$.ered #" D$c!mens $& Ti%e •
NON NE3OTIABLE8 o
N&ti6i*ati&n i! &0erati+e a*t t& tran!6er tit#e0&!!e!!i&n a!!i(nee
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#- Sa#e / n&n&7ner VALID" c- Rea!&n 7% /&t% !a#e! are +a#i,: &7ner!%i0 i! ne*e!!ar &n# at ti$e 7%en tran!6er tit#e t& (&&,!" at 0er6e*ti&n !ta(e) n& &/#i(ati&n &n 0art &6 !e##er t& tran!6er &7ner!%i0 d- La7 &n e!t&00e# 6-rt%er /&#!ter! it: tit#e 0a!!e! / &0erati&n &6 #a7 t& (rantee 7%en 0er!&n 7%& i! n&t &7ner &6 t%e (&&,! !&#, ,e#i+er! it an, #ater &n a*2-ire! tit#e t%eret& e- Sin*e +a#i,) a*ti&n t& ann-# i$0r&0er" t%ere i! a#rea, 0er6e*te, *&ntra*t
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NE3OTIABLE8 o
Cann&t /e #e+ie, &r (arni!%e, 7%en ,&*-$ent! are a#rea, 7it% 0-r*%a!er in (&&, 6ait%) -n#e!!:
o
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o
D&*-$ent i! 0&-n,e, / *&-rt
o
Ne(&tiati&n i! en&ine,
NE3OTIATION
ASSI3NMENT
2- CONSUMMATION STA3E a- C&ntra*t &6 !a#e i! +a#i, /e*a-!e it %a! 0a!!e, 0er6e*te, !ta(e) ,e!0ite !e##er n&t /ein( t%e &7ner &r !e##er %a+in( n& a-t%&rit t& !e## #- ;%at i! +&i, i! t%e tran!6er &6 tit#e &7ner!%i0 ,i, n&t 0a!! c- E66e*t: /-er a*2-ire, n& /etter ri(%t t%an tran!6er&r d- Le(a# e66e*t: CAVEAT EMPTOR BUYER BE;ARE
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1+) $&
e- Sa#e &6 *&&7ner &6 7%&#e 0r&0ert &r ,e6inite 0&rti&n 3ENERAL RULE8 C&&7ner !e##! 7%&#e 0r&0ert 0ri&r t& 0artiti&n !a#e &6 0r&0ert it!e#6 i! +&i, /-t +a#i, a! t& %i! !0irit-a# !%are
C&&7ner !e##! ,e6inite 0&rti&n t& 0artiti&n !a#e i! +&i, a! t& &t%er *&&7ner /-t +a#i, a! t& %i! !0irit-a# !%are i6 t%e /-er 7&-#, %a+e !ti## /&-(%t !-*% !0irit-a# !%are %a, %e 1n&7n t%at t%e ,e6inite 0&rti&n !&#, 7&-#, n&t /e a*2-ire, / %i$.
- REMEDIES O: UNPAID SELLER ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS - Remedies $& an Unaid Se%%er 1- De&inii$n $& !naid se%%er =Ar1*2*; 2- Remedies $& !naid se%%er =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS EFCEPTIONS TO THE RULE ON THE E::ECT O: SALE O: A DE:INITE PORTION B, A CO> OWNER 5. S-/e*t $atter i! in,i+i!i/#e in nat-re &r / intent" 8. Sa#e &6 a 0arti*-#ar 0&rti&n &6 a 0r&0ert i! 7it% *&n!ent &6 &t%er *&&7ner!" =. C&&7ner !e##! 5 &6 8 *&$$&n#&7ne, #an,! an, ,&e! n&t t-rn &+er &6 t%e 0r&*ee,!) &t%er *&&7ner) / #a7 an, e2-it) %a! e*#-!i+e *#ai$ &+er re$ainin( #an,. B- SALE B, SELLER WITH VOIDABLE TITLE IN 3OOD :AITH and WITHOUT NOTICE O: THE DE:ECT 1- PER:ECTION STA3E
- REMEDIES O: UNPAID SELLER 1- De&inii$n $& !naid se%%er =========================================
1- DE:INITION O: UNPAID SELLER 3ENERAL RULE8 An $an $a n&t ta1e #a7 in %i! &7n %an,!) $-!t !ee1 re$e, t%r&-(% *&-rt!. EFCEPTION8 • DOCTRINE OF SELF HELP • SPECIAL REMEDIES
a. Va#i, !a#e /-er a*2-ire! tit#e &6 (&&,!
2- CONSUMMATION S TA3E Va#i, !a#e i6 tit#e %a! n&t et /een a+&i,e,) /-er /-! (&&,! -n,er 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n: o
•
in (&&, 6ait%
•
6&r +a#-e
•
7it%&-t n&ti*e &6 !e##erK! ,e6e*t &6 tit#e
REUISITES8 5. S-/e*t $atter (&&,! 8. Se##er i! -n0ai, n&t *&$0#ete# 0ai, &r re*ei+e, ne(&tia/#e in!tr-$ent -n,er a *&n,iti&n an, *&n,iti&n %a! /een /rea*%e, / rea!&n &6 ,i!%&n&r =. P%!i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n i! 7it% !e##er =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC I- DOCUMENTS O: TITLE
- REMEDIES O: UNPAID SELLER 2- Remedies $& !naid se%%er =========================================
================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
2- REMEDIES O: UNPAID SELLER
Pa'e 1+* $&
T%e 6&##&7in( are t%e !0e*ia# re$e,ie! &6 -n0ai, !e##er: 5. P&!!e!!&r #ien 8. St&00a(e in transitu =. S0e*ia# ri(%t &6 re!a#e @. S0e*ia# ri(%t t& re!*in,
NOTE8 Hierar*%i*a# A00#i*ati&n &n# 7%en -n0ai, !e##er %a! eer*i!e, 0&!!e!!&r #ien &r !t&00a(e in transitu *an t%e !e##er 0r&*ee, 7it% %i! &t%er !0e*ia# ri(%t! &6 re!a#e &r t& re!*in,. P$ssess$r" Lien 5. Se##er n&t /& -n, t& ,e#i+er i6 /-er %a! n&t0ai, %i$t%e0ri*e
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&&,! are in tran!it • Re2-i!ite! 7%en (&&,! are in tran!it
5. Fr&$ t%e ti$e (&&,! are ,e#i+ere, t& *arrier 6&r 0-r0&!e &6 tran!$i!!i&n t& /-er 8. G&&,! ree*te, / /-er an, *arrier *&ntin-e! t& 0&!!e!! t%e$
Wen '$$ds n$ %$n'er in ransi 5. Rea*%e, 0&int &6 ,e!tinati&n
8. Ri(%t t& retain" *an n&t /e a+a i#e, 7%en !e##er ,&e! n&t %a+e *-!t&,
8. Be6&re rea*%in( ,e!tinati&n) /-er &/tain! ,e#i+er &6 t%e (&&,!
=. Eer*i!a/#e &n# *ir*-$!tan*e!:
6&##&7in(
=. G&&,! are !-00&!e, t& %a+e /een ,e#i+ere, t& /-er /-t *arrier re6-!e,
a.
(&&,! !&#, 7it%&-t !ti0-#ati&n a! t& *re,it
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5. O/tain a*t-a# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 (&&,!
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;%en 0art &6 (&&,! $a !ti## eer*i!e ri(%t,e#i+ere,) &n (&&,! -n,e#i+ere,
8. Gi+e n&ti*e &6 t%ere&6 *#ai$ t& *arrier /ai#ee in 0&!!e!!i&n =. N&ti*e / !e##er t& /-er i! n&t re2-ire," n&ti*e t& *arrier i! e!!entia#
Insances /en $ssess$r" %ien %$s8 5. !e##er ,e#i+er! (&&,! t& *arrier 6&r tran!$i!!i&n t& /-er 7it%&-t re!er+in( &7ner!%i0 in (&&,! &r ri(%t t& 0&!!e!! t%e$ 8. /-er &r %i! a(ent #a76-## 0&!!e!!i&n &6 (&&,!
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III- Secia% Ri' $ Rese%% e 3$$ds 5. G&&,! are 0eri!%a/#e 8. !ti0-#ate, t%e ri(%t &6 re!a#e in *a!e /-er ,e6a-#t! in 0a$ent
=. ;ai+er
=. B-er in ,e6a-#t 6&r -nrea!&na/#e ti$e
@. #&!e! #ien 7%en %e 0ar t! 7it% (&&,! ?!ti## %a! !t&00a(e in transitu
@. N&ti*e / !e##er t& /-er n&t e!!entia#
4. n&ti*e / !e##er t& /-er n&t e!!entia#
W" sec ia% T%ere are t%in(! 7%i*% !e##er *ann&t ,& in &r,inar !a#e:
S$a'e In Transi!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1++ $&
A. &7ner!%i0 i! 7it% /- er /-t !e##er *an !e## (&&,!
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS - PER:ORMANCE O: CONTRACT
B. tit#e a**&r,e, t& /-er i! ,e!tr&e, e+en 7it%&-t *&-rt inter+enti&n
1- De%i.er" $& in' s$%d =========================================
Secia% Ri' $ Rescind 5. E0re!!# !ti0-#ate, 8. B-er i! in ,e6a-#t 6&r -nrea!&na/#e ti$e =. N&ti*e nee,e, t& /e (i+en / !e##er t& /-er
W" secia% &7ner!%i0 &6 (&&,! a#rea, 7it% /-er /-t !e##er $a !ti## re!*in," &7ner!%i0 i! ,e!tr&e, e+en 7it%&-t *&-rt inter+enti&n /-t in &r,inar !a#e) nee, t& (& t& *&-rt t& ,e!tr& tran!6er &6 &7ner!%i0 Remedies $& B!"er ;%en Se##er 6ai#! t& ,e#i+er) /-er $a !ee1 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ;ITHOUT GIVING SELLER OPTION TO RETAIN GOODS ON PAYMENT OF DAMAGES
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC - REMEDIES O: UNPAID SELLER ================================
- PER:ORMANCE O: CONTRACT ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS - Per&$rmance $& C$nrac 1- De%i.er" $& in' s$%d =1; Sa%e $& m$.a#%es =Ars- 1*225 1*(?5 1)0; =2; Sa%e $& imm$.a#%es =Ars1*(95 1*)(; =(; Inseci$ns and Acceance 2- Pa"men $& rice =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
1- DELIVER, O: THIN3 SOLD A. MOVABLES a. De#i+er &6 t%in( 0#-! a**e!!&rie! an, a**e!!i&n! in t%e *&n,iti&n in 7%i*% t%e 7ere -0&n t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t in*#-,in( t%e 6r-it! /. ;%en t%e !e##er ,e#i+er! t& t%e /-er a 2-antit &6 (&&,! LESS t%an %e *&ntra*te, t& !e##) /-er %a! t%e &0ti&n t& ree*t &r a**e0t it. a.;%en a**e0t! 7it% 1n&7#e,(e t%at !e##er i! n&t (&in( t& 0er6&r$ *&ntra*t in 6-##) %e $-!t 0a at 0ri*e !ti0-#ate, /. ;%en a**e0t! an, *&n!-$e! /e6&re 1n&7#e,(e t%at /-er 7i## n&t 0er6&r$ *&ntra*t in 6-##) #ia/#e &n# 6&r 6air +a#-e &6 (&&,! ,e#i+ere, c- ;%en !e##er ,e#i+er! t& t%e /-er a 2-antit &6 (&&,! LARGER t%an %e *&ntra*te, t& !e## t%e /-er %a! t%e 6&##&7in( &0ti&n!: i- A**e0t 0er *&ntra*t an, ree*t t%e re!t ii- A**e0t t%e 7%&#e 0a 0ri*e !ti0-#ate, iii- Ee*t 7%&#e i6 !-/e*t $atter i! in,i+i!i/#e d- ;%en t%e !e##er ,e#i+er! t& t%e /-er t%e (&&,! %e *&ntra*te, t& !e##) MIED 7it% (&&,! &6 a ,i66erent ,e!*ri0ti&n n&t in*#-,e, in
Pa'e 1+? $&
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ii. I6
Le!! in area:
• Re!*i!!i&n i-
A**e0t (&&, 7* are in a**&r,an*e 7it% *&ntra*t an, ree*t t%e re!t
• Pr&0&rti&na# re,-*ti&n &6 0ri*e: LAC' IN AREA SHLD NOT BE LESS THAN 55 OF AREA AGREED UPON
ii- Ree*t (&&,! entire# i6 in,i+i!i/#e
iii- I6 Greater in area:
O#%i'ai$ns $& a Vend$r =Ar- 1*(?
A**e0t 0er !ti0-#ati&n an, ree*t t%e re!t
5. T& ,e#i+er t%e !-/e*t $atter 8. T& ,e#i+er t%e 6r-it! an, a**e!!&rie!
A**e0t 7%&#e area 0a at *&ntra*t rate
T%&!e 7%i*% 0ertain! t& t%e +en,ee 6r&$ t%e ,a &n t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 *&ntra*t
N&t a00#i*a/#e t& -,i*ia# !a#e!
=. T& 0re!er+e t%e !-/e*t $atter
i.- S&#, 6&r #-$0 !-$
In t%e *&n,iti&n in 7%i*% t%e 7ere -0&n t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t.
Arti*#e [email protected]. An in-r t& &r /ene6it 6r&$ t%e t%in( !&#,) a6ter t%e *&ntra*t %a! /een 0er6e*te,) 6r&$ t%e $&$ent &6 t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t t& t%e ti$e &6 ,e#i+er) !%a## /e (&+erne, / arti*#e! 55= t& 554) an, 588. T%i! r-#e !%a## a00# t& t%e !a#e &6 6-n(i/#e t%in(!) $a,e in,e0en,ent# an, 6&r a !in(#e 0ri*e) &r 7it%&-t *&n!i,erati&n &6 t%eir 7ei(%t) n-$/er) &r $ea!-re. S%&-#, 6-n(i/#e t%in(! /e !&#, 6&r a 0ri*e 6ie, a**&r,in( t& 7ei(%t) n-$/er) &r $ea!-re) t%e ri!1 !%a## n&t /e i$0-te, t& t%e +en,ee -nti# t%e %a+e /een 7ei(%e,) *&-nte,) &r $ea!-re, an, ,e#i+ere,) -n#e!! t%e #atter %a! in*-rre, in ,e#a.
•
S&#, 0er -nit &r n-$/er i.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
0er
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•
I6 area ,e#i+ere, i! eit%er (reater &r #e!!er 0ri*e 7i## n&t /e a,-!te, a**&r,in(#
•
C- INSPECTIONS AND ACCEPTANCE Acce de%i.er" $& in' s$%d •
;%ere t& a**e0t: at ti$e an, 0#a*e !ti0-#ate, in t%e *&ntra*t" i6 n&ne !0e*i6ie, at t%e ti$e an, 0#a*e &6 ,e#i+er (&&,!"
•
T%ere i! a**e0tan*e 7%en: He inti$ate! t& !e##er t%at %e %a! a**e0te,
•
;%en ,e#i+ere, an, ,&e! an a*t in*&n!i!tent 7it% &7ner!%i0 &6 !e##er
I6 t%e !a#e !%&-#, /e $a,e 7it% !tate$ent &6 it! area) rate at *ertain 0ri*e) ,e#i+er a## t%at $a %a+e /een !tate, in t%e *&ntra*t i6 i$0&!!i/#e) re$e,ie! &6 /-er:
;%en 0ri*e in,i*ate,
T%e a*ti&n! ari!in( 6r&$ a/&+e in ,e#i+er &6 i$$&+a/#e! !%a## 0re!*ri/e in !i $&nt%!) *&-nte, 6r&$ t%e ,a &6 ,e#i+er.
B- IMMOVABLES o
•
Pa'e 1+ $&
•
Retain! 7it%&-t inti$atin( t& !e##er t%at %e %a! ree*te,
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS L- WARRANTIES 1- E6ress /arranies
========================================= =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 1- EFPRESS WARRANTIES
- PER:ORMANCE O: CONTRACT
I- C$ndii$n
2- Pa"men $& rice =========================================
5. ;%en a *&ntra*t *&n tain! a *&n,iti&n) t%e n&n %a00enin( &6 7%i*% 7&-#, n&t *&n!tit-te a /rea*% /-t etin(-i!%e! t%e &/#i(ati&n
2- PA,MENT O: PRICE • B-er i! &/#i(ate, t& 0a 0ri*e a**&r,in( t& ter$! a(ree, -0&n re(ar,in( ti$e) 0#a*e an, a$&-nt • I6 0a$ent &6 intere!t i! !ti0-#ate, $-!t 0a" i6 a$&-nt &6 intere!t n&t $enti&ne, a00# #e(a# rate
Wen #!"er de&a!%s *&n!tit-te! /rea*%: !-/e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*ere!*i!!i&n an, ,a$a(e!" intere!t t& /e 0ai, a#!& 6r&$ ,e6a-#t
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC - PER:ORMANCE O: CONTRACT ================================
L- WARRANTIES ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS L- Warranies 1- E6ress /arranies 2- Im%ied /arranies =Ar- 1*)?; (- E&&ecs $& /arranies )- E&&ecs $& /ai.ers *- B!"ers $i$ns in case $& #reac
8. H&7e+er) i6 0art t& t%e !a# e! *&n tra*t %a! 0r&$i!e, t%at t%e *&n,iti&n !%&-#, %a00en &r /e 0er6&r$e,) t%e n&n0er6&r$an*e &6 7%i*% $a /e treate, / 0artie! a! /rea*%
II- Warranies A !tate$ent &r re0re!entati&n $a,e / t%e !e##er *&nte$0&rane&-!# an, a! a 0art &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 !a#e) %a+in( re6eren*e t& t%e *%ara*ter) 2-a#it) &r tit#e &6 t%e (&&,!) an, / 7%i*% %e 0r&$i!e! &r -n,erta1e! t& in!-re t%at *ertain 6a*t! are &r !%a## /e a! %e t%en re0re!ent!
E6ress Warranies REUISITES8 5. It $-!t /e an a 66ir$ati&n &6 6a *t &r an 0r&$i!e / !e##er re#atin( t& t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 !a#e 8. Nat-ra# ten,en* &6 a66ir$ati&n &r 0r&$i!e i! t& in,-*e /-er t& 0-r*%a!e !-/e*t $atter =. B-er 0-r*%a!e! t%e !-/e*t $atter re#in( t%ere&n @. ;%en /rea*%e,) !e##er i! #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
$& /arran" =Ar- 1*99; =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
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1.
V
=========================================
a#-e &6 t%e t%in( at t%e ti$e &6 e+i*ti&n"
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS 2.
In*&$e &r 6r-it! i6 %e %a! /een &r,ere, t& ,e#i+er t%e t& t%e 0art 7%& 7&n t%e !-it
2- Im%ied /arranies
3.
C&!t &6 t%e !-it
=========================================
4.
E0en!e! &6 t%e *&ntra*t" an,
2- Im%ied Warranies
5.
Da$a(e! an, intere!t! i6 t%e !a#e 7a! in /a, 6ait%
L- WARRANTIES
Dee$e, in*#-,e, in a## *&ntra*t! &6 !a#e 7%et%er 0artie! are a*t-a## a7are &r n&t) 7%et%er t%e 7ere inten,e, &r n&t" / &0erati&n &6 #a7 5. Warran" a se%%er as a ri' $ se%% Re6er! t& *&n!-$$ati&n !ta(e !in*e in *&n!-$$ati&n !ta(e) it i! 7%ere &7ner!%i0 i! tran!6erre, / tra,iti&n
•
N&t a00#i*a/#e t& !%eri66) a-*ti&neer) $&rt(a(ee) 0#e,(e
•
8. Warran" a'ains e.ici$n a a
I$0#ie,) -n#e!! 0r&+i!i&n a00ear! in *&ntra*t
a a
;%en &7ner!%i0 i! tran!6erre,) /-er !%a## en& t%e #e(a# an, 0ea*e6-# 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e t%in(
a a
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Re2-i!ite! &6 /rea*% 7arrant a(ain!t e+i*ti&n:
&6
•
B-er i! e+i*te, in 7%&#e &r in 0art 6r&$ t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 !a#e
•
T%ere i! a 6ina# -,($ent
•
Ba!i! &6 e+i*ti&n i! a ri(%t 0ri&r t& !a#e &r an a*t i$0-ta/#e t& +en,&r
•
Se##er %a! /een !-$$&ne, in t%e !-it 6&r e+i*t i&n at t%e in!tan*e &6 /-er" &r $a,e = r, 0art ,e6en,ant t%r&-(% = r, 0art *&$0#aint /r&-(%t / /-er
Vend$rs %ia#i%i" sa%% c$nsiss $& =T$a% E.ici$n; =VICED;
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Paria% E.ici$n 1- T$ en&$rce .end$rs %ia#i%i" &$r e.ici$n =VICED; 2-
T$ de mand rescissi$n $& c$ nrac . a- N& a00ea# nee,e, n&r a nee, 6&r /-er t& re!i!t e+i*ti&n 6&r ri(%t t& a**r-e" it i! en&-(% t%at t%e a6&re$enti&ne, re2-i!ite! are *&$0#ie, 7it% #- ;arrant *ann&t /e en6&r*e, a6&re$enti&ne, re2-i!ite! *&n*-r
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c- A00#ie! t& -,i*ia# !a#e" -,($ent ,e/t&r re!0&n!i/#e 6&r e+i*ti&n -n#e!! &t%er7i!e ,e*ree, in -,($ent
d- Ven,&r n&t #ia/#e 6&r e+i*ti&n i6 a,+er!e 0&!!e!!i&n %a, /een *&$$en*e, /e6&re !a#e /-t 0re!*ri0ti+e 0eri&, i! *&$0#ete, a6ter tran!6er e- Ri(%t! &6 /-er 7%en ,e0ri+e, &6 &n# 0art &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter /-t 7&-#, n&t %a+e /&-(%t !-*% 0art i6 n&t in re#ati&n 6&r t%e 7%&#e: 5. Re!*i!!i&n 8. M-t-a# re!tit-ti&n
(- Warran" a'ains enc!m#rances =n$n> aaren; REUISITES8 a- I$$&+a/#e !&#, i! en*-$/ere, 7it% n&n a00arent /-r,en &r !er+it-,e n&t $enti&ne, in t%e a(ree$ent
Pa'e 1?0 $&
#- Nat-re &6 n&na00arent !er+it-,e &r /-r,en i! !-*% t%at it $-!t /e 0re!-$e, t%at t%e /-er 7&-#, n&t %a+e a*2-ire, it %a, %e /een a7are t%ere&6
δ.
Se##er i! n&t a7are !e##er !%&-#, ret-rn 0ri*e an, intere!t an, re6-n, e0en!e! ?n& ,a$a(e!
ε.
B-er $a e#e*t /et7een 7it%,ra7in( 6r&$ *&ntra*t &r ,e$an,in( 0r&0&rti&nate re,-*ti&n &6 0ri*e 7it% ,a$a(e! in eit%er *a!e
φ.
A00#i*a/#e t& -,i*ia# !a#e e*e0t t%at -,($ent ,e/t&r n&t #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
γ.
A*ti&n t& 0re!*ri/e $&nt%! 6r&$ ,e#i+er &6 !-/e*t $atter
c- ;%en /rea*% &6 7arrant ei!t: /-er $a a!1 6&r re!*i!!i&n &6 in,e$nit d- ;arrant n&t a00#i*a/#e 7%en n&n a00arent /-r,en &r !er+it-,e i! re*&r,e, in t%e Re(i!tr &6 Pr&0ert -n#e!! t%ere i! e0re!! 7arrant t%at t%e t%in( i! 6ree 6r&$ a## /-r,en! an, en*-$/ran*e!
*α.
)- Warran" a'a ins idd en de &ecs •
SELLER d$es n$ /arran de&ec c%v%! &p!or
•
E6ce 7%en %i,,en
aen
1- !-/e*t $atter $a /e $&+a/#e &r i$$&+a/#e
De&ecs $n anima%s E+en in t%e *a!e &6 0r&6e!!i&na# in!0e*ti&n /-t %i,,en ,e6e*t i! &6 !-*% nat-re t%at e0ert 1n&7#e,(e i! n&t !-66i*ient t& ,i!*&+er it ,e6e*t !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a! REDHIBITORY
β.
I6 +et 6ai#! t& ,i!*&+er t%r&-(% i(n&ran*e &r /a, 6ait%) %e i! #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
χ.
Sa#e &6 ani$a#! &n tea$! ?8 &r $&re
2- nat-re &6 %i,,en ,e6e*t i! !-*% t%at it !%&-#, t%e&6!-/e*t -n6it 6&rren,er t%e -!e 7%i*% it$atter 7a! inten,e, &r !%& -#, ,i$ini!% it! 6itne!!
(- %a, t%e /-er /een a7are) %e 7&-#, n&t %a+e a*2-ire, it &r 7&-#, %a+e (i+en a #&7er 0ri*e α.
β.
χ.
;%en ,e6e*t i! +i!i/#e &r e+en i6 n&t +i!i/#e /-t /-er i! an e0ert / rea!&n &6 %i! tra,e &r 0r&6e!!i&n) !e##er i! n&t #ia/#e O/#i(ati&n &6 !e##er 6&r /rea*% ,e0en,! &n 7%et%er %e %a! 1n&7 #e,(e &6 !-*% ,e6e*t &r n&t Se##er i! a7are !e##er !%&-#, ret-rn 0ri*e an, re6-n, e0en!e! &6 *&ntra*t 7it% ,a$a(e!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
δ.
•
;%en &n# &ne i! ,e6e*ti+e) &n# &ne i! 0r&%i/ite, an, n&t t%e &t%er!
•
E*e0ti&n: 7%en it a00ear! /-er 7&-#, n&t %a+e 0-r*%a!e, t%e tea$ 7it%&-t t%e ,e6e*ti+e &ne
•
A00# t& !a#e &6 &t%er t%in(!
Ani$a#! at 6air &r 0-/#i* a-*ti&n • N& 7arrant a(ain!t %i,,en ,e6e*t!
ε.
Sa#e &6 ani$a#! 7it% *&nta(i&-! ,i!ea!e i! +&i,
φ.
Sa#e &6 -n6it ani$a#! •
V&i, i6 -!e !er+i*e 6&r 7%i*% t%e are a*2-ire, %a! /een !tate, in t%e *&ntra*t an, t%e are 6&-n, t& /e -n6it t%ere6&r
Pa'e 1?1 $&
•
Pre!*ri0ti&n &6 a*ti&n: @ ,a! 6r&$ ,ate &6 ,e#i+er t& /-er
•
I6 !a#e i! re!*in,e,) ani$a#! t& /e ret-rne, in !a$e *&n,iti&n 7%en t%e 7ere a*2-ire," /-er !%a## an!7er 6&r in-r #&!! ,-e t& %i! 6a-#t
•
L- WARRANTIES (- E&&ecs $& /arranies =========================================
(- E::ECTS O: WARRANTIES =========================================
B-er $a e#e*t /et7een 7it%,ra7in( 6r&$ !a#e an,
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
,e$an,in( re,-*ti&n &6 0ri*e 7it% 0r&0&rti&nate ,a$a(e! in eit%er *a!e
L- WARRANTIES )- E&&ecs $& /ai.ers
Seci&ic Im%ied Warranies in e Sa%e $& 3$$ds A- Warran" as $ &iness and @!a%i" [email protected]!isies8 1- B-er $a1e! 1n&7n t& !e##er t%e 0arti*-#ar 0-r0&!e 6&r 7%i*% (&&,! are a*2-ire, an, it a00ear! t%at t%e /-er re#ie, &n t%e !e##erK! !1i## &r -,($ent 2- G&&,! are /&-(%t / ,e!*ri0ti&n 6r&$ !e##er 7%& ,ea#! in (&&,! &6 t%at ,e!*ri0ti&n (- in *a!e &6 !a#e &6 !0e*i6ie, arti*#e -n,er it! 0atent &r tra,e na$e) n& 7arrant -n#e!! t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar )- $ea!-re &6 ,a$a(e: ,i66eren*e /et7een +a#-e &6 (&&,! at ti$e &6 ,e#i+er an, +a#-e t%e 7&-#, %a+e %a, i6 t%e %a, an!7ere, t& t%e 7arrant
=========================================
)- E::ECTS O: WAIVER Wai.er in Warran" a'ains e.ici$n Partie! $a in*rea!e &r ,i$ini!% i$0#ie, 7arrant a(ain!t e+i*ti&n" /-t e66e*t ,e0en,! &n (&&, 6ait% &r /a, 6ait% &n t%e 0art &6 t%e !e##er. o
Se##er in /a, 6ait% an, t%ere i! 7ai+er a(ain!t e+i*ti&n n-## an, +&i,
o
B-er 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 a 0arti*-#ar ri!1) $a,e (enera# ren-n*iati&n &6 7arrant n&t 7ai+e r /-t $ere# #i$it! #ia/i#it &6 !e##er in *a!e &6 e+i*ti&n ?0a +a#-e &6 !-/e*t $atter at ti$e &6 e+i*ti&n
o
B-er 7it% 1n&7#e, (e &6 ri!1 &6 e+i*ti&n a!!-$e, it! *&n!e2-en*e! an, $a,e a 7ai+er +en,&r n&t #ia/#e ?a00#i*a/#e &n# t& 7ai+er &6 7arrant a(ain!t e+i*ti&n 5. ;ai+er t& a !0e*i6i* *a!e &6 e+i*ti&n 7i0e! &-t 7arrant a! t& t%at !0e*i6i* ri!1 /-t n&t a! t& e+i*ti&n *a-!e, / &t%er rea!&n!.
SALE O: 3OODS B, SAMPLE I6 !e##er i! a ,ea#er in (&&,! &6 t%at 1in,) t%ere i! an i$0#ie, 7arrant t%at t%e (&&,! !%a## /e 6ree 6r&$ ,e6e*t ren,erin( t%e$ -n$er*%anta/#e 7%i*% 7&-#, n&t /e a00arent &n rea!&na/#e ea$inati&n &6 t%e !a$0#e =========================================
Wai.er a'ains Hidden De&ecs i. I6 t%ere %a! /een a !ti0-#ati&n ee$0tin( !e##er 6r&$ %i,,en ,e6e*t! ii. I6 !e##er n&t a7 are &6 %i,,en ,e6e*t! #&!! &6 t%e t%in( ,-e t& !-*% ,e6e*t 7i## n&t $a1e !e##er #ia/#e
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1?2 $&
iii. I6 !e##er a7are 7ai+er i! in /a, 6a it%) t%-! !e##er !ti## #ia/#e
B!"ers Oi$n in Case $& Breac Warran"
$&
5. A**e0t (&&,! an, !et -0 /rea*% &6 7arrant / 7a &6 re*&-0$ent in ,i$in-ti&n &r etin*ti&n &6 t%e 0ri*e.
)- Remedies $& e B!"er =1; Sa%e $& m$.a#%e =2; Sa%e $& imm$.a#%es =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
8. A**e0t (&&,! an, $aintain a*ti &n a(ain!t !e##er 6&r ,a$a(e!
M- BREACH O: CONTRACT
=. Re6-!e t& a**e0t (&&,! an, $aintain a*ti&n a(ain!t !e##er 6&r ,a$a(e!
1- Remedies $& e se%%er
@. Re!*in, *&ntra*t &6 !a#e an, re6-!e t& re*ei+e (&&,!ret-rn t%e$ 7%en a#rea, re*ei+e,.
1- REMEDIES O: THE SELLER
Wen rescissi$n #" #!"er n$ a%%$/ed8 5. I6 t%e /-er a**e0te, t%e (&&,! 1n&7in( t%e /rea*% &6 7arrant ;ITHOUT 0r&te!t 8. I6 %e 6ai #! t& n&t i6 t%e !e##er 7i t%in a rea!&na/#e ti$e &6 %i! e#e*ti&n t& re!*in, =. I6 %e 6ai#! t& ret-rn &r &66er t& ret-rn t%e (&&,! in !-/!tantia## a! (&&, *&n,iti&n a! t%e 7ere in at t%e ti$e &6 t%e tran!6er &6 &7ner!%i0 t& %i$
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC L- WARRANTIES ================================
M- BREACH O: CONTRACT ================================
=========================================
Remedies $& Unaid Se%%er =Ar- 1)); 5. Ea*t 6-#6i##$ent !%&-#, t%e /-er 6ai# t& 0a. 8. Can*e# t% e !a#e i6 /- er 6ai#! t& 0a 8 &r $&re in!ta##$ent!. =. F&re*#&!e &n *%atte# $&rt(a(e i6 /-er 6ai#! t& 0a 8 &r $&re in!ta##$ent!
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS M- BREACH O: CONTRACT 2- Rec$ La/8 Sa%e $& M$.a#%es $n Insa%%men =========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
2- RECTO LAW8 SALE O: MOVABLES ON INSTALLMENT
M- Breac $& C$nrac 1- Remedies $& e se%%er =Ars1+(+5 1*9); =1; Sa%e $& m$.a#%es 2- Rec$ La/8 sa%e $& m$.a#%es $n insa%%men =Ars- 1))>1)+; (- Sa%e $& imm$.a#%es =1; PD 9*?5 sec- 2(5 2) =2;Maceda La/8 sa%e $& imm$.a#%es $n Insa%%men
Incidens8 5. I6 /-er *%&&!e! 6&re*#&!-re) n& 6-rt%er a*ti&n a(ain!t /-er t& re*&+er an -n0ai, /a#an*e &6 t%e 0ri*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
8. ;%en i! t% e #a7 a00#i*a/#eX Sa#e &n $&+a/#e! / in!ta##$ent o
Sa%e $n insa%%men8 0a$ent / !e+era# 0artia# 0a$ent! in !$a## a$&-nt
Pa'e 1?( $&
Rai$na%e $& e %a/ : B-er i! #-##e, int& t%in1in( t%at %e *&-#, a66&r, /e*a-!e &6 !$a## a$&-nt! 0er in!ta##$ent an, at t%e !a$e ti$e re$e, a/-!e &6 *&$$er*ia# %&-!e! Na!re $& remedies : a#ternati+e an, n&t *-$-#ati+e C$.era'e: !a#e an, 6inan*in( tran!a*ti&n an, *&ntra*t! &6 #ea!e 7it% &0ti&n t& 0-r*%a!e 3EN ERAL RUL E8 I6n&a#rea, 0er6&r$an*e) *an #&n(er *%&!e *%&&!e!0e*i6i* &t%er re$e,ie! EFCEPTION8 A6ter *%&&!in() it %a! /e*&$e i$0&!!i/#e) re!*i!!i&n $a /e 0-r!-e,
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS M- BREACH O: CONTRACT (- Sa%e $& Imm$.a#%es =========================================
(- SALE O: IMMOVABLES Remedies $& Se%%er Anicia$r" #reac 5. Se##er %a! rea!&na/#e (r&-n,! t& 6ear #&!! &6 i$$&+a/#e !&#, an, it! 0ri*e) !-e 6&r RESCISSION 8. N&n0a$ent &6 0ri*e) !-e 6&r RE SCISSION
•
T%e 6a*t t%at t%e !e##er ,i, n&t 6&re*#&!e t%e *%atte# $&rt(a(e *&n!tit-te, &n t%e $&+a/#e 0-r*%a!e, &n *re,it) /-t &0te, !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e) 7it% a 0#ea 6&r a 7rit &6 re0#e+in) ,&e! n&t a$&-nt t& a 6&re*#&!-re &6 t%e *%atte# $&rt(a(e t& /e *&+ere, / Art. [email protected]@ . Ta4an'%an'i .S$!ern M$$rs5 K101 Pi%- +0+
Rescissi$n 5. ;%en *%&!en) t%ere i! *&rre#ati+e &/#i(ati&n t& re!tit-te 8. B-t !ti0-#ati&n! t%at in!ta##$ent! 0ai, are 6&r6eite, are +a#i, i6 n&t -n*&n!*i&na/#e =. Dee$e, *%&!en 7%en: N&ti*e &6 re!*i!!i&n i! !ent
IMMOVABLES =B, INSTALLMENT; Art 548 A00#ie! &n# t& *&ntra*t &6 !a#e
MACEDA LAW 5. a00#ie! t& COS an, CTS an, Finan*in( 8. C&+era(e: REAL ESTATE ,e6ine, !0a*e +!. CONDO n&t ,e6ine, !0a*e ?7 *&$$&n area! 5. E*#-,e,: a. In,-!tria#
-
Ta1e! 0&!!e!!i&n &6 !-/e*t $atter &6 !a#e
/. C&$$er*ia#
-
Fi#e! a*ti&n 6&r re!*i!!i&n
*.
-
Barrin( e66e*t &n re*&+er &6 /a#an*e
:$rec%$s!re i. Barrin( e66e*t &n re*&+er &6 /a#an*e ii. Etent &6 /arrin( e66e*t: 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e iii. E*e0ti&n: $&rt(a(&r re6-!e! t& ,e#i+er 0r&0ert t& e66e*t 6&re*#&!-re) re*&+er a#!& e0en!e! in*-rre, in att&rne! 6ee!) et*. ?Per+er!e B-erM&rt(a(&r
Sa#e t& tenant! -n,er a(rarian #a7!
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS M- BREACH O: CONTRACT (- Remedies $& e B!"er
=========================================
=========================================
)- REMEDIES O: THE BU,ER
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1?) $&
• In *a!e &6 !-/,i+i!i&n &r *&n,& 0r&e*t!) !-!0en, 0a$ent.
P!r$se $& %a/ Pr&te*t /-er! in in!ta##$ent! a(ain!t &00re!!i+e *&n,iti&n!
• I6 rea# e!tate ,e+e#&0er 6ai#! t& *&$0# 7it% &/#i(ati&n a**&r,in( t& a00r&+e, 0#an: -
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SUSPEND PAYMENT COMPLIES
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CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
o
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REMED, O: RESCISSION IN CONTRACTS COVERIN3 IMMOVABLES =Aric%es 1191 1*92; 3ENERAL RULE8 J-,i*ia# EFCEPTION8 Etra -,i*ia# Re!*i!!i&n a##&7e, /-t SUBJECT t& COURT C&n6ir$ati&n. a. a##&7e, i6 !ti0-#ate," /-r ,en t& !-e !%i6t! t& 0art 7%& ,&e! n&t #i1e re!*i!!i&n /. *&-rt !ti## %a! 6ina# !a a! t& 0 r&0riet &6 re!*i!!i&n *. F&r6eit-re &6 a$&-nt! +a#i, /ein( in nat-re &6 0ena# *#a-!e
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•
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i!
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC M- BREACH O: CONTRACT ================================
N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE
5. Pre!*ri0ti&n
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- E6in'!ismen $& Sa%e 1- Ca!ses =Ars- 1+005 12(1; 2- C$n.eni$na% redemi$n =Ar1+01; (- [email protected]!ia#%e m$r'a'e =Ars- 1+02> 1+0); )- Disin'!is &r$m $i$n $ #!" =Ar- 1+02; *- Peri$d $& redemi$n =Ar- 1+0+; +- E6ercise $& e ri' $ redeem =Ar- 1+1+; ?- Le'a% redemi$n =Ar- 1+19; - A'e redemi$n =Ar- 1+19;
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE 2- C$n.eni$na% Redemi$n =========================================
2- CONVENTIONAL REDEMPTION • On# etin(-i!%e! &/#i(ati&n! 0ertainin( t& *&ntra*t &6 !a#e) n&t etin(-i!% *&ntra*t it!e#6" &n# a00#ie! t& *&ntra*t &6 !a#e •
=========================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE 1- Ca!ses =========================================
T%e ri(%t 7%i*% t%e +en,&r re!er+e! t& %i$!e#6 t& rea*2-ire t%e 0r&0ert !&#, 0r&+i,e, %e ret-rn! t& t%e +en,ee:
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5. CAUSES I3ROUNDS ?!a$e (r&-n,! 7%ere/ &/#i(ati&n! in (enera# are etin(-i!%e,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
e. An, 6-#6i##! &t%er !ti0-#ati&n! 7%i*% $a %a+e /een a(ree, -0&n
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•
T%e ri(%t i! eer*i!e, &n# /e !e##er in 7%&$ ri(%t i! re*&(nie, in t%e *&ntra*t &r / an 0er!&n t& 7%&$ ri(%t 7a! tran!6erre," $-!t /e in t%e !a$e *&ntra*t
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
NOTE8 In *a!e &6 ,&-/t in ,eter$inin( 7%et%er it i! an e2-ita/#e $&rt(a(e &r a !a#e a retro) t%e !a#e !%a## /e *&n!tr-e, a! an e2-ita/#e $&rt(a(e. 2- ;%at t& L&&1 6&r in Deter$inin( Nat-re &6 C&ntra*t a. Lan(-a(e &6 t%e *&ntra*t /. C&n,-*t &6 0artie! t& re+ ea# rea# intent
N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE
(- Re$e, a+ai#a/#e t& +en,&r: a!1 6&r re6&r$ati&n &6 *&ntra*t
(- [email protected]!ia#%e M$r'a'e =========================================
)- Rati&na#e /e%in, 0r&+i!i&n &n E2-ita/#e M&rt(a(e:
(- EUITABLE MORT3A3E
a. Cir*-$+enti&n &6 -!-r #a7
One 7%i*% #a*1! t%e 0r&0er 6&r$a#itie!) 6&r$ &6 7&r,!) &r &t%er re2-i!ite! 0re!*ri/e, / #a7 6&r a $&rt(a(e) /-t !%&7! t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! t& $a1e t%e 0r&0ert !-/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t a! !e*-rit 6&r a ,e/t an, *&nt ain! n&t%in( i$0&!!i/#e *&ntrar t& #a7. Cac$%a .CA5 K20 SCRA )9+
/. Cir*-$+enti&n &6 0r&%i/iti&n a(ain!t pactum commissorium *re,it&r *ann&t a00r&0riate t%e t%in(! (i+en / 7a &6 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e" re$e, %ere i! 6&re*#&!-re. T%e rea# intenti&n &6 0artie! i! t%at t%e 0reten,e, 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e i! $&ne #&ane, an, t& !e*-re 0a$ent &6 t%e #&an) !a#e 7it% pacto de retro i! ,ra7n -0
1- A *&ntra*t 7it% ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e i! ,ee$e, t& /e an [email protected]!ia#%e m$r'a'e i6 t%e 6&##&7in( re2-i!ite! *&n*-r =IPERTI;8 a. Pri*e &6 !a#e 7it% ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e i! -n-!-a## ina,e2-ate /. Se##er re$ain! in &!!e!!i&n a! #e!!ee &r &t%er7i!e *.
U0&n &r a6ter e0irati&n &6 ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e) an&t%er in!tr-$ent eten,in( t%e 0eri&, &6 re,e$0ti&n &r (rantin( ne7 0eri&, i! ee*-te,
,. B-er retain! 6&r %i$!e#6 a 0art &6 t%e 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e e. Se##er /in,! %i$!e#6 t& 0a t%in( !&#, 6.
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE )- Disin'!is &r$m $i$n $ #!" =========================================
)- DISTIN3UISH :ROM OPTION TO BU, OPTION TO PURCHASE > Ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e t%e t%in( !&#, (rante, t& t%e +en,&r in a !e0arate in!tr-$ent 6r&$ t%e ,ee, &6 !a#e
ae! &n
Rea# intenti&n &6 0artie! i! t& !e*-re t%e 0a$ent &6 a ,e/t &r 0er6&r$an*e &6 &t%er &/#i(ati&n
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1?? $&
*- Peri$d $& Redemi$n
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
=========================================
N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE *- PERIOD O: REDEMPTION a. N& 0eri&, a(ree, -0&n @ ear! 6r&$ ,ate &6 *&ntra*t /. Peri&, a(ree, -0&n !%&-#, n&t e*ee, 5 ear!" i6 it e*ee,e,) +a#i, &n# 6&r t%e 6ir!t 5 ear!. *.
;%en 0eri&, t& re, ee$ %a! e 0ire, an, t%ere %a! /een a 0re+i&-! !-it &n t%e nat-re &6 t%e *&ntra*t !e##er !ti## %a! = ,a! 6r&$ 6ina# -,($ent &n t%e /a!i! t%at *&ntra*t 7a! a !a#e 7it% pacto de retro:
,. Rai$na%e: n& re,e$0ti&n ,-e t& err&ne&-! /e#ie6 t%at it i! e2-ita/#e $&rt(a(e 7%i*% *an /e etin(-i!%e, / 0ain( t%e #&an. e. T%i! re6er! t& *a! e! in+&#+in( a tran!a*ti&n 7%ere &ne &6 t%e 0artie! *&nte!t! &r ,enie! t%at t%e tr-e a(ree$ent i! &ne &6 !a#e 7it% t%e ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e" n&t t& *a!e! 7%ere t%e tran!a*ti&n i! *&n*#-!i+e# a pacto de retro !a#e. 6.
E6am%e: ;%ere a /-er a retr& %&ne!t# /e#ie+e, t%at %e entere, $ere# int& an e2-ita/#e $&rt(a(e) n&t a pacto de retro tran!a*ti&n) an, /e*a-!e &6 !-*% /e#ie6 %e %a, n&t re,ee$e, 7it%in t%e 0r&0er 0eri&,.
NOTE8 ;%en 0eri&, %a! e0ire, an, !e##er a##&7e, t%e 0eri& , &6 re,e$0ti&n t& e0ire !e##er i! at 6a-#t 6&r n&t %a+in( eer* i!e, %i! ri(%t! !& !%&-#, n&t /e (rante, a ne7 0eri&, Ten,er &6 0a$ent i! SUFFICIENT t& *&$0e# re,e$0ti&n) /-t i! n&t in it!e#6 a 0a$ent t%at re#ie+e! t%e +en,&r 6r&$ %i! #ia/i#it t& 0a t%e re,e$0ti&n 0ri*e. PaeJ .- Ma'n$5 3-R- N$- 8> ?925 Ari% 2?5 19)9
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
+- E6ercise $& e Ri' $ Redeem =========================================
E::ECT WHEN THERE IS NO REDEMPTION MADE i.
J-ri!0r-,en*e /e 6&re t% e NC C: / -er a retr& a-t&$ati*a## a*2-ire! 6-## &7ner!%i0
ii.
Un,er 0r e!ent ar t 5 >: t% ere $- !t /e -,i*ia# &r,er /e6&re &7ner!%i0 &6 rea# 0r&0ert i! *&n!&#i,ate, in t%e /-er a retr&
HOW IS REDEMPTION E::ECTED Se##er a retr& $-!t 6ir!t 0a t%e 6&##&7in(: o
T%e 0ri*e &6 t%e t%in( !&#,
o
E0en!e! &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, &t%er #e(iti$ate 0a$ent! $a,e / rea!&n &6 t%e !a#e
o
Ne*e!!ar an, -!e6-# e0en!e! $a,e &n t%e t%in( !&#,
o
Va#i, ten,er &6 0a$ent i! !-66i*ient
o
Mere !en,in( &6 n&ti*e 7it%&-t +a#i, ten,er i! in!-66i*ient
o
Fai#-re t& 0a -!e6-# an, -nne*e!!ar e0en!e! entit#e! +en,ee t& retain #an, -n#e!! a*t-a# rei$/-r!e$ent i! $a,e
IN CASE O: MULTI>PARTIES 5. ;%en an -n,i+i,e, t%in( i! !&#, /e*a-!e *&&7ner! *ann&t a(ree t%at it /e a##&tte, t& &ne &6 t%e$ +en,ee a retr& $a *&$0e# t%e +en,&r t& re,ee$ t%e 7%&#e t%in( 8. ;%en an -n ,i+i,e, t%in( i! !& #, / *& &7ner! *&%eir!) +en,&r! a retr& $a &n# eer*i!e %i! ri(%t &+er %i!
Pa'e 1? $&
re!0e*ti+e !%are" +en,ee a retr& $a ,e$an, t%at t%e $-!t *&$e t& an a(ree$ent 6ir!t an, $a n&t /e *&$0e##e, t& *&n!ent t& a 0artia# re,e$0ti&n =. ;%en ri(%t! &6 *&&7ner! &+er an -n,i+i,e, t%in( i! !&#, a! re(ar,! t& t%eir &7n !%are +en,ee retro *ann&t *&$0e# &ne t& re,ee$ t%e 7%&#e 0r&0ert @. S%&-#, &ne &6 t%e *&%eir!*&&7ner! !-**ee, in re,ee$in( t%e 0r&0ert !-*% +en,&r a retr& !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a! tr-!tee 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e !%are &6 t%e &t%er *&&7ner!*&%eir!.
:RUITS ;%at *&ntr&#! i! t%e !ti0-#ati&n /et7een 0artie! a! re(ar,! t%e 6r-it!" I6 n&ne: a. At ti$e &6 e e*-ti&n &6 t% e !a#e a retr & t%ere are +i!i/#e &r (r&7in( 6r-it! t%ere !%a## /e n& 0r&ratin( at ti$e &6 re,e$0ti&n i6 n& in,e$nit 7a! 0ai, / t%e +en,ee a retr& /. At ti$e &6 ee*-ti&n !a#e a retr& t%ere /e n& 6r-it! /-t t%ere are 6r-it! at ti$e &6 re,e$0ti&n 0r&rate, /et7een +en,&r a retr& an, +en,ee a retr& (i+in( t%e +en,ee a retr& a 0art *&rre!0&n,in( t& t%e ti$e %e 0&!!e!!e, t%e #an,.
PRE>EMPTION REDEMPTION 5. Ari!e! /e6&re !a#e Ari!e! a6ter !a#e 8. N& re!*i!!i&n T%ere *an /e /e*a-!e n& !a#e ei!t! re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e et &ri(ina# !a#e =. T%e a*ti&n i! A*ti&n i! ,ire*te, ,ire*te, a(ain!t a(ain!t /-er 0r&!0e*ti+e !e##er
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE ?- Le'a% Redemi$n =========================================
?- LE3AL REDEMPTION LE3AL REDEMPTION • On# a00#ie! t& *&ntra*t! &6 !a#e. • T%e ri(%t t& /e !-/r&(ate, -0&n t%e !a$e ter$! an, *&n,iti&n! !ti0-#ate, in t%e *&ntra*t) in t%e 0#a*e &6 &ne 7%& a*2-ire! t%e t%in( / ?5 0-r*%a!e OR ?8 / ,ati&n in 0a$ent OR ?= / &t%er tran!a*ti&n 7%ere/ &7ner!%i0 i! tran!$itte, / &ner&-! tit#e. • T0e! &6 Le(a# Re,e$0ti&n:
a. A$&n( *&%eir! i.
An &6 t% e %eir! !e## %i! %e re,itar ri(%t! t& !tran(er /e6&re 0artiti&n
ii. An &6 t%e *&%eir! $a /e !-/r&(ate, t& t%e ri(%t! &6 t%e 0-r*%a!er / re,ee$in( !ai, %ere,itar ri(%t: rei$/-r!e /-er &6 t%e 0ri*e &6 t%e !a#e iii. C&%eir! %a! 5 $&nt% 6r&$ re* ei0t &6 n&ti*e in 7ritin(
/. A$&n( *&&7ner! i. an &r a## &6 *&&7ner! !e##! t%eir !%are! t& =r, 0er!&n ii. an *&&7ner $a eer*i!e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n / 0ain( rea!&na/#e 0ri*e &6 0r&0ert t& t%e /-er iii. i6 8 &r $&re *&&7ner! ,e!ire t& eer*i!e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n) t%e $a &n# ,& !& in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e !%are
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1?9 $&
t%e re!0e*ti+e# %a+e in t%in( &7ne, in *&$$&n
a. Re,e$0ti&n &6 % &$e!tea,! /. P-/#i* Lan, A*t
*.
A$&n( a,&inin( &7ner! i. R-ra# #an, ;%ere 0ie*e &6 r-ra# #an, %a! an area n&t e*ee,in( 5 %e*tare) a,&inin( &7ner %a! ri(%t t& re,ee$ -n#e!! (rantee ,&e! n&t &7n a r-ra# #an,
o
*.
Lan, a*2-ire, -n,er 6ree 0atent %&$e!tea, !-/e*t t& re0-r*%a!e / 7i6e) #e(a# %eir! 7it%in 4 ear! 6r&$ ,ate &6 *&n+ean*e (rante, / #a7) nee, n&t /e !ti0-#ate,
5. Re,e$0ti&n in ta !a#e!
o
I6 t7& &r $&re a,a*ent #&t &7ner! ,e!ire t& eer*i!e ri(%t t& re,ee$) &7ner &6 a,&inin( #&t 7it% !$a##er area !%a## /e 0re6erre,
i. in *a!e &6 ta ,e#in2-en*6ai#-re t& 0a ta a!!e!!$ent!) 0r&0ert i! 6&re*#&!e,
o
I6 t7& &r $&re a,a*ent #it &7ner! ,e!ire t& eer*i!e ri(%t t& re,ee$ an, /&t% %a+e !a$e #&t area) &ne 7%& 6ir!t re2-e!te, !%a## /e (rante,
ii. ,e#in2-ent 0aer %a! 5 ear 6r&$ ,ate &6 !a#e t& re,ee$ / 0ain( t& t%e re+en-e Di!tri*t O66i*er t%e a$&-nt &6 ta ,e#in2-en*ie!) an, intere!t &r 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e.
ii. Ur/an #an, o
o
,.
7%en 0ie*e &6 #an, i! !$a## an, *ann&t /e -!e, 6&r an 0ra*ti*a# 0-r0&!e an, /&-(%t $ere# 6&r !0e*-#ati&n) &7ner &6 a,&inin( #an, *an re,ee$ 8 &r $&re &7ner! &6 a,&inin( #&t ,e!ire t& eer*i!e ri(%t t& re,ee$) &7ner 7%&!e inten,e, -!e i! /e!t -!ti6ie, !%a## /e 0re6erre,.
Sa#e &6 *re,it in #iti(ati&n i. 7%en a *re,it &r &t%er in*&r0&rea# ri(%t in #iti(ati&n i! !&#,) ,e/t&r !%a## %a+e a ri(%t t& etin(-i!% it / rei$/-r!in( t%e a!!i(nee 6&r t%e 0ri*e t%e #atter 0ai, t%ere6&r 0#-! -,i*ia# *&!t!) intere!t
ii. ,e/t&r $a eer*i!e ri(%t 7it%in = ,a! 6r&$ t%e ,ate a!!i(nee ,e$an,! 0a$ent 6r&$ %i$
Ot%er In!tan*e! ;%en Ri(%t &6 Le(a# Re,e$0ti&n i! Grante,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
8. Re,e$0ti&n / -,($ent ,e/t&r 5 ear 6r&$ ,ate &6 re(i!trati&n &6 *erti6i*ate &6 !a#e t& re,ee$ / 0ain( 0-r*%a!er at 0-/#i* a-*ti&n 7it% intere!t =. Re,e$0ti&n in etra-,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re 5 ear 6r&$ ,ate &6 !a#e an, re(i!trati&n @. Re,e$0ti&n in -,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re &6 $&rt(a(e n& ri(%t t& re,ee$ i! (rante, t& ,e/t&r $&rt(a(&r e*e0t 7%en $&rt(a(ee i! /an1 &6 a /an1in( in!tit-ti&n ,a! a6ter 6ina#it &6 -,($ent 4. ;%en Peri&, &6 Re,e$0ti&n Be(in! t& R-n Ri(%t &6 #e(a# 0ree$0ti&n &6 re,e$0ti&n !%a## /e eer*i!e, 7it%in = ,a! 6r&$ n&ti*e / t%e !e##er . H&7 eer*i!e, ten,er &6 0a$ent i! n&t ne*e!!ar" &66er t& re,ee$ i! en&-(%. i.
T%ere i! n & 0r e!*ri/e, 6& r$ 6& r an &66er t& re,ee$ t& /e 0r&0er# e66e*te,. Hen*e) it *an eit%er /e t%r&-(% a 6&r$a# ten,er 7it% *&n!i(nati&n &6 t%e re,e$0ti&n 0ri*e 7it%in t%e 0re!*ri/e, 0eri&,. ;%at i! 0ara$&-nt i! t%e a+ai#$ent &6 t%e
Pa'e 10 $&
6ie, an, ,e6inite 0eri&, 7it%in 7%i*% t& eer*i!e t%e ri(%t &6 #e(a# re,e$0ti&n. ii.
Dee,! &6 !a#e are n&t t& /e re*&r,e, in Re(i!ter &6 Dee,! -n#e!! a**&$0anie, / a66i,a+it &6 !e##er t%at %e %a! (i+en n&ti*e t& a## 0&!!i/#e re,e$0ti&ner!
8. Tran!6er! a## t%e a**e!!&r ri(%t! ?e.( . (-arant) $&rt(a(e) 0#e,(e) 0re6eren*e =. De/t&r *an !et -0 a( ain!t t%e a!! i(nee a## t%e ,e6en!e! %e *&-#, %a+e !et -0 a(ain!t t%e a!!i(n&r
II-
NOTE: ;ritten n&ti*e -n,er Art. 58= i! manda$r" 6&r t%e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n t& *&$$en*e ? PSC .s- Ss- Va%encia5 KA!'!s 195 200(3ENERAL RULE8 A*t-a# 1n&7#e,(e n&t7it%!tan,in() /rien n$ice is si%% [email protected]!ired
III-
7777777777777777
E::ECTS O: ASSI3NMENT
@. C&$0en!ati&n -n#e!! a!!i(n&r 7a! n&ti6ie, / ,e/t&r t%at %e re!er+e, %i! ri(%t t& t%e *&$0en!ati&n
- A'e Redemi$n =========================================
4. De/t&r %a! 1n &7#e,(e /-t n& *&n!ent $a !ti## !et -0 *&$0en!ati&n &6 ,e/t! 0re+i&-! t& a!!i(n$ent /-t n&t t%e !-/!e2-ent &ne!.
9- ASSI3NMENT = Ars - 1+2) 1+();
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Sa#e &6 *re,it! an, &t%er in*&r0&rea# t%in(!
a!!i(n$ent
N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE
5. Tran!6er! t%e ri(%t t& *&# #e*t t%e 6-## +a#-e &6 t%e *re,it) e+en i6 %e 0ai, a 0ri*e #e!! t%an !-*% +a#-e
8.
=. De/t&r %a! *&n !ente, t& a!!i(n$ent *ann&t !et -0
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS
ASSI3NMENT8 T%e &7ner &6 a *re,it tran!6er! t& an&t%er %i! ri(%t! an, a*ti&n! in *&n!i,erati&n &6 a 0ri*e *ertain in $&ne &r it! e2-i+a#ent
Te*%ni*a# ter$ /-t /a!i*a## a !a#e
8. A!!i(n$ent &6 ri(%t! $a,e 7& 1n&7#e,(e &6 ,e/t&r ,e/t&r $a !et -0 a(ain!t a!!i(nee t%e *&$0en!ati&n 7* 7&-#, 0ertain t& %i$ a(ain!t a!!i(n&r &6 a## *re,it! 0ri&r t& a!!i(n$ent an, &6 #ater &ne! -nti# %e %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e
Art. 58= ,&e! n&t 0re!*ri/e an ,i!tin*ti+e $et%&, 6&r n&ti6in( t%e re,e$0ti&ner. Ec!#an .- CA5 K1) SCRA *0?
7777777777777777777777777
I-
5.
5. La*1 &6 1n& 7#e,(e &r *&n !ent &6 ,e/ t&r n&t e!!entia# 6&r +a#i,it /-t %a! #e(a# e66e*t! ?$eetin( &6 $in,! in a!!i(n$ent *&nte$0#ate! t%at /et7een a!!i(n&r &6 t%e *re,it an, %i! a!!i(nee
EFCEPTION8 ;%en a*t-a# 1n&7#e,(e i! a*2-ire, / *&%eir! #i+in( in !a$e #an, 7it% 0-r*%a!er) &r *&&7ner 7a! $i,,#e$an in !a#e t& =r, 0art. o
WHAT MAES ASSI3NMENT DI::ERENT :ROM SPECIES SALE
IV -
TRANS:ER O: OWNERSHIP 5. B tra,iti&n an, n&t / 0er6e*ti&n 8. B ee*-ti&n &6 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent /e*a-!e intan(i/#e! *ann&t /e 0%!i*a## tran!6erre,
Pa'e 11 $&
=. ;it%&-t ne*e!!it &6 ,e#i+erin( ,&*-$ent e+i,en*in( t%e *re,it.
t%e
@. T%i! r-#e ,&e! n&t a00 # t& ne( &tia/#e ,&*-$ent! an, ,&*-$ent! &6 tit#e 7%i*% are (&+erne, / !0e*ia# #a7!.
V-
7%&#e in (enera# /-t n&t 6&r ea*% &6 t%e +ari&-! 0art!
VII-
E::ECT O: PA,MENT O: DEBTOR A:TER ASSI3NMENT O: CREDIT
BREACH O: WAR RANT,8 LIA BILITIES O: THE ASSI3NOR O: CREDIT :OR VIOLATION O: HIS WARRANTIES 5. A!!i(n&r in (&&, 6ait% Lia/i#it i! #i$ite, t& 0ri*e re*ei+e,) e0en!e! &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, &t%er
1- Be6&re N&ti*e &6 t%e A!!i(n$ent
#e(iti$ate 0a$ent! $a,e / rea!&n &6 t%e a!!e!!$ent 8. A!!i(n&r in /a, 6ait%
Pa$ent t& t%e &ri(ina# *re,it&r i! +a#i, an, ,e/t&r !%a## /e re#ea!e, 6r&$ %i! &/#i(ati&n
Lia/#e ALSO 6&r ?e0en!e! &6 *&ntra*t an, &t%er #e(iti$ate 0a$ent! 0#-! -!e6-# an, ne*e!!ar e0en!e! ,a$a(e!
2- A6ter N&ti*e a. Pa$ent t& t%e &ri (ina# *re,it&r i! n&t +a#i, a! a(ain!t t%e a!!i(nee
VIII-
/. He $a /e $a,e t& 0a a(ain / t%e a!!i(nee
VI -
WARRANTIES O: T HE AS SI3NOR O: CREDIT 5. NO 7arrant a(ain!t %i,,en ,e6e*t NA /e*a-!e intan(i/#e! %a! n& 0%!i*a# ei!ten*e
1.
T%ere $-!t /e a !a#e &r a!!i(n$ent &6 *re,it
2.
T%ere $-!t /e a 0en,in( #iti(ati&n
3.
T%e ,e/t&r $-!t 0a t%e a!!i(nee: a. Pri*e 0ai, / %i$ AND /. J-,i*ia# *&!t! in*-rre, / %i$ AND
8. He 7arrant! t%e ei!ten*e an, #e(a#it &6 *re,it t%ere i! 7arrant e*e0t 7%en e0re!!# !&#, a! a ,&-/t6-# a**&-nt a. NO 7a rrant a! t& t% e !&#+en* &6 ,e/t&r -n#e!! it i! e0re!!# !ti0-#ate, OR -n#e!! t%e in!&#+en* 7a! a#rea, ei!tin( an, &6 0-/#i* 1n&7#e,(e at t%e ti$e &6 t%e a!!i(n$ent /. ;arrant !%a## #a!t 6&r 5 ear &n# *.
*. Intere!t &n t%e 0ri*e 6r&$ t%e ,ate &6 0a$ent 4. T%e ri(%t $-!t /e eer*i!e, / t%e ,e/t&r 7it%in = ,a! 6r&$ t%e ,ate t%e a!!i(nee ,e$an,! ?-,i*ia## &r etra-,i*ia## 0a$ent 6r&$ %i$
NOTE8 •
Pre!-$0ti&n: /-erK! 0-r0&!e i! !0e*-#ati&n an," #a7 7&-#, rat%er /ene6it t%e ,e/t&r &6 !-*% *re,it! rat%er t%an t%e &ne 7%& $ere# !0e*-#ate! 6&r 0r&6it.
•
;%en *re,it &r in*&r0&rea# ri(%t in #iti(ati&n i! a!!i( ne, &r !&#,) ,e/t&r %a! a ri(%t t& etin(-i!% it / rei$/-r!in( t%e a!!i(nee 6&r t%e 0ri*e t%e /-er 0ai, 0#-! intere!t
One 7%& a!!i(n! in%eritan*e ri(%t 7& en-$eratin( ri(%t! !%a## /e an!7era/#e 6&r %i! *%ara*ter a! an %eir
,. One 7%& !e##! 7%&#e &6 *e rtain ri(%t! 6&r a #-$0 !-$) !%a## /e an!7era/#e 6&r #e(iti$a* &6 t%e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
ASSI3NMENT O: CREDIT OR INCORPOREAL RI3HT IN LITI3ATION > REUISITES8
Pa'e 12 $&
IF-
Ri' $ redeem #" de#$r n$ a.ai%a#%e in e &$%%$/in' insances =n$ c$nsidered sec!%ai.e
5. A!!i(n$ent &6 *re,it in*&r0&rea# ri( %t t& *&%eir &r *&&7ner" t%e #a7 ,&e! n&t 6a+&r *&&7ner!%i0 8. A!!i(n$ent t& *re,it&r in 0a$ent 6&r %i! *re,it • Pre!-$0ti&n i! t%at t%e a!!i(n$ent i!
a/&+e !-!0i*i&n" a!!i(n$ent i! in t%e 6&r$ &6 dacion en pago& t%-! 0er6e*t# #e(a# =. A!!i(n$ent t& 0&!!e!!&r &6 tene$ent &r 0ie*e &6 #an, 7%i*% i! !-/e*t t& t%e ri(%t in #iti(ati&n a!!i(ne,
P.D. 4>: LA; ON SALE OF SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM
REMEDIES :OR :AILURE O: THE DEVELOPER TO DEVELOP THE SUBDIVISION OR CONDOMINIUM ACCORDIN3 TO THE APPROVED PLAN AND TO COMPL, WITH SUCH WITHIN THE TIME LIMIT•
T%e /-er $a ,e!i!t 6r&$ 6-rt%er 0a$ent
an in!ta##$ent!. A#!&) t%ere 7&-#, /e n& 6&r6eit-re &6 0a!t 0a$ent! in 6a+&r &6 t%e ,e+e#&0er a6ter ,-e n&ti*e %a! /een (i+en. T%e /-er $a ,e$an, rei$/-r!e$ent &6 t%e t&ta# a$&-nt 0ai, in*#-,in( a$&rtiati&n intere!t! /-t e*#-,in( ,e#in2-en* intere!t!) 7it% intere!t t%ere&n at t%e #e(a# rate. ?Se*. 8=) P.D. 4> •
• P-r0&!e i! t& 0re!-$a/# 0re!er+e t%e
tene$ent
Ot%er7i!e: RA 448 ?Ma*e,a La7 7i## a00#.
REUISITES O: SEC ( O: RA +**28
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC N- EFTIN3UISHMENT O: SALE ================================
Fai#-re t& 0a in!ta##$ent! 7a! ,-e t& rea!&n!) &t%er t%an 6ai#-re &6 t%e ,e+e#&0er t& ,e+e#&0 t%e !-/,i+i!i&n &r *&n,&$ini-$ a**&r,in( t& t%e a00r&+e, 0#an an, t& *&$0#
O- THE SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM BU,ERS PROTECTIVE DECREE
7it% !-*% 7it%in t%e ti$e #i$it) an,) • On# *&+er! re!i,entia# #&t! in*#-,in( *&n,&$ini-$ -nit!) e*#-,in() !a#e! t& tenant!.
================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS Te S!#di.isi$n and C$nd$mini!m B!"ers Pr$eci.e Decree =P-D- 9*?;
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS O- THE SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM BU,ERS PROTECTIVE DECREE =========================================
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
•
T%e /-er %a! 0ai, at #ea!t t7& ear! &6 in!ta##$ent! •
RI3HTS O: THE BU,ER UNDER RA +**2 WITH AT LEAST TWO =2; ,EARS O: INSTALLMENT: T& 0a) 7it%&-t a,,iti&na# intere!t) t%e -n0ai, in!ta##$ent! ,-e 7it%in t%e t&ta# (ra*e 0eri&, earne, / %i$. Sai, (ra*e 0eri&, i! 6ie, at t%e rate &6 &ne $&nt% (ra*e 0eri&, 6&r e+er &ne ear &6 in!ta##$ent! 0a$ent! $a,e. T%-!) %ere t%e /-er %a! at #ea!t t7& $&nt%! (ra*e 6&r %e !%&-#, %a+e 0ai, at #ea!t t7& ear! &6 in!ta##$ent! t& a+ai# &6 t%e ri(%t! -n,er t%i! !e*ti&n. •
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T%i! ri(%t! *an &n# /e eer*i!e, &n# &n*e in e+er 6i+e ?4 ear! &6 t%e #i6e &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, it! eten!i&n!) i6 an. T& /e re6-n,e, &6 t%e *a!% !-rren,er +a#-e &6 t%i! 0a$ent! e2-a# t& 4 &6 %i! t&ta# 0a$ent! i6 t%e *&ntra*t i! *an*e##e,. B-t i6 %e %a! 0ai, 6i+e ear! &r $&re) %e i! entit#e, t& an in*rea!e &6 4 e+er ear an, !& &n /-t t%e *a!% !-rren,er +a#-e !%a## n&t e*ee, &6 %i! t&ta# 0a$ent!. McLa!'%in . CA5 K3-R•
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC O- THE SUBDIVISION AND CONDOMINIUM BU,ERS PROTECTIVE DECREE ================================
P- THE CONDOMINIUM ACT ================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS Te C$nd$mini!m Ac =R-A- )?2+;
N$- L>*?**25 Oc 105 19+
THE ACTUAL CANCELLATION O: THE CONTRACT RE:ERRED TO ABOVE SHALL TAE PLACE ONL,8 5. A6ter = ,a! 6r&$ re*ei0t / t%e /-er &6 t%e n&ti*e &6 *an*e##ati&n &r ,e$an, 6&r re!*i!!i&n) AND 8. U0&n 6-## 0a$ent t& t%e /-er &6 t%e *a!% !-rren,er +a#-e In t%e *&$0-tati&n &6 t%e t&ta# n-$/er &6 in!ta##$ent 0a$ent! t%e 6&##&7in( are in*#-,e,:
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS P- THE CONDOMINIUM ACT =========================================
R.A. @>8: THE CONDOMINIUM ACT Re!tri*ti&n! an, A,,iti&na# re2-ire$ent! &n tran!6er &6 *&n,&$ini-$!:
5. ,&7n0a$ent an,
It !%a## in*#-,e t%e tran!6er &r *&n+ean*e &6 t%e -n,i+i,e, intere!t! in t%e *&$$&n area!
8. ,e0&!it &r &0ti&n $&ne
&r $e$/er!%i0 &r !%are%&#,in(! in t%e *&n,&$ini-$ *&r0&rati&n.
•
RI3HTS O: THE BU,ER UNDER RA +**2 WITH LESS THAN 2 ,EARS O: INSTALLMENTS8 •
•
I6 %e %a! 0ai, #e!! t%an t7& ?8 ear! &6 in!ta##$ent!) %e !ti## %a! t%e ri(%t t& 0a 7it%in a (ra*e 0eri&, &6 n&t #e!! t%an !it ? ,a! 6r&$ t%e ,ate t%e in!ta##$ent /e*a$e ,-e. I6 t%e /-er 6ai#! t& 0a t%e in!ta##$ent ,-e at t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e (ra*e 0eri&,) i.e. ,a!) t%e !e##er $a *an*e# t%e *&ntra*t a6ter = ,a! 6r&$ re*ei0t / t%e /-er &6 t%e n&ti*e &6 *an*e##ati&n &r ,e$an, 6&r re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t / a n&taria# a*t.
•
Me$/er!%i0 in a *&n,&$ini-$ *&r0&rati&n) re(ar,#e!! 7%et%er !t&*1 &r n&n!t&*1) !%a## n&t /e tran!6era/#e !e0arate# 6r&$ t%e *&n,&$ini-$ -nit &6 7%i*% it i! an a00-rtenan*e.
•
N& *&n,&$ini-$ &7nerK! *&0 &6 t%e *erti6i*ate &6 tit#e !%a##) !-/!e2-ent t& t%e &ri(ina# *&n+ean*e) /e re(i!tere, -n#e!! a**&$0anie, / a *erti6i*ate &6 t%e $ana(e$ent /&, &6 t%e 0r&e*t t%at !-*% *&n+ean*e i! in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e ,e*#arati&n &6 re!tri*ti&n! &6 !-*% 0r&e*t.
END O: DISCUSSION ON TOPIC P- THE CONDOMINIUM ACT ================================
Here t%e /-er i! n&t entit#e, t& an re6-n,
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1) $&
H- SUCCESSION
&6 t%e in%eritan*e eit%er / 7i## &r / &0erati&n &n #a7 ?Art. >98
=================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS I- 3enera% Pr$.isi$ns =Ars- ??)>?0; A- De&inii$n/a is ransmied =Ars- ??)5 ??+5 ?1; B- Wen s!ccessi$n $cc!rs =Ar???; C- inds $& s!ccess$rs8 eirs5 de.isees5 %e'aees =Ar- ?2; =================================
/. GEERA? ;R4'//4 SUCCESSION $&,e &6 a*2-i!iti&n / +irt-e &6 7%i*% t%e 0r&0ert) ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e in%eritan*e) &6 a 0er!&n are tran!$itte, t%r&-(% %i! ,eat% t& an&t%er &r &t%er! eit%er / %i! 7i## &r / &0erati&n &6 #a7. ?Art. >>@
INDS O: HEIRS 5. C$m!%s$r" t%&!e 7%& !-**ee, / 6&r*e &6 #a7 t& !&$e 0&rti&n &6 t%e in%eritan*e) in an a$&-nt 0re,eter$ine, / #a7) &6 7%i*% t%e *ann&t /e ,e0ri+e, / t%e te!tat&r) e*e0t / a +a#i, ,i!in%eritan*e 8. V$%!nar" $r Tesamenar" t%&!e 7%& are in!tit-te, / t%e te!tat&r in %i! 7i##) t& !-**ee, t& t%e 0&rti&n &6 t%e in%eritan*e &6 7%i*% t%e te!tat&r *an 6ree# ,i!0&!e =. Le'a% $r Inesae t%&!e 7%& !-**ee, t& t%e e!tate &6 t%e ,e*e ,ent 7%& ,ie! 7it%&-t a +a#i, 7i##) &r t& t%e 0&rti&n &6 !-*% e!tate n&t ,i!0&!e, &6 / 7i## ii.
INDS O: SUCCESSION ?Ba#ane
!e"isees or =egatees 0er!&n! t& 7%&$ (i6t! &6 rea# &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert are re!0e*ti+e# (i+en / +irt-e &6 a 7i## ?Art. >98
5. C$m!%s$r"W!-**e!!i&n t& t%e #e(iti$e ?t%i! 0re+ai#! &+er a## 1in,!
NOTE8 T%e ,i!tin*ti&n /et7een %eir! an, ,e+i!ee!#e(atee! are i$0&rtant in t%e!e *a!e!:
8. Tesamenar"W!-**e!!i&n / 7i## a. Preteriti&n =. InesaeW!-**e!!i&n in ,e6a-#t &6 a 7i## /. I$0er6e*t ,i!in%eritan*e @. Mi6edWn&t a ,i!tin*t 1in, rea##) /-t a *&$/inati&n &6 an t7& &r a## &6 t%e 6ir! t t%ree
*.
A6tera*2-ire, 0r&0ertie!
,. A**e0tan*e &r n&nre0-,iati&n !-**e!!i&na# ri(%t!
&6
ELEMENTS O: SUCCESSION II. Ca!sa% E%emen ?Art. >>>
I-
S!#4eci.e E%emen A. Deceden W 0er!&n 7%&!e 0r&0ert i! tran!$itte, t%r&-(% !-**e!!i&n ?Art. >>4
Dea $& e Pers$n H&7e+er) a 0er!&n $a /e 0re!-$e, ,ea, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 &0enin( %i! !-**e!!i&n ? see rules on presumpti"e death. In t%i! *a!e) !-**e!!i&n i! &n# &6 0r&+i!i&na#
B. S!ccess$rs
*%ara*ter /e*a-!e t%ere i! a#7a! t%e *%an*e t%at t%e a/!entee $a /e a#i+e.
i.
3eirs t%&!e 7%& are *a##e, t& t%e 7%&#e &r t& an a#i2-&t 0&rti&n
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
III. O#4eci.e E%emen ?Art. >>
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Ineriance i! t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 S-**e!!i&n it in*#-,e!: i.
Pr&0ert a n, ransmissi#%e ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n!
RI3HTS EFTIN3UISHED B, DEATH =NOT TRANSMISSIBLE; 5. S-00&rt 8. U!-6r-*t =. T%&!e ari!in( *&n!i,erati&n
6r&$
0er!&na#
@. Per!&na# ea!e$ent! 4. Partner!%i0 ri(%t! . A(en* >. Li6e Ann-it
ii.
Ei!tin( at t%e ime $& is dea
iii. AND t%&!e 7%i*% %a+e t%eret& t%e !-**e!!i&n!in*e ?Art. >95
accr!ed
&0enin(
&6
A&er>[email protected]!ired Pr$er" ?Art. >= 3ENERAL RULE8 Pr&0ert a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e 0eri&, /et7een t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## an, t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r i! NOT in*#-,e, a$&n( t%e RE3ARD $ 0r&0ert ,i!0&!e, &6 7it% LE3ACIES and DEVISEES5 n&t t& %eir!. EFCEPTION8 ;%en a *&ntrar intenti&n e0re!!# a00ear! in t%e 7i## S!ccessi$n disin'!ised &r$m Ineriance S!ccessi$n
Ineriance
it.
0er!&n7%&,ie,.
=================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS II- Tesamenar" S!ccessi$n A- Wi%%s =1; In 3enera% =a; De&inii$n and caracerisics =Ars- ?(>??; =2; Tesamenar" caaci" and inen =Ars- ?9+>0(; =a; A'e [email protected]!iremen =Ar- ?9?; =#; S$!ndness $& mind =Ars?9>01; =(; :$rm =a; R!%es '$.ernin' e &$rma% .a%idi" $& /i%%s =Ars- 1?5 1*> 1?5 19; =#; C$mm$n [email protected]!iremens =Ar0); =c; N$aria% /i%%s =d; H$%$'raic /i%%s =e; $in /i%%s =Ars- 1>19; =); C$dici%s =Ars- 2*>2+; =a; De&inii$n and &$rma% [email protected]!iremens =*; Inc$r$rae #" re&erence =Ar2?; =+; Re.$cai$n =Ars- 2>(); =a; inds =Ar- (0; =?; A%%$/ance and disa%%$/ance $& /i%%s =Ars- (>(9; =a; Pr$#ae [email protected]!iremen =Ar(; =#; 3r$!nds &$r den"in' r$#ae =Ar- (9; =================================
Re6er! / t& t%e #e(a# m$de 7%i*% in%eritan*e i! tran!$itte, t& t%e 0er!&n! entit#e, t&
Re6er! t& t%e !ni.ersa%i" &r entiret &6 t%e 0r&0ert) ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! &6 a
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1+ $&
//. :E:A9E:ARF CCE/4
iii.
Deter$inati&n &6 7%et%er &r n&t t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n i! t& /e &0erati+e
A- WILLS CONCEPT O: A WILL ?Art. >9=
/.
A*t! 7%i*% $a /e entr-!te, t& t% ir, 0er!&n! ?Arti*#e >9>"
5. It i! an a*t" 8. ;%ere/ a 0er!&n i! permitted"
i.
Di!tri/-ti&n &6 !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert &r !-$! &6 $&ne t%at %e $a #ea+e in (enera# t& !0e*i6ie, *#a!!e! &r *a-!e!" an,
ii.
De!i(nati&n &6 t%e 0er!&n!) in!tit-ti&n! &r e!ta/#i!%$ent! t& 7%i*% !-*% 0r&0ert &r !-$! are t& /e (i+en &r a00#ie,.
=. ;it% t%e formalities 0re!*ri/e, / #a7" @. T& control t& a *ertain ,e(ree" 4. %e disposition &6 %i! e!tate" . T& ta1e e66e*t after %i! ,eat%.
INDS O: WILLS8 5. N$aria% an &r,inar &r atte!te, 7i## 8. H$%$'raic a %an,7ritten 7i##
=. FREE AN D VOLUNTARY ACT W an +i*e a66e*tin( te!ta$entar 6ree,&$ *an *a-!e t%e ,i!a##&7an*e &6 t%e 7i##
COMMON REUISITES BETWEEN THE TWO WILLS8 5. M-!t /e in 7ritin( an,
@. FORMAL AND SOLEMN ACT W t%e 6&r$a#itie! are e!!entia# 6&r +a#i,it
8. In a #an(-a(e &r ,ia#e*t 1n&7n t& t%e te!tat&r
4. ACT MORTIS CAUSA ?Art. >9=W ta1e! e66e*t &n# a6ter t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r
CHARACTERISTICS O: A WILL8 5. UNILATERAL W ,&e! n&t ne e, t%e a00 r&+a# &6 an &t%er 0er!&n ?i$0#ie, in Art. >9=
8. STRICTLY PERSONAL ACT ?Art. >[email protected]>94 a.
A*t! 7%i*% $a n&t /e #e6t t& t%e ,i!*reti&n &6 t%ir, 0er!&n! ?Art!. >94 an, >9>: i.
ii.
D-rati&n &r e66i*a* &6 t%e ,e!i(nati&n &6 %eir!) ,e+i!ee! &r #e(atee!" Deter$inati&n & 6 t %e 0&rti&n! 7%i*% t%e are t& ta1e) 7%en re6erre, t& / na$e" an,
. AMBULATORY AND REVOCABLE ,-rin( t%e te!tat&rK! #i6eti$e >. INDIVIDUAL ACT W t7& &r $&r e 0er!&n! *ann&t $a1e a !in(#e joint will) eit%er 6&r t%eir re*i0r&*a# /ene6it &r 6&r an&t%er 0er!&n. H&7e+er) !e0arate &r in,i+i,-a## ee*-te, 7i##!) a#t%&-(% *&ntainin( re*i0r&*a# 0r&+i!i&n! ?mutual wills are n&t 0r&%i/ite,) !-/e*t t& t%e r-#e! &n disposicion captatoria.
9. Ee*-te, 7it% ANIMUS TESTANDI
. Ee*-te, 7it% TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY
5. DISPOSITIVE OF PROPERTY
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 1? $&
55. STATUTORY
INTERPRETATION O: WILLS ?Art. >99>@ Un,er#in( Prin*i0#e: Te!ta* i! a#7a! 0re6erre, t& inte!ta*) /e*a-!e t%e 6&r$er i! t%e e0re!! 7i## &6 t%e ,e*e,ent 7%erea! t%e #atter i! &n# %i! i$0#ie, 7i##. 5. Anim!s Tesandi T%e te!t at&rK! intent ?animus testandi*& a! 7e## a! (i+in( e66e*t t& !-*% intent i! 0ri$&r,ia#.
EFCEPT: 7%en t%e intenti&n &6 t%e te!tat&r i! *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#! &r 0-/#i* 0&#i*. 8. In *a!e &6 ,&-/t) t%e inter0retati&n / 7%i*% t%e ,i!0&!iti&n i! t& /e &0erati+e &r 7i## !-!tain an, -0%&#, t%e 7i## in a## it! 0art! !%a## /e a,&0te,) 0r&+i,e, t%at it *an /e ,&ne *&n!i!tent# 7it% t%e e!ta/#i!%e, r-#e! &6 #a7.
,i!0&!e, &6. EFCEPT8 ;%en a *&ntrar intenti&n e0re!!# a00ear! &n t%e 7i##.
NOTE8 T%i! r-#e a00#ie! &n# t& #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!ee! an, n&t t& in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir! NOTE8 T%e +a#i,it &6 a 7i## a! t& it! 6&r$ ,e0en,! -0&n t%e &/!er+an*e &6 the law at the TI#E it was #A!E ?Art. >4 TESTAMENTAR, CAPACIT,Wt%e a/i#it a! 7e## a! t%e 0&7er t& $a1e a 7i## ?$-!t /e 0re!ent at t%e TIME &6 EECUTION: 5. A## 0er!&n! 7%& are n&t e 0re!!# 0r&%i/ite, / #a7 ?Art. > 8. 59 ear! &#, an, a/&+e ?Art. >> =. O6 !&-n, $in,) at t%e ti $e &6 it ! ee*-ti&n ?Art. >9" A te!tat&r i! *&n!i,ere, &6 !&-n, $in, i6 %e 1n&7! at t%e ti$e &6 $a1in( &6 t%e 7i## t%e 6&##&7in(:
a% %!ur &6 t%e e!tate t& /e ,i!0&!e, &6 =. Am#i'!iies in Wi%%s Intrin!i* &r etrin!i* e+i,en*e $a /e -!e, t& a!*ertain t%e te!tat&ria# intent &6 t%e te!tat&r.
b% Pr&0er ojc!s &6 %i! /&-nt c%
EFCEPT8 T%e &ra# ,e*#arati&n! &6 t%e te!tat&r a! t& %i! intenti&n! $-!t /e e*#-,e, /e*a-!e !-*% te!ti$&n 7&-#, /e %ear!a. INDS O: AMBI3UITIES ?Art. >9 I.
Laen $r Inrinsic Am#i'!iies W t%&!e 7%i*% ,& n&t a00ear &n t%e 6a*e &6 t%e 7i## an, i! ,i!*&+ere, &n# / etrin!i* e+i,en*e
II.
Paen $r E6rinsic Am#i'!iies W t%&!e 7%i*% a00ear &n t%e 6a*e &6 t%e 7i## it!e#6
@. A&er [email protected]!ired Pr$er" Pr&0ert a*2-ire, ,-rin( t%e 0eri&, /et7een t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## an, t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r i! NOT in*#-,e, a$&n( t%e 0r&0ert
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
C"%r%c!r &6 t%e te!ta$entar a*t ?Art. >
LE3AL PRESUMPTION IN :AVOR SOUNDNESS O: MIND ?Art. 98
O:
3enera% R!%e8 T%e #a7 0re!-$e! t%at e+er 0er!&n i! &6 !&-n, $in,) in t%e a/!en*e &6 0r&&6 t& t%e *&ntrar. Excp!ions8
5. ;%en t%e te!tat&r) &ne $&nt% &r #e!! /e6&re t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i##) 7a! PUBLICLY 'NO;N t& /e INSANE ?Art. 9" 8. ;%en t%e te!tat&r ee*-te, t%e 7i## a6ter /ein( 0#a*e, -n,er (-ar,ian!%i0 T$rres and L$eJ de B!en$ .s- L$eJ5 K) Pi%- ??2 &r &r,ere, *&$$itte,) in eit%er *a!e) 6&r in!anit ?-n,er R-#e! = an, 55)
Pa'e 1 $&
re!0e*ti+e# &6 t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt) an, /e6&re !ai, &r,er %a! /een #i6te,. •
S-0er+enin( *a0a*it &r in*a0a*it ,&e! n&t in+a#i,ate an e66e*ti+e 7i##) n&r i! t%e 7i## &6 an in*a0a/#e +a#i,ate, / !-0er+enin( *a0a*it ?Art. 95.
:ORMS O: WILL COMMON :ORMALITIES8 5. E+er 7i## $-!t /e in ;RITING" an, 8. Ee*-te, in a LANGUAGE &r DIALECT 'NO;N t& t%e TESTATOR ?Art. 9@
SPECIAL :ORMALITIES8 I.
NOTARIAL WILL a +a#i, n&taria# 7i##: ?Art. 94
•
C. Ea*% an, e+er 0a(e) e*e0t t%e #a!t) $-!t /e !i(ne, / t%e te!tat&r &r / t%e 0er!&n re2-e!te, / %i$ t& 7rite %i! na$e) an, / t%e in!tr-$enta# 7itne!!e! &6 t%e 7i##) &n t%e #e6t $ar(in. Si(nat-re! &n t%e #e6t $ar(in &n ea*% an, e+er 0a(e NOT REUIRED : i.
In t%e #a!t 0a(e) 7%en t%e 7i## *&n!i!t! &6 t7& &r $&re 0a(e!"
ii.
;%en t% e 7i## *& n!i!t! &6 &n # &n e 0a(e"
iii.
;%en t%e 7i## *&n!i!t! &6 t7& 0a(e!) t%e 6ir!t *&n!i!t! &6 a## t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n an, i! !i(ne, at t%e /&tt&$ / t%e te!tat&r an, t%e 7itn e!!e! an, t%e !e*&n, *&ntain! &n# t%e atte!tati&n *#a-!e ,-# !i(ne, at t%e /&tt&$ / t%e 7itne!!e!.
A. S-/!*ri/e, at t%e en, / t% e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 &r / t%e te!tat&rK! na$e 7ritten / !&$e &t%er 0er!&n in %i! 0re!en*e) an, / %i! e0re!! ,ire*ti&n ;"6sic%l n- 7%ere t%e 7ritin( !t&0! ?oic%l n- 7%ere t%e #a!t te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n en,!
B. Atte!te, !-/!*ri/e, / t%r ee &r $&r e *re,i/#e 7itne!!e! in t%e 0re!en*e &6 t%e te!tat&r an, &6 &ne an&t%er •
Manda$r" Par8 T%e !i(nin( &n e+er 0a(e in t%e 7itne!!e!K 0re!en*e NOTE8 Te!t &6 0re!en*e i! n&t 7%et%er t%e a*t-a## !a7 ea*% &t%er !i(n) /-t 7%et%er t%e $i(%t %a+e !een ea*% &t%er !i(n %a, t%e *%&!en t& ,& !& *&n!i,erin( t%eir $enta# an, 0%!i*a# *&n,iti&n an, 0&!iti&n 7it% re#ati&n t& ea*% &t%er at t%e $&$ent &6 in!*ri0ti&n &6 ea*% !i(nat-re.
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Direc$r" Par8 T%e 0#a*e &6 t%e !i(nat-re) i.e. t%e #e6t $ar(in" t%e !i(nat-re *an /e a66ie, an7%ere &n t%e 0a(e.
NOTE8 A !tat-te re2-irin( a 7i## t& /e !i(ne, i! !ati!6ie, i6 t%e !i(nat-re i! $a,e / t%e te!tat&r! $ar1. A t%-$/$ar1 i! !-6 6i*ient !i(nat-re. Pa"ad .- T$%enin$5 K+2 Pi% )+ B-t a $ere !i(n &6 t%e *r&!! *ann&t /e a**e0te, a! it ,&e! n&t %a+e t%e tr-!t7&rt%ine!! &6 a t%-$/$ar1 3arcia .- Lac!esa5 K90 Pi% )9 D. Ea*% an, e+er 0a(e &6 t%e 7i## $-!t /e n-$/ere, *&rre#ati+e# in #etter! 0#a*e, &n t%e -00er 0art &6 ea*% 0a(e.
•
Manda$r" Par8 Pa(inati&n $ean! &6 a *&n+enti&na# !!te$.
•
Direc$r" Par8 T%e 0a(inati&n in letters on the upper part &6 ea*%
/
0a(e E. It $-!t *&ntain an atte!tati&n *#a-!e) !tatin( t%e 6&##&7in(:
Pa'e 19 $&
a. T%e n-$/er &6 0 a(e! -!e, -0&n 7%i*% t%e 7i## i! 7ritten /. T%e 6a*t t%at t%e te !tat&r !i(ne, t%e 7i## an, e+er 0a(e) &r *a-!e, !&$e &t%er 0er!&n t& 7rite %i! na$e) -n,er %i! e0re!! ,ire*ti&n) in t%e 0re!en*e &6 t%e in!tr-$enta# 7itne!!e! *. A## t%e in!tr-$enta# 7itne!!e! 7itne!!e, an, !i(ne, t%e 7i## an, a## it! 0a(e! in t%e 0re!en*e &6 t%e te!tat&r an, &6 &ne an&t%er
F. It $-!t /e a*1n&7#e,(e, /e6&re a n&tar 0-/#i* / t%e te!tat&r an, t%e 7itne!!e! ?Art. 9
•
T%e n&tar 0-/#i* *ann&t /e *&-nte, a! &ne &6 t%e atte!tin( 7itne!!e!. Cr!J .Vi%%as$r5 K*) SCRA (1
atte!tati&n *#a-!e at t%e en, &r #a!t 0a(e &6 t%e 7i##
•
T%e atte!tati&n *#a-!e nee, n&t /e 7ritten in a #an(-a(e &r ,ia#e*t 1n&7n t& t%e te!tat&r n&r t& t%e 7itne!!e! !in*e it ,&e! n&t 6&r$ 0art &6 t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n
•
T%e atte!tati&n *#a-!e nee, &n# /e !i(ne, / t%e 7itne!!e! an, n&t / t%e te!tat&r a! it i! a ,e*#arati&n $a,e / t%e 7itne!!e!.
RULE ON SUBSTANTIAL COMPLIANC E ?ART. 9 5. In t%e a/!en*e &6
ATTESTATION .- SUBSCRIPTION Aesai$n An a*t &6 7itne!!in( ee*-ti&n &6 7i## / te!tat&r &r,er t& !ee,&ne an, ta1e n&te $enta## t%&!e int%in(! are 7%i*% t%e !tat-te re2-ire! 6&r t%e ee*-ti&n &6 a 7i## an, t%at t%e !i(nat-re &6 t%e te!tat&r ei!t! a! a 6a*t
!i,e $ar(in &6 e+er 0a(e &6 t%e 7i##
o
/a, 6ait%
o
6&r(er
o
6ra-,
o
-n,-e an, i$0r&0er 0re!!-re an, in6#-en*e
8. De6e*t! an, i$0er6e*ti&n!
S!#scrii$n $an-a# a*t &6 in!tr-$enta# 7itne!!e! in a66iin( t%eir !i(nat-re t& t%e in!tr-$ent
o
in t%e 6&r$ &6 atte!tati&n &r in t%e #an(-a(e -!e, t%erein
=. S%a## n&t ren,er t%e 7i## in+a#i,
ATTESTATION
SUBSCRIPTION
5. a*t &6 t%e !en!e!
5. a*t &6 t%e %an,
8. $enta# a*t
8. $e*%ani*a# a*t
=. P-r0&!e i! t& ren,er a+ai#a/#e 0r&&6 ,-rin( t%e 0r&/ate t%at !-*% 7i## %a, /een ee*-te,
=. P-r0&!e i! 6&r i,enti6i*ati&n
in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e 6&r$a#itie! 0re!*ri/e, / #a7 @. F&-n, a6ter t%e
@. I6 it i! 0r &+e, t% at t% e 7i## 7a ! in 6a*t ee*-te, an, atte!te, in !-/!tantia# *&$0#ian*e 7it% a## t%e re2-ire$ent! &6 Arti*#e 94.
•
De6e*t! an, i$0er6e*ti&n! *an /e !-00#ie, / an ea$inati&n &6 t%e 7i## it!e#6. Caneda .- CA K222 SCRA ?1
ADDITIONAL REUISITES :OR VALIDIT, @. F&-n, at t%e #e6t
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 190 $&
a. I&
,i!0&!iti&n! 0re*e,in( it) 7%ate+er /e t%e ti$e &6 0ri&r ,i!0&!iti&n!
e Tesa$r #e Dea& $r Dea&>M!e8 i.
Te!tat&r $-!t 0er!&na## rea, t%e 7i##) i6 a/#e t& ,& !&"
ii.
Ot%er7i!e) %e !%a## ,e!i(nate t7& 0er!&n! t& rea, it an, *&$$-ni*ate t& %i$) in !&$e 0ra*ti*a/#e $anner) it! *&ntent! ?Art 9>
•
A %&#&(ra0%i* 7i## i! !-/e*t t& n& &t%er 6&r$) an, $a /e $a,e in &r &-t &6 t%e P%i#i00ine!) an, nee, n&t /e 7itne!!e,. ?Art 95
ELEMENTS O: A CODICIL =ART- 2*;
5. It i! a !-00#e$entar &r a,,iti&n t& a 7i## /. I& e Tesa$r #e B%ind8 T%e 7i## !%a## /e rea, t& t%e te!tat&r t7i*e i.
On*e / &ne 7itne!!e!
&6
t%e
!-/!*ri/in(
ii.
On*e / t%e n&tar 0-/#i* /e6&re 7%&$ t%e 7i## i! a*1n&7#e,(e, ?Art 99
NOTE8 Arti*#e! 9> an, 99 are manda$r") 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% eit%er 7&-#, re!-#t in n-##it an, ,enia# &6 0r&/ate. •
II.
T%e ina,+ertent 6ai#-re &6 &ne 7itne!! t& a66i %i! !i(nat-re t& &ne 0a(e &6 t%e &ri(ina# 7i## ,-e t& t%e !i$-#tane&-! #i6tin( &6 t7& 0a(e! in t%e *&-r!e &6 !i(nin( i! n&t 0er !e !-66i*ient t& -!ti6 ,enia# &6 0r&/ate 7%en t%e ,-0#i*ate 7i## !%&7! !-*% !i(nat-re!. Icasian$ .- Icasian$5 K11 SCRA )22
HOLO3RAPHIC WILL a %&#&(ra0%i* 7i## i! +a#i, i6 it i!: A.
Entire# 7ritten) ,ate,) an, !i(ne, / t%e %an, &6 t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6
B.
Di!0&!iti&n! &6 t%e te!tat&r 7ritten /e#&7 %i! !i(nat-re $-!t /e daed an, si'ned / %i$ in &r,er t& +a#i,ate t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n!. Art (')*
EFCEPT8 In *a!e &6 ,i!0&!iti&n! a00earin( in a %&#&(ra0%i* 7i## 7%i*% are !i(ne, 7it%&-t /ein( ,ate,) 7%ere t%e #a!t ,i!0&!iti&n %a! a !i(nat-re an, a ,ate) !-*% ,ate +a#i,ate! t%e
8. Ma,e a6ter t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## =. Annee, t& /e ta1en a! a 0art t%ere&6 @. B 7%i*% an ,i!0&!iti&n in t%e &r i(ina# 7i## $a /e e0#aine,) a,,e, t& &r a#tere,
REUISITES :OR INCORPORATION RE:ERENCE ?Art. 98>
5. t%e ,&*-$ent &r 0a0er re6erre, t& in t% e 7i## $-!t /e in ei !ten*e at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## 8. t%e 7i## $-! t *#ear# ,e!*ri/e an, i,enti6 t%e !a$e) !tatin( a$&n( &t%er t%in(! t%e n-$/er &6 0a(e! t%ere&6 =. it $-!t /e i,enti6ie, / *#ear an, !ati!6a*t&r 0r&&6 a! t%e ,&*-$ent &r 0a0er re6erre, t& t%erein @. it $- !t /e !i( ne, / t% e te!tat&r an, t% e 7itne!!e! &n ea*% an, e+er 0a(e) e6ce in *a!e &6 +&#-$in&-! /&&1! &6 a**&-nt &r in+ent&rie!
NOTE8 T%e tet &6 Art) 98> !-((e!t! t%at %&#&(ra0%i* 7i##! *ann&t in*&r0&rate ,&*-$ent! / re6 eren*e. Para(ra0% @ re2-ire! t%e !i(nat-re! &6 t%e te!tat&r and witnesses &n e+er 0a(e &6 t%e in*&r0&rate, ,&*-$ent. It !ee$!) t%ere6&re) t%at &n# atte!te, 7i##! *an in*&r0&rate ,&*-$ent! / re6eren*e) !in*e &n# t%e!e are 7itne!!e, ?-n#e!! t%e te!tat&r %a! %i! %&#&(ra0%i* 7i## !-0er6#-&-!# 7itne!!e,
PROBATE O: HOLO3RAPHIC WILL
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
B,
Pa'e 191 $&
A.
T%ere $-!t /e at #ea!t &ne 7itne!!.
EFCEPTION: I& e /i%% is c$nesed ) at #ea!t t%ree &6 !-*% 7itne!!e! !%a## /e re2-ire, ?$ere# ,ire*t&r. In e a#sence $& s!c c$meen /iness an, i6 t%e *&-rt ,ee$! it ne*e!!ar) e0ert te!ti$&n $a /e re!&rte, t&. B.
;%& 1n&7! t%e %an,7ritin( an, !i(nat-re &6 t%e te!tat&r
C.
M-!t e 0#i*it# ,e*#are t%at t% e 7i ## an, t%e !i(nat-re are in t%e %an,7ritin( &6 t%e te!tat&r. ?Art 955
t%e re2-ire$ent t%at it $-!t /e 7%&## 7ritten / t%e te!tat&r
D. I6 t%e in!erti&n $a,e / a t%ir, 0er!&n i! $a,e *&nte$0&rane&-! t& t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i##) t%en t%e 7i## i! +&i, /e*a-!e it i! n&t 7ritten entire# / t%e te!tat&r
WHO MA, BE A WITNESS TO A WILL 0er!&n $a /e a 7itne!! 0r&+i,e, %e i!:
An
A. O6 !&-n, $in, B. O6 t%e a(e &6 59 ear! &r $&re C. N&t /#in,) ,ea6 &r ,-$/
NOTE: T%i! arti*#e a00#ie! &n# t& post mortem 0r&/ate! an, n&t t& ante mortem 0r&/ate! !in*e in !-*% *a!e! t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 6i#e! t%e 0etiti&n an, 7i## i,enti6 t%e ,&*-$ent %i$!e#6. •
in t%e 0r&/ ate &6 a %&#&(ra0%i* 7i##) t%e ,&*-$ent it!e#6 $-!t /e 0r&,-*e," a #&!t %&#&(ra0%i* 7i## *ann&t /e 0r&/ate,. 3an .- ,a5 K10) Pi% *09 E6cei$n8 ;%en *&0 &6 t%e 7i## i! 0r&,-*e, &r !-r+i+e! R$de%as .- AranJa5 K3-R- N$- L>**095 Decem#er ?5 192
INSERTION5 CANCELLATION5 ERASURE OR ALTERATION IN A HOLO3RAPHIC WILL A. I6 $a,e a6ter t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i##) /-t 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e te!tat&r) !-*% in!erti&n i! *&n!i,ere, a! n&t 7ritten /e*a-!e t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e 7i## *ann&t /e ,e6eate, / t%e $a#i*e &r *a0ri*e &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n
D. A/#e t& rea, an, 7rite E. D&$i*i#e, in t%e P%i#i00ine! F. Ha+e n&t /een *&n+i*te, &6 6a#!i6i*ati&n &6 a ,&*-$ent) 0er-r &r 6a#!e te!ti$&n
LAWS 3OVERNIN3 VALIDIT, O: A WILL 1- :ORMAL VALIDIT, FORMAL VALIDITY
FILIPINO
EECUTED IN PHILIPPINES
?a CC &6 P%i#i00ine!
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
?aCC &6 t%e P%i#i00ine! ?/La7 &6 Hi! C&-ntr
FOREIGN COUNTRY
B. I6 t%e in!erti&n a6ter t%e e e*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## 7a! 7it% t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e te!tat&r) t%e 7i## re$ain! +a#i, /-t t%e in!erti&n i! +&i,. C. I6 t%e in!erti&n a6ter t%e ee*-ti&n i! +a#i,ate, / t%e te!tat&r / %i! !i(nat-re t%ere&n t%en t%e in!erti&n /e*&$e! 0art &6 t%e 7i##) an,) t%e entire 7i## /e*&$e! +&i,) /e*a-!e &6 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it%
ALIEN
?a CC &6 P%i#i00ine!
?a CC &6 P%i#i00ine!
?/ La7 7%ere Ma,e
?/ La7 &6 %i! C&-ntr ?* La7 &6 C&-ntr 7%ere %e re!i,e!
CC Ci+i# C&,e
2- SUBSTANTIVE VALIDIT,
Pa'e 192 $&
ASPECTS O: THE WILL 3OVERNED B, NATIONAL LAW O: THE DECEDENT8
a. ,e*ree &6 # e(a# !e0arati&n /. 0reteriti&n
A- Or,er &6 !-**e!!i&n *.
B- Ca0a*it t& !-**ee, C- A$&-nt &6 !-**e!!i&na# ri(%t!
D- Intrin!i* +a#i,it
#e(a* &r *re ,it a(ain!t t%ir, 0er !&n &r re$i!!i&n &6 ,e/t 7a! 0r&+i,e, in 7i## an, !-/!e2-ent#) te!tat&r /rin(! a*ti&n a(ain!t ,e/t&r
,. !-/!tantia# tran!6&r$ati&n &6 !0e*i6i* t%in( /e2-eat%e,
VALIDIT, O: OINT WILLS •
T7& &r $&re 0er!&n! *ann&t $a1e a 7i## &int#) &r in t%e !a$e in!tr-$ent) eit%er 6&r t%eir re*i0r&*a# /ene6it &r 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n.
NOTE: $in /i%%s ee*-te, / Fi#i0in&! in a 6&rei(n *&-ntr !%a## n$ /e +a# i, in t%e P%i#i00ine!) e+en t%&-(% a-t%&rie, / t%e #a7! &6 t%e *&-ntr 7%ere t%e $a %a+e /een ee*-te,. AMENDMENT5 REVOCATION AND REPUBLICATION O: WILLS
e. 7%en %ei r) ,e+ i!ee &r #e(atee *&$$it! an &6 t%e a*t! &6 -n7&rt%ine!!
8. B t%e ee*-ti&n &6 a 7i##) *&,i*i# &r &t%er 7ritin( ee*-te, a! 0r&+i,e, in *a!e &6 7i##! a.
EFPRESS ;%en t%ere i! a re+&*at&r *#a-!e e0re!!# re+&1in( t%e 0re+i&-! 7i## &r a 0art t%ere&6
/.
IMPLIED ;%en t%e 0r&+i!i&n! t%ere&6 are 0artia## &r entire# in*&n!i!tent 7it% t%&!e &6 t%e 0re+i&-! 7i##!
AMENDMENT O: WILLS 5- N$aria% &n# t%r&-(% a *&,i*i# 8. H$%$'raic in t%ree 7a! A.
B.
C.
Di!0&!iti&n! $a /e a,,e, /e#&7 t%e !i(nat-re) PROVIDED t%at !ai, ,i!0&!iti&n! are a#!& ,ate, an, !i(ne,) an, e+ert%in( i! 7ritten / t%e %an, &6 t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 Certain ,i!0&!iti&n! &r a,,iti&na# $atter $a /e !-00re!!e, &r in!erte, PROVIDED t%at !ai, *an*e##ati&n i! !i(ne, / t%e te!tat&r an, 7ritten / t%e %an, &6 t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 T%r&-(% a * &,i*i# 7 %i*% $a eit%er /e n&taria# &r %&#&(ra0%i*
REVOCATION O: WILLS 5. B &0erati&n &6 #a 7 in!tan*e! &6 re+ &*ati&n / &0erati&n &6 #a7:
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
=. B /-rnin() tearin() *an*e#in() &r &/#iteratin( t%e 7i## 7it% t%e intenti&n &6 re+&1in( it) / t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6) &r / !&$e &t%er 0er!&n in %i! 0re!en*e) an, / %i! e0re!! ,ire*ti&n.
REUISITES: a.
Te!ta$entar *a0a*it at t%e ti$e &6 0er6&r$in( t%e a*t &6 ,e!tr-*ti&n"
/.
Intent t& re+&1e ? animus re"ocandi*H
*.
A*t-a# 0%!i*a# a*t &6 ,e!tr-*ti&n"
,.
C&$0#eti&n &6 t% e !- /e*ti+e 0%a!e" AND
e.
Per6&r$e, / t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 &r / !&$e &t%er 0er!&n in %i! 0re!en*e an, e0re!! ,ire*ti&n ?T%e #i!t i! NOT e*#-!i+e.
Pa'e 19( $&
DOCTRINE $& PRESUMED REVOCATION8 •
•
;%ere t%e 7i## *ann&t /e 6&-n, 6&##&7in( t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r an, it i! !%&7n t%at it 7a! in t%e te!tat&r! 0&!!e!!i&n 7%en #a!t !een) t%e 0re!-$0ti&n i! t%at %e $-!t %a+e ,e!tr&e, it 7it% animus re"ocandi.
•
D$mici% e
P%i#i00ine La7
N$n D$mici% e
?a ;%ere 7i## 7a! $a,e ?/;%ere DOMICILED at ti$e &6 re+&*ati&n
;%ere t%e 7i## *ann&t /e 6&-n, 6&##&7in( t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r an, it i! !%&7n t%at t%e te!tat&r %a, rea, a**e!! t& it) t%e 0re!-$0ti&n i! t%at %e $-!t %a+e ,e!tr&e, it 7it% animus re"ocandi.
•
OUTSIDE PHILIPPIN ES
;%ere it i! !%&7n t%at t%e 7i## 7a! in t%e *-!t&, &6 t%e te!tat&r a6ter it! ee*-ti&n) an, !-/!e2-ent#) it 7a! 6&-n, a$&n( t%e te!tat&r! e66e*t! a6ter %i! ,eat% in !-*% a !tate &6 $-ti#ati&n) *an*e##ati&n) &r &/#iterati&n) a! re0re!ent! a !-66i*ient a*t &6 re+&*ati&n 7it%in t%e $eanin( &6 t%e a00#i*a/#e !tat-te) it 7i## /e 0re!-$e,) in t%e a/!en*e &6 e+i,en*e t& t%e *&ntrar) t%at !-*% a*t 7a! 0er6&$e, / t%e te!tat&r 7it% animus re"ocandi.
REVOCATION BASED ILLE3AL CAUSE •
ON
A
:ALSE
OR
Re+&*ati&n /a!e, &n a 6a#!e &r i##e(a# *a-!e i! n-## an, +&i,.
REUISITES:
•
a. T%e *a-!e $-!t /e *&n*rete) 6a*t-a# an, n&t 0-re# !-/e*ti+e /. It $-!t /e 6a#!e *.
T%e te!tat&r $-!t n&t 1n&7 &6 it! 6a#!it
,. It $-!t a0 0ear 6r&$ t%e 7i## t%at t% e te!tat&r i! re+&1in( /e*a-!e &6 t%e *a-!e 7%i*% i! 6a#!e.
Ar!. 832 A re+&*ati&n $a,e in a !-/!e2-ent 7i## !%a## ta1e e66e*t) e+en i6 t%e ne7 7i## !%&-#, /e*&$e in&0erati+e / rea!&n &6 t%e in*a0a*it &6 t%e %eir!) ,e+i!ee! &r #e(atee! ,e!i(nate, t%erein) &r / t%eir ren-n*iati&n.
EFCEPTION: D&*trine &6 De0en,ent Re#ati+e Re+&*ati&n 7%en t%e te!tat&r 0r&+i,e! in t%e !-/!e2-ent 7i## t%at t%e re+&*ati&n &6 t%e 0ri&r &ne i! ,e0en,ent &n t%e *a0a*it &r a**e0tan*e &6 t%e %eir!) ,e+i!ee!) &r #e(atee! in!tit-te, in t%e !-/!e2-ent 7i##. ? M$%$ .5 M$%$5 K90 Pi% (?;
•
Ar!. 83+. T%e re*&(niti&n &6 an i##e(iti$ate *%i#, ,&e! n&t #&!e it! #e(a# e66e*t) e+en t%&-(% t%e 7i## 7%erein it 7a! $a,e !%&-#, /e re+&1e,.
•
Ar!. 837. I6 a6ter $a1in( a 7i##) t%e te!tat&r $a1e! a !e*&n, 7i## e0re!!# re+&1in( t%e 6ir!t) t%e re+&*ati&n &6 t%e !e*&n, 7i## ,&e! n&t re+i+e t%e 6ir!t 7i##) 7%i*% *an /e re+i+e, &n# / an&t%er 7i## &r *&,i*i#.
LAWS WHICH 3OVERN REVOCATION •
LAW :OR REVOCATION IN PHILIPPINES
LAW :ACTS DEMONSTRATIN3 ART (? P%i#i00ine La7
Pi%iine La/
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
• •
In 594) ee*-te, ;i## 5 In 59>) ee*-te, ;i## 8) e0re!!# re+&1in( ;i## 5
Pa'e 19) $&
• In
5. A !0e*ia# 0r&*ee,in( re2-ire, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 e!ta/#i!%in( t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e 7i##.
5) ee*-te, ;i## =) re+&1in( ;i## 5
CONCLUSION ON THE :ACTS
8. Pr&/ate &6 a 7i## i! manda$r"
•
T%e Re+&*ati&n &6 ;i## 8 / ;i## = ,&e! n&t re+i+e ;i## 5
•
T%i! ,e$&n!trate! t%e t%e&r &6 insan re.$cai$n /e*a-!e t%e re+&*at&r e66e*t &6 t%e !e*&n, 7i## i! i$$e,iate -0&n t%e 6ir!t
=. T%e 0r&/ate *&-rt *an &n# in2-ire int& t%e etrin!i* +a#i,it &6 te!ta$entar 0r&+i!i&n!) 7%i*% in*#-,e t%e 6&##&7in(: a. T%at t% e te!tat&r 7a ! &6 !& -n, an, ,i!0&!in( $in,
7i##
/. T%at %i! *&n!ent 7a! n&t +itiate, *.
NOTE8 T%i! arti*#e &n# a00#ie! 7%ere t%e re+&*ati&n &6 t%e 6ir!t 7i## / t%e !e*&n, 7i## i! e6ress.
REPUBLICATION AND REVIVAL O: WILLS •
I6 t%e te!tat&r 7i!%e! t& re0-/#i!% a 7i## t%at i! +&i, a! t& 6&r$ ) t%e &n# 7a t& re0-/#i!% it i! t& ee*-te a !-/!e2-ent 7i## an, re0r&,-*e it
T%at t%e 7i## 7a! !i(ne, / t%e re2-ire, n-$/er &6 7itne!!
,. T%at t%e 7i## i! (en-ine
EFCEPTION8 T%e 0r&/ate *&-rt $a 0a!! -0&n t%e intrin!i* +a#i,it &6 t%e 7i## 7%en it! 0r&/ate $i(%t /e*&$e an i,#e *ere$&n i6 &n t%e 7i##K! 6a*e it a00ear! t& /e intrin!i*a## +&i,. N!'!id .- N!'!id5 K1? SCRA ))9 INDS O: PROBATE 5. P$s>M$rem ,eat%
•
T%e te!tat&r nee, &n# ee*-te a !-/!e2-ent 7i## &r *&,i*i# re6errin( t& t%e 0re+i&-! 7i## i6 t%e te!tat&r 7i!%e! t& re0-/#i!% a 7i## t%at i! eit%er: a.
/.
V&i, 6&r rea!&n&t%er t%an a 6&r$a# ,e6e*t Pre+i&-!#re+&1e,
REPUBLICATION
R E VI VAL
8. Ane>M$rem ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e
:INAL DECREE O: PROBATE •
On*e a ,e*ree &6 0r&/ate /e*&$e! 6ina# in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e r-#e! &6 0r&*e,-re it /e*&$e! 1es udicata
•
It i! *&n*#-!i+e a! t& t%e ,-e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## ?etrin!i* +a#i,it &n#
DISALLOWANCE O: WILL > (r&-n,! 6&r ,i!a##&7an*e &6 a 7i##:
re+&1e,
5. I6 t%e 6& r$a#itie! re2-ire, / #a7 %a+ e n&t /een *&$0#ie, 7it%"
Ta1e! 0#a*e &0erati&n &6 #a7
C&rre*t! etrin!i* an, etrin!i* ,e6e*t!
Re!t&re! 7i##
ALLOWANCE AND DISALLOWANCE O: WILLS I-
t%e te!tat&rK!
/
Ta1e! 0#a*e / an a*t &6 t%e te!tat&r
a
a6ter
II.
8. I6 t%e te !tat&r 7a! in! ane) &r &t%er7i!e $enta## in*a0a/#e &6 $a1in( a 7i##) at t%e ti$e &6 it! ee*-ti&n"
PROBATE O: A WILL
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 19* $&
=. I6 it 7a! ee*-te, t%r&-(% 6&r*e &r -n,er ,-re!!) &r t%e in6#-en*e &6 6ear) &r t%reat!" @. I6 it 7a! 0r&*-re, / -n,-e an, i$0r&0er 0re!!-re an, in6# -en*e) &n t%e 0art &6 t%e /ene6i*iar &r &6 !&$e &t%er 0er!&n" 4. I6 t%e !i(nat-re &6 t%e te!tat&r 7a! 0r&*-re, / 6ra-," . I6 t%e te!tat&r a*te, / $i! ta1e &r ,i , n&t inten, t%at t%e in!tr-$ent !%&-#, /e %i! 7i## at t%e ti$e &6 a66iin( %i! !i(nat-re t%eret&.?Art 9=
REVOCATION
DISALLOWANCE
V&#-ntar a*t &6 t%e te!tat&r
Gi+en ,e*ree
/
;it% &r 7it%&-t *a-!e
A#7a! *a-!e
Ma /e 0artia# &r t&ta#
A#7a! t&ta# ECEPT 7%en t%e (r&-n, &6 6ra-, &r in6#-en*e 6&r ea$0#e a66e*t! &n# *ertain 0&rti&n! &6 t%e 7i##
6&r
-,i*ia#
a
#e(a#
B- INSTITUTION O: HEIRS INSTITUTION O: HEIR 5. It i! an a*t / +i rt-e &6 7%i *% a te!tat&r ,e!i(nate! in %i! 7i## 8. T%e 0er!&n &r 0er !&n! 7%& are t& !-* *ee, %i$ in %i! 0r&0ert an, tran!$i!!i/#e =. Ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n!
/.
Manda$r" i,entit &6 t%e %eir $-!t /e e!ta/#i!%e,) &t%er7i!e +&i, ,i!0&!iti&n) -n#e!! %i! i,entit /e*&$e! *ertain.
NOTE: I6 t%ere i! a$/i(-it in t%e ,e!i(nati&n) t%e ,e!i(nati&n $-!t /e re!&#+e, / ,i!*ernin( t%e te!tat&rK! intent. I6 t%e a$/i(-it *ann&t /e re!&#+e,) inte!ta* t& t%at 0&rti&n re!-#t!. 8. ;i## !0e *i6i*a## a!!i(n! t& !-* % 0er!&n an in*%&ate !%are in t%e e!tate. =. T%e 0er!&n !& na$e, %a! *a0a*it t& !-**ee, @. T%e 7i## i! 6&r$a## +a#i, 4. N& +i*e &6 *&n!ent i! 0re!ent . N& 0reteriti&n re!-#t! 6r&$ t%e e66e*t &6 !-*% 7i##
THREE PRINCIPLES IN THE INSTITUTION O: HEIRS 5. E2-a#it %eir! 7%& are in !tit-te, 7it%&-t a ,e!i(nati&n &6 !%are! in%erit in e2-a# 0art! 8. In,i+i,-a#it %eir! *&##e*ti+e# in!tit-te, are ,ee$e, in,i+i,-a## na$e, -n#e!! a *&ntrar intent i! 0r&+en =. Si$-#taneit 7%en !e+era# %eir! are in!tit-te,) t%e are in!tit-te, !i$-#tane&-!# an, n&t !-**e!!i+e#
RULES ON A PERSONS RI3HT TO DISPOSE O: HIS ESTATE 5. I6 &ne %a! n& *&$0-#!&r %eir!:
REUISITES :OR A VALID INSTITUTION O: HEIR
a. He *an (i +e %i ! e!tate t& an 0e r!&n 2-a#i6ie, t& in%erit -n,er %i$
5. De!i(nati&n in 7i## &6 0er!&n! t& !-**ee,
/. H&7e+er) %e $-!t re!0e*t re!tri*ti&n! i$0&!e, / !0e*ia# #a7!
a.
Direc$r" ,e!i(nati&n &6 na$e an, !-rna$e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
8. I6 &ne %a! *&$0-#!&r %eir!:
Pa'e 19+ $&
ELEMENTS O: PRETERITION
a.
He *an (i+e &n# t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 0&rti&n t& !tran(er!
/.
Le(iti$e!&6*&$0-#!&r %eir! $-!t /e re!0e*te,
REUISITES :OR THE INSTITUTION O: HEIRS8
ANNULMENT
O:
5. Ca-!e &6 in!tit-ti&n &6 t%e %eir! $-!t /e !tate, in 7i## 8. Ca-!e $-!t /e !%&7n t& /e 6a#!e =. It a00ear! 6r&$ t%e 6a *e &6 t% e 7i## t%at t%e te!tat&r 7&-#, n&t %a+e $a,e t%e in!tit-ti&n %a, %e 1n&7n t%e 6a#!it &6 t%e *a-!e.
RULES ON INSTITUTION O: ALIUOT SHARE LESS THAN OR IN EFCESS O: THE WHOLE ESTATE8 5.
Inte!ta* Re!-#t! i6 a. t%e %eir in! tit-te! an a#i 2-&t 0&r ti&n &6 t%e e!tate /. t& &n# &ne %eir I6 t%e %eir in!tit-te! !e+era# %eir! t& an a#i2-&t 0art &6 t%e
8. Ea*% %eirK! !%are !%a## /e 0r&0&rti&na## in*rea!e,: a. T%ere are $&re t%an &ne in!tit-te, %eir /. T%e te!tat&r inten,e, t%e %eir! t& in%erit t%e 7%&#e e!tate *. T%e a#i2-&t 0art! &6 ea*% !%are ,& n&t *&+er t%e 7%&#e in%eritan*e =.
Ea*% %ei rK! !%are !%a## /e 0r& 0&rti&na## ,e*rea!e,: a. T%ere are $&re t%an &ne in!tit-te, %eir /. T%e te!tat&r inten,e, t%e %eir! t& in%erit t%e 7%&#e e!tate *. T%e a#i2-&t 0art! &6 ea*% !% are e*ee, t%e 7%&#e in%eritan*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
5. T%ere $-!t /e an &$i !!i&n &6 &ne ) !&$e &r a## &6 t%e %eir! in t%e 7i## 8. T%e &$i!!i&n $-!t COMPULSORY HEIR
/e
t%at
&6
a
=. C&$0-#!&r %eir &$itte, $-!t /e &6 t%e DIRECT LINE @. T%e &$itte, *&$0-#!&r %eir $-!t /e LIVING at t%e ti$e &6 te!tat&rK! ,eat% &r $-!t at #ea!t %a+e /een CONCEIVED /e6&re t%e te!tat&rK! ,eat% 4. T%e &$i!!i&n $-!t /e *&$0#ete an, t&ta# in *%ara*ter. : T%ere i! n& &$i!!i&n i6 a.
A,e+i!e&r#e(a*%a! /een (i+en t& t%e %eir
/.
A ,&nati&n inter +i+&! %a! /een 0re+i&-!# (i+en t& t%e %eir
*.
Ant%in( i! #e6t 6r&$ t%e in%eritan*e 7%i*% t%e %eir $a (et / 7a &6 inte!ta*
E::ECTS O: PRETERITION8 5. T%e in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir i! ann-##e, 8. De+i!e! an, #e(a*ie! !%a# # re$ain +a# i, a! #&n( a! t%e are n&t in&66i*i&-! =. I6 t%e &$i tte, *&$ 0-#!&r %eir !%& -#, ,ie /e6&re t%e te!tat&r) t%e in!tit-ti&n !%a## /e e66e*t-a#) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& t%e ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n
DISTIN3UISH PRETERITION :ROM DISINHERITANCE PRETERITION
DISINHERITANCE
De0ri+ati&n &6 a *&$0-#!&r %eir &6 %i!
De0ri+ati&n *&$0-#!&r
&6 &6
#e(iti$e i! ta*it
#e(iti$e i! e0re!!
Pa'e 19? $&
t%e %i!
Ma /e +&#-ntar /-t t%e #a7 0re!-$e! t%at it i! in+&#-ntar
A#7a! +&#-ntar
La7 0re!-$e! t%at t%ere %a! /een $ere# an &+er!i(%t &r $i!ta1e &n t%e 0art &6 t%e te!tat&r
D&ne 7it% a #e(a# *a-!e
O$itte, %eir (et! n&t &n# %i! #e(iti$e /-t
I6 ,i!in%eritan*e i! -n#a76-#) *&$0-#!&r
a#!& %i! !%are in t%e 6ree 0&rti&n n&t ,i!0&!e, &6 / 7a &6 #e(a*ie! &r ,e+i!e!
%eir i! $ere# re!t&re, t& %i! #e(iti$e
t%an &ne !-/!tit-te) t%e !%a## %a+e t%e !a$e !%are in t%e !-/!tit-ti&n a! in t%e in!tit-ti&n @. :ideic$mmissar" S!#si!i$n i6 t%e te!tat&r in!tit-te! an %eir 7it% an &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er t& an&t%er t%e 0r&0ert !& in%erite,. T%e %eir in! tit-te, t& !-* % *&n,iti&n i! *a##e, t%e 6ir!t %eir &r 6i,-*iar %eir) t%e &ne t& re*ei+e t%e 0r&0ert i! t%e 6i,ei*&$$i!!ar &r !e*&n, %eir
REUISITES :OR SUBSTITUTION8
A
:IDEICOMMISSAR,
5. A 6i,-*iar &r 6ir!t %e ir in!tit-te, entr-!te, 7it% t%e ,-a# &/#i(ati&n t& 0re!er+e an, t& tran!$it t& a 6i,ei*&$$i!!ar !-/!tit-te &r !e*&n, %eir t%e 7%&#e &r 0art &6 t%e in%eritan*e
C- SUBSTITUTION O: HEIRS CLASSES O: SUBSTITUTION
8. S-*% !-/ !tit-ti&n $-!t n&t (& /e&n, &ne ,e(ree 6r&$ t%e %eir &ri(ina## in!tit-te,
5. V!%'ar $r Sim%e t%e te!tat&r $a ,e!i(nate &ne &r $&re 0er!&n! t& !-/!tit-te t%e %eir &r %eir! in!tit-te, in *a!e !-*% %eir &r %eir! !%&-#,:
=. T%e 6i,-*iar &r 6ir!t %eir an, t%e !e*&n, %eir are #i+in( an, 2-a#i6ie, t& !-**ee, at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r
a. ,ie /e6&re %i$ ?PREDECEASE /. !%&-#, n&t 7i!%) ?RENOUNCE &r *. !%&-#, /e in*a0a*itate, t& a**e0t t%e in%eritan*e ?INCAPACITATED •
Resriced sim%e s!#si!i$n> T%e te!tat&r $a #i$it t%e &0erati&n &6 !i$0#e !-/!tit-ti&n / !0e*i6in( &n# &ne &r t7& &6 t%e t%ree *a-!e!.
8. Brie& $r C$mendi$!s t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! $a /e !-/!tit-te, 6&r &ne" an, &ne 0er!&n 6&r t7& &r $&re %eir! =. Recir$ca% i6 %eir! in!tit-te, in -ne2-a# !%are! !%&-#, /e re*i0r&*a## !-/!tit-te,) t%e !-/!tit-te !%a## a*2-ire t%e !%are &6 t%e %eir 7%& ,ie!) ren&-n*e!) &r in*a0a*itate,) -n#e!! it *#ear# a00ear! t%at t%e intenti&n &6 t%e te!tat&r 7a! &t%er7i!e. I6 t%ere are $&re
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
@. T%e 6i,ei*&$$i!!ar !-/!tit-ti&n $-!t /e e0re!!# $a,e 4. T%e 6i,ei*&$$i!!ar !-/!tit-ti&n i! i$0&!e, &n t%e 6ree 0&rti&n &6 t%e e!tate an, ne+er &n t%e #e(iti$e
NOTE8 Pen,in( t%e tran!$i!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert) t%e 6i,-*iar i! entit#e, t& a## t%e ri(%t! &6 a -!-6r-*t-ar a#t%&-(% t%e 6i,ei*&$$i!!ar i! entit#e, t& a## t%e ri(%t! &6 a na1e, &7ner.
D- CONDITIONAL TESTAMENTAR, DISPOSITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS WITH A TERM TESTAMENTAR, DISPOSITIONS 5. C$ndii$n 6-t-re &r -n*ertain e+ent) &r a 0a!t e+ent -n1n&7n t& t%e 0artie!) -0&n
Pa'e 19 $&
7%i*% t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 an &/#i(ati&n ,e0en,! 8. Term t%e ,a &r ti$e 7%en an &/#i(ati&n eit%er /e*&$e! ,e$an,a/#e &r ter$inate! =. M$da% Insi!i$n t%e !tate$ent &6 t%e in!tit-ti&n" a00#i*ati&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert #e6t / t%e te!tat&r &r t%e *%ar(e i$0&!e, &n %i$
Caa$riaScri!ra @. Dis$sici$n Caa$ria *&n,iti&n t%at t%e %eir !%a## $a1e !&$e 0r&+i!i&n in %i! 7i## &6 t%e te!tat&r &r &6 an &t%er 0er!&n ?0r&%i/ite, /e*a-!e it 7i## $a1e t%e $a1in( &6 t%e 7i## a *&ntra*t-a# a*t
a#rea, an %eir" &ne 7%& *&n,iti&na## i! n&t et an %eir.
RULES ON POTESTATIVE5 CASUAL AND MIFED CONDITIONS 1-
POTESTATIVE
P$sii.e P$esai.e C$ndii$n8 3enera% R!%e $-!t /e 6-#6i##e, a! !&&n a! t%e %eir #earn! &6 t%e te!tat&rK! ,eat% EFCEPTION a.
t%e * &n,iti&n 7a! a#rea, *&$0#ie, 7it% at t%e ti$e t%e %eir #earn! &6 t%e te!tat&rK! ,eat%
/.
t%e * &n,iti&n i ! & 6 ! -*% nat-re t%at it *ann&t /e 6-#6i##e, a(ain
4. Ca!sa% C$ndii$n *&n,iti&n -! *a!-a# i6 it ,e0en,! -0&n *%an*e an,&r -0&n t%e 7i## &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n . Mi6ed C$ndii$n It i! $ie, i6 it ,e0en,! /&t% 0art# -0&n t%e 7i## &6 t%e %eir %i$!e#6 an, -0&n *%an*e an,&r t%e 7i## &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n
Ne'ai.e P$esai.e C$ndii$n8 •
>. P$esai.e C$ndii$n &ne t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 7%i*% ,e0en,! 0-re# &n %eir 9. S!sensi.e
erm
&ne
t%at
Heir $-!t (i+e !e*-rit t& (-arantee t%e ret-rn &6 t%e +a#-e &6 0r&0ert) 6r-it!) an, intere!t!) in *a!e! &6 *&ntra+enti&n
$ere#
!-!0en,! t%e ,e$an,a/i#it &6 a ri(%t. It i! !-re t& %a00en . Ca!ci$n M!ciana /&n, &r !e*-rit t%at !%&-#, /e (i+en in 6a+&r &6 t%&!e 7%& 7&-#, (et t%e 0r&0ert i6 t%e *&n,iti&n n&t /e *&$0#ie, 7it%
INTERPRETATION •
;%en in ,&-/t 7%et%er t%ere i! a *&n,iti&n &r $ere# a $&,e) *&n!i,er t%e !a$e a! $&,e
•
;%en in ,&-/t a! t& 7%et%er t%ere i! a $&,e &r $ere# a !-((e!ti&n) *&n!i,er !a$e &n# a! a !-((e!ti&n
•
in%erit!
T%e *&n,iti&n !-!0en,! /-t ,&e! n&t &/#i(ate) t%e $&,e &/#i(ate! /-t ,&e! n&t !-!0en,! ?6&r %e 7%& in%erit! 7it% a $&,e i!
2-
CASUAL OR MIFED
P$sii.e •
3ENERAL RULE $a /e 6-#6i##e, at an &t%er ti$e ?/e6&re te!tat&rK! ,eat%) -n#e!! te!tat&r 0r&+i,e! &t%er7i!e.
•
I6 ALREAD, :UL:ILLED at t% e ti$e &6 ee*-ti&n &6 t%e 7i## ii.
I6 t e!tat&r - na7are & 6 6 a*t & 6 6-#6i##$ent ,ee$e, 6-#6i##e,
iii.
I6 te!tat&r a7are t%ere&6 i.
I6 it *an n& #&n(er /e 6-#6i##e, a(ain deemed &!%&i%%ed
ii.
I6 it *an /e 6-#6i##e, a(ain m!s #e &!%&i%%ed a'ain
C&n!tr-*ti+e C&$0#ian*e
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
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• T %e 0&rti&n &6 t%e ,e*e,entK! e!tate re!er+e, / #a7 i! *a##e, t%e %e'iime.
a. i6 *a!-a# n&t a00#i*a/#e /. i6 $ie, i. I6 ,e0en,ent 0art# &n *%a n*e n&t a00#i*a/#e
•
ii. I6 ,e0 en,ent 0ar t# &n 7i# # &6 t%i r, 0art
CLASSES O: COMPULSOR, HEIRS
5. i6 = r, 0art a%ica#%e
intere!te,
8. i6 = r, 0art n&t inte re!te, n$ a%ica#%e
E::ECTS O: SUSPENSIVE CONDITION OR TERM
T%e %eir! 6&r 7%&$ t%e #a7 re!er+e! !-*% 0&rti&n are *a##e, c$m!%s$r" eirs.
5. Primar" t%&!e 7%& %a+e 0re*e,en*e &+er an, e*#-,e &t%er *&$0-#!&r %eir! •
8. Sec$ndar" t%&!e 7%& !-**ee, &n# in t%e a/!en*e &6 t%e 0ri$ar %eir! •
T%e e!tate !%a## /e 0#a*e, -n,er a,$ini!trati&n -nti# 5. *&n,iti&n i! 6-#6i##e, 8. -nti# it /e* &$e! *ertain *&n,iti&n 7i## ne+er /e 6-#6i##e, =. -nti# arri+a# &6 t%e ter$
CONDITIONS PROHIBITIN3 MARRIA3E 5. I6 a 6ir!t $arria(e i! 0r&%i/ite, *&n,iti&n *&n!i,ere, a#7a! a! n&t i$0&!e, 8. I6 a !-/!e2-ent $ar ria(e i! 0r& %i/ite, a! i$0&!e, / t%e ,e*ea!e, !0&-!e &r / %i!%er a!*en,ant! &r ,e!*en,ant! +a#i, =. i6 a !-/!e2-ent $ar ria(e i! 0r& %i/ite, an, i$0&!e, / an&ne e#!e *&n!i,ere, n&t 7ritten
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant! ?#e(iti$ate) 7it% re!0e*t t& t%eir #e(iti$ate 0arent! an, a!*en,ant!
Le(iti$ate 0arent! an, a!*en,ant! ?#e(iti$ate) 7it% re!0e*t t& t%eir #e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant!
=. C$nc!rrin' t%&!e 7%& !-**ee, t&(et%er 7it% t%e 0ri$ar &r t%e !e*&n,ar *&$0-#!&r %eir! •
;i,&7 &r 7i,&7er ?#e(iti$ate t%e !-r+i+in( !0&-!e re6erre, t& i! t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e ,e*e,ent.
NOTE: a. Mere e!tran(e$ent i! n&t a (r&-n, 6&r t%e ,i!2-a#i6i*ati&n &6 t%e !-r+i+in( !0&-!e a! %eir /. E66e*t &6 ,e*ree &6 #e(a# !e0arati&n: i. On t%e &66en,in( !0&-!e [email protected]!a%i&ied ii.On t%e inn&*ent !0&-!e n$ e&&ec *. Deat% &6 eit%er !0&-!e ,-rin( t%e 0en,en* &6 a 0etiti&n 6&r #e(a# !e0arati&n dismissa% $& e case • I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant! ?#e(iti$ate &r i##e(iti$ate
E- LE3ITIMES
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 200 $&
Tesa$r is a Le'iimae Pers$n
Tesa$r is an I%%e'iimae Pers$n
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant!
In ,e6a-#t &6 t%e 6&re(&in() #e(iti$ate 0arent! an, a!*en,ant!
I##e(iti$ate 0arent! an, a!*en,ant!
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e
In ,e6a-#t &6 t%e 6&re(&in() i##e(iti$ate 0arent! &n#
I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e
3ENERAL LE3ITIMES
IN
1-
RULES
ASCERTAININ3
Direc descendin' %ine
/. Te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! $a,e / t %e 0re,e*e!!&r t& t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir) -n#e!! t%e te!tat&r 0r&+i,e! t%at it !%&-#, /e *&n!i,ere, 0art &6 t%e #e(iti$e.
STEPS IN DETERMININ3 THE LE3ITIME O: COMPULSOR, HEIRS8 5. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e (r&!! +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r" 8. Deter$inati&n &6 a## ,e/t! an, *%ar(e! 7%i*% are *%ar(ea/#e a(ain!t t%e e!tate" =. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e net +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate / ,e,-*tin( a## t%e ,e/t! an, *%ar(e, 6r&$ t%e (r&!! +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate" @. C&##ati&n &r a,,iti&n &6 t%e +a#-e &6 a## ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! t& t%e net +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate" 4. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e a$ &-nt &6 t%e #e( iti$e 6r&$ t%e t&ta# t%-! 6&-n,"
a. R-#e &6 0re6eren*e /et7een #ine! /. R-#e &6 0r&i$it *.
2-
Ri(%t 0re!entati&n ad infinitum &r in *a!e &6 &6 re 0re,e*ea!e) in*a0a*it ,i!in%eritan*e
Direc ascendin' %ine a. R-#e &6 ,i+i!i&n / #ine /. R-#e &6 e2-a# ,i+i!i&n
(-
N$n>imairmen $& %e'iime a. An *&$0-#!&r %eir 7%& 7a! (i+en tit#e #e!! t%an %i! #e(iti$e $a ,e$an, t%at t%e !a$e /e *&$0#ete, ?Art
. I$0-tati&n &6 a## t%e +a#-e &6 a## ,&n ati&n! inter +i+&! $a,e t& *&$0-#!&r %eir! a(ain!t t%eir #e(iti$e! an, &6 t%e +a#-e &6 a## ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! $a,e t& !tran(er! a(ain!t t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n an, re!t&rati&n t& t%e %ere,itar e!tate i6 t%e ,&nati&n i! in&66i*i&-!. >. I6 #e(iti$e i! i$0aire,) re,-*ti&n! !%a## /e $a,e:
a. I6 t%e 0re ,e*e!!&r (a+ e t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir a ,&nati&n inter +i+&! an, 0r&+i,e, t%at it 7a! n&t *%ar(e, a(ain!t t%e #e(iti$e ?Art 58
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
6&##&7in(
a. irst) re,-*e 0r&rata n&n0re6erre, #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!e!) an, t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n!. /. /econd) re,-*e 0r& rata t%e 0re6erre, #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!e! *.
EFCEPTIONS8
t%e
Third) re,-*e t%e ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! a**&r,in( t& t%e in+er!e &r,er &6 t%eir ,ate!
9. Di!tri/-ti&n &6 t%e re!i,-e &6 t%e e!t ate in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e 7i## &6 t%e te!tat&r.
Pa'e 201 $&
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 202 $&
SHARES O: COMPULSOR, HEIRS
H E IR
LE3ITIME
:REEPORTION
LE3ITIMATECHILDRENDESCENDANTS
12
12
LE3IMITATEPARENTSASCENDANTS
12
12
1 =ONE; LE3ITIMATE
CHILDREN 12
1)
CHILDRENDESCENDANT SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE >1) SPOUSE LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =LC; SPOUSE
CHILDREN 12 SPOUSE EUAL TO SHARE
WHAT REMAINS
O: 1 =ONE; LC LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =LC;
LC >12
ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =ILC;
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCENDANT SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
ILC 12 O: SHARE O: 1 =ONE;
WHAT REMAINS =I:
LC
AN,;
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCENDANT 12 1) SPOUSE 1)
LE3IMITATE PARENTSASCENDANTS
LE3ITIMATE
ILLE3IMTATE CHILDREN
PARENTSASCENDANTS 12 1) ILLE3IMITATE CHILDREN 1)
ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE ILC 1(
1(
SPOUSE 1( LE3IMIATE CHILDRENDESCENDANTS5 SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN
LC 12
WHATEVER REMAINS
SPOUSE EUAL TO 1 =ONE; LC ILC 12 O: SHARE O: ONE =1; LC
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
Pa'e 20( $&
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCENDANTS5
LE3IMIATE
SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE5 ILLE3ITIMATE
PARENTSASCENDANTS 12
1 ESTATE
CHILDREN SPOUSE 1 ILC 1) SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
3ENERALL,
12
ARTICULO
12
1(
2(
MORTIS
ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN ONL, ILLE3ITIMATP EARENTS ILLE3ITIMATE PARENTS SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
CIVIL LAW REVIEWER )01
12 12 ILLE3ITIMATE PARENTS 1)
12 12 12
SPOUSE 1)
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RESERVA TRONCAL RESERVA TRONCAL: T%e re!er+ati&n / +irt-e &6 7%i*% an a!*en,ant 7%& in%erit! 6r&$ %i! ,e!*en,ant an 0r&0ert 7%i*% t%e #atter $a %a+e a*2-ire, / (rat-it&-! tit#e 6r&$ an&t%er a!*en,ant &r a /r&t%er &r !i!ter) i! &/#i(e, t& re!er+e t%e 0r&0ert 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 re#ati+e 7it%in t%e =r, ,e(ree an, 7%& /e#&n( 6r&$ t%e !a$e #ine 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e 0r&0ert *a$e 6r&$. • It *&n!tit-te! a! an e*e0ti&n t& /&t% t%e !!te$ &6 #e(iti$e an, t%e &r,er &6 inte!tate
5.
ORI3INATOR t%e a!*en,ant) /r&t%er &r !i!ter 6r&$ 7%&$ t%e 0r&0&!it-! %a, a*2-ire, t%e 0r&0ert / (rat-it&-! tit#e
8.
PROPOSITUS T%e ,e!*en,ant 7%& ,ie, an, 6r&$ 7%&!e ,eat% t%e re!er+i!ta! in t-rn %a, a*2-ire, t%e 0r&0ert / &0erati&n &6 #a7. T%e !&*a##e, ARBITER OF THE FATE OF THE RESERVA TRONCAL. NOTE8 Pre0&!it-! *an ter$inate t%e re!er+a /: a. S-/!tit-tin( &r a#ienatin( t%e 0r&0ert /. B /e2 -eat%in( &r ,e+ i!in( it eit%er t& t%e 0&tentia# re!er+i!ta &r t& &t%er t%ir, 0er!&n *. B 0artiti&nin( it an, a!!i(nin( t%e 0r&0ert t& 0artie! &t%er t%an t%e re!er+i!ta
!-**e!!i&n.
PURPOSE O: RESERVA TRONCAL8 5. T& re!er+e *ertain 0r&0ertie! in 6a+&r &6 *ertain 0er!&n!" 8. T& 0re+ent 0er!&n &-t!i,e a 6a$i# 6r&$ a*2-irin() / !&$e *%an*e &r a**i,ent) 0r&0ert 7%i*% &t%er7i!e 7&-#, %a+e re$aine, 7it% t%e !ai, 6a$i#" =. T& $aintain a !e0arati&n /et7een 0aterna# an, $aterna# #ine!.
=.
RESERVISTA T%e a!*en,ant) n&t /e#&n(in( t& t%e #ine 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e 0r&0ert *a$e t%at i! t%e &n# *&$0-#!&r %eir an, i! &/#i(e, t& re!er+e t%e 0r&0ert. ?J-!ti*e Vit-(K! Vie7 NOTE8 T&#entin& i! &6 t%e +ie7 t%at e+en i6 t%e re!er+i!ta an, t%e &ri(inat&r /e#&n( t& t%e !a$e #ine) t%ere i! !ti## an &/#i(ati&n t& re!er+e.
@.
RESERVATARIOS T%e re#ati+e &6 t%e 0r&0&!it-! 7it%in t%e = r, ,e(ree an, 7%& /e#&n( t& t%e #ine 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e 0r&0ert *a$e an, 6&r 7%&!e /ene6it re!er+a ti&n i! *&n!tit-te,. T%e $-!t /e re#ate, / /#&&, n&t &n# t& t%e 0r&0&!it-! /-t a#!& t& t%e &ri(inat&r.
REUISITES O: RESERVA TRONCAL 5. T%e 0r&0ert !%&-#, %a+e /een a*2-ire, / $erai$n $& %a/ / an a!*en,ant ?RESERVISTA 6r&$ %i! ,e!*en,ant ?PROPOSITUS -0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e #atter. NOTE8 / &0erati&n &6 #a7 i! #i$ite, t& !-**e!!i&n) eit%er / #e(iti$e &r inte!ta* 8.
T%e 0r&0ert !%&-#, %a+e /een 0re+i&-!# a*2-ire, / 'ra!i$!s i%e / t%e 0r&0&!it-! 6r&$ an&t%er a!*en,an t &r 6r&$ a /r&t%er &r !i!ter ?ORIGINATOR -
NOTE: (rat-it&-! en*&$0a!!e! tran!$i!!i&n! / ,&nati&n) re$i!!i&n) an, te!tate &r inte!tate !-**e!!i&n. =.
T%e 0r&0&!it-! !%&-#, %a+e ,ie, 7 it%&-t an #e(iti$ate i!!-e in t%e ,ire*t ,e!*en,in( #ine 7%& *&-#, in%erit 6r&$ %i$. • A## re#ati&n!%i0! $-!t /e #e(iti$ate. Nie.a .- A%ca%a5 K)1 Pi% )9*
@. T%at t%ere are re#ati+e! 7it%in t%e t%ir, ,e(ree /e#&n(in( t& t%e #ine 6r&$ 7%i*% !ai, 0r&0ert *a$e.
PERSONAL ELEMENTS
NOTE8 T%e Ci+i# C&,e ,i, n&t 0r&+i,e 6&r t%e r-#e! &n %&7 t%e re!er+atari&! 7&-#, !-**ee, t& t%e re!er+i!ta. H&7e+er) t%e 6&##&7in( r-#e! &n inte!ta* %a+e /een *&n!i!tent# a00#ie,: a. R-#e & 6 0 re6eren*e / et7een t %e #ine! /. R-#e &60r&i$it *. Ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n 0r&+i,e, t%at t%e re0re!entati+e i! a re#ati+e 7it%in t%e = r, ,e(ree) an, t%at %e /e#&n(! t& t%e #ine 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e re!er+a/#e 0r&0ert *a$e
,.
6-## / #&&,,&-/#e ! %are r -#e i n Arti*#e 5
•
T%e re!er+i!ta %a, n& 0&7er t& a00&int) / 7i##) 7%i*% re!er+atari&! 7ere t& (et t%e re!er+e, 0r&0ert. 3$nJa%es .- C:I5 K10) Pi% )?9
2 EVENTS TO BE CONSIDERED TO DETERMINE THE RI3HT O: THE RESERVATARIOS OVER THE RESERVABLE PROPERT, Dea $& Pr$$si!s a## 2-a#i6ie, re!er+atari& $ere# a*2-ire an in*%&ate ri(%t. T%e re!er+i!ta! &7n t%e 0r &0ert !-/e*t t& t%e re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n Dea $& Reser.isa !-r+i+in( 8. re!er+atari&! a*2-ire a 0er6e*t ri(%t. 5.
OBLI3ATIONS O: A RESERVISTA AND THE CORRESPONDIN3 RI3HTS O: THE RESERVATARIOS =A>I>S>A; 5. T& in.en$r" re!er+e, 0r&0ertie! 8. T& ann$ae t%e re!er+a/#e *%ara*ter ?i6 re(i!tere, i$$&+a/#e! in t%e Re(i!tr &6 Pr&0ert 7it%in ,a! 6r&$ a**e0tan*e / t%e re!er+i!ta =. T& araise t%e $&+a/#e! @. T& sec!re / $ean! &6 $&rt(a(e: 5. T%ein,e$nit6&ran ,eteri&rati&n &6 &r ,a$a(e t& t%e 0r&0ert &**a!i&ne, / t%e re!er+i!taK! fault or negligence) an, 8. T%e0a$ent&6t%e +a#-e &6 !-*% re!er+e, $&+a/#e! a! $a /e alienated / t%e re!er+i!ta &ner&-!# an, (rat-it&-!# =. A! re!tit-ti&n 6&r $&+a/#e! not alienated RI3HT O: THE RESERVISTA OVER THE RESERVABLE PROPERT, 5. T%e ri(%t &6 t%e re!er+i!ta &+er t% e re!er+e, 0r&0ert i! &ne &6 &7ner!%i0 8. T%e &7ner!%i0 i! !-/e*t t& a re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n =. T%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 i! a#iena/#e @. T%e ri(%t &6 &7ner!%i0 i! re(i!tra/#e
RI3HT O: THE RESERVASTARIOS OVER THE RESERVABLE PROPERT, 5. T%e re!er+atari&! %a+e a ri(%t &6 e0e*tan* &+er t%e 0r&0ert
8. T%e ri(%t i! !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n =. T%e ri(%t i! a#i ena/#e) /-t !-/e*t t& t%e !a$e !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n @. T%e ri(%t i! re(i!tra/#e
PROPERT, SUBECT TO RESERVATION8 3ENERAL RULE8 It $-!t /e t%e same r$er" 7%i*% t%e re!er+i!ta %a, a*2-ire, / &0erati&n &6 #a7 6r&$ t%e 0r&0&!it-! -0&n t%e #atterK! ,eat% an, 7%i*% t%e #atter) in t-rn %a, a*2-ire, / (rat-it&-! tit#e ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e 6r&$ an&t%er a!*en,ant) /r&t%er &r !i!ter. EFCEPTION8 S-/!tit-ti&n &6 t%e re!er+a/#e 0r&0ert t%r&-(% !na.$ida#%e necessi": 5. Pr&0ert i! consumable 8. =ost or destroyed t%r&-(% t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e re!er+i!ta =. !eteriorated t%r&-(% t%e !a$e *a-!e @. %a! It /een alienated Reser.a M a6ima M-*% &6 t%e 0&tentia## re!er+a/#e 0r&0ert a! 0&!!i/#e $-!t /e ,ee$e, in*#-,e, in t%e 0art t%at 0a!!e! / &0erati&n &6 #a7
Mai$ie! t%e !*&0e &6 re!er+e
Reser.a M inima E+er !in(#e 0r&0ert in t%e Pre0&!it-! e!tate $-!t /e ,ee$e, t& 0a!!) 0art# / 7i## an, 0art# / &0erati&n &6 #a7) in t%e !a$e 0r&0&rti&n t%at t%e 0art (i+en / 7i## /ear! t& t%e 0art n&t !& (i+en Mini$a 6in,! 7i,er a**e0tan*e %ere
EFTIN3UISHMENT O: RESERVA TRONCAL 5. T%e ,eat% &6 t%e Re!er+i!ta 8. T%e ,eat% &6 t%e a## t%e Re!er+at&ri&! =. ;ai+er &r ren-n*iati&n / a## Re!er+at&ri&!) 0r&+i,e, n&ne i! /&rn !-/!e2-ent# @. T&ta# 6&rt-it&-! #&!! &6 t%e re!er+e, 0r&0ert 4. C&n6-!i&n &r $er(er &6 ri(%t! . Pre!*ri0ti&n &r a,+er!e 0&!!e!!i&n IMPORTANT NOTES8 • A re!er+atari& $a ,i!0&!e &6 %i! e0e*tan* t& t%e re!er+a/#e 0r&0ert ,-rin( t%e 0en,en* &6 t%e re!er +a in it! -n*ertain an, *&n,iti&na# 6&r$. I6 %e ,ie! /e6&re t%e re!er+i!ta) %e %a! n&t tran!$itte,
•
•
ant%in() /-t i6 %e !-r+i+e! !-*% re!er+i!ta) t%e tran!$i!!i&n !%a## /e*&$e e66e*ti+e. A 7i## $a 0re+ent t%e *&n!tit-ti&n &6 a re!er+a. In te!tate !-**e!!i&n) &n# t%e #e(iti$e 0a!!e! / &0erati&n &6 #a7. T%e 0r&0&!it-! $a) / 7i##) &0t t& (i+e t%e #e(iti$e &6 %i! a!*en,ant 7it%&-t (i+in( t& t%e #atter 0r&0ertie! %e %a, a*2-ire, / (rat-it&-! tit#e 6r&$ an&t%er a!*en,ant) &r /r&t%er &r !i!ter. In !-*% *a!e) re!er+a tr&n*a# i! a+&i,e,. H&7er+er) i6 t%e a!*en,ant 7a! n&t
Re$e, i! t& ,e$an, 6&r *&$0#eti&n &6 #e(iti$e
,i!entit#e, 7i## t& $ini$a re*ei+e !-*% 0r&0ertie!) int%et%e re!er+a r-#e ?0r&0&rti&na# re!er+a !%&-#, /e 6&##&7e,. T%e r-#e %&#,! t%at a## 0r&0ertie! 0a!!in( t& t%e re!er+i!ta $-!t /e *&n!i,ere, a! 0a!!in( 0art# / &0erati&n &6 #a7 an, 0art# / 7i## &6 t%e 0r&0&!it-!. T%-!) &ne%a#6 &6 t%e 0r&0ertie! a*2-ire, / (rat-it&-! tit#e !%&-#, /e re!er+a/#e an, t%e &t%er %a#6 !%&-#, /e 6ree.
t%e te!tat&r ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e) an, n&t t& t%e *%ar(e! &r /-r,en! 7%i*% are *reate, / t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! 6&-n, in t%e 7i##" =. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e net +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate / ,e,-*tin( a## t%e ,e/t! an, *%ar(e! 6r&$ t%e (r&!! +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate" @. C&##ati&n &r a,,iti&n &6 t%e +a#-e &6 a## ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! t& t%e net +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate" 4. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e a$ &-nt &6 t%e #e( iti$e 6r&$ t%e t&ta# t%-! 6&-n," NOTE8 0r&*ee,! &6 an in!-ran*e 0&#i* 7%ere t%e /ene6i*iar i! a t%ir, 0er!&n &r e+en a *&$0-#!&r %eir /e#&n(! e*#-!i+e# t& t%e /ene6i*iar an, n&t t& t%e e!tate &6 t%e in!-re,. Hen*e) n&t !-/e*t t& *&##ati&n.
PRINCIPLE O: UNIMPAIRMENT O: THE LE3ITIME O: THE COMPULSOR, HEIR 5. 3enera% R!%e8 T%e te!tat&r *ann&t ,e0ri+e %i! *&$0-#!&r %eir! &6 t%eir #e(iti$e. E6cei$n8 +a#i, ,i!in%eritan*e 8. 3enera% R!%e8 He *ann&t i$0&!e -0&n t%e !a$e an /-r,en) en*-$/ran*e) *&n,iti&n)
•
&r !-/!tit-ti&n &6 an 1in, 7%at!&e+er. E6cei$n8 e0re!! 0r&%i/iti&n &6 t%e 0artiti&n &6 t%e e!tate 6&r a 0eri&, n&t e*ee,in( 8 ear!. Ren-n*iati&n &r *&$0r&$i!e a! re(ar,! 6-t-re #e(iti$e /et7een t%e 0er!&n &7in( it an, %i! *&$0-#!&r %eir i! .$idi.
ii.
T%eri(%t!&6t%e%eir! are $ere# in*%&ate /e*a-!e it i! &n# 0er6e*te, -0&n t%e te!tat&rK! ,eat%. Hen*e) t%ere i! !ti## n&t%in( t& ren&-n*e. N& *&ntra*t $a /e entere, int& 7it% re!0e*t t& 6-t-re in%eritan*e e*e0t in *a!e! e0re!!# a-t%&rie, / #a7.
E::ECTS O: INCOMPLETE LE3ITIME Inc$m%ee Le'iime Preerii$n Heir n&t entire# T&ta# &$i!!i&n &6 t%e 6&r(&tten %eir Le!! t%an t%e 0&rti&n T&ta# ,e0ri+ati&n &6 &6 t%e #e(iti$e #e(iti$e
E66e*t i! t%e t&ta# ann-#$ent &6 t%e in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir!
STEPS IN DETERMININ3 THE LE3ITIME O: COMPULSOR, HEIRS I: THERE ARE DONATIONS8 5. Deter$inati&n &6 t%e (r&!! +a#-e &6 t%e e!tate at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r" 8. Deter$inati&n &6 a## ,e/t! an, *%ar(e! 7%i*% are *%ar(ea/#e a(ain!t t%e e!tate t%i! re6er! t& t%e 0reei!tin( &/#i(ati&n! &6
. I$0-tati&n +a#-e &6 a## ,&nati&in! +i+&! $a,e&6 t&t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir! a(ain!t inter t%eir #e(iti$e an, &6 t%e +a#-e &6 a## ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! $a,e t& !tran(er! a(ain!t t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n an, re!t&rati&n t& t%e %ere,itar e!tate i6 t%e ,&nati&n i! in&66i*i&-!" an, >. Di!tri/-ti&n &6 t%e re!i,-e &6 t%e e!t ate in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e 7i## &6 t%e te!tat&r.
REDUCTION O: TESTAMENTAR, DISPOSITIONS AND DONATIONS T%e &r,er &6 0re6eren*e i! a! 6&##&7!: 5. Le(iti$e &6 *&$0-#!&r %eir! 8. D&nati&n inter +i+&! =. Pre6erentia# #e(a*ie! &r ,e+i!e! @. A## &t%er #e(a*ie! &r ,e+i!e! I6 a6ter !ati!6in( t%e #e(iti$e &6 t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir!) t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 0&rti&n i! !-66i*ient t& *&+er ,&nati&n! inter +i+&! /-t n&t t%e #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!e!) t%e r-#e i! t%at !-*% #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!e! 7i## /e re,-*e, 0r& rate) a6ter !ati!6in( t%&!e 0re6erentia# &ne!.
DISINHERITANCE CAUSES O: VACANC, IN SUCCESSION 5. Di!in%eritan*e T%e te!tat&r *reate! it %i$!e#6 8. Re0-,iati&n T%e % eir ,&e! !&$et%in( =. In*a0a*itPre,e*ea!e S&$et%in( %a00en! t& t%e %eir HOW VACANCIES ARE :ILLED 5. S-/!tit-ti&n 8. Re0re!entati&n =. A**reti&n DISINHERITANCE 5. Heir i! /ein( ,e0ri+e, &6 %i! #e(iti$e. 8. On# in *a!e! &6 te!tate !-**e!!i&n. NOTE8 C&-nter0art in inte!tate i! -n7&rt%ine!!. =. E+en i6 +a#i,# ,i!in%erite,) %eir *an !ti## /e +a#i,# re!t&re, in t%e #e(iti$e / RECONCILIATION. @. Re*&n*i#iati&n 7%en in !0ea1in( ter$! a(ain) n& 0arti*-#ar 6&r$ 4. In -n7&rt%ine!!) t%ere $-!t a 0ar,&n in 7ritin( t& re$&+e in*a0a*it t& in%erit. H&7e+er) it ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e in a 7i##. . I6 (r&-n,! 6&r ,i!in%eritan*e an, -n7&rt%ine!! are *&$$&n) re*&n*i#iati&n ,&e! n&t era!e t%e 6a*t t%at t%e %eir i! -n7&rt%. >. A! #&n ( a! t%e re i! re*&n*i#iati&n) it !%& -#, /e *&n!i,ere, t& %a+e re+&1e, t%e in%eritan*e a! 7e## a! t%e -n7&rt%ine!!. 9. Ine66e*ti+e ,i!in%eritan*e +. Preteriti&n REUIREMENTS :OR VAL I D DISINHERITANCE 5. E66e*te, &n# t%r&-(% a +a#i, 7i##" NOTE8 ;i## *&ntainin( ,i!in%eritan*e $-!t /e 0r&/ate,. 8. F&r a *a-!e e0re!!# !tate, / #a7" =. Ca-!e $-!t /e e0re!!# !tate in t%e 7i# # it!e#6" @. Ca-!e $-!t /e *ertain an, tr-e" 4. Un*&n,iti&na#" . T&ta#" AND >. T%e %eir ,i!in%erite, $-!t /e ,e! i(nate, in !-*% a $anner t%at t%ere *an /e n& ,&-/t a! t& %i! i,entit.
E::ECTS O: DISINHERITANCE 5. T&ta# e*#-!i&n &6 t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir in 6r&$ t%e in%eritan*e) 7%i*% in*#-,e! %i! #e(iti$e) %i! inte!tate 0&rti&n) an, an
te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n $a,e in a 0ri&r 7i##.
NOTE8 T%ere6&re) t%e %eir #&!e! %i! %e'iime- A! t& t%e &ree $ri$n) it 0a!!e! t%r&-(% S-/!tit-ti&n) A**reti&n) an, Inte!ta*. 8. T%e *%i#,ren &r ,e!*en,ant! &6 t%e 0er !&n ,i!in%erite, !%a## ta1e %i! &r %er 0#a*e an, !%a## 0re!er+e t%e ri(%t! &6 *&$0-#!&r %eir! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e #e(iti$e. NOTE8 T%e ,i!in%erite, %eir *an /e re0re!ente, in t%e #e(iti$e. a. On# in t%e ,e!*en,in( #ine) ne+er in t%e a!*en,in( /. In *&##atera# #ine) &n# 7it% re!0e*t t& ne0%e7! an, nie*e!. =. T%e ,i!in%erite, 0arent! !%a## n&t %a+e t% e -!-6r-*t &r a,$ini!trati&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert 7%i*% *&n!tit-te! t%e #e(iti$e.
3ROUNDS :OR DISINHERITANCE 3r$!nds &$r Disineriance C$mm$n T$ A%% C$m!%s$r" Heirs 1- Aem $n e %i& e $& es a$r5 s $!se5 ascendan5 descendan a. C&n+i*ti&n ne*e!!ar /. In * a!e & 6 ! 0&-!e) ( i+in( * a-!e 6 &r #e(a# !e0arati&n) n& *&n+i*ti&n nee,e, *. In*#-,e /&t% atte$0te, an, 6r-!trate,. ,. Atte$0t &n #i6e &6 re#ati+e!) $a /e *&n!-$$ate,. 2- Acc!sai$n $& a crime /i e na%" $& si6 "ears $r m$rea. Pena#t i$0&!a/#e) n&t a*t-a## i$0&!e,. /. Ma,e / t%e %eir in a 0r&*ee,in( a! a *&$0#ainant &r 7itne!! in a *ri$ina# *a!e. *. F&-n, t& /e (r&-n,#e!!) 6a#!e. ,. Gr&-n,#e!! *&-rt !% &-#, $a1e a 0&!iti+e 6in,in( t%at t%e te!tat&r %a! n&t *&$$itte, t%e *ri$e. It i! t%en 6a#!e. e. C%i!$i! n &t t%e &ne re6erre, %ere) it i! &-t!i,e *ri$ina# 0r&*ee,in(. (- Ind!ce esa$r $ ma
*.
It ,&e! n&t 0-ni!% t%e re!-#t /-t t%e inter6eren*e in t%e $a1in(*%an(in( &6 t%e 7i##. ,. ;i## ,i!in%eritan*e ?7i## $a1in( e. ;i## a$en,e, 7i## ,i!in%eritan*e ?7i## *%an(in( )- S!$r !n4! si&ia#%" n$ 'i.e na. M-!t 0r&+e &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e !-00&rt /. S0&-!e!: $-t-a# &/#i(ati&n t& (i+e !-00&rt *. Rea!&n $-!t /e -n-!ti6ia/#e
3r$!nds &$r Disineriance C$mm$n #e/een Ascendans and D escendans Ad!%er" and C$nc!#ina'e 7it% t%e • !0&-!e &6 t%e te!tat&r 5. It $- !t /e t%e %eir 7% & *&$$itte, !-*% #iai!&n 8. ;it% t%e #e(a# !0&-!e &6 t%e te!tat&r =. N&t ne*e!!ari# in*e!t-&-! @. A00#i*a/#e t& /&t% #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate ,e!*en,ant 3r$!nds &$r Disineriance C$mm$n Ascendan and S$!se L$ss $& arena% a!$ri" 5. Ca-!e!: A rt!. 8 =) 8 =5) 8 =8 & 6 t %e Fa$i# C&,e 8. A!*en,ant &6 te!tat&r =. S0&-!e % a! ( i+en * a-!e 6 &r # &!! & 6 a-t%&rit. @. 0arenta#N& a *t-a# , e0ri+ati&n) / -t i t $ -!t ei!t. It $ean! t%at t%e a*t i! *&$$itte, 7%i*% $a /e a *a-!e 6&r #&!! &6 0arenta# a-t%&rit &+er t%eir *&$$&n *%i#,ren) ECEPT 6&r t%&!e en-$erate, in A. 4. T%ere are n& *&$$&n (r&-n,! /et7een !0&-!e an, ,e!*en,ant!.
3r$!nds &$r Disineriance On%" a'ains Descendan 1- Ma%reamen $& esa$r a. B 7&r, !#an,er) &66en!i+e #an(-a(e) in!-#t) #i/e#. Ma /e !0&1en &r 7ritten. /. B ,ee, n& nee, 6&r +i&#en*e) !&$et%in( 7%i*% *a-!e, t%e te!tat&r t& /e %-$i#iate,. Lain( %an,! i6 n&t -n,er atte$0t &n #i6e. 2- Leadin' a dis'race&!% %i&e ?&r ,i!%&ne!t
i.e.) ,a-(%ter #i+in( 7it% a $arrie, $an) e!ta6a,&ra) 0r&!tit-te!) ,r-( ,ea#er!) ,r-( a,,i*t. (- C$mmissi$n $& cri me /i c carries /i i e ena%" $& ci.i% inerdici$n a. De!*en,ant *&n +i*te, &6 *ri$e 7it% *i+i# inter,i*ti&n. Ne*e!!ari# i$0&!a/#e) n&t a*t-a## i$0&!e,. /. Re*#-!i&n te$0&ra#) re*#-!i&n 0er0et-a.
3r$!nd &$r Disineriance On%" a'ains Ascendans =Parens; 1- A#and$nmen #" arens a. ;i##6-## #e 6t t% e *% i#,ren t& 6 en, 6& r t%e$!e#+e! /. A/,i*ati&n &6 0arenta# ,-tie!. *. On# re6er! t& a/an,&ne, *%i#,. ,. In,-*e, ,a-(%ter! t& #ea, a ,i!(ra*e6-# #i6e a#!& a00#i*a/#e t& !&n!. 2- Aem $n e %i&e $& $ne aren a'ains an$er arena. /.
Parent +. 0arent E+en i6 0arent! a re n&t $arrie,) it i! !ti## a (r&-n,. *. N& n ee, 6& r * &n+i*ti&n. A! # &n( a ! t%e %eir *an 0r&+e t%at t%ere i! an atte$0t. ,. T%e , & n &t n ee, t & / e ! 0&-!e!. H&7e+er) t%e te!tat&r $-!t /e a *&$$&n *%i#,.
3r$!nds &$r Disineriance On%" a'ains s$!se re&ers $ %e'a% s$!ses $n%"5 %e'a%%" married $ eac $er 1- 3i.in' ca!se &$r %e'a% searai$n a. N& nee, 6&r 0re+i&-! *&n+i*ti&n /. Pr&+e in6i,e#it i6 *a-!e i! *&nte!te, *. N& nee, t& 0r&+e (r&-n,! -n#e!! *&nte!te, / t%e %eir. ,. Le(a# !e 0arati&n in !tit-te, /- t n& t ter$inate,) O' e. I6 t%ere i! a#rea, a ,e*ree: i. Gr&-n, i! *&n*#-!i+e ii. B-t) t%ere i! a nee, t& ,i!in%erit E66e*t!: G -i#t ! 0&-!e i ! n &t entit#e, t& in%erit. See 5 *a-!e! -n,er t%e Fa$i# C&,e. iii.
6.
8. S!$r re6-!a# t& (i+e !-00&rt t& t%e *%i#,ren a. O66en,e, t%e te!tat&r /. C&$$&n *%i#,ren &6 t%e te!tat&r an, t%e !0&-!e *. S0&-!e re6-!e! t& (i+e !-00&rt t& t%e *%i#, ,. Parent! !%are in !-00&rt &6 t%eir *&$$&n *%i#,ren. Re6-!a# &6 t%e &t%er !0&-!e *a-!e! ,a$a(e t& t%e &t%er. ?te!tat&r
3ROUND
CH I L D
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ASCEND
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SPOUSE
$
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e
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ascendan5 descendan Acc!sai$n $& a crime /i ena%" $& si6 "ears Ind!ce
esa$r
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3r$!nds
Seci&ic
Paric!%ar Heir
$
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1-Ma%reamen $& esa$r 2-
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Leadin'
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dis'race&!% %i&e (-
e
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C$mmissi$n /i
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IMPER:ECT DISINHERITANCE8 Di!in%eritan*e 7%i*% ,&e! n&t %a+e &ne &r $&re &6 t%e e!!entia# re2-i!ite! 6&r it! +a#i,it. E::ECTS O: IMPER:ECT DISINHERITANCE 5. I6 t%e te!tat&r %a, $a,e ,i!0&!iti&n &6 t%e entire e!tate" ann-#$ent &6 t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n &n# in !& 6ar a! t%e 0re-,i*e t%e #e(iti$e &6 t%e 0er!&n ,i!in%erite," ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e ,i!0&!iti&n! &6 t%e te!tat&r 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 6ree 0&rti&n 8. I6 t %e t e!tat&r , i, n &t ,i!0&!e &6 t%e 6ree 0&rti&n" *&$0-#!&r %eir (i+en a## t%at %e i! entit#e, t& re*ei+e a! i6 t%e ,i!in%eritan*e %a! n&t /een $a,e) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& #a76-# ,i!0&!iti&n! $a,e / t%e te!tat&r in 6a+&r &6 &t%er! =. De+i!ee!) #e(a*ie! an, &t%er te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! !%a## /e +a#i, t& !-*% etent a! 7i## n&t i$0air t%e #e(iti$e
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•
•
•
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IMPER:ECT DISINHERITANCE Per!&n ,i!in%erite, $a /e an *&$0-#!&r %eir EPRESS INTENTIONAL 0artia# ann-#$ent in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir!
&6
PRETERITION T%e 0er!&n &$itte, $-!t /e a *&$0-#!&r %eir in t%e ,ire*t #ine IMPLIED EITHER intenti&na# &r -nintenti&na# E66e*t: t&ta# ann-#$ent &6 in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir!
E+en i6 +a#i,# ,i!in%erite,) %eir *an !ti## /e +a#i,# re!t&re, in t%e #e(iti$e / RECONCILIATION. A !-/!e2-ent re*&n*i#iati&n /et7een t%e &66en,er an, t%e &66en,e, 0er!&n ,e0ri+e! t%e #atter &6 t%e ri(%t t& ,i!in%erit an, ren,er! ine66e*t-a# an ,i!in%eritan*e t%at $a %a+e /een $a,e. ?Art. 88 Re*&n*i#iati&n 7%en in !0ea1in( ter$! a(ain) n& 0arti*-#ar 6&r$ re2-ire,) it $a /e e0re!! &r ta*it. H&7e+er) $ere *i+i#it 7%i*% $a *%ara*terie t%eir re#ati&n!%i0 i! n&t en&-(%. In &r,er 6&r re*&n*i#iati&n t& /e e66e*ti+e) t%e te!tat&r $-!t 0ar,&n t%e ,i!in%erite, %eir. S-*% 0ar,&n $-!t !0e*i6 i*a## re6er t& t%e %eir an, t& t%e a*t! *a-!in( t%e ,i!in%eritan*e. T%e %eir $-!t a**e0t t%e 0ar,&n. In -n7&rt%ine!!) t%ere $-!t a 0ar,&n in 7ritin( t& re$&+e in*a0a*it t& in%erit. H&7e+er) it ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e in a 7i##. I6 (r&-n,! 6&r ,i!in%eritan*e an, -n7&rt%ine!! are *&$$&n) re*&n*i#iati&n ,&e! n&t era!e t%e 6a*t t%at t%e %eir i! -n7&rt%. ;%at t%en i! t%e e66e*t &6 a !-/!e2-ent re*&n*i#iati&n -0&n t%e %eirK! *a0a*it t& !-**ee,X 5. I6,i!in%eritan*e%a! /een a00#ie!)$a,e: t%e ine66e*ti+e 8.
R-#e &n re*&n*i#iati&n ,i!in%eritan*e /e*&$e!
I6,i!in%eritan*e%a! n&t /een $a,e: T%e r-#e &n re*&n*i#iati&n ,&e! n&t a00#) t%e %eir *&ntin-e! t& /e in*a0a*itate, t& !-**ee, -n#e!! t%e te!tat&r 0ar,&ne, %i$ -n,er Art. 5==.
REVOCATION O: DISINHERITANCE 5. Re*&n*i#iati&n NOTE8 T%i! re6er! t& t%e re!-$0ti&n &6 (en-ine *&r,ia# re#ati&n!%i0 /et7een t%e te!tat&r an, t%e ,i!in%erite, %eir) a00r&i$atin( t%at 7%i*% 0re+ai#e, /e6&re t%e te!tat&r #earne, &6 t%e *a-!e 6&r ,i!in%eritan*e) re*i0r&*a## $ani6e!te, / t%eir a*ti&n! !-/!e2-ent t& t%e a*t &6 ,i!in%eritan*e. 8. S-/!e2-ent i n!tit-ti&n & 6 t%e ,i!in%erite, %eir
LE3ACIES AND DEVISES PERSONS CHAR3ED WITH LE3ACIES AND DEVISES8 5. 8. =. @.
C&$0-#!&r %eir" V&#-ntar %eir" Le(atee &r ,e+i!ee" E!tate.
=. *&ntain! t%e ,i!in%eritan*e N-##it &6 t%e 7i## 7%i*%
•
I6 t%e 7i## i! !i#ent a! t& 7%& !%a## 0a &r ,e#i+er t%e #e(a*,e+i!e) 5. I6 t%ere i! an a,$ini!trati&n 0r&*ee,in(!) t%ere i! a 0re!-$0ti&n t%at !-*% #e(a* &r ,e+i!e
NOTES8
•
•
•
*&n!tit-te! a *%ar(e a(ain!t t%e ,e*e,entK! e!tate 8. I6 t%ere i! n& a,$ini!trati&n 0r&*ee,in(!) it i! a *%ar(e -0&n t%e %eir! ?Art. 8) 0ar. 8 Sin*e #e(a*ie! an, ,e+i!e! are t& /e ta1en 6r&$ t%e ,i!0 &!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n &6 t%e e!tate) t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &n in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir! are (enera## a00#i*a/#e t& t%e$ T%e #e(atee!,e+i!ee! !%a## /e #ia/#e 6&r t%e *%ar(e t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e #e(a*,e+i!e re*ei+e,. T%e *&$0-#!&r %eir !%a## NOT /e #ia/#e 6&r t%e *%ar(e /e&n, t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 0&rti&n (i+en t& %i$. It !%&-#, n&t a66e*t %i! #e(iti$e.
ORDER O: PA,MENT IN CASE ESTATE IS INSU::ICIENT TO COVER ALL LE3ACIES AND DEVICES 5. Re$-nerat&r #e(a*ie! &r ,e+i!e! 8. Le(a*ie! &r ,e+ i!e! ,e*#are, / t%e te! tat&r t& /e 0re6erentia# =. Le(a*ie! 6&r S-00&rt @. Le(a*ie! 6&r E,-*ati&n 4. Le(a*ie! &r ,e+i!e! &6 a !0e*i6i*) ,eter$inate t%in( 7%i*% 6&r$! a 0art &6 t%e . e!tate >. A## &t%er!) 0r&rata WHEN LE3AC,DEVISE CAN BE REVOED B, OPERATION O: LAW 5. I6 t%e te!tat&r tran!6&r$ t%e t%in( /e2-eat%e, &r ,e+i!e, in !-*% a $anner t%at it ,&e! n&t retain it! 6&r$ an, ,en&$inati&n 8. I6 t%e te!tat&r) / an tit#e &r 6&r an *a-!e) a#ienate! t%e t%in( /e2-eat%e, &r ,e+i!e, &r an 0art t%ere&6 =. I6 t%e t%in( /e2-eat%e, &r ,e+i!e, i! t&ta## #&!t ,-rin( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e te!tat&r) &r a6ter %i! ,eat% 7it%&-t t%e %eirK! 6a-#t @. I6 t% e #e(a* i! a *re,it a(ain!t a t%ir, 0er!&n &r t%e re$i!!i&n &6 a ,e/t) an, t%e te!tat&r) !-/!e2-ent t& t%e $a1in( &6 t%e 7i## /rin(! an a*ti&n a(ain!t !-*% ,e/t&r 6&r 0a$ent
3ROUNDS :OR REVOCATION O: LE3ACIES OR DEVISES
5. Te!tat&r tran!6&r$! t%e t%i n( /e2-eat%e, in !-*% a $anner it ,&e! n&t retain eit%er t%e 6&r$ &r t%e ,en&$inati&n it %a,. 8. T%e te!tat&r / an ti t#e &r 6& r an *a-!e a#ienate! t%e t%in( /e2-eat%e,) &r an 0art t%ere&6) it /ein( -n,er!t&&, t%at in t%e #atter *a!e t%e #e(a* &r ,e+i!e !%a## /e 7it%&-t &n# 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 0art a#ienate, EFCEPT8 7%en t%e t%in( !%&-#, a(ain /e#&n( t& t%e te!tat&r a6ter a#ienati&n. =. T%e t%in( /e2-eat%e, i! t&ta## #&!t ,-r in( t%e #i6eti$e &6 t%e te!tat&r) &r a6ter %i! ,eat% 7it%&-t t%e %eir! 6a-#t" @. Ot%er Ca-!e!: n-##it &6 t%e 7i##" n&n*&$0#ian*e 7it% !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n! a66e*tin( t%e /e2-e!t!" !a#e &6 t%e t%in( t& 0a t%e ,e/t! &6 t%e ,e*ea!e, ,-rin( t%e !ett#e$ent &6 %i! e!tate.
VALIDIT, AND E::ECT O: LE3AC, Tin' $/ned in ar #" esa$r Art% 6)6*
Genera# R-#e: C&n+e! &n# intere!t &r 0art &7ne, / te!tat&r Excp!ion: i6 te!tat&r &t%er7i!e 0r&+i,e!
5. He $a *&n+e $&re t%an 7%at %e &7n! t%e !tate !%&-#, tr t& a*2-ire t%e 0art &r intere!t &7ne, / &t%er 0artie!. I6 &t%er 0artie! are -n7i##in( t& a#ienate) t%e e!tate !%&-#, (i+e t%e #e(atee,e+i!ee t%e $&netar e2-i+a#ent ?ana#&( 7it% Arti*#e =5 8. He $a *&n+e #e!! t%an 7%at %e &7n! ?Arti*#e >@
Tin' $/ned #" an$er Arts% 6.2<6.'*
3enera% R!%e8 5. I& esa$r $rdered [email protected]!isii$n $& e in' > t%e &r,er !%&-#, /e *&$0#ie, 7it%. I6 t%e &7ner i! -n7i##in( t& 0art 7it% t%e t%in() t%e #e(atee,e+i!ee !%&-#, /e (i+en t%e $&netar e2-i+a#ent 8. I6 te!tat&r err$ne$!s%" #e%ie.ed a e in' #e%$n'ed $ im #e(a*,e+i*e i! +&i, Excp!ion# i6 te!tat&r a*2-ire t%e t%in( &ner&-!# &r (rat-it&-!# a6ter $a1in( &6 t%e ,i!0&!iti&n) ,i!0&!iti&n i! +a#i,ate,
=. I& esa$r *&,e i! !i#ent /-t ,i!0&!iti&n !%&-#, /e *&n!i,ere, +a#i, t%ere i! an i$0#ie, &r,er t& a*2-ire an, ,&-/t! $-!t /e re!&#+e, in 6a+&r &6 inte!ta*
Tin' a%read" $/ned $ e %e'aeede.isee Arts 6.)<6..*
5.
I6 t%in( a#rea, #e%$n'ed $ %e'aeede.isee at ti$e &6 ee*-ti&n &6 7i## #e(a*,e+i!e i! +&i,
8.
I6 t%in( 7a! $/ned #" an$er ers$n at ti$e &6 $a1in( t%e 7i## an, t%erea6ter it i! a*2-ire, / #e(atee,e+i!ee: a.
I6 te!tat&r err&ne&-!# /e#ie+e, t%at %e &7ne, t%e t%in( #e(a* ,e+i!e i! +&i,
/.
I6 te!tat&r 7a! n&t in err&r i.
ii.
I6 t%in( 7a! a*2-ire, &ner&-!# / LD LD entit#e, t& /e rei$/-r!e, I6 t%in( 7a! a*2-ire, (rat-it&-!# / LD n&t%in( i! ,-e
=.
I6 t%in( 7a! $/ned #" esa$r at ti$e 7i## 7a! $a,e an, LD a*2-ire, t%e t%in( 6r&$ %i$ t%erea6ter #a7 i! !i#ent Ba#ane LD ,ee$e, re+&1e, T&#entin& n& intenti&n t& re+&1e ?BUT i6 t%e te!tat&r %a! n&t a#ienate, t%e t%in( ,ire*t# t& t%e LD) /-t t& a = r, 0er!&n an, t%e 6&r$er -!t a*2-ire, it 6r&$ t%e #atter) t%ere i! an intenti&n t& re+&1e
Le'ac"De.ise $ rem$.e an enc!m#rance $.er a in'
Va#i,) i6 t%e en*-$/ran*e *an /e re$&+e, 6&r a *&n!i,erati&n
#e%$n'in' $ esa$r =Ar 9(2 ar 2; Le'ac"De.ise $& a in' %ed'ed $r m$r'a'ed Article 6.C*
T%e en*-$/ran*e $-!t /e re$&+e, / 0ain( t%e ,e/t -n#e!! t%e te!tat&r inten,e, &t%er7i!e
=================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS III- Le'a% $r Inesae S!ccessi$n =Ars- 9+0>101); A- 3enera% r$.isi$ns =Ars- 9+0> 9+9; =1; Re%ai$nsi =Ars- 9+(>9+9; =2; Ri' $& reresenai$n =Ars9?0>9??; B- Order $& inesae s!ccessi$n =Ars- 9?>101)5 992; ================================= III- 3ENERAL PROVISIONS ON LE3AL OR INTESTATE SUCCESSION LE3AL OR INTESTATE SUCCESSION8 T%at 7%i*% i! e66e*te, / &0erati&n &6 #a7 in t%e a/!en*e &r ,e6a-#t &6 a 7i##. CAUSES O: INTESTATE SUCCESSION IN 3ENERAL 1-
2-
In e a#sence $& a%ica#%e .a%id /i%% a. Ann-#$ent & 6 i n!tit-ti&n & 6 %eir!. /. ;%en 7i## #&!e! it! +a#i,it. *. Te!tat&r , i, n&t $a1e an 7i##. ,. ;i##n&t0r&/ate,. e. Re+&*ati&n. 6. Preteriti&n In e a#sence $& @!a%i&ied eirs Partia# i n!tit-ti&n & 6 % eir. I n !-*% *a!e) inte!ta* ta1e! 0#a*e a! t& t%e -n,i!0&!e, 0&rti&n ?$ie, !-**e!!i&n /. Ine66e*ti+e , i!in%eritan*e ? a 0&rti&n *. Pre,e*ea!e ,. Re0-,iati&n?&ne&r a## e. In*a0a*it 6. Di!in%eritan*e (. In!tit-ti&n !-/e*t t& *&n,iti&n! i. S-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n , i, n&t %a00en ii. Re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n %a00en!. iii. E0irati&n &6 ter$ &r 0eri&, &6 in!tit-ti&n i+. N&n*&$0#ian*e &r i$0&!!i/i#it &6 *&$0#ian*e 7it% t%e 7i##. a.
BASIC PRINCIPLES SUCCESSION
IN
INTESTATE
1- Inesae eirs a%/a"s re%aed #" #%$$dE*e0t: a. S0&-!e n&t re#ate, / /#&&,) !tran(er in t%e 6a$i# /. A,&0ti+e re#ati&n a, &0tera,&0te,) 6i*ti&n / #a7 *reate, / a,&0ti&n) 0-re# 0er!&na# *. State in t %e e +ent n & % eir * an in%erit. 2- R!%e $& Pr$ 6imi" T e nearer e6c%!des neare!t ,e(ree e &arer t%e re#ati+e e*#-,e t%e 6art%er &ne) !a+in( t%einri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n 7%en it 0r&0er# ta1e! 0#a*e.
NOTE8 T%i! i! !-/e*t t& r-#e &6 0re6eren*e /et7een #ine!. In *a!e &6 ,i!0&!iti&n $a,e -n,er Art. 4 in (enera# ter$! in 6a+&r &r t%e te!tat&rK! re#ati+e!) &n# r-#e &6 0r&i$it a00#ie!. (- R!%e $& Pre&erence Be/een Lines Direc %ine is a%/a"s re&erred $.er c$%%aera% %ines. T%e ,ire*t ,e!*en,in( #ine !%a## e*#-,e t%&!e in t%e ,ire*t a!*en,in( an, *&##atera# #ine!) an, t%&!e in t%e ,ire*t a!*en,in( #ine !%a##) in t-rn) e*#-,e t%&!e in t%e *&##atera# #ine. )- R!%e $ & [email protected]!a% di.isi$n t%e re#ati+e! 7%& are in t%e !a$e ,e(ree !%a## in%erit in e2-a# !%are! !a$e *#a!! Excp!ion# a. Descendin' %ine ,i66eren*e in *#a!! in t%e *a!e! &6 #e(iti$ate &r i##e(iti$ate 6i#iati&n. i. In * a!e & 6 0 aterna#$aterna# #ine! ii. C&##atera# %a#6 &r 6-## /#&&, /. Ascendin' %ine t%e !%are! are ,i+i,e, e2-a## /et7een $aterna# an, 0aterna# #ine!) 7%i*% *&-#, re!-#t t& -ne2-a# !%are! 7%en t%ere i! &n# &ne (ran,0arent in t%e $aterna# #ine 7%i#e /&t% (ran,0arent! !-r+i+e, in t%e 0aterna# !i,e. *. Di+i!i&n a$&n( /r&t%er! an, !i!ter!) !&$e &6 7%&$ are &6 t%e 6-## an, &t%er! &6 %a#6 /#&&," an, ,. Di+i!i&n in *a!e! 7%ere t%e ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n ta1e! 0#a*e.
*- R!%e $& Bar rier #e /een e %e' iimae &ami%" and e i%%e'iimae &ami%" t%e i##e(iti$ate 6a$i# *ann&t in%erit / inte!tate !-**e!!i&n 6r&$ t%e #e(iti$ate 6a$i# an, +i*e+er!a.
+- R!%e $& D$!#%e Sare &$r &!%% #%$$d c$%%aera%s 7%en 6-## an, %a#6/#&&, /r&t%er! &r !i!ter!) ne0%e7! &r nie*e!) !-r+i+e) t%e 6-## /#&&, !%a## ta1e a 0&rti&n in t%e in%eritan*e ,&-/t t%at &6 t%e %a#6/#&&,. NOTE8 In a## *a!e! 7%ere t%ere %a! /een an in!tit-ti&n &6 %eir!) 6&##&7 t%e I-S-R-A-I- &r,er In!tit-ti&n 6ai#!) &6 ustice Paras. I6 t%e S-/!tit-ti&n &**-r!. I6 t%ere i! n& !- /!tit-te) ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n a00#ie! in t%e ,ire*t ,e!*en,in( #ine t& t%e #e(iti$e &6 t%e +a*an* i! *a-!e, / 0re,e*ea!e) in*a0a*it &r ,i!in%eritan*e. ri(%t &6 re2-i!ite! t& A**reti&n a00#ie! t%e 6ree 0&rti&nT%e 7%en t%e in Arti*#e 55 are 0re!ent. I6 t%ere i! n& !-/!tit-te) an, t%e ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n &r a**reti&n ,&e! n&t a00#) t%e r-#e &6 Inte!tate !-**e!!i&n !%a## ta1e &+er.
t%&!e &6 t%e 6&##&7in( ,e(ree !%a## in%erit in t%eir &7n ri(%t ?0er *a0ita an, cann$ reresen t%e 0er!&n re0-,iatin( t%e in%eritan*e.
REPRESENTATION8 A ri(%t *reate, / 6i*ti&n &6 #a7) / +irt-e &6 7%i*% t%e re0re!entati+e i! rai!e, t& t%e 0#a*e an, ,e(ree &6 t%e 0er!&n re0re!ente,) an, a*2-ire! t%e ri(%t! 7%i*% t%e #atter 7&-#, %a+e i6 %e 7ere #i+in( &r i6 %e *&-#, %a+e in%erite,. INSTANCES OCCURS8
WHEN
REPRESENTATION
5. Pre,e*ea!e 8. In*a0a*it &6 Un7&rt%ine!! =. Di!in%eritan*e
NOTE8 In *a!e &6 re0-,iati&n) a**reti&n ta1e! 0#a*e.
RULES ON RELATIONSHIP •
5.
N-$/er &6 (enerati&n! ,eter$ine! 0r&i$it 8. Ea*% (enerati&n 6&r$! a ,e(ree =. A !erie! &6 ,e(ree! 6&r$! a #ine @. A#ine$a/e,ire*t &r *&##atera#. A ,ire*t #ine i! t%at *&n!tit-te, / t%e !erie! &6 ,e(ree! a$&n( a!*en,ant! an, ,e!*en,ant! ?a!*en,in( an, ,e!*en,in( 4. *&n!tit-te, / t%e !erie! A*&##atera# #inei!t%at &6 ,e(ree! a$&n( 0er!&n! 7%& are n&t a!*en,ant! &r ,e!*en,ant!) /-t 7%& *&$e 6r&$ a *&$$&n an*e!t&r. . F-## /#&&,: !a$e 6at%er an, $&t%er) %a#6 /#&&,: &n# &ne &6 eit%er 0arent i! t%e !a$e. >. Ina,&0ti&n)t%e#e(a# 6i#iati&n i! 0er!&na# an, ei!t! &n# /et7een a,&0ter an, t%e a,&0te,. T%e a,&0te, i! ,ee$e, a #e(iti$ate *%i#, &6 t%e a,&0ter.
E::ECTS O: INCAPACIT, OR REPUDIATION 1.
I6 t%ere are !e+era# re#ati+e! &6 t%e !a$e ,e(ree an, &n &r $&re &6 t%e$ are !n/i%%in' &r incaaciaed t& !-**ee,) %i! 0&rti&n !%a## a**r-e t& t%e &t%er! &6 t%e !a$e ,e(ree ? ri' $& accrei$n !a+e t%e
ri'0#a*e. $& reresenai$n 7%en it !%&-#, ta1e 2.
I6 t%e in%eritan*e !%&-#, /e re!diaed / t%e neare!t re#ati+e ) !%&-#, t%ere /e &n# &ne) &r / a## t%e neare!t re#ati+e! *a##e, / #a7 t& !-**ee,) !%&-#, t%ere /e !e+era#)
A#t%&-(% a ren&-n*er *ann&t /e re0re!ente,) %e *an re0re!ent t%e 0er!&n 7%&!e in%eritan*e %e %a! ren&-n*e,. Sa"s$n .- CA5 K20* SCRA (2)
CHARACTERISTICS O: REPRESENTATION 5. A ri(%t &6 !-/r&(ati&n 8. E*e0ti&n t& t%e r-#e &n 0r& i$it an, e2-a# ,i+i!i&n =. Ca##e, t& !-**e!!i&n / #a7 @. Re0re!entati+e !-**ee,! t%e ,e*e,ent an, NOT t%e 0er!&n re0re!ente, 4. Ta1e! 0#a*e 7%en t%ere i! +a*an* in t%e in%eritan*e /r&-(%t a/&-t / 0re,e*ea!e) in*a0a*it) &r ,i!in%eritan*e . A! a (en era# r-#e) eer*i!e, &n# / t%e (ran,*%i#,ren &6 t%e ,e*e,ent
TESTAMENTAR,
INTESTATE
$"n :%s ;l%c COMPULSORY HEIR: LEGAL HEIR:
,ie! /e6&re t%e te!tat&r
,ie! /e6&re te!tat&r
t%e
i! -n7&rt% t& !-**ee,
i! -n7&rt% !-**ee,
t&
i! ,i!in%erite, Ec!s pon :" ivision A*2-ire! t%e ri(%t A*2-ire! t%e ri(%t 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e #e(iti$e entire #e(a# 0&rti&n Per!tir0e! Per!tir0e!
IN WHAT INDS O: SUCCESSION REPRESENTATION OPERATES 5.
•
Le'iimes T%e *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant! &6 t%e 0er!&n ,i!in%erite, !%a## ta1e %i! &r %er 0#a*e an, !%a## 0re!er+e t%e ri(%t! &6 *&$0-#!&r %eir 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e #e(iti$e ? Art 6). An, &n# 7%en t%e %eir t& /e re0re!ente,: a. Pre,e*ea!e) /e*&$e! in*a0a*itate,) &r ,i!in%erite,%eir. / t%e te!tat&r. /. 7a! I! a *&$0-#!&r *. N& ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n i6 t%e %e ir t& /e re0re!ente, i! a +&#-ntar %eir.
2•
Inesae s!ccessi$n Re0re!entati&n &**-r! in a## inte!tate e!tate. A## #e(a# %eir! $a /e re0re!ente, 7%en 0r&0er. ?It i! n&t 0r&0er &n# 7%en t%e %eir t& /e re0re!ente, re0-,iate, %i! !%are in t%e in%eritan*e
OUTLINE O: RULES8 IND O: HEIR C$m!%s$r"
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Le'a%
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/nc%p%ci!6
Rnunci%!ion
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Re0re!entati&n
NO Re0re!entati&n
Re0re!entati&n
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N&t a00#i*a/#e
NO Re0re!entati&n
NO Re0re!entati&n
NO Re0re!entati&n
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Tran!$it! n&t%in("
Tran!$it! n&t%in("
Re0re!entati&n
Re0re!entati&n
NO Re0re!entati&n
IN WHAT LINES DOES REPRESENTATION OBTAIN
=.
5. Le'iime in t%e ,ire*t ,e!*en,in( #ine &n#.
N&t a00#i*a/#e
An ad$ed *%i#, *an neit%er re0re!ent n&r /e re0re!ente, •
Re0re!entati&n ,&e! n&t ei!t in t%e a!*en,in( #ine. Hen*e) t%e 6at%er *ann&t re0re!ent t%e !&n in t%e in%eritan*e 6r&$ t%e (ran,6at%er. 8.
isin"ri!%nc
Tran!$it! n&t%in("
T%e rati&na#e 7% an a,&0te, *%i#, *an neit%er re0re!ent &r /e re0re!ente, i! /e*a-!e t%e #e(a# re#ati&n!%i0 *reate, / t%e a,&0ti&n i! !tri*t# /et7een t%e a,&0ter an, t%e a,&0te,. Te$ica .De% Va%5 K1( SCRA )0+
Inesac": a. In t%e ,ire*t ,e!*en,in( #ine.
UALI:ICATIONS TO REPRESENT
/.
5. T%e re0re!entati+e %i$!e#6 $-!t *a0a*it t& !-**ee, t%e deceden
In t %e *& ##atera# # ine) it t a1e! 0 #a*e &n# in 6a+&r &6 t%e *%i#,ren &6 /r&t%er &r !i!ter! ?nie*e! an, ne0%e7! &6 t%e ,e*e,ent) n&t (ran,nie*e! &r (ran, ne0%e7!) 7%et%er &6 t%e 6-## &r %a#6 /#&&,) an, &n# i6 t%e *&n*-r 7it% at #ea!t 5 -n*#e &r a-nt.
8. T%e re0re!entati+e nee, n&t /e 2-a# i6ie, t& !-**ee, t%e 0er!&n re0re!ente,.
HOW REPRESENTATION OPERATES
NOTE8 I6 a## t%e /r&t%er! an, !i!ter! are ,i!2-a#i6ie,) t%e ne0%e7! an, nie*e! !%a## in%erit 0er *a0ita. REPRESENTATION O: ADOPTED CHILDREN
ILLE3ITIMATE
OR
5. re0re!ente, i! legitimate I6t%e *%i#,t&#e(iti$ate /e $n%" *%i#,ren an, ,e!*en,ant! *an re0re!ent %i$. 8. I6t%e*%i#,t&/e re0re!ente, i! i##e(iti$ate #$ #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren,e!*en,ant! *an re0re!ent %i$.
%a+e
Di+i!i&n !%a## /e $a,e PER STIRPES.
:ac!a% Si!ai$n
Di.isi$n
I6 a## t%e *%i#,ren are ,i!2-a#i6ie,
A## (ran,*%i#,ren !ti## in%erit er sires
I6 a## t%e /r&t%er!
Ne0%e7! an, nie*e!
!i!ter! ,i!2-a#i6ie,
in%erit er caia
are
THE SUCCESSIONAL BARRIER •
An i##e(iti$ate *%i#, %a! n& ri(%t t& in%erit ab intestato 6r&$ t%e #e(iti$ate
*%i#,ren an, re#ati+e! &6 %i! 6at%er &r $&t%er" n&r !%a## !-*% *%i#,ren &r re#ati+e! in%erit in t%e !a$e $anner 6r&$ t%e i##e(iti$ate *%i#,. Art 66)* •
T%e Barrier r-#e &n# a00#ie! i6 t%ere i! a #e(iti$ate an, i##e(iti$ate re#ati&n. E6am%e: A i! t%e #e(iti$ate !&n &6 B. C i! t%e i##e(iti$ate !&n &6 A. C *ann&t in%er it 6r&$ B i6 A 0re,e*ea!e!) &r /e*&$e! in*a0a*itate, &r /e ,i!in%erite, / B.
E::ECTS O: REPUDIATION 5. B re0re!entati+e ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n i! 0re!ent Example: A *%i#, 7%& re0-,iate! %i! in%eritan*e 7%en %i! 6at%er ,ie, $a !ti## re0re!ent t%e #atter 7%en %i! (ran,6at%er ,ie!. 8. B %eir n& ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n
ORDER O: INTESTATE SUCCESSION INTESTATE HEIRS8 T%&!e 7%& are *a##e, / #a7 t& t%e !-**e!!i&n eit%er in t%e a/!en*e &6 a 7i## &r &6 2-a#i6ie, %eir!) an, 7%& are ,ee$e, *a##e, /a!e, &n t%e 0re!-$e, 7i## &6 t%e ,e*e,ent. RE3ULAR ORDER O: SUCCESSION 5. Le(iti$ate C%i#,renDe!*en,ant! 8. I##e(iti$ate C%i#,renDe!*en,ant! =. Le(iti$ate Parent! A!*en,ant! @.
I##e(iti$ate Parent!
4. S-r+i+in( S0&-!e 4. Br&t%er!) Si!ter!) Ne0%e7!) Nie*e! . Ot%er C&##atera#! t& t%e 4t% ,e(ree >. State
NOTE8 De*e,ent i! a #e(iti$ate 0er!&n ORDER O: SUCCESSION ?I6 ,e!*en,ent i! a #e(iti$ate 0er!&n 5. Le(iti$ate C%i#,renDe!*en,ant! 8. I##e(iti$ate C%i#,renDe!*en,ant! =. I##e(iti$ate Parent! @. S-r+i+in( S0&-!e 4. Br&t%er!) Si!ter!) Ne0%e7!) Nie*e!
. State
RULES O: EFCLUSION AND CONCURRENCE Inesae Heir
E FCLUDES
CONCURS WITH ELC?E =F
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, Le(iti$ate ,e!*en,ant!
A!*en,ant!) *&##atera#! an, !tate
N& &ne
I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, De!*en,ant!
I##e(iti$ate 0arent!) *&##atera#!
N& &ne
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren S-r+i+in( !0&-!e Le(iti$ate
an, !tate
*%i#,ren an, #e(iti$ate 0arent!
Le(iti$ate 0arent! an, #e(iti$ate a!*en,ant!
C&##atera#! an, !tate
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren
I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, !-r+i+in( !0&-!e
I##e(iti$ate 0a rent!
C&##atera#! an, !tate
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren an, i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e
C&##atera#! &t%er t%an !i/#in(!) ne0%e7! an, nie*e!
N& &ne
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren Le(iti$ate 0arent! an, I##e(iti$ate 0arent!
Si/#in(!) ne0%e7! nie*e!
A## &t%er *&##atera#! an, !tate
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren) i##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren)
S-r+i+in( !0&-!e
Le(iti$ate 0arent! an, i##e(iti$ate 0arent! Ot%er *&##atera#! 7it%in 4t% ,e(ree
C&##atera# re$&ter in ,e(ree an, !tate
Le(iti$ate *%i#,ren I##e(iti$ate *%i#,ren Le(iti$ate 0arent! I##e(iti$ate
C&##atera#! in t%e !a$e ,e(ree
0arent! an, S-r+i+in( !0&-!e State
N&&ne
E+er&ne
N&&ne
SUMMAR, O: INTESTATE SHARES HEIR LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN
LE3ITIME
:REEPORTION
TOTAL
=12;
=12;
100
=12;
=12;
100
DESCENDANTS LE3IMITATE PARENTS ASCENDANTS 1 =ONE; LE3ITIMATE CHILDRENDESCENDANT SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =LC; SPOUSE
LE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =LC; ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN =ILC;
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCENDANT SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
CHILDREN12 SPOUSE >1)
SPOUSE >1)
CHILDREN 12
LC > 12 ILC 12 O: SHARE O: 1 =ONE; LC
WHAT REMAINS =I: AN,;
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCEN DANT 12
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCEN DANTS 12
SPOUSE > 12 ENTIRE ESTATE IS DIVIDED EUALL, BETWEEN TOTAL NUMBER O: CHILDREN SPOUSE
SPOUSE EUAL TO SHARE O: 1 =ONE; LC
SPOUSE 1) LE3IMITATE PARENTSASCENDANTS ILLE3IMTATE CHILDREN
CHILDREN 12
WHOLE ESTATE DIVIDED B, THE RATIO O: 281 :OR EACH LE3ITIMATE CHILD AS COMPARED TO THE ILLE3ITIMATE CHILD PARENT 12
SPOUSE >1)
SPOUSE > 12 PARENTS > 12
ILLE3IMITATE CHILDREN 1) ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
ILC1(
ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN > 1) ILC>1+
SPOUSE 1( LE3IMIATE CHILDRENDESCENDANTS5 SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN
SPOUSE 5
LC 12 SPOUSE EUAL TO 1 =ONE; LC
SPOUSE 58
281 :OR EACH LE3ITIMATE CHILD AS COMPARED TO THE ILLE3ITIMATE CHILD
LE3IMIATE PARENTSASCEN DANTS 12 SPOUSE 1
ILC>12
WHOLE ESTATE DIVIDED B, THE RATIO O:
ILC 12 O: SHARE O: ONE =1; LC
LE3ITIMATE PARENTSASCENDANTS5 SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE5 ILLE3ITIMATE CHILDREN
ILC > 12
LE3ITIMATE PARENTS > 12 SPOUSE > 1) ILC > 1) SPOUSE > 1
ILC 1) SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
3ENERA LL,
=12;
=12;
100
ARTICUL O MORTIS
=1(;
=2(;
100
ILLE3ITIMATECHILDRENONL,
=12;
ILLE3ITIMATEPARENTS ILLE3ITIMATE PARENTS SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE
=12; ILLE3ITIMATE PARENTS 1) SPOUSE 1)
SIBLIN3S5 NEPHEWS NIECE
=12;
?58
=12; ILLE3ITIMATE PARENTS > 1) SPOUSE > 1)
?58
100 100 ILLE3IMITATE PARENTS > 12 SPOUSE > 12
5
SPOUSE 12 NEPHEWSSIB LIN3S 12 SURVIVIN3 SPOUSE5 SIBLIN3S5
SPOUSE =12;
NEPHEWSSIBLIN3S =12;
NEPHEWS NIECES
WHEN DECEDENT HAS NO HEIRS 1Assi'nmena nd Dis$sii$n $& Asses a. i6 ,e*e,ent i! a re!i,ent &6 t%e P%i#i00ine! at an ti$e i. Per!&na# 0r&0ert t& t%e $-ni*i0a#it &6 #a!t re!i,en*e ii. Rea# 0r&0ert 7%ere !it-ate, /. I6 ,e*e,ent 7a! ne+er a re!i,ent &6 t%e P%i#i00ine! Per!&na# an, rea# 0r&0ert 7%ere re!0e*t6-## !it-ate,
9. A ren&-n*er *an re0re!ent) /-t *an n&t /e re0re!ente, . A 0er!&n 7%& *ann&t re0re!ent a near re#ati+e *ann&t a#!& re0re!ent a re#ati+e 6at%er in ,e(ree.
2- $ #e Used H $/ Pr$er" is a. F&r t%e /ene6it &6 0-/#i* e,-*ati&na# an, *%arita/#e in!tit-ti&n! in t%e re!0e*ti+e $-ni*i0a#itie!*itie! /. A#ternati+e#) a t t %e i n!tan*e & 6 an intere!te, 0art) &r motu proprio) t%e *&-rt $a &r,er t%e 0er$anent tr-!t 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%e in!tit-ti&n! *&n*erne,
,i!0&!a/#e #e(iti$e!. 6ree 0&rti&n /-t ne+er t%e 8. I6 a$&n( t%e *&n*-rrin( inte!tate %eir! t%ere are *&$0-#!&r %eir!) 7%&!e #e(a# &r inte!tate 0&rti&n! e*ee, t%eir re!0e*ti+e #e(it$e!) t%en t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n $-!t /e ,e,-*te, 6r&$ t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n) t& /e /&rne / a## t%e inte!tate %eir! in t%e 0r&0&rti&n! t%at t%e are entit#e, t& re*ei+e 6r&$ !-*% ,i!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n a! inte!tate %eir!. =. I6 t%e inte!tate !%are &6 a *& $0-#!&r %eir i! e2-a# t& %i! #e(iti$e) t%en t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n $-!t /e ,e,-*te, &n# 6r&$ t%e inte!tate !%are! &6 t%e &t%er!) in t%e 0r&0&rti&n! !tate, a/&+e. @. I6 t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! *&n!-$e t%e entire ,i!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n) t%en t%e inte!tate %eir! 7%& are *&$0-#!&r %eir! 7i## (et &n# t%eir #e(iti$e) an, t%&!e 7%& are
CARDINAL PRINCIPLES O: INTESTATE SUCCESSION ?B J-!ti*e Para! 5. E+en i6 t%ere i! an &r,er &6 inte!tate !-**e!!i&n) t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir! are ne+er e*#-,e,. T%e Ci+i# C&,e 6&##&7! t%e *&n*-rren*e t%e&r) n&t t%e e*#-!i&n t%e&r. 8. Ri(%t &6 Re0r e!entati&n in t%e *&## atera# #ine &**-r! &n# in inte!tate !-**e!!i&n) ne+er in te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n /e*a-!e a
=. @.
4.
.
>.
+&#-ntar *ann&t ?*&##atera# %eir re#ati+e! are /e n&t re0re!ente, *&$0-#!&r %eir! T%e inte!tate !%are! are eit %er e2-a# t& &r (reater t%an t%e #e(iti$e. 8eneral 1ule: Gran, C%i#,ren a#7a! in%erit / Ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n) 0r&+i,e, re0re!entati&n i! 0r&0er. Exception: ;%ene+er a## t%e *%i#,ren re0-,iate) t%e (ran,*%i#,ren in%erit in t%eir &7n ri(%t /e*a-!e Ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n 7&-#, n&t /e 0r&0er Ne0%e7! an, nie*e! in%erit eit%er / Ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n &r in t%eir O7n Ri(%t a. Ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n 7%en t%e *&n*-r 7it% a-nt! an, -n*#e! ?0r&+i,e, t%at Ri(%t &6 Re0re!entati&n i! 0r&0er /. O7n Ri(%t: 7%en t%e ,& n&t *&n*-r 7it% a-nt! an, -n*#e! I##e(iti$ate C%i#,ren an, De!*en,ant! &6 #e(iti$ate! *ann&t re0re!ent /e*a-!e &6 t%e /arrier) /-t /&t% t%e I##e(iti$ate an, Le(iti$ate C%i#,ren an, De!*en,ant! &6 I##e(iti$ate! *an. T%ere *an /e re!er+a tr&n*a# in inte!tate !-**e!!i&n
MIFED SUCCESSION OR PARTIAL INTESTAC, Mi6ed S!ccessi$n: S-**e!!i&n t%at i! e66e*te, 0art# / 7i## an, 0art# / &0erati&n &6 #a7. R!%es8 5. T%e #a7 &6 #e(iti$e! $-!t /e /r &-(%t int& &0erati&n in 0artia# inte!ta* /e*a-!e t%e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! *an a66e*t &n# t%e
n&t *&$0-#!&r %eir! 7i## (et n&t%in(. =================================
TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS IV- Pr$.isi$ns C$mm$n $ Tesae and Inesae S!ccessi$n =Ars- 101*> 110*; A- Ri' $& accrei$n =Ars- 101*> 102(; =1; De&inii$n and [email protected]!isies =Ars101*>101+; B- Caaci" $ s!cceed #" /i%% $r inesac" =Ars- 102)>10)0; =1; Pers$ns incaa#%e $& s!cceedin' =Ars- 102?5 ?(95 10(2; =2; Un/$riness .sDisineriance C- Acceance and re!diai$n $& e ineriance =Ars- 10)1>10*?; D- C$%%ai$n =Ars- 90>9105 10+1> 10+2; E- Parii$n and disri#!i$n $&
esae =Ars- 10?>110*; =1; Parii$n =Ars- 10?95 100; =2; Parii$n iner .i.$s =(; E&&ecs $& arii$n =Ars- 10915 109?5 11005 110)>110*; =================================
IV- PROVISIONS COMMON TO TESTATE AND INTESTATE SUCCESSION RI3HT TO ACCRETION8 ;%en t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! are *a##e, t& t%e !a$e in%eritan*e) ,e+i!ee) &r #e(a*) t%e 0art a!!i(ne, t& &ne 7%& ren&-n*e &r *ann&t re*ei+e %i! !%are &r 7%& ,ie, /e6&re t%e te!tat&r) i! a,,e, &r in*&r0&rate, t& t%at &6 %i! *&%eir!) *& ,e+i!ee!) &r *&#e(atee! 1- In Tesamenar" S!ccessi$n a. Pre,e*ea!e /. In*a0a*it *. Re0-,iati&n ,. N&n6-#6i##$ent &6 !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n i$0&!e, -0&n in!tit-te, %eir e. Ine66e*ti+e te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n 2- In Inesae S!ccessi$n a. Pre,e*ea!e &6 a #e( a# %eir ?&n# 7%en re0re!entati&n ,&e! n&t a00# /. In*a0a*it &6 #e(a# %eir ?&n# 7%en re0re!entati&n ,&e! n&t a00# *. Re0-,iati&n / a # e(a# %eir ELEMENTS O: ACCRETION IN TESTAMENTAR, SUCCESSION 5. T7& &r $&re 0er!&n! are *a##e, t& t%e !a$e in%eritan*e) &r t& t%e !a$e 0&rti&n t%ere&6) 0r& in,i+i!& ?ali;uot share a. In *a!e! &6 #e( a* &r ,e+ i!e) a! #& n( a! t%ere i! n& !0e*i6i* ,e!i(nati&n &6 t%e !0e*i6i* !%are &6 ea*% #e(a* &r ,e+i!e. /. N&t ne*e!!ari# e2-a#. *. On*e a *er tain !0e*i6i* 0art &6 t% e 6ree 0&rti&n %a! a#rea, /een !0e*i6i*a## ear$ar1e,) t%ere i! n& a**reti&n an, t%ere i! n& e0re!! 0r&+i!i&n &n a**reti&n. ,. B-t) it i! &1 a t& ea r$ar1 0ar t! &6 t% e 6ree 0&rti&n a! #&n( a! n& !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert %a! /een ,e!i(nate,. NOTE8 T%e %eir t& 7%&$ t%e 0&rti&n (&e! / t%e ri(%t &6 a**reti&n ta1e! it in t%e !a$e 0r&0&rti&n t%at t%e in%erit 8. Ren-n*iati&n) 0re,e*ea!e &r in*a0a*it &6 &ne ?&r $&re /-t #e!! t%an a## &6 t%e
in!tit-te, %eir! t%at re!-#t t& a +a*an* in t%e in%eritan*e) #e(a* &r ,e+i!e.
:UNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN ACCRETION 5. A**reti&n in te !tate !-**e!!i&n &n# ta1 e! 0#a*e in t%e 6ree 0&rti&n. N& a**reti&n in t%e #e(iti$e /e*a-!e 7%en t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir re0-,iate! %i! #e(iti$e) t%e &t%er *& *&$0-#!&r %eir in%erit! t%e re0-,iate, !%are in t%eir &7n ri(%t an, n&t t%r&-(% a**reti&n. I6 t%e *a-!e &6 t%e +a*an* i! PID) re0re!entati&n 7i## &**-r. 8. A**reti&n a#!& ta1e! 0#a*e in *a!e! &6 ,e+i!ee! an, #e(atee! an, -!-6r-*t-arie! -n,er %eir!. t%e !a$e *&n,iti&n! e!ta/#i!%e, 6&r =. A**reti&n i! !-/&r,inate t& !-/!tit-ti&n) /e*a-!e !-/!tit-te! are in!tit-te, / t%e te!tat&r" %en*e) e0re!! 7i## 0re+ai#! &+er 0re!-$e, 7i##. NOTE8 i6 t%ere i! neit%er a**reti&n n&r !-/!tit-ti&n in te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n) t%e 0art #e6t +a*ant 7i## #a0!e int& te!ta* @. T%e &ne t%at t%e %ei r (et! 6r&$ a**reti&n *an /e ren&-n*e, !e0arate 6r&$ t%e in%eritan*e attri/-te, t& t%e %eir 7%& 7i## ren&-n*e, t%e a**r-e, in%eritan*e.
SUMMAR,8 I. In te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n: 5. Le(iti$e: • In *a!e &6 0re,e*ea!e &6 an %eir) t%ere i! re0re!entati&n i6 t%ere are *%i#,ren &r ,e!*en,ant!" i6 n&ne) t%e &t%er! in t%eir &7n ri(%t!. In *a!ein%erit &6 in*a0a*it) re!-#t! are t%e !a$e a! in 0re,e*ea!e. • In *a!e &6 ,i!in%eritan*e) re!-#t! are t%e !a$e a! in 0re,e*ea!e. • In *a!e &6 re0-,iati&n / an %eir) t%e &t%er! in%erit in t%eir &7n ri(%t!. 8. Di!0&!a/#e 6ree 0&rti&n: • A**reti&n ta1e! 0#a*e 7%en re2-i!ite! are 0re!ent) /-t i6 !-*% re2-i!ite! are n&t 0re!ent) t%e &t%er! in%erit in t%eir &7n ri(%t. •
II. In inte!tate !-**e!!i&n: • In *a!e &6 0re,e*ea!e) t%ere i! re0re!entati&n i6 t%ere are *%i#,ren &r ,e!*en,ant!" i6 n&ne) t%e &t%er! in%erit in t%eir &7n ri(%t!. • In *a!e &6 in*a0a*it) re!-#t! are t%e !a$e a! in 0re,e*ea!e. • In *a!e &6 re0-,iati&n) t%ere i! a#7a! a**reti&n.
CAPACIT, TO SUCCEED T%e 6&##&7in( are *a0a/#e &6 !-**ee,in(: 1- Na!ra% Pe rs$ns
a.
Genera# R-#e $-!t /e ?5 #i+in( 7%en !-**e!!i&n &0en!) an, ?8 n&t in*a0a*itate, &r ,i!2-a#i6ie, / #a7 t& !-**ee,. NOTE8 It i! en&-(% t%at t%e %eir) ,e+i!ee &r #e(atee /e a#rea, *&n*ei+e, in a**&r,an*e 7it% Art! @ an, @5) t& /e *&n!i,ere, #i+in(. /. I6 in!tit-ti&n !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e *&n,iti&n !-**e!!&r $-!t /e #i+in( /&t% 7%en deceden dies an, 7%en t%e c$ndii$n aens *. I6 in!tit-ti&n !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e ter$ $-!t /e a#i+e &n# at
in*a0a*itate, i! a *&$0-#!&r %eir) it ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e #e(iti$e /-t &n# t%e 6ree 0&rti&n. 2.
t%e $&$ent ,eat%) !-**e!!&r nee, &6 n&t ,e*e,entK! /e a#i+e 7%en t%e ter$ arri+e!.
7i6e) rea!&n,e!*en,ant! &6 %i! &66i*e. an, a!*en,ant!) /
NOTE8 P&!!i/#e &n# in te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n. T%ere6&re) i6 t%e &ne in*a0a*itate, i! a *&$0-#!&r %eir) it ,&e! n&t a66e*t t%e #e(iti$e /-t &n# t%e 6ree 0&rti&n.
2- !ridica% Pers$ns Or(aniati&n! &r a!!&*iati&n! 7%i*% 0&!!e!! -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it
WHO ARE INCAPABLE O: SUCCEEDIN3 A- ABSOLUTE INC APACIT, 5. T%&!e n&t #i+in( at t%e ti$e &6 ,eat% e*e0t Art!. 58) 58>) an, 5= 8. T%&!e 7%& *ann&t /e i,enti6ie, -n*ertain 0er!&n! ?Art. [email protected] =. T%&!e 7%& are n&t 0er$itte, / #a7 t& in%erit ?Art. 58>
T%&!e r$i#ied !nder Ar ?(9 6r&$ (i+in( an, re*ei+in( ,&nati&n 6r&$ ea*% &t%er /a!e, &n M&ra#it &r P-/#i* P&#i* a. T%&!e $a,e /e t7een 0er! &n! 7%& 7er e (-i#t &6 a,-#ter &r *&n*-/ina(e at t%e ti$e &6 t%e ,&nati&n" /. T%&!e $a,e /et7een 0er!&n! 6&-n, (-i#t &6 t%e !a$e *ri$ina# &66en!e) in *&n!i,erati&n t%ere&6" *. T%&!e $a ,e t& a 0-/#i* &66i*er &r %i !
B- RELATIVE INC APACIT, 1. T%&!e Pr&%i/ite, -n,er Ar 102? ,-e t& Un,-e In6#-en*e &r Intere!t
T%e 6&##&7in( are in*a0a/#e &6 !-**ee,in( / rea!&n &6 !n/$riness8 a. Parent! 7%& %a+e a/an,&ne, t%eir *%i#,ren &r in,-*e, t%eir ,a-(%ter! t& #ea, a *&rr-0t &r i$$&ra# #i6e) &r atte$0te, a(ain!t t%eir +irt-e" /. An 0er!&n 7%& %a ! /een *&n+i*te, &6 an atte$0t a(ain!t t%e #i6e &6 t%e te!tat&r) %i! &r %er !0&-!e) ,e!*en,ant!) &r a!*en,ant!" *. An 0er!&n 7%& %a! a**-!e, t%e te!tat&r
a. Prie!t %ear,%i!t%e#a!t *&n6e!!i&n &6 t%e te!tat&r7%& ,-rin( i##ne!!) &r t%e $ini!ter &6 t%e (&!0e# 7%& eten,e, !0irit-a# ai, t& %i$ ,-rin( t%e !a$e 0eri&, /. Re#ati+e! &6 !-* % 0rie!t &r $in i!ter &6 t%e (&!0e# 7it%in t%e @ t% ,e(ree) t%e *%-r*%) &r,er) *%a0ter) *&$$-nit) &r(aniati&n) &r in!tit-ti&n t& 7%i*% !-*% 0rie!t &r $ini!ter $a /e#&n( *. G-ar,ian 7it% re!0e*t t& te!ta$entar ,i!0&!iti&n! (i+en / a 7ar, in %i! 6a+& r /e6&re t%e 6ina# a**&-nt! &6 t%e (-ar,ian!%i0 %a+e /een a00r&+e,) e+en i6 t%e te!tat&r !%&-#, ,ie a6ter t%e a00r&+a# t%ere&6" EFCEPT i6 t%e (-ar ,ian i! %i! a!*e n,ant) ,e!*en,ant) /r&t%er) !i!ter) &r !0&-!e ,. Atte!tin( 7itne!! t& ee *-ti&n &6 7i## ) t%eir !0&-!e!) 0arent!) *%i#,ren &r an &ne *#ai$in( -n,er !-*% 7itne!!) !0&-!e) 0arent! &r *%i#,ren
&6 a *ri$e 6&r 7%i*% #a7 &r 0re!*ri/e! i$0ri!&n$ent 6&r !it%e ear! $&re) i6 t%e a**-!ati&n %a! /een 6&-n, (r&-n,#e!!" ,. An %eir &6 6-## a(e 7%&) %a+in( 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e +i&#ent ,eat% &6 t%e te!tat&r) !%&-#, 6ai# t& re0&rt it t& an &66i*er &6 t%e #a7 7it%in a $&nt%) -n#e!! t%e a-t%&ritie! %a+e a#rea, ta1en a*ti&n" t%i! 0r&%i/iti&n !%a## n&t a00# t& *a!e! 7%erein) a**&r,in( t& #a7) t%ere i! n& &/#i(ati&n t& $a1e an a**-!ati&n" e. An 0er!&n *&n+i*te, &6 a,-#ter &r *&n*-/ina(e 7it% t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e te!tat&r" 6. An 0er!&n 7%& / 6ra-,) +i&#en*e) inti$i,ati&n) &r -n,-e in6#-en*e !%&-#, *a-!e t%e te!tat&r t& $a1e a 7i## &r t& *%an(e &ne a#rea, $a,e" (. An 0er!&n 7%& / t%e !a$e $ean!
e. P%!i*ian) !-r(e&n) n-r!e) %ea#t% &66i*er &r ,r-((i!t 7%& t&&1 *are &6 t%e te!tat&r ,-rin( %i! #a!t i##ne!! 6. In,i+i,-a#!) a!!&*iati&n!) an, *&r0&rati&n! n&t 0er$itte, / #a7 t& in%erit NOTE8 P&!!i/#e &n# in te!ta$entar !-**e!!i&n. T%ere6&re) i6 t%e &ne
0re+ent! an&t%er $a1in( a 7i##) &r 6r&$ re+&1in( &ne6r&$ a#rea, $a,e) &r 7%& !-00#ant!) *&n*ea#!) &r a#ter! t%e #atter! 7i##" %. An 0er!&n 7%& 6a#!i6ie! &r 6&r(e! a !-00&!e, 7i## &6 t%e ,e*e,ent. ?>4) >=) >@a
3.
NOTE: T%e *a-!e &6 -n7&rt%ine!! !%a## /e 7it%&-t e66e*t i6 t%e te!tat&r %a, 1n&7#e,(e t%ere&6 at t%e ti$e %e $a,e t%e 7i##) &r i6) %a+in( 1n&7n &6 t%e$ !-/!e2-ent#) %e !%&-#, *&n,&ne t%e$ in 7ritin(. T%i! i! a00#i*a/#e t& /&t% te!ta$entar an, #e(a# !-**e!!i&n. It i! t&ta# in t%e !en!e t%at it eten,! n&t &n# t& t%e 6ree 0&rti&n /-t a#!& t& t%e #e(iti$e. 4.
@. A te!ta$entar 0r&+i!i&n in 6a+&r &6 a ,i!2-a#i6ie, 0er!&n) e+en t%&-(% $a,e -n,er t%e (-i!e &6 an &ner&-! *&ntra*t) &r $a,e t%r&-(% an inter$e,iar) !%a## /e +&i,. ?Art. >44
MANNER O: ACCEPTANCE O: INHERITANCE 5. E6ress a. P-/#i* D&*-$ent /. Pri+ate ;ritin(
B Oerai$n $& La/ T%e $&$ent t%e te!tat&r -!e! &ne &6 t%e a*t! &6 -n7&rt%ine!! a! a *a-!e 6&r ,i!in%eritan*e) %e t%ere/
8. Taci Acceance &ne re!-#tin( 6r&$ a*t! / 7%i*% t%e intenti&n t& a**e0t i! ne*e!!ari# i$0#ie, &r 7%i*% &ne 7&-#, %a+e
!-/$it! itre*&n*i#iati&n t& t%e r-#e! &n ren,er! ,i!in%eritan*e. T%-!) t%e ,i!in%eritan*e ine66e*ti+e.
n& ri(%t t& /e ,& 0re!-$e, e*e0t in t%e &6 an&6 %eir. It *an 6r&$*a0a*it *ertain a*t! t%e %eir !-*% a!: a. ;%en %ei r !e##!) ,&n ate!) &r a!!i(n! %i! ri(%t. /. ;%en %eir ren&-n*e! it 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 &ne &r $&re %eir!. *. ;%en ren-n*iati&n i! in 6a+&r &6 a## %eir! in,i!*ri$inate# 6&r *&n!i,erati&n ,. Ot%er a*t! &6 ta*it a**e0tan*e: i. Heir ,e$an,! 0artiti&n &6 t %e in%eritan*e ii. Heir a#ienate! !&$e & /e*t! & 6 t%e in%eritan*e iii. Un,er Arti*#e 54>) 6ai#-re t& !i(ni6 a**e0tan*e &r re0-,iati&n 7it%in = ,a! a6ter an &r,er &6 ,i!tri/-ti&n / t%e 0r&/ate *&-rt.
PARDON O: ACTS O: UNWORTHINESS EFPRESS IMPLIED Ma,e / t%e ee*-ti&n E66e*te, 7%en te!tat&r &6 a ,&*-$ent &r an $a1e! a 7i## in!tit-tin( 7ritin( in 7%i*% t%e t%e -n7&rt% %eir 7it% ,e!*en,ent *&n,&ne! 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e t%e *a-!e &6 in*a0a*it *a-!e &6 in*a0a*it Cann&t /e re+&1e, Re+&1e, 7%en t%e te!tat&r re+&1e! t%e 7i## &r t%e in!tit-ti&n
TIME TO DETERMINE THE CAPACIT, 3ENERAL RULE8 at t%e $&$ent &6 t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,e!*e,ent. EFCEPTION8 a. T%&!e ,i!2-a#i6ie, -n,er Art. 5=8 ?8)=)4 7%erein it i! ne*e!!ar t& 7ait -nti# 6ina# -,($ent i! ren,ere, /. T%&!e ,i!2-a#i6ie, -n,er Art.5=8 [email protected] 7%erein it i! ne*e!!ar t& 7ait 6&r t%e e0irati&n 6&r t%e $&nt% a##&7e, 6&r re0&rt *. I6 t%e in!tit-ti&n &6 t%e %eir!) #e(a* &r ,e+i!e i! *&n,iti&na#) t%e ti$e &6 *&$0#ian*e 7it% t%e *&n,iti&n !%a## /e *&n!i,ere,. NOTE8 T%e a*ti&n 6&r a ,e*#arati&n &6 in*a0a*it an, re*&+er &6 t%e in%eritan*e) ,e+i!e &r #e(a* !%a## /e 4 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ,i!2-a#i6ie, 0er!&n t&&1 0&!!e!!i&n t%ere&6. ADDITIONAL NOTES 5. T%e *a0a*it t& !-**ee, i! (&+erne, / t%e #a7 &6 t%e nati&n &6 t%e ,e*e,ent. 8. Per!&n! n&t in*a0a*itate, / #a7 $a !-**ee, / 7i## &r a/ intestato. =. I6 t%e %eir e*#-,e, 6r&$ t%e in%eritan*e / rea!&n &6 in*a0a*it i! a *&$0-#!&r %eir) an, i6 !-*% *&$0-#!&r %eir %a! *%i#,ren &r ,e!*en,ant) t%e #atter !%a## a*2-ire t%e in*a0a*itate, %eirK! ri(%t t& t%e #e(iti$e ?/ re0re!entati&n..
CHARACTERISTICS O: REPUDIATION 5. an, V&#-ntar 8. Free Irre+&*a/#e &n*e A*t $a,e an, *ann&t /e i$0-(ne,) e*e0t in *a!e! +itiatin( *&n!ent. =. Retr&a*ti+e
REUISITES :OR A VALID REPUDIATION 3eir repudiating must be certain of two things before repudiating: a. Deat% &6 t%e 0er!&n 6r&$ 7%&$ %e i! t& in%erit" /. Ri(%t t& t%e in%eritan*e. •
W$ ma" acce $r re!diae X An 0er!&n %a+in( t%e 6ree ,i!0&!a# &6 %i! 0r&0ert UNLESS %e i! in*a0a*itate, !-*% a! 7%en %e i! a $in&r) ,ea6$-te 7%& *ann&t rea, an, 7rite) -,i*ia## ,e*#are, in!&#+ent) -n,er *i+i# inter,i*ti&n) in 7%i*% *a!e! %i! '!ardian $r reresenai.e !%a## /e t%e &ne t& a**e0t &ri!re0-,iate. H&7e+er) -,i*ia# a-t%&riati&n ne*e!!ar in *a!e &6 re0-,iati&n.
I& e #ene&iciar" aens $ #e e POOR8 a. A**e0tan*e 0er!&n ,e!i(nate, / t%e te!tat&r t& ,eter$ine t%e /ene6i*iarie! an,
t& ,i!tri/-te t%e 0r&0ert. In ,e6a-#t t%ere&6) t%e ee*-t&r. /. Re0-,iati&n /ene6i*iarie! t%e$!e#+e! &n*e t%e are ,eter$ine,
I& e #ene&iciar" aens $ #e a CORPORATION5 ASSOCIATION5 INSTITUTION5 OR ENTIT,8 a. A**e0tan*e #e(a# re0re!entati+e /. Re0-,iati&n #e(a# re0re!entati+e 7it% -,i*ia# a-t%&riati&n I& e #ene&iciar" aens $ #e a MARRIED WOMAN8 !%e $a eit%er a**e0t &r re0-,iate *&n!ent t%e in%eritan*e 7it%&-t %er %-!/an,K! is re!diai$n made X • H $/ T%e re0-,iati&n &6 t%e in%eritan*e !%a## /e $a,e in: a. a !#%ic d$c!men > a*1n&7#e,(e, /e6&re a n&tar 0-/#i*) &r /. a!enic insr!men e2-i+a#ent t& an in,-/ita/#e 7ritin( &r a 7ritin( 7%&!e a-t%enti*it i! a,$itte, &r 0r&+e,) &r *. / a eii$n 0re!ente, t& t%e *&-rt %a+in( -ri!,i*ti&n &+er t%e te!ta$entar &r inte!tate 0r&*ee,in(!.
RATIO8 T%e #a7 *&n!i,er! t%at t%e a*t &6 re0-,iati&n i! $&re !&#e$n t%at t%e a*t &6 a**e0tan*e an, t%at re0-,iati&n 0r&,-*e! $&re +i&#ent an, ,i!t-r/in( *&n!e2-en*e!. •
•
I6 t%e %eir re0-,iate! t%e in%eritan*e t& t%e 0re-,i*e &6 %i! &7n *re,it&r!) t%e #atter 0etiti&n t%e *&-rt t& a-t%&rie t%e$$a t& a**e0t it in t%e na$e &6 t%e %eir. I6 an %eir i! /&t% a te!tate an, #e(a# %eir) re0-,iati&n &6 t%e in%eritan*e a! a te!tate %eir) %e i! -n,er!t&&, t& %a+e re0-,iate, in /&t% *a0a*itie!. H&7e+er) !%&-#, %e re0-,iate a! a #e(a# %eir) 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 /ein( a te!tate %eir) %e $a !ti## a**e0t t%e in%eritan*e a! a #e(a# %eir.
NOTES8 I6 ren&-n*e, in 6a+&r &6 &t%er %eir!) ,&e! it $ean a**e0tan*eX It ,e0en,!: I& seci&ic eir 7%et%er &r n&t a. ren&-n*in( %eir re*ei+e! ant%in() *&n!i,ere, a! a**e0tan*e &n t%e 0art &6 t%e %eir. T%ere are t7& tran!6er!. I& 'ra!i$!s /. i. In 6a+&r &6 a## %i! *& %eir! in,i!*ri$inate# t%ere i! re0-,iati&n
ii.
/e*a-!e %eir ,ee$e, t& %a+e n&t a**e0te,. Hen*e) a**reti&n ta1e! 0#a*e. In 6a+&r &6 a## *&%eir! /-t in 0r&0&rti&n ,i66erent 6r&$ t%&!e t%e
iii.
*. • • •
7&-#, re*ei+e / a**reti&n: *&n!i,ere, a! ta*it a**e0tan*e. I6 (rat-it&-! in 6a+&r &6 &ne &r !&$e &6 %i! *&%eir! ,ee$e, *&n+ean*e in 6a+&r &6 t%e *&%eir! !0e*i6ie,) %en*e t%ere i! a**e0tan*e. I& $ner$!s%": T%ere i! n& re0-,iati&n Tran!6er *&n!i,ere, t& /e 7it% *&n!i,erati&n T%ere are a#!& ta i$0#i*ati&n! /e*a-!e t%ere are t7& tran!6er!.
E::ECTS O: ACCEPTANCE AND REPUDIATION 3enera% R!%e8 irre+&*a/#e E6cei$n8 5. i6 $a,e t%r&-(% an &6 t% e *a-!e! t%at +itiate! *&n!ent ?$i!ta1e) +i&#en*e) inti$i,ati&n) -n,-e in6#-en*e an, 6ra-, 8. 7%en an -n1n&7n 7i## a00ear! COLLATION8 t%e a*t / +irt-e &6 7%i*%) t%e 0er!&n! 7%& *&n*-r in t%e in%eritan*e /rin( /a*1 t& t%e *&$$&n %ere,itar $a!! t%e 0r&0ert 7%i*% t%e %a+e re*ei+e, 6r&$ %i$) !& t%at a ,i+i!i&n $a /e e66e*te, a**&r,in( t& #a7 an, t%e 7i## &6 t%e te!tat&r. T$ c$%%ae i! t& /rin( /a*1 &r t& ret-rn t& t%e %ere,itar $a!!) in 6a*t &r / 6i*ti&n) 0r&0ert 7%i*% *a$e 6r&$ t%e e!tate &6 t%e ,e*e,ent) ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e) /-t 7%i*% t%e #a7 *&n!i,er! a! an a,+an*e 6r&$ t%e in%eritan*e PROPERTIES OR RI3HTS RECEIVED B, COMPULSOR, HEIR NOT SUBECT TO COLLATION 5. Pr&0ert #e6t / 7i## 8. Pr&0ert 7%i*% $a %a +e /een ,&na te, / an a!*en,ant &6 t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir =. Pr&0ert ,&nate, t& t%e !0&-!e &6 t%e *&$0-#!&r %eir @. E0en!e! 6&r !-00&rt) e,-*ati&n) $e,i*a# atten,an*e e+en in etra&r,inar i##ne!!) a00renti*e!%i0) &r,inar e2-i0$ent &r *-!t&$ar (i6t! 4. E0en!e! in*-rre, / 0are nt! in (i+i n( t%eir *%i#,ren a 0r&6e!!i&na#) +&*ati&na#) &r &t%er *areer . ;e,,in( (i6t! *&n!i!tin( &6 e7e#r) *#&t%in( an, &-t6it) (i+en / 0arent! &r a!*en,ant!) !& #&n( a! t%e ,& n&t e*ee, 55 &6 t%e ,i!0&!a/#e 0&rti&n
OPERATIONS RELATED TO COLLATION 5. C$%%ai$n a,,in( t& t%e $a!! &6 t%e %ere,itar e!tate t%e +a#-e &6 t%e ,&nati&n &r (rat-it&-! ,i!0&!iti&n
8. Im!in' $r Car'in' *re,itin( t%e ,&nati&n a! an a,+an*e &n t%e #e(iti$e ?i6 t%e ,&nee i! a *&$0-#!&r %eir &r &n t%e 6ree 0&rti&n ?i6 t%e ,&nee i! a !tran(er =. Red!ci$n ,eter$inin( t& 7%at etent t%e ,&nati&n 7i## re$ain an, t& 7%at etent it i! e*e!!i+e &r in&66i*i&-! @. Resi!i$n ret-rn &r 0a$ent &6 t%e e*e!! t& t%e $a!! &6 %ere,itar e!tate.
PERSONS OBLI3ATED TO COLLATE 3ENERAL RULE8 *&$0-#!&r %eir! EFCEPTION8 a. ;%en t %e t e!tat&r ! %&-#,
PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION : T%e !e0arati&n) ,i+i!i&n an, a!!i(n$ent &6 a t%in( %e#, in *&$$&n a$&n( t%&!e t& 7%&$ it $a /e#&n(. It in*#-,e! e+er a*t 7%i*% i! inten,e, t& 0-t an en, t& in,i+i!i&n a$&n( *&%eir!) an, #e(atee! &r ,e+i!ee!) a#t%&-(% it !%&-#, 0-r0&rt t& /e a !a#e) e*%an(e) *&$0r&$i!e) &r an &t%er tran!a*ti&n. It i! n&t !-/e*t t& an 6&r$ WHO MA, E::ECT PARTITION i. De*e,ent%i$!e#6 ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e / an a*t inter +i+&! &r / 7i##" ii. Heirt%e$!e#+e!" r,
an, /. %a+e !& e0re!!# ;%en0r&+i,e," t %e * &$0-#!&r % eir !%&-#, %a+e re0-,iate, %i! in%eritan*e •
Gran,*%i#,ren 7%& !-r+i+e 7it% t%eir -n*#e!) a-nt!) &r 6ir!t *&-!in!) an, in%erit / ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n.
NOTE8 Gran,*%i#,ren $a in%erit 6r&$ (ran,0arent in t%eir &7n ri(%t ?i.e. %eir! net in ,e(ree an, n&t / ri(%t &6 re0re!entati&n i6 t%eir 0arent re0-,iate! t%e in%eritan*e &6 t%e (ran,0arent) a! n& #i+in( 0er!&n *an /e re0re!ente, e*e0t in *a!e! &6 ,i!in%eritan*e an, in*a0a*it. ?In !-*% *a!e!) (ran,*%i#,ren are n&t &/#i(e, t& /rin( t& *&##ati&n 7%at t%eir 0arent %a! re*ei+e, (rat-it&-!# 6r&$ t%eir (ran,0arent WHAT TO COLLATE 5. An 0r&0ert &r ri (%t re*ei+e, / (r at-it&-! ,-rin( te!tat&rK! #i6eti$e 8. tit#e A## t%at t%et%e $a %a+e re* ei+e, 6r&$ t% e ,e*e,ent ,-rin( %i! #i6eti$e =. A## t%at t%eir 0arent! 7&-#, %a+e /r&-(%t t& *&##ati&n i6 a#i+e.
iii.
C&$0etent*&-rt"= 0er!&n ,e!i(nate, / t%e ,e*e,ent
WHO CAN DEMAND PARTITION 5. C&$0-#!&r %eir" 8. V&#-ntar %eir =. Le(atee &r ,e+i!ee" @. An 0er!&n 7%& %a! a*2-ire, intere!t in t%e e!tate WHEN PARTITION CANNOT BE DEMANDED =PAPU; 5. ;%en e 0re!!# Pr&%i/ite, / t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 6&r a 0eri&, n&t e*ee,in( 8 ear!" 8. ;%en t% e *& %eir! A(ree, t%at t%e e!tate !%a## n&t /e ,i+i,e, 6&r a 0eri&, n&t e*ee,in( 5 ear!) rene7a/#e 6&r an&t%er 5 ear!" =. ;%en Pr&%i/ite, / #a7" @. ;%en t& 0ar titi&n t%e e!tate 7&-#, ren,er it Un!er+i*ea/#e 6&r t%e -!e 6&r 7%i*% it i! inten,e,. NOTE8 •
PROPERTIES NOT SUBECT TO COLLATION 5. A/!&#-te# n& *&##ati&n e0en!e! 6&r !-00&rt) e,-*ati&n ?e#e$entar an, !e*&n,ar &n#) $e,i*a# atten,an*e) e+en in etra&r,inar i##ne!!) a00renti*e!%i0) &r,inar e2-i0$ent &r *-!t&$ar (i6t!. 8. Genera## n&t i$0-ta/#e t& #e(i ti$e: a. E0en!e! in* -rre, / 0ar ent! in (i+in( t%eir *%i#,ren 0r&6e!!i&na#) +&*ati&na# &r &t%er *areer -n#e!! t%e 0arent! !& 0r&+i,e) &r -n#e!! t%e i$0air t%e #e(iti$e /. ;e,,in( (i6t! / 0arent! an, a!*en,ant! e7e#r) *#&t%in() an, *&n!i!tin( &-t6it e*e0t&67%en t%e e*ee, 55 &6 t%e !-$ ,i!0 &!a/#e / 7i##.
PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION
•
Parii$n Iner Vi.$s it i! &ne t%at $ere# a##&*ate! !0e*i6i* ite$! &r 0ie*e! &6 0r&0ert &n t%e /a!i! &6 t%e 0r& in,i+i!& !%are! 6ie, / #a7 &r (i+en -n,er t%e 7i## t& %eir! &r !-**e!!&r!. Partiti&n i! n&t it!e#6 a $&,e &6 a*2-irin( &7ner!%i0) n&r a tit#e t%ere6&re) t%i! 0artiti&n) /ein( 0re,i*ate, &n !-**e!!i&n) ne*e!!itate! re#ati&n!%i0 t& t%e ,e*e,ent ?in *a!e &6 inte!ta* &r a 7i## ,-# 0r&/ate, ?in *a!e &6 te!ta*. A 0artiti&n inter +i+&! $a,e in 6a+&r &r inte!tate %eir! *&-#, /e &0erati+e. Di!0&!iti&n!) %&7e+er) t& n&ninte!tate %eir! $a !-66er an i$0e,i$ent -n#e!! /a!e, &n a,i!0&!iti&n! +a#i, 7i##) are e*e0 t 0er%a0! 7%en !-*% inten,e, t& ta1e e66e*t ,-rin( t%e #i6e &6 t%e te!tat&r an, t%e 6&r$a#itie! &6 ,&nati&n! are 0r&0er# *&$0#ie, 7it%.
PROHIBITION TO PARTITION 5. T%e 0r&%i/iti&n t& 0artiti&n 6&r a 0eri&, n&t e*ee,in( 8 ear! *an /e i$0&!e, &n t%e #e(iti$e. 8. I6 t%e 0r&%i/iti&n t& 0artiti&n i! 6&r $&re t%an 8 ear!) t%e e*e!! i! +&i,. =. E+en i6 a 0r&% i/iti&n i! i$0&!e,) t%e %eir! / $-t-a# a(ree$ent *an !ti## $a1e t%e 0artiti&n.
8. Bet7een !e+era# tr-e %ei r! an, a $i!ta1en %eir tran!$i!!i&n t& $i!ta1en %eir i! VOID =. T%r&-(% err&r &r $i!ta1e" !%are &6 tr-e %eir i! a##&tte, t& $i!ta1en %eir 0artiti&n !%a## n&t /e re!*in,e, -n#e!! t%ere i! /a, 6ait% &r 6ra-, &n t%e 0art &6 t%e &t%er 0er!&n! intere!te,) /-t t%e #atter !%a## /e 0r&0&rti&nate# &/#i(e, t& 0a t%e tr-e %eir &6 %i! !%are
LE3AL REDEMPTION IN :AVOR O: CO> HEIRS T%e ri(%t &6 #e(a# re,e$0ti&n 0re,i*ate, -0&n t%e 6a*t t%at t%e !a#e $a,e / t%e *& %eir i! e66e*te, /e6&re t%e 0arti ti&n &6 t%e e!tate /-t a6ter t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,e*e,ent.
NOTE8 Partiti&n 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e $i!ta1en %eir i! VOID.
[email protected]!isies8 5. T%ere $-!t /e !e+era# *&%eir! 8. T%at&ne&6t%e$ !e##! %i! ri(%t t& a !tran(er =. T%at t%e !a#e i! $a,e /e6&re t%e 0artiti&n @. T%att%eri(%t&6 re,e$0ti&n $-!t /e eer*i!e, / &ne &r $&re &6 t%e *&%eir! 7it%in 5 $&nt% 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e 7ere n&ti6ie, in 7ritin( / t%e *&%eir +en,&r 4. T%e +en,ee i! rei$/-r!e, 6&r t%e 0ri*e &6 t%e !a#e. E::ECTS O: PARTITION
A VOID WILL MA, BE A VALID PARITION 5. I6 t%e 7i## 7a! in 6a*t a 0artiti&n" an, 8. I6 t%e /ene6i*iarie! in t%e +&i, 7i## 7ere #e(a# %eir! IMPORTANT PERIODS TO REMEMBER PERIODS TO REMEMBER ON PARTITION 5 $&nt% &r #e!! Te!tat&r) i6 0-/#i*# 1n&7n /e6&re $a1in( a t& /e in!ane) /-r,en &6 7i## 0r&&6 i! &n t%e &ne *#ai$in( +a#i,it &6 t%e 7i## 8 ear! Mai$-$ 0eri&, te!tat&r *an 0r&%i/it a#ienati&n &6 ,i!0&!iti&n! 4 ear! 6r&$ T& *#ai$ 0r&0ert ,e#i+er t& t%e e!*%eate, t& t%e State State 5$&nt% T& re0&rt 1n&7#e,(e &6 +i&#ent ,eat% &6 ,e*e,ent #e!t %e /e *&n!i,ere,
C&n6er! %eir t%e e*#-!i+e &7ner!%i0-0&n &6 t%e ea*% 0r&0ert a,-,i*ate,. A6ter t%e 0artiti&n) t%e *&%eir! !%a## /e re*i0r&*a## /&-n, t& 7arrant t%e tit#e t& ?7arrant a(ain!t e+i*ti&n an, t%e 2-a#it &6 ?7arrant a(ain!t %i,,en ,e6e*t!) ea*% 0r&0ert a,-,i*ate,. • T%e &/#i(ati&n &6 7arrant !%a## *ea!e in t%e 6&##&7in( *a!e!: i. ;%en t%e te!tat&r %i$!e#6 %a! $a,e t%e 0artiti&n -n#e!! %i! intenti&n 7a! &t%er7i!e) /-t t%e #e(iti$e !%a## a#7a! re$ain -ni$0aire,. ii. ;%en it %a! /een e0re!!# !ti0-#ate, in t%e a(ree$ent &6 0artiti&n) -n#e!! t%ere %a! /een /a, 6ait%. iii. ;%en t%e e+i*ti&n 7a! ,-e t& a *a-!e !-/!e2-ent t& t%e 0artiti&n) &r %a! /een *a-!e, / t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e ,i!tri/-tee &6 t%e 0r&0ert.
4 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e ,i!2-a#i6ie, 0er!&n t&&1 0&!!e!!i&n = ,a! 6r&$ i!!-an*e &6 &r,er &6 ,i!tri/-ti&n
E::ECTS O: INCLUSION O: INTRUDER IN PARTITION 5. Bet7een a tr-e %ei r an, !e+era# $i!ta1en %eir! Partiti&n i! VOID
@ ear! 0artiti&n
• •
-n7&rt% A*ti&n 6&r ,e*#arati&n &6 in*a0a*it 6&r re*&+er &6 t%e in%eritan*e) ,e+i!e &r #e(a* M-!t !i(ni6 a**e0tan*ere0-,iati&n &t%er7i!e) ,ee$e, a**e0te, 5 $&nt% 6&r$ Ri(%t t& re0-r*%a!e 7ritten n&ti*e &6 %ere,itar ri(%t! !&#, t& a !a#e !tran(er / a *&%eir 5 ear! T& en6&r*e 7arrant &6 tit#e2-a#it &6 0r&0ert a,-,i*ate, t& *&%eir 6r&$ t%e ti$e ri(%t &6 a*ti&n a**r-e! 4 ear! 6r&$ T& en6&r*e 7arrant &6 0artiti&n !&#+en* &6 ,e/t&r &6 t%e e!tate at t%e ti$e 0artiti&n 6&r$
i! $a,e 6&r re!*i!!i&n A*ti&n 0artiti&n &n a**&-nt #e!i&n
END O: DISCUSSION
&6 &6
III- LEASE 7777777777777777777777777 77777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 A- Lease $& Tin's B- Lease $& W$r< $r Ser.ices C- Lease $& R!ra% and Ur#an Lands 1- !a%i&ied ers$ns 2- Re'israi$n (- Pr$i#ii$ns D- C$nrac &$r Piece $& W$r< E- Ri's and O#%i'ai$ns $& Less$r and Lessee 7777777777777777777777777 77777777 CONTRACT O: LEASE i! a *&ntra*t / 7%i*% &ne 0er!&n /in,! %i$!e#6 t& (rant te$0&rari#) t%e -!e &6 a t%in( &r t%e ren,erin( &6 !&$e !er+i*e t& an&t%er 7%& -n,erta1e! t& 0a !&$e rent) *&$0en!ati&n) &r 0ri*e Caracerisics O& Lease O& Tin's8 =CLONS> PEP>TP; 5. C&n!en!-a# 8. Le!!&r nee, n&t /e t%e &7ner =. Oner&-! @. N&$inate 4. S-/e*t $atter $-!t /e 7it%in t%e *&$$er*e &6 $an ?i.e. n&t /e#&n(in( t& 0-/#i* ,&$ain . Prin*i0a# *&ntra*t >. P-r0&!e i! t & a# #&7 En&$ent &r -!e &6 a t%in( 9. P-r0&!e t& 7%i*% t%e t%in( 7i## /e ,e+&te, !%&-#, n&t /e i$$&ra# . Peri&, i! Te$0&rar 5. Peri&, $a /e ,e6inite &r in,e6inite NOTE8 Per!&n! ,i!2-a#i6ie, t& /- -n,er Art!. [email protected] an, [email protected]5 &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e are a#!& ,i!2-a#i6ie, t& /e*&$e #e!!ee! &6 t%e t%in(! $enti&ne, t%erein. ?Art. 5@) NCC inds O& Lease 1- Lease $& in's =/e er imm$ .a#%e $r m$.a#%e r$er"; • One &6 t%e 0artie! /in,! %i$!e#6 t& (i+e t& an&t%er t%e en&$ent &r -!e &6 a t%in( • F&r a 0ri*e *ertain an, • F&r a 0eri&, 7%i*% $a /e ,e6inite &r in,e6inite NOTE8 H&7e+er) n& #ea!e 6&r $&re t%an ear! !%a## /e +a#i,. 3enera% R!%e8 T%e *&nt ra*t &6 #ea!e $a /e $a,e &ra## E6cei$n8 Lea!e &6 rea# 0r&0ert 6&r $&re t%an 5 ear ?$-!t /e in 7ritin( t& *&$0# 7it% Stat-te &6 Fra-,!
2- Lease $& /$r < =c$nrac &$r a iece $& /$r<; One &6 t%e 0artie! /in,! %i$!e#6 t& 0r&,-*e a re!-#t &-t &6 %i! 7&r1 &r #a/&r F&r a 0ri*e *ertain D!ies O& A C$nrac$r W$ :!rnises W$r< And Maeria% 5. D-t t& ,e#i+er 8. D-t t& tran!6er &7ner!%i0 =. D-t t& 7arrant e+i*ti&n an, %i,,en ,e6e*t!
Remedies O& Em%$"er In Case De&ecs • A!1 *&nt ra*t&r t& re$&+e t%eO&,e6e*t &r t& ee*-te an&t%er 7&r1 • I6 *&ntra*t&r 6ai#! &r re6-!e! t& re$&+e t%e ,e6e*t) e$0#&er *an a!1 an&t%er 0er!&n t& ,& it at t%e *&ntra*t&rK! e0en!e. (- Lease $& ser.ice One 0art /in,! %i$!e#6 t& ren,er t& t%e &t%er !&$e !er+i*e F&r a 0ri*e *ertain CONTRACT :OR A PIECE O: WOR =?oc%!io 4pris; T%e &/e*t &6 *&ntra*t i! t%e re!-#t &6 t%e 7&r1 7it%&-t *&n!i,erin( t%e #a/&r t%at 0r&,-*e, it I6 t%e re!-#t 0r&$i!e, i! n&t a**&$0#i!%e,) t%e #e!!&r i! n&t entit#e, t& *&$0en!ati&n
E%emens
O&
CONTRACT O: LEASE O: SERVICE =?oc%!io 4pr%ru&;
CONTRACT O: LEASE O: THIN3
T%e &/e*t &6 *&ntra*t i! t%e
T%e &/e*t &6 *&ntra*t
!er+i*e it!e#6 an, n&t t%e re!-#t 7%i*% it (enerate!
i! a t%in(
E+en i6 t%e re!-#t inten,e, i! n&t attaine,) t%e !er+i*e! &6 t%e #e!!&r $-!t !ti## /e 0ai,. In *a!e &6 /rea*%) n& a*ti&n 6&r !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
Le!!&r %a! t& ,e#i+er t%e t%in( #ea!e,. In *a!e &6 /rea*%) t%ere *an /e an a*ti&n 6&r !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
A
Tenanc"
A'reemen
=PACAPS; 5. Paries are t%e #an,&7ner an, t%e tenant &r a(ri*-#t-ra# #e!!ee 8. S-/e*t $atter &6 t%e re#ati&n!%i0 i! an a'ric!%!ra% %and
=. T%ere i! c$nsen /et7een t%e 0artie! t& t%e re#ati&n!%i0. @. P-r0&!e &6 t%e re# ati&n!%i0 i! t& /r in( a/&-t a'ric!%!ra% r$d!ci$n 4. T%ere i! ers$na% c!%i.ai$n &n t%e 0art &6 t%e tenant &r a(ri*-#t-ra# #e!!ee an, . Har+e!t i! sared /et7een t%e #an,&7ner an, t%e tenant &r a(ri*-#t-ra# #e!!ee.
NOTE: A/!en*e &6 an &6 t%e e#e$ent! 7i## n&t $a1e t%e a##e(e, tenant a ,e 6a*t& tenant. RENT i! t%e *&$0en!ati&n eit%er in $&ne) 0r&+i!i&n!) *%atte#!) &r #a/&r) re*ei+e, / t%e #e!!&r 6r&$ t%e #e!!ee.
REUISITES8 5. M-!t n$ #e &icii$!s $r n$mina% ) &t%er7i!e t%e *&ntra*t i! *&n!i,ere, e!!entia## (rat-it&-! 8. M-!t/e caa#%e $& deerminai$n =. Ma /e in t%e 6&r$ &6 0r&,-*t!) 6r-it!) &r *&n!tr-*ti&n) a! #&n( a! it as .a%!e •
• •
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O7ner %a! t%e ri(%t t& 6i t%e rent /e*a-!e t%e *&ntra*t i! *&n!en!-a# an, n&t i$0&!e, / #a7. In*rea!in( t%e rent i! NOT an a/!&#-te ri(%t &6 t%e #e!!&r. I6 t%e rent i! 6ie, 6&r t%e 6ir!t ti$e) *&-rt! *ann&t inter6ere) /-t i6 it i! a rene7a#) t%e *&-rt! *an !ett#e t%e ,i!a(ree$ent!. T%ere /ein( n& a(ree$ent &n t%e rea!&na/#e *&$0en!ati&n t%at a #e!!ee $-!t 0a 6&r it! *&ntin-in( -!e an, &**-0ati&n &6 t%e 0re$i!e! a6ter t%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e #ea!e) it 7a! 0r&0er 6&r t%e #&7er *&-rt! t& ,eter$ine t%e !a$e. MATERCCO .- :irs Land%in< Asia De.e%$men C$r$rai$n5 K3-R- N$1?*+? =200?; In #ea!e &6 r-ra# #an,!) #e!!ee %a! n& ri(%t t& a re,-*ti&n &6 t%e rent &n a**&-nt &6 t%e !teri#it &6 #an, #ea!e,) &r / rea!&n &6 t%e #&!! &6 6r-it! ,-e t& &r,inar 6&rt-it&-! e+ent!) e*e0t 7%en t%e #&!! $&re t%an &6 t%e 6r-it! i! t%r&-(% etra&r,inar an, -n6&re!een 6&rt-it&-! e+ent! -n#e!! t%ere /e !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar.
LEASE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM USU:RUCT LEASE USU:RUCT O7ner!%i0 &n t%e O7ner!%i0 &6 t%e t%in( 0art &6 t%e #e!!&r i! &n t%e 0art &6 t%e n&t ne*e!!ar t& (rant&r i! ne*e!!ar t& *&n!tit-te a *&ntra*t *&n!tit-te a -!-6r-*t &6 #ea!e It i! (enera## a It i! a#7a! a rea# ri(%t 0er!&na# ri(%t an, i! a rea# ri(%t &n# / e*e0ti&n
It i! #i$ite, t& t%e -!e !0e*i6ie, in t%e *&ntra*t Le!!&r 0#a*e! an, $aintain! t%e #e!!ee in t%e 0ea*e6-# en&$ent &6 t%e t%in( It! ter$ i! (enera## 6&r a ,e6inite 0eri&, It $a /e *reate, / *&ntra*t a! a (enera# r-#e Le!!ee %a! n& ,-t
It in*#-,e! a## 0&!!i/#e -!e! an, en&$ent &6 t%e t%in( O7ner a##&7! t%e -!-6r-*t-ar t& -!e an, en& t%e 0r&0ert
t& $a1e re0air! Le!!ee %a! n& ,-t t& 0a tae! Le!!ee *ann&t *&n!tit-te a -!-6r-*t &6 t%e 0r&0ert #ea!e,
t& $a1e re0air! U!-6r-*t-ar %a! a ,-t t& 0a tae! U!-6r-*t-ar $a *&n!tit-te a !-/#ea!e
It! ter$ $a /e 6&r an in,e6inite 0eri&, It $a /e *reate, / #a7) *&ntra*t) #a!t 7i## &r 0re!*ri0ti&n U!-6r-*t-ar %a! ,-t
LEASE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SALE LEASE SALE On# t%e -!e &r O7ner!%i0 i! tran!6erre, en&$ent i! tran!6erre, Tran!6er i! Tran!6er i! 0er$anent te$0&rar Le!!&r nee, n&t /e Se##er $-!t /e t%e t%e &7ner &7ner at t%e ti$e t%e 0r&0ert i! ,e#i+ere, T%e 0ri*e &6 t%e U!-a##) t%e !e##in( 0ri*e &/e*t ?,i!tin(-i!%e, i! $enti&ne, 6r&$ t%e rent i! -!-a## n&t $enti&ne, LEASE O: SERVICE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM A3ENC, LEASE O: A3ENC, SERVICES It i! /a!e, &n It i! /a!e, &n e$0#&$ent re0re!entati&n t%e #e!!&r &6 a(ent re0re!ent! %i! !er+i*e! ,&e! n&t 0rin*i0a# an, enter int& re0re!ent %i! -ri,i*a# a*t! e$0#&er n&r ,&e! %e ee*-te -ri,i*a# a*t! Prin*i0a# *&ntra*t Pre0arat&r *&ntra*t 3enera% R!%e8 A #ea!e &6 rea# 0r& 0ert i! a 0er!&na# ri(%t E6cei$ns8 5. I6 it i! 6&r $& re t% an &ne ear an , t& /e en6&r*ea/#e it $-!t /e in 7ritin( 8. I6 it i! re( i!tere, 7i t% Re( i!tr &6 Pr&0 ert) re(ar,#e!! &6 it! 0eri&,
E&&ecs I& Lease O& Rea% Pr$er" Is N$ Re'isered8 5. T%e #ea!e i! n&t /in,in( &n t%ir, 0er!&n! 8. S-*% t%ir, 0er!&n i! a##&7e, t& ter $inate t%e #ea!e in *a!e %e /-! t%e 0r&0ert 6r&$ t%e &7ner#e!!&r =. A*t-a# 1n&7#e,(e &6 ei!t en*e an, ,-r ati&n &6 #ea!e i! e2-i+a#ent t& re(i!trati&n @. Stran(er 1n&7! &6 t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e #ea!e) /-t 7a! #e, t& /e#ie+e t%at t%e #ea!e 7&-#, e0ire !&&n &r /e6&re t%e ne7 #ea!e in 6a+&r &6 %i$ /e(in!) t%e !tran(er *an !ti## /e *&n!i,ere, inn&*ent Pers$ns [email protected]!a%i&ied T$ Bec$me Lessees8 1. H-!/an, an, 7i6e *ann&t #ea!e t& ea*% &t%er t%eir !e0arate 0r&0ertie! ?E*e0ti&n: !e0arati&n &6 0r&0ert 2. T%&!e ,i!2-a#i6ie, ,-e t& 6i,-*iar re#ati&n!%i0 • G-ar,ian: 7ar, • A(ent: 0rin*i0a# • Ee*-t&r an, a,$ini!trat&r! • P-/#i* &66i*er: !tate 0r&0ert • J-!ti*e!-,(e!: 0r&0ert -n,er #iti(ati&n • Ot%er! ,i!2-a#i6ie, / #a7 Lease B" :i%iin$s • Ma #ea!e #an,! &6 public domain 7it% an area &6 4 %e*tare! an, $a a*2-ire n&t $&re t%an 58 %e*tare! Lease B" C$r$rai$ns •
At Fi#i0in&&7ne,) $a #an,! &6 #ea!t public domain 6&r a 0eri&, &6 #ea!e 84 ear!) rene7a/#e 6&r n&t $&re t%an 84 ear!" t%e area n&t t& e*ee, $&re t%an 5) %e*tare!
R!%es On Lease O& Tin's Wen Lessee Is An A%ien 5. ear #i$it a00#ie! t& a#ien! a! #&n( a! it i! a #ea!e &6 personal property 8. A#ien! CANNOT #ea!e public lands& an, *ann&t a*2-ire 0ri+ate #an,! e*e0t t%r&-(% !-**e!!i&n =. I6 #ea!e &6 real property pri"ate lands*) $ai$-$ &6 84 ear! rene7a/#e 6&r an&t%er 84 ear! ?P.D. >5= @. Un,er t%e In+e!t&rK! Lea !e A*t &6 5 4) t%e 84ear 0eri&, 7a! eten ,e, t& 4 ear! rene7a/#e 6&r an&t%er 84 ear! 0r&+i,e, t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n! are $et: a. Le!!ee $-!t $a1e in+e!t$ent! /. I6 Lea!e i! are a00r&+e, / DTI DTI *an ter$inate it *. ter$! +i&#ate,)
NOTE8 t%e ILA ,i, n&t ,& a7a 7it% P.D. >5=. Un,er ILA t%e *&n!ent &6 DTI i! re2-ire,) 7%i#e in P.D. >5= it i! n&t.
E- Ri's and O#%i'ai$ns $& Less$r and Lessee O#%i'ai$ns O& Te Less$r (Ar! 1*5+) =DNM; 5. T& DELIVER THE THIN3 7%i*% i! t%e &/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t in !-*% *&n,iti&n a! t& ren,er it 6it 6&r t%e -!e inten,e, 8. T& $a1e &n t%e !a$e ,-rin( t%e #ea!e a## t%e NECESSAR, REPAIRS in &r,er t& 1ee0 it !-ita/#e 6&r t%e -!e t& 7%i*% it %a! /een ,e+&te,) -n#e!! t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar =. T& MAINTAIN THE LESSEE IN THE PEACE:UL AND ADEUATE ENO,MENT O: THE LEASE 6&r t%e entire ,-rati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t T%i! i! tr-e &n# i6 t%e *&ntra*t i! +a#i,. ;%ere t%e *&ntra*t i! +&i,) 6&r %a+in( an ei!tent *&ntra*t &6 #ea!e) t%e #e!!&r %a! n& ri(%t t& #ea!e t%e !a$e 0r&0ert. Bercer$ .- Cai$% De.e%$men C$r$rai$n5K 3-RN $1*)?+* =200?; Na!re O& Te D!" O& Te Less$r T$ Mainain Peace&!% P$ssessi$n O& Te Premises B" Te Less$r T%i! i! $ere# a 7arrant t%at t%e #e!!ee !%a## n&t /e ,i!t-r/e, in %i! #e(a#) an, n&t 0%!i*a#) 0&!!e!!i&n. C"u% : v. Cour! o App%ls, +2 CRA +18
O#%i'ai$ns O& Te Lessee =Ar- 1+*?; =PUP; PA, THE PRICE &6 t%e #ea!e a**&r,in( t& 5. t%e ter$! !ti0-#ate, USE THE THIN3 #ea!e, a! a ,i#i(ent 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# ,e+&tin( it t& t%e -!e !ti0-#ate,) an, in t%e a/!en*e &6 !ti0-#ati&n) t& t%at 7%i*% $a /e in6erre, 6r&$ t%e nat-re &6 t%e t%in( #ea!e,) a**&r,in( t& t%e *-!t&$ &6 t%e 0#a*e PA, THE EFPENSES 6&r t%e ,ee, &6 =. #ea!e 8.
Ri's O& Te Lessee 5. Ri(%t t& /e re!0e*te, in %i! 0&!!e!!i&n 8. Ri(%t t& /e re!t&re, t& !ai, 0&!!e!!i&n / t%e $ean! e!ta/#i!%e, / #a7 &r / t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt) !%&-#, %e /e ,i!t-r/e, t%erein Remedies Wen Less$r Or Lessee D$es N$ C$m%" Wi Teir O#%i'ai$ns 5. Re!*i!!i&n an, ,a$a(e! &r 8. Da$a(e! 7%i#e a##&7in( t%e *&ntra*t t& re$ain in 6&r*e
Remed" O& Lessee Is Less$r Re&!ses T$ Acce Te Rena%s T& $a1e a 0r&0er ten,er &6 0a$ent an, *&n!i(nati&n in &r,er t& etin(-i!% t%e ,e/t
R!%es On Can'in' Te :$rm O& Te Lease T%e #e!!&r *an a#ter t%e t%in( #ea!e, 0r&+i,e, t%ere i! n& i$0air$ent &6 t%e -!e t& 7%i*% t%e t%in( i! ,e+&te, -n,er t%e ter$! &6 t%e #ea!e A#terati&n *an a#!& /e $a,e / t%e #e!!ee !& #&n( a! t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert i! n&t !-/!tantia## i$0aire, R!%es In Case O& Ur'en Reairs T%e #e!!ee i! &/#i(e, t& t&#erate t%e 7&r1) a#t%&-(% it $a /e +er ann&in( t& %i$ an, a#t%&-(% ,-rin( t%e !a$e ti$e %e $a /e -
,e0ri+e, &6$&re a 0artt%an &6 t%e i6 re0air! #a!t 6&r n&t @ 0re$i!e!) ,a! I6 re0air! #a!t 6&r @ ,a! &r $&re) #e!!ee *an a!1 6&r re,-*ti&n &6 t%e rent in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%e ti$e in*#-,in( t%e 5 !t @ ,a! an, t%e 0art &6 t%e 0r&0ert &6 7%i*% %e i! ,e0ri+e,.
NOTE8 In eit%er *a!e) re!*i!!i&n $a /e a+ai#e, &6 i6 t%e $ain 0-r0&!e &6 t%e #ea!e i! t& 0r&+i,e a ,7e##in( 0#a*e an, t%e 0r&0ert /e*&$e! -nin%a/ita/#e. E&&ecs I& Less$r :ai%s T$ Ma
NOTE8 Le!!ee %a! n& ri(%t &6 retenti&n &6 t%e 0re$i!e! i6 t%e #e!!&r ,&e! n&t 0a. Hi! &n# ri(%t i! ri(%t &6 re$&+a# i6 #e!!&r ,&e! &0t n&t t& 0a an, a00r&0riate. inds O& Tresass In Lease8 5. Tre!0a!! in 6a*t ? perturbacion de mere hecho: Le!!&r i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r t%e $ere 6a*t &6 a tre!0a!! &r tre!0a!! in 6a*t $a,e / a t%ir, 0er!&n &6 a #ea!e, 0r&0ert. Mere 6a*t &r $ere a*t &6 tre!0a!! i! 7%en t%e t%ir, 0er!&n *#ai$! n& ri(%t 7%ate+er P%!i*a# en&$ent i! re,-*e, 8. Tre!0a!! in #a7 ? perturbacion de derecho: A t%ir, 0er!&n *#ai$! #e(a# ri(%t t& en& t%e 0re$i!e! Le!!&r 7i## /e %e#, #ia/#e
D!rai$n O& Lease 5. Lea!e $a /e 6&r a ,eter$inate ti$e &r 6ie, 0eri&, Lea!e 7i## /e 6&r t%e !ai, 0eri&, an, it en,! &n t%e ,a 6ie, 7it%&-t nee, &6 a ,e$an, 8. Lea!e $a /e 7it%&-t a 6ie, 0eri&, a. F&r r-ra# #an,! ?Art. 598 It !%a## /e 6&r a## ti$e ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e (at%erin( &6 6r-it! 7%i*% t%e 7%&#e e!tate $a ie#, in 5 ear) &r 7%i*% it $a ie#, &n*e /. F&r -r/an #an,! ?Art. 59> I6 rent i! 0ai, ,ai#) #ea!e i! 6r&$ ,a -
t& ,a i! 0ai, 7ee1#) #ea!e i! 6r&$ I6 rent 7ee1 t& 7ee1 I6 rent i! 0ai, $&nt%#) #ea!e i! 6r&$ $&nt% t& $&nt% I6 rent i! 0ai, ear#) #ea!e i! 6r&$ ear t& ear
R!%es On E6ensi$n O& Te Lease Peri$d 5. I6 a #ea!e *&ntra*t 6&r a ,e 6inite ter$ a##&7! #e!!ee t& eten, t%e ter$) t%ere i! n& ne*e!!it 6&r #e!!ee t& ,-# n&ti6 #e!!&r &6 %i! ,e!ire t& !& eten, t%e ter$) -n#e!! t%e *&ntrar i! !ti0-#ate,. 8. $a /e eten,e, a! !t i0-#ati&n: #e!!ee *an eten, 7it%&-t #e!!&rK! *&n!ent /-t #e!!ee $-!t n&ti6 #e!!&r. =. $a /e et en,e, 6&r ear!) a(r ee, -0&n / /&t% 0artie! a! !ti0-#ati&n: t%i! $-!t /e inter0rete, in 6a+&r &6 t%e #e!!ee. Hen*e) &r,inari# t%e $a #e!!ee) at t%e en, &6 t%e &ri(ina# 0eri&,) eit%er: a. #ea+e t%e 0re$i!e! /. re$ain in 0&!!e!!i&n @. In *&&7ner!%i0) a!!ent &6 *&&7ner i! nee,e," &t%er7i!e) it i! +&i, &r ine66e*ti+e a! a(ain!t n&n*&n!entin( *&&7ner!.
4. ;%ere a**&r,in( t& t%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t) t%e #ea!e *an /e eten,e, &n# / t%e 7ritten *&n!ent &6 t%e 0artie! t%eret&) n& ri(%t &6 eten!i&n *an ri!e 7it%&-t !-*% 7ritten *&n!ent.
IMPLIED NEW LEASE =:%ci!% Rconucion; Lea!e t%at ari!e! i6 at t%e en, &6 t%e *&ntra*t t%e #e!!ee !%&-#, *&ntin-e en&in( t%e t%in( #ea!e, 6&r 54 ,a! 7it% t%e a*2-ie!*en*e &6 t%e #e!!&r) -n#e!! a n&ti*e t& t%e *&ntrar %a, 0re+i&-!# /een (i+en / eit%er 0art. Peri&, &6 t%e i$0#ie, ne7 #ea!e i! n&t t%at
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&6 t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t /-t 59> t%e ti$e e!ta/#i!%e, in Art! 598 an, ? see !uration of =ease abo"e Ot%er ter$! &6 t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t are re+i+e, e*e0t &0ti&n t& 0-r*%a!e in *a!e !-*% 7a! in t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t
NOTE: Ter$! t%at are re+i +e, are &n# t%&!e 7%i*% are (er$ane t& t%e en&$ent &6 0&!!e!!i&n) /-t n&t t%&!e 7it% re!0e*t t& !0e*ia# a(ree$ent! 7%i*% are / nat-re 6&rei(n t& t%e ri(%t &6 &**-0an* &r en&$ent in%erent in a *&ntra*t &6 #ea!e !-*% a! an &0ti&n t& 0-r*%a!e t%e #ea!e, 0re$i!e!. DiJ$n .- Ma'sa"sa"5 K3-R- N$- 2((99 =19?);
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an, 6&r a! #&n( a! %e *an 0a t%e renta#! an, it! in*rea!e!. T%i! i! n&t 0er$i!!i/#e" it i! a 0-re# 0&te!tati+e *&n,iti&n /e*a-!e it #ea+e! t%e e66e*ti+it an, en&$ent &6 #ea!e%&#, ri(%t! t& t%e !&#e an, e*#-!i+e 7i## &6 t%e #e!!ee.
SUBLEASE A #e!!ee $a !-/#ea!e t%e t%in( #ea!e, -n#e!! t%ere i! an express 0r&%i/iti&n t& ,& !& Re$e, &6 #e!!&r i6 #e!!ee +i&#ate! 0r&%i/iti&n: a*ti&n 6&r re!*i!!i&n &6 t%e #ea!e an, ,a$a(e! -
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I6 t%e 0r&%i/iti&n !-/#ea!e i! n&t /-t &n# implied)t&t%e !-/# ea!e 7i##e0re!! !ti## /e a##&7e, D-rati&n &6 !-/#ea!e *ann&t /e #&n(er t%an t%at &6 t%e #ea!e t& 7%i*% it i! ,e0en,ent T%e 0r&%i/iti&n a(ain!t !-/#ea!in( $a n&t e$/ra*e t%e ta1in( in &6 /&ar,er!. 9%ll%r! v. Cour! o App%ls, G.R. o. 85108 (18) In a !-/#ea!e arran(e$ent) t%ere are t7& ,i!tin*t #ea!e!: t%e 0rin*i0a# #ea!e an, t%e !-/#ea!e.
[email protected]!isies :$r Im%ied Ne/ Lease8 5. T%e ter$ &6 t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t %a! EFPIRED 8. T%e # e!!&r HAS NOT 3IVEN THE LESSEE a
SUBLEASE DISTIN3UISHED :ROM AN ASSI3NMENT O: A LEASE SUBLEASE ASSI3NMENT Le!!ee re$ain! a Le!!ee i! ,i!a!!&*iate, 0art in t%e *&ntra*t 6r&$ t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t &6 #ea!e T7& #ea!e! an, t7& On# &ne ?#e!!&r
t& +a*ate CONTINUED ENO,IN3 THE =. n&ti*e T%e # e!!ee THIN3 LEASED :OR AT LEAST 1* DA,S 7it% t%e a*2-ie!*en*e &6 t%e #e!!&r
,i!tin*t -ri,i*a# re#ati&n!%i0 ?#e!!&r #e!!ee an, !-/#e!!&r !-/#e!!ee
Wen Tere Is N$ Im%ied Ne/ Lease8 5. ;%en /e6&re &r a6t er t%e e 0irati&n &6 t%e ter$) THERE IS A NOTICE TO VACATE (i+en / eit%er 0art 8. ;%en t%ere i! NO DE:INITE :IFED PERIOD IN THE ORI3INAL LEASE CONTRACT a! in t%e *a!e &6 !-**e!!i+e rene7a#! EFTENSION DISTIN3UISHED :ROM RENEWAL EFTENSION O: RENEWAL O: LEASE LEASE CONTRACT CONTRACT Ori(ina# *&ntra*t Ori(ina# *&ntra*t *ea!e! !-/!i!t! t& ei!t Create! a,,iti&na# Create! a ne7 *&ntra*t ter$
PERPETUAL LEASE A #ea!e *&ntra*t 0r&+i,in( t%at t%e #e!!ee *an !ta in t%e 0re$i!e! 6&r a! #&n( a! %e 7ant!
S-/#e!!ee ,&e! n&t %a+e an ,ire*t a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e #e!!&r S-/#ea!in( i! a##&7e, -n#e!! t%ere i! an e0re!! 0r&%i/iti&n
a!!i(nee 7%& /e*&$e! t%e #e!!ee /e*a-!e #e!!ee tran!$it! a/!&#-te# %i! ri(%t! an, %i! 0er!&na#it ,i!a00ear! A!!i(nee %a! a ,ire*t a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e #e!!&r) t%ere /ein( n&+ati&n A!!i(n$ent i! n&t a##&7e, -n#e!! t%e #e!!&r (i+e! %i! *&n!ent
NOTE8 T%e !-/#e!!ee i! 0ri$ari# #ia/#e t& %i! !-/#e!!&r an, &n# a *&-rt *an etin(-i!% &r $&,i6 t%i! 0ri$ar #ia/i#it i6 t%e !-/#e!!&r *&nte!t! t%e 0re ter$inati&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# #ea!e / t%e #e!!&r. Tami$ .- Tics$n5 3-R- N$1*)9* =200) ; Circ!msances Wen A S!#%essee Is Made Lia#%e T$ Te Less$r8 5. F&r a## a*t! 7%i*% a66e*t t%e -!e an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e t%in( #ea!e, in t%e
$anner !ti0-#ate, /et7een t%e #e!!&r an, t%e #e!!ee 8. F&r an rent ,-e t& t%e #e!!&r 6r&$ t%e #e!!ee 7%i*% t%e #atter 6ai#e, t& 0a • S-/#e!!ee i! !-/!i,iari# #ia/#e • S-/#e!!ee !%a## n&t /e re!0&n!i/#e /e&n, a$&-nt &6 rent ,-e 6r&$ %i$) in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e ter$! &6 t%e !-/#ea!e) at t%e ti$e &6 t%e etra-,i*ia# ,e$an, / t%e #e!!&r
3r$!nds :$r E4ecmen 5. ;%en t%e 0eri&, a(ree, -0&n &r t%at 7%i*% i! 6ie, 6&r t%e ,-rati&n &6 #ea!e! ?Art!. 598 an, 59> %a! e0ire, ?see D-rati&n &6 Lea!e La*1 &6 0a$ent &6 t%e 0ri*e !ti0-#ate, In *a!e #e!!&r re6-!e! t& a**e0t renta#!) #e!!ee !%&-#, $a1e ten,er &6 0a$ent) an, *&n!i(nati&n &t%er7i!e t%ere i! n& 0a$ent ;i##in(ne!! t& 0a i! n&t 0a$ent =. Vi&#ati&n &6 an &6 t%e *&n,iti&n! a(ree, -0&n in t%e *&ntra*t @. ;%en t%e #e!!ee ,e+&te! t%in( #ea!e, t& an -!e &r !er+i*e n&t !ti0-#ate, 7%i*% *a-!e! t%e ,eteri&rati&n t%ere&6) &r i6 %e ,&e! n&t &/!er+e t%e re2-ire$ent in Art 54>. 8.
R.A. 3+1 - A AC: E:A=?/B/G RE<4R9 / :BE REG?A:/4 4< RE: 4< CER:A/ RE/E:/A? /:, ;R4'//G :BE 9ECBA/9 :BERE<4R A <4R 4:BER ;R;4E (A;;R4'E ?A: EC. 21, 2005)
Limiai$ns Im$sed U$n Te Less$r :$r Te Pr$eci$n O& Te Lessee =SECS- (5 * AND ; 5. T%e re nt &6 a n re !i,entia# -n it *& +ere, / t%i! A*t !%a## n&t /e in*rea!e, / $&re t%an 5 ann-a## a! #&n( a! t%e -nit i! &**-0ie, / t%e !a$e #e!!ee. ;%en t%e re!i,entia# -nit /e*&$e! +a*ant) t%e #e!!&r $a !et t%e initia# rent 6&r t%e net #e!!ee. 8. N& #e!!&r $a ,e$an, $&re t%an 5 $&nt% a,+an*e rent. Neit%er *an %e ,e$an, $&re t%an 8 $&nt%! ,e0&!it 7%i*% !%a## /e 1e0t in a /an1 -n,er t%e #e!!&rK! a**&-nt na$e ,-rin( t%e entire ,-rati&n &6 t%e #ea!e a(ree$ent. An an, a## intere!t t%at !%a## a**r-e t%erein !%a## /e ret-rne, t& t%e #e!!ee at t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e #ea!e *&ntra*t. =. N& #e!!&r &r %i! !-**e!!&rinintere!t !%a## /e entit#e, t& ee*t t%e #e!!ee -0&n t%e (r&-n, t%at t%e #ea!e, 0re$i!e! %a+e /een !&#, &r $&rt(a(e, t& a t%ir, 0er!&n re(ar,#e!! &6 7%et%er t%e #ea!e &r $&rt(a(e i! re(i!tere, &r n&t.
3r$!nds :$r !dicia% E4ecmen =SEC- ?; 5. A!!i(n$ent &6 #ea!e &r !-/#ea!in( &6 re!i,entia# -nit! in 7%&#e &r 0art) in*#-,in( t%e a**e0tan*e &6 /&ar,er! &r /e,!0a*er!) 7it%&-t t%e 7ritten *&n!ent &6 t%e &n7er#e!!&r. 8. Arrear! in 0a$ent &6 rent 6&r a t&ta# &6 = $&nt%!" Pro"ided& T%at in t%e *a!e &6 re6-!a# / t%e #e!!&r t& a**e0t 0a$ent &6 t%e renta# a(ree, -0&n) t%e #e!!ee $a eit%er ,e0&!it / 7a &6 *&n!i(nati&n) t%e a$&-nt in *&-rt) &r 7it% t%e *it &r $-ni*i0a# trea!-rer) a! t%e *a!e $a /e) &r in a /an1 in t%e na$e &6 t%e #e!!&r an, 7it% n&ti*e t& t%e #atter) 7it%in 5 $&nt% a6ter t%e re6-!a# &6 t%e #atter t& a**e0t 0a$ent. • T%e #e!!ee !%a## t%erea6ter ,e0&!it t%e renta# 7it%in 5 ,a! &6 e+er *-rrent $&nt%. Fai#-re t& ,e0&!it t%e renta# &r = $&nt%! !%a## *&n!tit-te a (r&-n, 6&r ee*t$ent. • T%e #e!!&r) -0&n a-t%&rit &6 t%e *&-rt in *a!e &6 *&n!i(nati&n &r -0&n &int a66i,a+it / %i$ an, t%e #e!!ee t& /e !-/$itte, t& t%e *it &r $-ni*i0a# trea!-rer an, t& t%e /an1 7%ere t%e ,e0&!it 7a! $a,e) !%a## /e a##&7e, t& 7it%,ra7 t%e ,e0&!it. =. Le(iti$ate ne e, &6 t %e &7 ner#e!!&r t& re0&!!e!! %i! %er 0r&0ert 6&r %i!%er &7n -!e &r &6 an i$$e,iate $e$/er &6 %i!%er 6a$i# a! a re!i,entia# -nit. @. Nee, &6 t %e #e !!&r t& $ a1e ne *e!!ar re0air! &6 t%e #ea!e, 0re$i!e! 7%i*% i! t%e !-/e*t &6 an ei!tin( &r,er &6 *&n,e$nati&n / a00r&0riate a-t%&ritie! *&n*erne, in &r,er t& $a1e t%e !ai, 0re$i!e! !a6e an, %a/ita/#e. 4. E0irati&n &6 t%e 0eri&, &6 t%e #ea!e *&ntra*t.
IV- PARTNERSHIP 7777777777777777777777777 77777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- CONTRACT O: PARTNERSHIP B- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PARTNERSHIP C- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PARTNERS AMON3 THEMSELVES D- OBLI3ATIONS O: PARTNERSHIPPARTNERSHIP TO THIRD PERSONS
!e*re* ,ire*te, n&t t& t%ir, 0er!&n! /-t t& !&$e &6 t%e 0artner! *. T%i! d$es n$ mean t%at t%ere *&-#, /e n$ c$nrac!a% re%ai$ns a$&n(!t t%e 0artie!" t%ere i! $n%" n$ arnersi &r a!!&*iati&n 7it% ,i!tin*t %e'a% ers$na%i" /.
CHARACTERISTICS8 5. E!!entia## *&ntra*t-a# in nat-re ? Ar- 1?+?5 1?) 8. Se0arate -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it ? Ar- 1?+ .% !electus personae @. M-t-a# A(en* ? Ar- 10(
E- DISSOLUTION :- LIMITED PARTNERSHIP 7777777777777777777777777 77777777
4. Per!&na# #ia/i#it &6 0artner! 6&r 0art ner!%i0 ,e/t!
CHAPTER 18 3ENERAL PROVISIONS
3ENERAL RULE8 Per!&n! 7%& are NOT 0artner! a! /et7een t%e$!e#+e!) CANNOT /e 0artner! a! t& t%ir, 0er!&n!. ?Art. 5>?5 EFCEPTION8 Partner!%i0 / E!t&00e# -n,er Ar12*
A- CONTRACT O: PARTNERSHIP 1- DE:INITION PARTNERSHIP a *&ntra*t 7%erein t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! /in, t%e$!e#+e! t& *&ntri/-te $&ne) 0r&0ert) &r in,-!tr t& a *&$$&n 6-n,) 7it% t%e intenti&n &6 ,i+i,in( t%e 0r&6it! a$&n( t%e$!e#+e!. 2- ELEMENTS ELEMENTS O: A PARTNERSHIP8 T%ere !%a## /e a 0artner!%i0 7%ene+er: 5. i! aa *&$$&n $eetin( &6 t%e $in,!" 8. T%ere T& 6&r$ 6-n," =. ;it% intenti&n t%at 0r&6it! ?an, #&! !e! 7i## /e ,i+i,e, a$&n( t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie!.
ESSENTIAL :EATURES8 5. T%ere $-!t /e a VALID CONTRACT. 8. T%e 0artie! $-!t %a+e %e'a% caaci" t& enter int& t%e *&ntra*t. =. T%ere $-!t /e a $- t-a# *&ntri/-ti&n &6 m$ne") r$er") $r ind!sr" t& a c$mm$n [email protected] T%ere $-!t /e a %a/&!% OBECT. 4. T%e 0-r0&!e &r 0ri$ar 0-r0&!e $-!t /e t& $#ain r$&is an, di.ide t%e !a$e a$&n( t%e 0artie!. ADDITIONAL REUIREMENT :OR URICICAL PERSONALIT, a. It i! a#!& re2-ire, t%at t%e $-!t NOT /e
( - RULES TO DETERMINE EFISTENCE
Oer R!%es $ Deermine /eer a arnersi e6iss8 ?Ar- 1?+9 T%e 6&##&7in() a#&ne) ,& n&t e!ta/#i!% 0artner!%i0 5. C&&7ner!%i0 &r *&0&!!e!!i&n 8. S%arin( &6 (r& !! ret-rn!) 7%et%er &r n&t t% e 0er!&n! !%arin( t%e$ %a+e a &int &r *&$$&n ri(%t &r intere!t in an 0r&0ert 6r&$ 7%i*% t%e ret-rn! are ,eri+e," Re*ei0t / a 0er!&n &6 a !%are &6 t%e 0r&6it! &6 a /-!ine!! i! pri&% %ci e+i,en*e t%at %e i! a 0artner in t%e /-!ine!!) UNLESS !-*% 7ere re*ei+e, in 0a$ent: 5. De/t / in!ta##$ent! &r &t%er7i!e" 8. ;a(e! &r rent" =. Ann-it" @. Intere!t &n #&an" 4. C&n!i,erati&n 6&r !a#e &6 (&&,7i## &6 /-!ine!!&t%er 0r&0ert / in!ta##$ent! A 0artner!%i0 $-!t %a+e a #a76-# &/e*t &r 0-r0&!e) an, $-!t /e e!ta/#i!%e, 6&r t%e *&$$&n /ene6it &r intere!t &6 t%e 0artner!. ;%en an -n#a76-# 0artner!%i0 i! ,i!!&#+e, / a -,i*ia# ,e*ree) t%e 0r&6it! !%a## /e *&n6i!*ate, in 6a+&r &6 t%e State) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e Pena# C&,e (&+ernin( t%e *&n6i!*ati&n &6 t%e in!tr-$ent! an, e66e*t! &6 a *ri$e.
E::ECTS O: AN UNLAW:UL PARTNERSHIP8 5. V&i, ab initio ne+er ei!te, in t%e ee! &6 t%e #a7. ?Ar- 1)09=1;
8. Pr&6it! !%a## /e *&n6i!*ate, in 6a+&r &6 t%e (&+ern$ent. ?Ar- 1??0 =. In!tr-$ent! &r t&&#! an, 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e *ri$e !%a## a#!& /e 6&r6eite, in 6a+&r &6 t%e (&+ern$ent. ?Ar- 1??0) Ar- )*>RPC @. T%e *&ntri/-ti&n! &6 t%e 0artner! !%a## n&t /e *&n6i!*ate, -n#e!! t%e 6a## -n,er n&. =. ?/ee Ars- 1)11 an, 1)12 J-,i*ia# ,e*ree i! n&t ne*e!!ar t& ,i!!&#+e an -n#a76-# 0artner!%i0. T%at t%ere i! n& #e(a## *&n!tit-te, 0artner!%i0 DOES NOT $ean t%at t%ere are n& *&ntra*t-a# &r #e(a# re#ati&n! a$&n( t%e 0artie!.
E::ECT O: PARTIAL ILLE3ALIT,8 ;%ere a 0art &6 t%e /-!ine!! &6 a 0artner!%i0 i! #e(a# an, a 0art i##e(a#) an a**&-nt &6 t%at 7%i*% i! #e(a# $a /e %a,. ;%ere) 7it%&-t t%e 1n&7#e,(e &r 0arti*i0ati&n &6 t%e 0artner!) t%e 6ir$! 0r&6it! in a #a76-# /-!ine!! %a+e /een in*rea!e, / 7r&n(6-# a*t!) t%e inn&*ent 0artner! are n&t 0re*#-,e, a! a(ain!t t%e (-i#t 0artner! 6r&$ re*&+erin( t%eir !%are &6 t%e 0r&6it!.
)- H OW PARTNERSHIP :ORMED 3ENERAL RULE8 N& !0e*ia# 6&r$ i! re2-ire, 6&r t%e +a#i,it &6 a *&ntra*t. =Ar- 1(*+; BURDEN O: PROO: AND P RESUMPTION 5. M-!t /e 0r&+en) n&t 0re!-$e,. 8. Per!&n! a*tin( a! 0artner! 0re!-$e, t& %a+e entere, int& *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0. B-r,en &6 0r&&6 !%i6te, t& 0art ,enin( it! ei!ten*e. (- Etant Parnter!%i0 0re!-$e, t& ei!t -nti# 0r&+en ter$inate,@. U!e &6 t%e ter$ 0artner ,&e! n&t ne*e!!ari# !%&7 ei!ten*e &6 0artner!%i0. N&n-!e &6 t%e ter$! 0arnter!%i0 &r 0artner! n&t *&n*#-!i+e a! t& n&nei!ten*e &r 0artner!%i0) /-t entit#e, t& 7ei(%t. *- PARTNERSHIP TERM PARTNERSHIP AT WILL W &ne in 7%i*% n& 6ie, ter$ i! !0e*i6ie, an, i! n&t 6&r$e, 6&r a 0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in( &r +ent-re 7%i*% $a /e ter$inate, anti$e / $-t-a# a(ree$ent PARTNERSHIP WITH A :IFED TERM W t%e ter$ 6&r 7%i*% t%e 0artner!%i0 i! t& ei!t i! 6ie, &r a(ree, -0&n &r &ne 6&r$e, 6&r a 0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in(
+- UNIVERSAL VS- PARTICULAR 3ENERAL VS- LIMITED UNIVERSAL VS- PARTICULAR UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP O: ALL PRESENT PROPERT, *&$0ri!e! t%e 6&##&7in(: 5. Pr&0ert 7%i*% /e#&n(e, t& ea*% &6 t%e 0artner! at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *&n!tit-ti&n &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 8. Pr&6it! 7%i*% t%e $a a*2-ire 6r&$ a## 0r&0ert *&ntri/-te, UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP O: PRO:ITS *&$0ri!e! a## t%at t%e 0artner! $a a*2-ire / t%eir in,-!tr &r 7&r1 ,-rin( t%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 N$e8 Persons who are prohibited from gi"ing donations or ad"antage to each other cannot enter into a uni"ersal partnership% ?Ar- 1?2 PARTICULAR PARTNERSHIPas $#4ecs8 5. Deter$inate t%in(! 8. T%eir -!e &r 6r-it! =. S0e*i6i* -n,erta1in( @. Eer*i!e &6 0r&6e!!i&n &r +&*ati&n
&$r
is
3ENERAL VS- LIMITED 3ENERAL PARTNERSHIP W*&n!i!t! &6 (enera# 0artner! 7%& are #ia/#e 0r& rata an, !-/!i,iari# an, !&$eti$e! !&#i,ari# 7it% t%eir !e0arate 0r&0ert 6&r 0artner!%i0 ,e/t!. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPW&ne 6&r$e, / 8 &r $&re 0er!&n! %a+in( a! $e$/er! &ne &r $&re (enera# 0artner! an, &ne &r $&re #i$ite, 0artner!) t%e #atter n&t /ein( 0er!&na## #ia/#e 6&r t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 ?- PARTNERSHIP B, ESTOPPEL PARTNER B, ESTOPPEL / 7&r,! &r *&n,-*t) %e ,&e! an &6 t%e 66.: Dire*t# re0re!ent! %i$!e#6 t& an&ne a! a 0artner in an ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 &r in a n&n ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 In,ire*t# re0re!ent! %i$!e#6 / *&n!entin( t& an&t%er re0re!entin( %i$ a! a 0artner in an ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 &r in a n&nei!tin( 0artner!%i0 E#e$ent! t& e!ta/#i!% #ia/i#it a! a 0artner &n (r&-n, &6 e!t&00e#:re0re!ente, De6en,ant %i$!e#6 a! 0artnerre0re!ente, / &t%er! a! !-*% an, n&t ,enie,re6-te, / ,e6en,ant P#ainti66 re#ie, &n !-*% re0re!entati&n State$ent &6 ,e6en,ant n&t re6-te,
LIABILITIES IN ESTOPPEL A## 0artner! Partner!%i0 i! #ia/#e *&n!ente, t& re0re!entati&n N& ei!tin( Per!&n 7%& re0re!ente, 0artner!%i0 a## %i$!e#6 a## t%&!e 7%& t%&!e re0re!ente, $a,e re0re!entati&n #ia/#e *&n!ente," 0r&rata&int# N&t a## 0artner! &6 ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 *&n!ent! t& re0re!entati&n N& ei!tin( Per!&n 7%& re0re!ente, 0artner!%i0 n&t %i$!e#6 #ia/#e t%&!e 7%& a## re0re!ente, *&n!ente," N&ne &6 0artner! in ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 *&n!ente,
$a,e*&n!ente, t& re0re!entati&n !e0arate# #ia/#e
- PARTNERSHIP VS- OINT VENTURE Paric!%ar arnersi disin'!ised &r$m 4$in .en!re8 3eirs of Tan Eng Lee "% 0A& 8%1% No% ')5(('& October .& )222 A 0arti*-#ar 0artner!%i0 i! ,i!tin(-i!%e, 6r&$ &int +ent-re) t& 7it: 5. A &int +ent-re ?an A$eri*an *&n*e0t !i$i#ar t& &-r &int a**&-nt i! a !&rt &6 in6&r$a# 0artner!%i0) 7it% n& 6ir$ na$e an, n& #e(a# 0er!&na#it. In a &int a**&-nt) t%e 0arti*i0atin( $er*%ant! *an tran!a*t /-!ine!! -n,er t%eir &7n na$e) an, *an /e 8.
in,i+i,-a## #ia/#e t%ere6&re" an, U!-a##) /-t n&t ne*e!!ari# a &int +ent-re i! #i$ite, t& a !in(#e tran!a*ti&n) a#t%&-(% t%e /-!ine!! &6 0-r!-in( t& a !-**e!!6-# ter$inati&n $a *&ntin-e 6&r a n-$/er &6 ear!" a 0artner!%i0 (enera## re#ate! t& a *&ntin-in( /-!ine!! &6 +ari&-! tran!a*ti&n! &6 a *ertain 1in,.
It 7&-#, !ee$ t%at -n,er P%i#i00ine #a7) a &int :ORM $& PARTNERSHIP ) +ent-re i! a !0e*i6i*a## a 0arti*-#ar 0artner!%i0 7%i*% %a! 6&r it! &/e*t !0e*i6i* -n,erta1in(. T%e S-0re$e C&-rt %a!) %&7e+er) re*&(nie, a ,i!tin*ti&n /et7een t%e!e t7& /-!ine!! 6&r$! an, %a! %e#, t%at a#t%&-(% a *&r0&rati&n *ann&t enter int& a 0artner!%i0) it $a) %&7e+er) en(a(e in a &int +ent-re 7it% &t%er!. Aur%c" v. %ni!%r6 $%rs, 180 CRA 130 (18)
9- PRO:ESSIONAL PARTNERSHIP 3enera% Pr$&essi$na% Parnersi ?Ar1?+?5 Par- 2; : T7& &r $&re 0er!&n! $a a#!&
6&r$ a 0artner!%i0 6&r t%e eer*i!e &6 a 0r&6e!!i&n.
Te Arciec!re Ac $& 200) =R-A- 92++; (rant! t%at a 6ir$) *&$0an) 0artner!%i0) *&r0&rati&n &r a!!&*iati&n $a /e re(i!tere, &r #i*en!e, a! !-*% 6&r t%e 0ra*ti*e &6 ar*%ite*t-re -n,er t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n!: a. On# Fi#i0in& *itien! 0r&0er# re(i!tere, an, #i*en!e, a! ar*%ite*t! -n,er t%i! A*t $a) a$&n( t%e$!e#+e!) &r t&(et%er 7it% a##ie, te*%ni*a# 0r&6e!!i&na#!) 6&r$ an, &/tain re(i!trati&n a! a 6ir$) *&$0an) 0artner!%i0) a!!&*iati&n &r *&r0&rati&n 6&r 0ra*ti*ean, &6 ar*%ite*t-re" /. t%e Re(i!tere, #i*en!e, ar*%ite*t! !%a## *&$0&!e at #ea!t !e+ent6i+e 0er*ent ?>4 &6 t%e &7ner!) !%are%&#,er!) $e$/er! in*&r0&rat&r!) ,ire*t&r!) ee*-ti+e &66i*er!) a! t%e *a!e $a /e" *. In,i+i,-a# $e$/er! &6 !-*% 6ir$) 0artner!%i0 a!!&*iati&n &r *&r0&rati&n !%a## /e re!0&n!i/#e 6&r t%eir in,i+i,-a# an, *&## e*ti+e a*t! a! an entit an, a! 0r&+i,e, / #a7" ,. S-*% 6ir$) 0artner!%i0) a!!&*iati&n &r *&r0&rati&n !%a## /e re(i!tere, 7it% t%e Se*-ritie! an, E*%an(e C&$$i!!i&n an, B&ar,.
10 - MANA3EMENT See Ri's and O#%i'ai$ns $& Parners Am$n' Temse%.es B- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PARTNERSHIP 3enera% R!%e – A 0artner!%i0 /e(in! 6r&$ t%e $&$ent &6 t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t) -n#e!! it i! &t%er7i!e !ti0-#ate,. E6cei$n – 5. Were imm$.a#%e r$er"rea% ri's are c$nri#!ed ?Ar- 1??1 P-/#i* in!tr-$ent i! ne*e!!ar In+ent&r &6 t%e 0r&0ert *&ntri/-te, $-!t /e $a,e) !i(ne, / t%e 0artie! an, atta*%e, t& t%e 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent &t%er7i!e it i! VOID 8. Wen e c$nrac &a%%s !nder e c$.era'e $& e Sa! e $& :ra!ds ?Ar1)09 =. Were caia% is P(5000 $r m$re5 in m$ne" $r r$er" ?Ar- 1??2 P-/#i* in!tr-$ent i! ne*e!!ar M-!t /e re(i!tere, 7it% SEC B-t 6ai# -re t& *&$0# !%a## n&t a66e* t t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 an, t%e $e$/er! t%ere&6 t& t%ir, 0er!&n! A .$id arnersi -n,er Arti*#e 5>>=) in re#ati&n t& Arti*#e 5>>5) ma" !ti## #e c$nsidered
a arnersi de &ac$ &r / es$e% +i!]+i! ird ers$ns" an, $a /e *&n!i,ere, / t%e *&-rt! a! an &r,inar *&ntra*t ?t%&-(% n&t ea*t# an Art. 5>> 0artner!%i0 6r&$ 7%i*% ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! $a #e(a## !te$. :orrs v. CA, 320 CRA +28 (1)
/-!ine!! &r 6r&$ tran!a*tin( /-!ine!! 7it% t%e 0artner!%i0 a! i6 %e 7ere a !tran(er ? Ar- 1++5 in re%ai$n $ Ars- 1?95 105 and 1*) .
SEC Oini $n5 1 !ne 19+08 F&r 0-r0&!e! &6 *&n+enien*e in ,ea#in( 7it% (&+ern$ent &66i*e! an, 6inan*ia# in!tit-ti&n!) re(i!trati&n &6 0artner!%i0 %a+in( a *a0ita# &6 #e!! t%an P%0 =) i! re*&$$en,e,.
Un#e!! &t%er7i!e !tate,) a## 0artner! are *&n!i,ere, a(ent! an, 7%ate+er an &ne &6 t%e$ $a ,& a#&ne !%a## /in, t%e 0artner !%i0 =Ars10(=1;5 11;
SEPARATE URIDICAL PERSONALIT, T%e 0artner!%i0 %a! a -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it !e0arate an, ,i!tin*t 6r&$ t%at &6 ea*% &6 t%e 0artner!) e+en in *a!e &6 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% t%e re2-ire$ent! &6 Arti*#e 5>>8) 6ir!t 0ara(ra0% ?Re(i!trati&n 7it% SEC. A! a JURIDICAL PERSON) a 0artner!%i0 $a: 5. A*2-ire an, 0&!!e!! 0r&0ert &6 a## 1in,!" 8. In*-r &/#i(ati&n!" an, =. Brin( !-it) in *&n 6&r$it 7it% t%e #a 7! an, re(-#ati&n! &6 t%eir &r(aniati&n. ?/ee Ar)+
DELECTUS PERSONAE > T%e !e#e*ti&n &r *%&i*e &6 t%e 0er!&n. Im%icai$ns8 ?Dean Vi##an-e+a T%e a!!i(n$ent &6 a 0artner &6 %i! !%are ,&e! n&t $a1e a!!i(nee a 0artner ?Ar- 10) an, 11( T%e ei!ten*e &6 t%e0arti*-#ar 0artner!%i0*&ntra*t-a# i! *#&!e# tie,-0 t& t%e re#ati&n!%i0 &6 t%e 0artner! ?see instances of dissolution of the partnership upon change of contractual relationship%
PARTNERSHIP RELATIONSHIP IS :IDUCIAR, IN NATURE 5. Ri(%t t& *% &&!e *& 0artner! N& &n e *an /e*&$e $e$/er &6 0artner!%i0 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 a## &t%er 0artner! 8. P&7er t& ,i! !&#+e 0artner!%i0 A##&7e, t%e 0&7er) n&t ne*e!!ari# t%e ri(%t) t& ,i!!&#+e 0artner!%i0. Di!!&#-ti&n $-!t /e in (&&, 6ait%. Ba, 6ait% 7i## n&t 0re+ent ,i!!&#-ti&n /-t $a re!-#t in #ia/i#it 6&r ,a$a(e!. D$crine $& De%ec!s Pers$nae8 Partner!%i0 at 7i## i! 0re,i*ate, &n t%e $-t-a# ,e!ire an, *&n!ent &6 t%e 0artner!. T%e ri(%t t& *%&&!e 7it% 7%&$ t& a!!&*iate %i$!e#6 i! t%e +er 6&-n,ati&n an, e!!en*e &6 t%at 0artner!%i0. 4r!% v. CA, G.R. o. 102+8, ul6 3, 15
Delectus personarum" ,&e! n&t a00# t& a #i$ite, 0artner 7%& $ere# *&ntri/-te! %i! intere!t an, i! n&t /arre, 6r&$ en(a(in( in *&$0etiti+e
MUTUAL A3ENC, =Acc$rdin' $ Dean Vi%%an!e.a;
Partner! *an ,i!0&!e &6 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert e+en 7%en in 0artner!%i0 na$e =Ar- 119; A,$i!!i&n &r re0re!entati&n $a,e / an 0artner *&n*ernin( 0artner!%i0 a66air! i! e+i,en*e a(ain!t t%e 0artner!%i0 =Ar- 120; N&ti*e t& an 0artner &6 an $atter re#atin( t& 0artner!%i0 a66air! i! n&ti*e t& t%e 0artner!%i0 =Ar- 121; ;r&n(6-# a*t &r &$i!!i&n &6 an 0artner a*tin( 6&r 0artner!%i0 a66air! $a1e! t%e 0artner!%i0 #ia/#e =Ar- 122; Partner!%i0 /&-n, t& $a1e (&&, #&!!e! 6&r a*t! &r $i!a00#i*ati&n! &6 0artner! =Ar- 12(;
UNLIMITED LIABILIT, =Acc$rdin' $ Dean Vi%%an!e.a; A## 0artner! are #ia/#e 0r& rata 7it% a## t%eir 0r&0ertie! an, a6ter a!!et!,e/t! %a+e /een e%a-!te,) 6&r0artner!%i0 a## 0artner!%i0 ?Ar- 11+ An !ti0-#ati&n a(ain!t 0er!&na# #ia/i#it &6 0artner! 6&r 0artner!%i0 ,e/t! i! +&i,) e*e0t a! a$&n( t%e$ ?Ar- 11? Partner! are #ia/#e !&#i,ari# 7it% t%e 0artner!%i0 6&r e+ert%in( *%ar(ea/#e t& t%e 0artner!%i0 7%en *a-!e, / t%e 7r&n(6-# a*t &r &$i!!i&n &6 an 0artner a*tin( in t%e &r,inar *&-r!e &6 /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 &r 7it% a-t%&rit 6r&$ t%e &t%er 0artner! an, 6&r 0artner! a*t &r $i!a00#i*ati&n &6 0r&0ertie! ?Ar- 12) A ne7# a,$itte, 0artner int& an ei!tin( 0artner!%i0 i! #ia/#e 6&r a## t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 ari!in( /e6&re %i! a,$i!!i&n /-t &-t 12+ &6 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert !%are! ? ArPartner!%i0 *re,it&r! are 0re6erre, t& t%&!e &6 ea*% &6 t%e 0artner! a! re(ar,! t%e 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert ?Ar- 12?
U0&n ,i!!&#-ti&n &6 t%e 0artner!%i0) t%e 0artner! !%a## *&ntri/-te t%e a$&-nt! ne*e!!ar t& !ati!6 t%e 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie! ?Ar- 1(9=);5 =?;
act with .rd persons
&6 !ti0-#ati&n t& *&ntrar) a 0artner $a /in, 0artner!%i0 ?ea*% 0artner i! a(ent &6 0artner!%i0 E&&ec $& Deat% &6 d 0artner e re!-#t! in
*ann&t re0re!ent t%e *& &7ner!%i 0
nt i! +e!te, 7it% t%e B&ar, &6 Dire*t&r!
Deat% &6 *&&7ner ,&e! n&t
Deat% &6 !t&*1%&#,e r ,&e! n&t
a ,i!!&#-ti&n &6 0artner!%i0
ne*e!!ari # ,i!!&#+e *& &7ner!%i 0 Ma /e ,i!!&#+e, anti$e / t%e 7i## &6 an &r a## &6 t%e *& &7ner! Mini$-$ &6 8 0er!&n!
,i!!&#+e *&r0&rati& n
PARTNERSHIP DISTIN3UISHED :ROM CO> OWNERSHIP AND CORPORATION BASIS Creai$n
uridical personali ty
PARTNERS HIP Create, / a *&ntra*t) / $ere a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie! Ha! a -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it !e0arate an, ,i!tin*t 6r&$ t%at &6 ea*% 0artner
P!r$se
Rea#iati&n &6 0r&6it!
!uration Term of existence
N& #i$itati&n
CO> OWNER SHIP Create, / #a7
N&ne
C&$$&n en&$en t &6 a t%in( &r ri(%t 5 ear! $ai$$
!isposal Transfera bility of interest
Partner $a n&t ,i!0&!e &6 %i! in,i+i,-a# intere!t -n#e!! a(ree, -0&n / a## 0artner!
C&&7ner $a 6ree# ,& !&
Power to
In a/!en*e
C&&7ner
CORP Create, / #a7
Ha!a -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it !e0arate an, ,i!tin*t 6r&$ t%at &6 ea*% !t&*1%&#,e r De0en,! &n AOI
4 ear! $ai$-$) eten,i/#e t& n&t $&re t%an 4 ear! in an &ne in!tan*e St&*1%&#,e r %a! a ri(%t t& tran!6er !%are! 7it%&-t 0ri&r *&n!ent &6 &t%er !t&*1%&#,e r! Mana(e$e
Diss$%!i Ma /e $ ,i!!&#+e, n at an ti$e / t%e 7i## &6 an &r a## &6 t%e 0artner! M of incorpora tors
Mini$-$ &6 8 0er!&n!
0ommen cement
Fr&$ t%e $&$ent &6
of juridical personali ty
ee*-ti&n &6 *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0
N&ne
Can &n# /e ,i!!&#+e, 7it% t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e !tate Mini$-$ &6 4 in*&r0&rat &r! Fr&$ ,ate &6 i!!-an*e &6 *erti6i*ate &6 in*&r0&rati &n / t%e SEC
WHO MA, BE PARTNERS 3ENERAL RULE8 An 0er!&n *a0a*itate, t& *&ntra*t $a enter int& a *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0. EFCEPTIONS Per!&n! 7%& are 0r&%i/ite, 6r&$ (i+in( ea*% &t%er an ,&nati&n &r a,+anta(e *ann&t enter int& a -ni+er!a# 0artner!%i0. =Ar1?2; Per!&n! !-66erin( 6r&$ *i+i# inter,i*ti&n. Per!&n! 7%& *ann&t (i+e *&n!ent t& a *&ntra*t: Min&r! in!ane 0er!&n! ,ea6$-te! 7%& ,& n&t 1n&7 %&7 t& 7rite ?on# T%ere i! n& 0r&%i/iti&n 6&r 0artner!%i0! t& /e 0artner!) BUT THIS IS DOUBTFUL AND
IMPRACTICAL &n a**&-nt &6 Art. 5>9 ?t%at a partnership has a juridical personality separate from that of each of the partners* an, &6 t%e e!!entia# attri/-te *a##e, delectus personae%
•
MA, CORPORATIONS ENTER INTO PARTNERSHIP
•
Pi%iine C$r$rae La/ =2001; #" %n 'ill%nuv% =- 902; citing "arious /E0 Opinions8 C&r0&rati&n! $a enter int& 0artner!%i0 a(ree$ent! &n t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n!: A-t%&rit t& enter int& a 0artner!%i0 re#ati&n i! e0re!!# *&n6erre, / t%e *%arter &r t%e arti*#e! &6 in*&r0&rati&n ?A&I) an, t%e nat-re &6 t%e /-!ine!! +ent-re t& /e -n,erta1en / t%e 0artner!%i0 i! in #ine 7it% t%e /-!ine!! a-t%&rie, / t%e *%arter &r A&I. I6 it i! a 6&rei(n *&r0&rati&n) it $-!t &/tain a #i*en!e t& tran!a*t /-!ine!! in t%e *&-ntr in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e C&r0&rati&n C&,e &6 t%e P%i#i00ine!.
NOTE8 H&7 ta #a7 treat! t%e $atter: N&ti&n &6 0artner!%i0 n& $atter %&7 *reate, &r &r(anie,: a 0&&# &6 in!-ran*e *&$0anie! 7a! *&n!i,ere, a 0artner!%i0 -n,er a00#i*a/#e ta #a7. Aisco v. CA, G.R. o. 112*75, %nu%r6 25, 1 ;it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& t%e 6&r$ati&n &6 a &int +ent-re. .9. :u%on v. =ol%nos, 5 ;"il. 10* (15+)M Aur%c" v. %ni!%r6 $%rs 9%nu%c!urin, 180 CRA 130 (18)
WHAT MA, BE CONTRIBUTED #ust be in e;ual shares unless otherwise stipulated =Ar- 1?90;-
M$ne" 6ai#-re t& *&ntri/-te 0r&$i!e, $&ne $a1e! t%e 0r&$i!!&r0artner #ia/#e 6&r t%e a$&-nt 0r&$i!e,) an, a#!& 6&r intere!t ,-e an, ,a$a(e! ari!in( 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e 6&r$er !%&-#, %a+e *&$0#ie, 7it% %i! &r %er -n,erta1in( =Ar- 1?+5 X 1; ?-0&n 0er6e*ti&n &6 *&ntra*t) -n#e!! *&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n I6 t%ere i! 6ra-, &r $i!re0re!entati&n) a*ti&n 6&r re!*i!!i&n $a /e 6i#e, an, t%e 0art entit#e, t& re!*in,) 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& an &t%er ri(%t) %a! t%e ri(%t t&: • #ien &n) &r ri(%t &6 retenti&n &+er) t%e !-r0#-! &6 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert a6ter !ati!6in( 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie! t& t%ir, 0er!&n! ?6&r an !-$ 0ai, / t%e in-re, 0artner 6&r t%e 0-r*%a!e &6 an intere!t in t%e 0artner!%i0 an, 6&r an *a0ita# &r a,+an*e! *&ntri/-te, / t%e #atter
!tan, in 0#a*e &6 *re,it&r! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 6&r an 0a$ent! $a,e / t%e in-re, 0artner in re!0e*t &6 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie!) a6ter a## #ia/i#itie! t& t%ir, 0er!&n! %a+e /een !ati!6ie, in,e$nit / t%e (-i#t 0artner a(ain!t a## 0artner!%i0 ,e/t! an, #ia/i#itie! ? Ar1(" re#ate t& Art. 59=5: 7it% &r 7it%&-t 6ra-, &r $i!re0re!entati&n) in-re, 0artner $a !ee1 -,i*ia# ,i!!&#-ti&n
Pr$er"
$a in*#-,e intan(i/#e &r in*&r0&rea#) e.(. *re,it ?i& :on ?i& v. ;"il.
Ar- 1?+5 XX 1 and 2 a00#ie!: #ia/#e 6&r 6r-it! 6r&$ t%e ti$e 0r&0ert !%&-#, %a+e /een ,e#i+ere, 7it%&-t nee, &6 ,e$an," a#!& in*#-,e &/#i(ati&n t& 0re!er+e t%e 0r&$i!e, 0r&0ert 7it% t%e ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# 0en,in( ,e#i+er. Ind!sr" $a *&n*-r 7it% an &r /&t% &6 t%e 6ir!t t7& &r in t%e a/!en*e &6 an &ne &r /&t% &6 t%e$" $an-a# an,&r inte##e*t-a# in *&n!i,erati&n &6 !%are in t%e 0r&6it!" %en*e) a! (enera##) 0artner! are n&t entit#e, t& *%ar(e ea*% &t%er. 9%rs"Ds App%l, * ;%. !. 30 E+er 0artner i! /&-n, t& 7&r1 t& t%e etent &6 %i! a/i#it 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 7%&# e) 7it%&-t re(ar, t& t%e !er+i*e! &6 %i! *& 0artner!) an, 7it%&-t *&$0ari!&n &6 +a#-e" 6&r !er+i*e! t& t%e 6ir$ *ann&t) 6r&$ t%eir +er nat-re) /e e!ti$ate, an, e2-a#ie, / *&$0en!ati&n &6 ,i66eren*e!. =%!!6 v. $r%6, 7 B%rris 51 BUT: a 0artner 7%& %a! a(ree, t& ren,er !0e*ia# !er+i*e t& t%e 0artner!%i0) 6&r t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 7%i*% %e i! 2-a#i6ie,) an, which is one of the inducements for the other members t& enter t%e 0artner!%i0) 7a! 6&-n, #ia/#e *i+i## t& a**&-nt 6&r t%e +a#-e &6 !-*% !er+i*e -0&n a 6in,in( t%at %e 7r&n(6-## re6-!e, t& 0er6&r$ !-*% !er+i*e. BUT THEN AGAIN) !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e n&t a+ai#a/#e ,-e t& *&n!tit-ti&na# 0r&%i/iti&n +!. in+&#-ntar !er+it-,e A #i$ite, 0artner i! n&t a##&7e, t& *&ntri/-te !er+i*e!) &n# *a!% &r &t%er 0r&0ert =Ar1)*;" &t%er7i!e) %e i! *&n!i,ere, an in,-!tria# an, (enera# 0artner an, t%-!) n&t ee$0te, 6r&$ 0er!&na# #ia/i#it.
WHEN IMMOVABLES OR REAL RI3HTS CONTRIBUTED 3ENERAL RULE8 Fai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% t%e re2-ire$ent &6 a00earan*e in 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent an, SEC Re(i!trati&n 7i## n&t a66e*t t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 an, t%e $e$/er! t%ere&6 t& t%ir, 0er!&n!. ? Ar1??25 X 2 EFCEPTION8 ;%en IMMOVABLE PROPERT, REAL RI3HTS are *&ntri/-te,) Y!#%ic insr!men Q i n.en$r"Y $a,e an, !i(ne, / t%e 0artie! an, atta*%e, t& t%e 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent ? Ars- 1??1 an, 1??( i! re2-ire, 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%ir, 0er!&n!.
E::ECT O: ABSENCE O: REUIREMENTS UNDER ARTICLES 1??1 AND 1??( C$ndii$n $& Parnersi /ere Rea% Pr$er" is C$nri#!ed
De Le$n
VOID
VOID
;it% P-/#i* In!tr-$ent) N& In+ent&r
VOID
VOID
A!!6. 'ill%r%l# T%e !a6er +ie7 i! De Le&nK! ,-e t& %i! !i$0#i6ie, +ie7 &6 !tat-te.
NOTE8 Partner!%i0! +&i, -n,er Art.5>>=) in re#ati&n Art. 5>>5 $a !ti## /e *&n!i,ere, eit%er ,e 6a*t& &r e!t&00e# 0artner!%i0! +i!]+i! t%ir, 0er!&n!" $a e+en /e treate, a! an &r,inar *&ntra*t 6r&$ 7%i*% ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n! $a +a#i,# ari!e) a#t%&-(% n&t ea*t# a 0artner!%i0 -n,er t%e Ci+i# C&,e. :orrs v. CA, 320 CRA +28 (1)
Fai#-re t& 0re0are an in+ent&r &6 t%e i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert *&ntri/-te,) in !0ite &6 arti*#e 5>>= ,e*#arin( t%e 0artner!%i0 +&i, 7&-#, n&t ren,er t%e 0artner!%i0 +&i, 7%en: NO THIRD PARTY INVOLVED ?!in*e Art. 5>>= 7a! inten,e, 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 =r, 0artie!" Partner! %a+e MADE A CLAIM ON THE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT.
OTHER CLASSI:ICATIONS O: PARTNERSHIP
DE URE PARTNERSHIP W&ne 7%i*% %a! *&$0#ie, 7it% a## t%e #e(a# re2-ire$ent! 6&r it! e!ta/#i!%$ent DE :ACTOW&ne 7%i*% %a! 6ai#e, t& *&$0# 7it% a## t%e #e(a# re2-ire$ent! 6&r it! e!ta/#i!%$ent As $ !r$se
VALID B-t eit%er 0art $a *&$0e# ee*-ti&n &6 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent !& it $a /e re(i!tere, in t%e re(i!tr &6 0r&0ert" n&net%e#e!!) 0artner!%i0
VALID
COMMERCIAL OR TRADIN3 PARTNERSHIPW&ne 6&r$e, 6&r t%e tran!a*ti&n &6 /-!ine!! PRO:ESSIONAL OR NON TRADIN3 PARTNERSHIPW&ne 6&r$e, 6&r t%e eer*i!e &6 a 0r&6e!!i&n INDS O: PARTNERS
VOID
a(ree$ent $a /e en6&r*e, ?*6. Ars- 1(*+ $ 1(* ;it% P-/#i* In!tr-$ent) ;it%
/ource# =%r Rvi o!s or ;%r!nrs"ip ?% by Atty% @illareal*
As $ %e'a%i" $& e6isence Ba!isa5 E-
N& 0-/#i* In!tr-$ent) N& In+ent&r
N& P-/#i* In!tr-$ent) ;it% In+ent&r
In+ent&r
VALID
CAPITALISTW*&ntri/-te! $&ne &r 0r&0ert INDUSTRIALW*&ntri/-te! &n# in,-!tr &r 0er!&na# !er+i*e 3ENERALW#ia/i#it t& = r, 0er!&n! eten,! t& !e0arate 0r&0ert LIMITEDW#ia/i#it t& = r, 0er!&n! #i$ite, t& *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n MANA3IN3W$ana(e! t%e a66air!/-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 LIUIDATIN3Wta1e! *%ar(e &6 t%e 7in,in( -0 &6 0artner!%i0 a66air! -0&n ,i!!&#-ti&n
PARTNERS B, ESTOPPELWn&t rea## a 0artner /-t #ia/#e a! a 0artner 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 inn&*ent =r, 0er!&n! CONTINUIN3 PARTNER W*&ntin-e! t%e /-!ine!! &6 a 0artner!%i0 a6ter ,i!!&#-ti&n / rea!&n &6 t%e a,$i!!i&n &6 a ne7 0artner) retire$ent) ,eat% &r e0-#!i&n &6 &ne &6 t%e 0artner! SURVIVIN3 PARTNERWa6ter a 0artner!%i0 %a! /een ,i!!&#+e, / ,eat% &6 an 0artner SUBPARTNERWn&t a $e$/er &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 7%& *&ntra*t! 7it% a 0artner 7it% re6eren*e t& t%e #atter! !%are in t%e 0artner!%i0 OSTENSIBLEWta1e! a*ti+e 0art an, 1n&7n t&
Re$e, &6 t%e &t%er 0artner i! n&t re!*i!!i&n /-t !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e 7it% ,a$a(e! 6r&$ ,e6a-#tin( 0artner ?Ar- 1?
t%e 0-/#i* a! 0artner in 0art t%e /-!ine!! SECRET Wta1e! a*ti+e in t%e /-!ine!! /-t i! n&t 1n&7n t& /e a 0artner / &-t!i,e 0artie! SILENTW,&e! n&t ta1e an a*ti+e 0art in t%e /-!ine!! a#t%&-(% %e $a /e 1n&7n t& /e a 0artner DORMANTW,&e! n&t ta1e a*ti+e 0art in t%e /-!ine!! an, i! n&t 1n&7n &r %e#, &-t a! a 0artner
6ai#! t& 0a %i!a$&-nt *&ntri/-ti&n &n ti$e &r in *a!e %e ta1e! an 6r&$ t%e *&$$&n 6-n, an, *&n+ert! it t& %i! &7n -!e @. T& in,e$ni6 t%e 0artner!%i0 6&r t%e ,a$a(e! *a-!e, t& it / ,e#a in t%e *&ntri/-ti&n &r *&n+er!i&n &6 an !-$ 6&r %i! 0er!&na# /ene6it! ?/ee Ar- 1?
O#%i'ai$ns /i resec $ c$nri#!i$n $& m$ne" and m$ne" c$n.ered $ ers$na% !se8 5. T& *&n tri/-te &n t%e ,at e 6ie, t%e a$& -nt %e %a! -n,erta1en t& *&ntri/-te t& t%e 0artner!%i0 8. T& rei$/-r!e an a$&-nt %e $a %a+e ta1en 6r&$ t%e 0artner!%i0 *&66er! an, *&n+erte, t& %i! &7n -!e =. T& 0a 6&r t%e a(ree, &r #e(a# intere!t) i6 %e
:IDUCIAR, DUT, C- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PARTNERS AMON3 THEMSELVES 1; OBLI3ATIONS O: THE PARTNERS AMON3 THEMSELVES
A 0artner!%i0 i! a 6i,-*iar re#ati&nW&ne entere, int& an, t& /e $aintaine, &n t%e /a!i! &6 tr-!t an, *&n6i,en*e. ;it% t%at) a 0artner $-!t &/!er+e t%e -t$&!t (&&, 6ait%) 6airne!!) an, inte(rit in %i! ,ea#in(! 7it% t%e &t%er!:
PROMISED CONTRIBUTION 4li%!ions i!" rspc! !o con!riu!ion o propr!6#
5. t& *&ntri/-te t%e !ti0-#ate, /e(innin( ti$e &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 &r at at t%e t%e $&ne) 0r&0ert &r in,-!tr 7%i*% %e $a %a+e 0r&$i!e, t& *&ntri/-te ?Ar- 1?+ T& an!7er 6&r e+i*ti&n in *a!e t%e 0artner!%i0 i! ,e0ri+e, &6 t%e ,eter$inate 0r&0ert *&ntri/-te, ?Ar- 1?+ 8. T& an!7er t& t%e 0 artner!%i0 6&r t%e 6r-it! &6 t%e 0r&0ert t%e *&ntri/-ti&n &6 7%i*% %e ,e#ae,) 6r&$ t%e ,ate t%e !%&-#, %a+e /een *&ntri/-te, -0 t& t%e ti$e &6 a*t-a# ,e#i+er ?Ar- 1?+ =. T& 0re!er+e !ai, 0r&0ert 7it% t% e ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# 0en,in( ,e#i+er t& 0artner!%i0 ?Ar- 11+( @. T& in,e$ni6 0artner!%i0 6&r an ,a$a(e *a-!e, t& it / t%e retenti&n &6 t%e !a$e &r / t%e ,e#a in it! *&ntri/-ti&n ? Ars- 1?5 11?0
E&&er$mised8 c $& &ai%!re $ c$nri#!e r$er" Partner! /e*&$e! ipso jure a ,e/t&r &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 e+en in t%e a/!en*e &6 an ,e$an, ?See Ar- 11+9K1
He *ann&t ,ire*t# &r in,ire*t# -!e 0artner!%i0 a!!et! 6&r %i! &7n /ene6it" He *ann&t *arr &n a /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 6&r %i! 0ri+ate a,+anta(e" He *ann&t) in *&n,-*tin( t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0) ta1e an 0r&6it *#an,e!tine#" He *ann&t &/tain 6&r %i$!e#6 t%at %e !%&-#, %a+e &/taine, 6&r t%e 0artner!%i0 ?e.(. /-!ine!! &00&rt-nit He *ann&t *arr &n an&t%er *&$0etiti&n 7it% t%e 0artner!%i0"
/-!ine!!
in
He *ann&t a+ai# %i$!e#6 &6 1n&7#e,(e &r in6&r$ati&n 7%i*% $a /e 0r&0er# re(ar,e, a! t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e 0artner!%i0"
PROHIBITION A3AINST EN3A3IN3 IN COMPETITIVE BUSINESS INDUSTRIAL PARTNER *ann&t en(a(e in /-!ine!! ?7n !a$e #ine &6 /-!ine!! 7it% t%e 0artner!%i0 -n#e!!
CAPITALIST PARTNER *ann&t en(a(e in /-!ine!! ?7it% !a$e 1in, &6 /-!ine!! 7it% t%e
0artner!%i0 e0re!!# 0er$it! %i$ t& ,& !&. ?Ar- 1?9
0artner!%i0 6&r %i! &7n a**&-nt) -n#e!! t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar. ? Ar- 10
CONSEUENCES I: AN /:R/A? ;AR:ER EN3A3ES IN AN, BUSINESS8 ?Ar- 1?9 %e *an /e e*#-,e, 6r&$ t%e 0artner!%i0" &r t%e *a0ita#i!t 0artner! *an a+ai# &6 t%e /ene6it %e &/taine, 6r&$ t%e /-!ine!!) &r t%e *a0ita#i!t 0artner! %a+e t%e ri(%t t& 6i#e an a*ti&n 6&r ,a$a(e! a(ain!t t%e in,-!tria# 0artner) in eit%er *a!e. CONSEUENCES I: THE CAPITALIST PARTNER EN3A3ES IN A BUSINESS ?7%i*% *&$0ete! 7it% t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0: 5. %e $a /e re2 -ire, t& /ri n( t& t% e *&$$&n 6-n, t%e 0r&6it! %e ,eri+e, 6r&$ t%e &t%er /-!ine!!" ?Ar- 10; 8. %e !%a ## 0er !&na## /ear t%e #&!!e!" ? Ar10 =. %e $a /e &-!te, 6&r$ t%e 0artner!%i0) e!0e*ia## i6 t%ere 7a! a 7arnin(. 4li%!ions i!" rspc! !o con!riu!ion !o p%r!nrs"ip c%pi!%l# 5. Partner! $-!t *&ntri/-te e2-a# !%are! t& t%e *a0ita# &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 -n#e!! t%ere i! !ti0-#ati&n t& *&ntrar ?Ar- 1?90
8. Partner! ?*a0ita#i!t $-!t *&ntri/-te a,,iti&na# *a0ita# in *a!e &6 i$$inent #&!! t& t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 an, t%ere i! n& !ti0-#ati&n &t%er7i!e" re6-!a# t& ,& !& !%a## *reate an &/#i(ati&n &n %i! 0art t& !e## %i! intere!t t& t%e &t%er 0artner! ? Ar- 1?90
[email protected]!isies8 5. T%ere i! an i$ $inent #&!! &6 t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 8. T%e $a&rit &6 t% e *a0ita#i!t 0artner! are &6 t%e &0ini&n t%at an a,,iti&na# *&ntri/-ti&n t& t%e *&$$&n 6-n, 7&-#, !a+e t%e /-!ine!! =. T%e *a0ita#i!t 0artner re6-!e! ,e#i/erate# t& *&ntri/-te ?n&t ,-e t& 6inan*ia# ina/i#it @. T%ere i! n& a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar 4li%!ion o &%n%in p%r!nrs "o collc!s ! ro& prson "o %lso o !" p%r!nrs"ip ?Ar- 1?92 5. A00# !-$ *&##e*te, t& 8 *re,it! in 0r&0&rti&n t& t%eir a$&-nt! 8. I6 %e re*ei+e, it 6&r t%e a**&-nt &6 0artner!%i0) t%e 7%&#e !-$ !%a## /e a00#ie, t& 0artner!%i0 *re,it
[email protected]!isies8 5. T%ere ei!t at #ea! t 8 ,e/t!) &ne 7% ere t%e *&##e*tin( 0artner i! *re,it&r an, t%e &t%er) 7%ere t%e 0artner!%i0 i! t%e *re,it&r 8. B&t% ,e/t! are ,e$an,a/#e T%e 0artner 7%& *&##e*t! i! a-t%&rie, t& $ana(e an, a*t-a## $ana(e! t%e 0artner!%i0 4li%!ion o p%r!nr "o rcivs s"%r o p%r!nrs"ip cri! O/#i(e, t& /rin( t& t%e 0artner!%i0 *a0ita# 7%at %e %a! re*ei+e, e+en t%&-(% %e $a %a+e (i+en re*ei0t 6&r %i! !%are &n# ? Ar- 1?9(
[email protected]!isies8 5. A 0artner %a! re*ei+e, in 7%&#e &r in 0art) %i! !%are &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 *re,it 8. T%e &t%er 0artner! %a+e n&t *&##e*te, t%eir !%are! =. T%e 0artner!%i0 ,e/t&r %a! /e*&$e in!&#+ent
TO MANA3EMENT BEARIN3 THE RIS O: LOSS O: THIN3S CONTRIBUTED ?Ar- 1?9* S0e*i6i* an, ,eter$inate t%in(! 7%i*% are n&t 6-n(i/#e 7%ere &n# t%e -!e i! *&ntri/-te, S0e*i6i* an, ,eter$inate t%in(! t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 7%i*% i! tran!6erre, t& t%e 0artner!%i0 F-n(i/#e t%in(! ?*&n!-$a/#e
Ri!1 i! /&rne / 0artner
Ri!1 i! /&rne / 0artner!%i0 Ri!1 i! /& rne / 0artner!%i0 T%in(! *&ntri/-te, t& /e !&#, Ri!1 i! /&rne / 0artner!%i0 T%in(! /r&-(%t an, a00rai!e, in Ri!1 i! /&rne t%e in+ent&r / 0artner!%i0 S0e*i6i* an, ,eter$inate t%in(! Ri!1 i! /&rne 7%i*% are n&t 6-n(i/#e 7%ere / 0artner &n# t%e -!e i! *&ntri/-te,
RULES :OR DISTRIBUTION O: PRO:ITS AND LOSSES PRO:ITS LOSSES $i!" A**&r,in( t& A**&r,in( t& %r& a(ree$ent a(ree$ent n! Githout agreeme nt
S%are &6 *a0ita#i!t 0artner i! in 0r&0&rti&n t& %i! *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n S%are &6 in,-!tria# 0artner i! n&t 6ie, a! $a /e -!t an, e2-ita/#e -n,er t%e *ir*-$!tan*e!
I6 !%arin( &6 0r&6it! i! !ti0-#ate, a00# t& !%arin( &6 #&!!e! I6 n& 0r&6it !%arin( !ti0-#ate, #&!!e! !%a## /e /&rne a**&r,in( t& *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n P-re# in,-!tria# 0artner n&t #ia/#e 6&r #&!!e!
A !ti0-#ati&n 7%i*% e*#-,e! &ne &r $&re 0artner! 6r&$ an !%are in t%e 0r&6it! an, #&!!e! i! +&i,.
NOTE8 Sti0-#ati&n ee$0tin( a 0artner 6r&$ #&!!e! !%&-#, /e a##&7e,. I6 a 0er!&n *an $a1e a (i6t t& an&t%er) t%ere i! n& !&-n, rea!&n 7% a 0er!&n *ann&t a#!& a(ree t& /ear a## t%e #&!!e!. O6 *&-r!e) a! 6ar a! THIRD PERSONS are *&n*erne,) an !-*% !ti0-#ati&n $a /e 0r&0er# ,e*#are, +&i,. ?De Le&n) 00. [email protected]584) *itin( E!0irit- an, Si/a# RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS WITH RESPECT
Partner is appointed manager in the articles of partnership
Partner is appointed manager after constitution of partnership ) or more persons entrusted with management of partnership without specification of dutiesstipulation that each shall not act wo the others consent
P&7er &6 $ana(in( 0artner i! irre+&*a/#e 7it%&-t -!t#a76-# *a-!e" Re+&*a/#e &n# 7%en in /a, 6ait% P&7er i! re+&*a/#e an ti$e 6&r an *a-!e
V&te &6 0artner! re0re!entin( *&ntr&##in( intere!t ne*e!!ar t& re+&1e 0&7er
Ea*% $a ee*-te a## a*t! &6 a,$ini!trati& n
In *a!e &6 &00&!iti&n) ,e*i!i&n &6 $a&rit !%a## 0re+ai#" In *a!e &6 tie) ,e*i!i&n &6 0artner! &7nin( *&ntr&##in( intere!t !%a## 0re+ai# A/!en*e &r ,i!a/i#it &6 an &ne *ann&t /e a##e(e, -n#e!! t%ere i! i$$inent ,an(er &6 (ra+e &r irre0ara/#e in-r t& 0artner!%i0 I6 re6-!a# &6 0artner i! $ani6e!t# 0re-,i*ia# t& intere!t &6 0artner!%i0) *&-rt! inter+enti&n $a /e !&-(%t
/tipulated that none of the managing partners shall act wo the consent of others
C&n*-rren*e &6 a## ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e +a#i,it &6 a*t!
#anner of management not agreed upon
A## 0artner! are a(ent! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 Unani$&-! *&n!ent re2-ire, 6&r a#terati&n &6 i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert
Oer ri's and $#%i'ai$ns $& arners8 5. Ri(%t t& a!!&*iate an&t%er 0er!&n 7it% %i$ in %i! !%are 7it%&-t *&n!ent &6 &t%er 0artner! ?!-/0artner!%i0 8. Ri(%t t& in!0e*t an, *& 0 0artner!%i0 /&&1! at an rea!&na/#e %&-r =. Ri(%t t& a 6&r$a# a** &-nt a! t& 0artner!%i0 a66air! ?e+en ,-rin( ei!ten*e &6 0artner!%i0:
@. I6 %e i! 7r&n (6-## e*#-,e, 6r&$ 0ar tner!%i0 /-!ine!! &r 0&!!e!!i&n &6 it! 0r&0ert / %i! *&0artner! 4. I6 ri(%t ei!t! -n,er t%e ter$! &6 an a(ree$ent A! 0r&+i,e, / art. 59> ;%ene+er &t%er *ir*-$!tan*e! ren,er it -!t an, rea!&na/#e D-t t& ren,er &n ,e$an, tr-e an, 6-## in6&r$ati&n a66e*tin( 0artner!%i0 t& an 0artner &r #e(a# re0re!entati+e &6 an ,e*ea!e, 0artner &r &6 an 0artner -n,er #e(a# ,i!a/i#it D-t t& a**&-nt t& t%e 0artner!%i0 a! 6i,-*iar
Partner! an, t%e 0artner!%i0 are !&#i,ar #ia/#e t& = r, 0er!&n! 6&r t%e 0artner! t&rt &r /rea*% &6 tr-!t Lia/i#it &6 in*&$in( 0artner i! #i$ite, t&: Hi! !%are in t%e 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert 6&r ei!tin( &/#i(ati&n! Hi! !e0arate 0r&0ert 6&r !-/!e2-ent &/#i(ati&n! Cre,it&r! &6 0artner!%i0 0re6erre, in 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert $a atta*% 0artner! !%are in 0artner!%i0 a!!et! E+er 0artner i! an a(ent &6 t%e 0artner!%i0
2; PROPERT, RI3HTS O: PARTNER Hi! ri(%t! in seAci& ic arnersi r$er" Hi! ineres in t%e 0artner!%i0 Hi! ri(%t t& ariciae in e mana'emen ?Ar- 110
POWER O: PARTNER AS A3ENT O: PARTNERSHIP
Na!re $& arners ri' in seci&ic arnersi r$er"Wa 0artner %a! an e2-a# ri(%t t& 0&!!e!!i&n 7%i*% i! n&t a!!i(na/#e an, !-*% ri(%t i! #i$ite, t& t%e !%are &6 7%at re$ain! a6ter 0artner!%i0 ,e/t! %a+e /een 0ai, Na!re $& arners ri' in e arnersi Wa !%are in t%e 0r&6it! an, !-r0#-! (- OBLI3ATION O: PARTNERS WITH RE3ARD TO THIRD PERSONS E+er 0artner!%i0 !%a## &0erate -n,er a 6ir$ na$e. Per!&n! 7%& in*#-,e na$e! in t%e 0artner!%i0 na$e e+en t%eir i6 t%e are n&t $e$/er! !%a## /e #ia/#e a! a 0artner A## 0artner! !%a## /e #ia/#e 6&r *&ntra*t-a# &/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 7it% t%eir 0r&0ert) a6ter a## 0artner!%i0 a!!et! %a+e /een e%a-!te,: Pr& rata S-/!i,iar A,$i!!i&n &r re0re!entati&n $a,e / an 0artner *&n*ernin( 0artner!%i0 a66air! 7it%in !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit i! e+i,en*e a(ain!t t%e 0artner!%i0 N&ti*e t& 0artner &6 an $atter re#atin( t& 0artner!%i0 a66air! &0erate! a! n&ti*e t& 0artner!%i0) e*e0t in *a!e &6 6ra-,: 'n&7#e,(e) &6 0artner a*tin( in t%e 0arti*-#ar $atter) a*2-ire, 7%i#e a 0artner 'n&7#e,(e &6 t%e 0artner a*tin( in t%e 0arti*-#ar $atter t%en 0re!ent t& %i! $in, 'n&7#e,(e &6 an &t%er 0artner 7%& rea!&na/# *&-#, an, !%&-#, %a+e *&$$-ni*ate, it t& t%e a*tin( 0artner
A*t! 6&r *arrin( &n in t%e -!-a# 7a t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0
A*t 7* i! n&t a00arent# 6&r t%e *arrin( &6 /-!ine!! in t%e -!-a# 7a A*t! &6 !tri*t ,&$ini&n &r &7ner!%i0: A!!i(n 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert in tr-!t 6&r *re,it&r! Di!0&!e &6 (&&, 7i## &6 /-!ine!! D& an a*t 7* 7&-#, $a1e it i$0&!!i/#e t& *arr &n &r,inar /-!ine!! &6 0artner!%i0 C&n6e!! a -,($ent Enter int& *&$0r&$i!e *&n*ernin( a 0artner!%i0 *#ai$ &r #ia/i#it S-/$it 0artner!%i0 *#ai$ &r #ia/i#it t& ar/itrati&n Ren&-n*e *#ai$ &6 0artner!%i0 A*t! in *&ntra+enti&n &6 a re!tri*ti&n &n a-t%&rit
E+er 0artner i! an a(ent an, $a ee*-te a*t! 7it% /in,in( e66e*t e+en i6 %e %a! n& a-t%&rit Except: 7%en = r, 0er!&n %a! 1n&7#e,(e &6 #a*1 &6 a-t%&rit D&e! n&t /in, 0artner!%i0 -n#e!! a-t%&rie, / &t%er 0artner!
Partner!%i0 n&t #ia/#e t& = r, 0er!&n! %a+in( a*t-a# &r 0re!-$0ti+e 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e
re!tri*ti&n!
E::ECTS O: CONVE,ANCE O: REAL PROPERT, BELON3IN3 TO PARTNERSHIP Tit#e in 0artner!%i0 na$e) C&n+ean*e in 0artner!%i0 na$e
Tit#e in 0artner!%i0 na$e) C&n+ean*e in 0artner! na$e
Tit#e in na$e &6 5 $&re 0artner!) C&n+ean*e in na$e i6 0artner0artner! in 7%&!e na$e tit#e !tan,!
Tit#e in na$e &6 5$&rea## 0artner! &r = r, 0er!&n in tr-!t 6&r 0artner!%i0) C&n+ean*e ee*-te, in 0artner!%i0 na$e i6 in na$e &6 0artner! Tit#e in na$e &6 a## 0artner!) C&n+ean*e in na$e &6 a## 0artner!
C&n+ean*e 0a!!e! tit#e /-t 0artner!%i0 *an re*&+er i6: C&n+ean*e 7a! n&t in t%e -!-a# 7a &6 /-!ine!!) &r B-er %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 #a*1 &6 a-t%&rit C&n+ean*e ,&e! n&t 0a!! tit#e /-t &n# e2-ita/#e intere!t) -n#e!!: C&n+ean*e 7a! n&t in t%e -!-a# 7a &6 /-!ine!!) &r 8. B-er %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 #a*1 &6 a-t%&rit C&n+ean*e 0a!!e! tit#e /-t 0artner!%i0 *an re*&+er i6: C&n+ean*e 7a! n&t in t%e -!-a# 7a &6 /-!ine!!) &r B-er %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 #a*1 &6 a-t%&rit C&n+ean*e 7i## &n# 0a!! e2-ita/#e intere!t
C&n+ean*e 0a!! tit#e
7i##
ASSI3NMENT O: INTEREST IN PARTNERSHIP Assi'nmen is s!#4ec $ ree =(; c$ndii$ns8 $a,e in (&&, 6ait% 6&r 6air *&n!i,erati&n a6ter a 6air an, *&$0# ete ,i!*#&!-re &6 a## i$0&rtant in6&r$ati&n a! t& it! +a#-e RI3HTS O: AN ASSI3NEE8 Get 7%ate+er a!!i(n&r0artner 7&-#, %a+e &/taine, A+ai# -!-a# re$e,ie! in *a!e &6 6ra-, in t%e $ana(e$ent
A!1 6&r ann-#$ent &6 *&ntra*t &6 a!!i(n$ent i6 %e 7a! in,-*e, t& &in t%r&-(% an &6 t%e +i*e! &6 *&n!ent De$an, an a**&-ntin( ?&n# in *a!e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n
); RESPONSIBILIT, O: PARTNERSHIP TO PARTNERS T& re6-n, t%e a$&-nt! ,i!/-r!e, / 0artner in /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 *&rre!0&n,in( intere!t 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e e0en!e! are $a,e ?#&an! an, a,+an*e! $a,e / a 0artner t& t%e 0artner!%i0 a!i,e 6r&$ *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n T& an!7er 6&r &/#i(ati&n! 0artner $a %a+e *&ntra*te, (&&, 6ait% in t%e intere!t &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 in /-!ine!! T& an!7er 6&r ri!1! in *&n!e2-en*e &6 it! $ana(e$ent
E- DISSOLUTION AND WINDIN3 UP DISSOLUTIONW*%an(e in t%e re#ati&n &6 t%e 0artner! *a-!e, / an 0artn er *ea!in( t& /e a!!&*iate, in t%e *arrin( &n &6 t%e /-!ine!!" 0artner!%i0 i! n&t ter$inate, /-t *&ntin-e! -nti# t%e 7in,in( -0 &6 0artner!%i0 a66air! i! *&$0#ete, WINDIN3 UP W0r&*e!! &6 !ett#in( t%e /-!ine!! &r 0artner!%i0 a66air! a6ter ,i!!&#-ti&n TERMINATIONWt%at 0&int 7%en a## 0artner!%i0 a66air! are *&$0#ete# 7&-n, -0 an, 6ina## !ett#e,. It !i(ni6ie! t%e en, &6 t%e 0a rtner!%i0 #i6e. CAUSES O: DISSOLUTION8 1; ;it%&-t +i&#ati&n &6 t%e a(ree$ent /et7een t%e 0artner! • B ter$inati&n &6 t%e ,e6inite ter$ 0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in( !0e*i6ie, in t%e a(ree$ent • B t%e e0re!! 7i## &6 an 0artner) 7%& $-!t a*t in (&&, 6ait%) 7%en n& ,e6inite ter$ &r 0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in( i! !0e*i6ie, • B t%e e0re!! 7i## &6 a## t%e 0artner! 7%& %a+e n&t a!!i(ne, t%eir intere!t *%ar(e, t%e$ 6&r t%eir !e0arate ,e/t!) eit%er /e6&re &r a6ter t%e ter$i nati&n &6 an !0e*i6ie, ter$ &r 0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in( • B t%e /&na 6i,e e0-#!i&n &6 an 0artner 6r&$ t%e /-!ine!! in a**&r,an*e 7it% 0&7er *&n6erre, / t%e a(ree$ent B; In *&ntra+enti&n &6 t%e a(ree$ent /et7een t%e 0artner!) 7%ere t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! ,& n&t 0er$it a ,i!!&#-ti&n -n,er an &t%er 0r&+i!i&n &6 t%i! arti*#e) / t%e e0re!! 7i## &6 an 0artner at an ti$e
C; B an e+en t 7%i*% $a1e! it -n#a76-# 6&r /-!ine!! t& /e *arrie, &n6&r t%e $e$/er! t& *arr it &n 6&r t%e 0artner!%i0 L&!! &6 !0e*i6i* t%in( 0r&$i!e, / 0artner /e6&re it! ,e#i+er
I6 *a-!e i! ACT &6 0artner) a*tin( 0artner $-!t %a+e 1n&7#e,(e &6 !-*% ,i!!&#-ti&n I6 *a-!e i! DEATH &r INSOLVENCY) a*tin( 0artner $-!t %a+e 1n&7#e,(e n&ti*e
D; Deat% &6 an 0artner Wi resec $ ers$ns n$ arners =Ar1(); Partner *&ntin-e! t& /in, 0artner!%i0 e+en a6ter ,i!!&#-ti&n in 66. *a!e!: Tran!a*ti&n! in *&nne*ti&n t& 7in,in( -0 0artner!%i0 a66air!*&$0#etin( tran!a*ti&n! -n6ini!%e,
E; In!&#+en* &6 a 0artner0artner!%i0 :; Ci+i# inter,i*ti&n &6 an 0artner 3; De*ree &6 *&-rt -n,er art. 59=5 3ROUNDS :OR DISSOLUTION B, DECREE O: COURT (Ar!. 1831) • Partner ,e*#are, in!ane in an -,i*ia# 0r&*ee,in( &r !%&7n t& /e &6 -n!&-n, $in, • In*a0a*it &6 0artner t& 0er6&r$ %i! 0art &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 *&ntra*t • Partner (-i#t &6 *&n,-*t 0re-,i*ia# t& /-!ine!! &6 0artner!%i0 • ;i##6-# &r 0er!i!tent /rea*% &6 0artner!%i0 a(ree$ent &r *&n,-*t 7%i*% $a1e! it rea!&na/# i$0ra*ti*a/#e t& *arr &n 0artner!%i0 7it% %i$ • B-!ine!! *an &n# /e *arrie, &n at a #&!! • Ot%er *ir*-$!tan*e! 7%i*% ren,er ,i!!&#-ti&n e2-ita/#e • U0&n a00#i*ati&n / 0-r*%a!er &6 0artner! intere!t: o A6ter ter$inati&n &6 !0e*i6ie,
Tran!a*ti&n! 7%i*% /in, 0artner!%i0 i6 n&t ,i!!&#+e,) 7%en t%e 7&-#, &t%er 0art&/#i(ee: Sit-ati&n 5 Ha, eten,e, *re,it t& 0artner!%i0 0ri&r t& ,i!!&#-ti&n Ha, n& 1n&7#e,(en&ti*e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n) &r Sit-ati&n 8 i. Di, n&t eten, *re,it t& 0artner!%i0 Ha, 1n&7n 0artner!%i0 0ri&r t& ,i!!&#-ti&n Ha, n& 1n&7#e,(en&ti*e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n6a*t &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n n&t a,+erti!e, in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e 0#a*e 7%ere 0artner!%i0 i! re(-#ar# *arrie, &n Partner *ann&t /in, t%e 0artner!%i0 an$&re a6ter ,i!!&#-ti&n: ;%ere ,i!!&#-ti&n i! ,-e t& -n#a76-#ne!! t& *arr &n 7it% /-!ine!! ?e*e0t: 7in,in( -0 &6 0artner!%i0 a66air! ;%ere 0artner %a! /e*&$e in!&#+ent
ter$0arti*-#ar -n,erta1in(at 7i## Anti$e i6 0artner!%i0 7%en intere!t 7a! a!!i(ne,*%ar(in( &r,er i!!-e,
;%ere 0artner t& 7in, 7it% -0 0artner!%i0 a66air!)-na-t%&rie, e*e0t / tran!a*ti&n &ne 7%&: Sit-ati&n 5 i. Ha, eten,e, *re,it t& 0artner!%i0 0ri&r t& ,i!!&#-ti&n ii. Ha, n& 1n&7#e,(en&ti*e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n) &r Sit-ati&n 8 Di, n&t eten, *re,it t& 0artner!%i0 0ri&r t& ,i!!&#-ti&n Ha, 1n&7n 0artner!%i0 0ri&r t& ,i!!&#-ti&n Ha, n& 1n&7#e,(en&ti*e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n6a*t &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n n&t a,+erti!e, in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e 0#a*e 7%ere 0artner!%i0 i! re(-#ar# *arrie, &n
o
1; E::ECTS O: DISSOLUTION AUTHORIT, O: PARTNER BIND PARTNERSHIP
TO
3ENERAL RULE8 A-t%&rit &6 0artner! t& /in, 0artner!%i0 i! ter$inate, EFCEPTIONS 5. T& 7in, -0 0artner!%i0 a66air! 8. C&$0#ete tran!a*ti&n! n&t 6ini!%e, !a%i&icai$ns8 Wi resec $ arners A-t%&rit &6 0artner! t& /in, 0artner!%i0 / ne7 *&ntra*t i! i! i$$e,iate# ,i!!&#-ti&n n&t ,-e t& ter$inate, ACT) DEATH7%en &r INSOLVENCY ?ADI &6 a 0artner ?art 59==" I6 ,-e t& ADI) 0artner! are #ia/#e a! i6 0artner!%i0 n&t ,i!!&#+e,) 7%en t%e 66. *&n*-r:
2; DISCHAR3E O: LIABILIT, Di!!&#-ti&n ,&e! n&t ,i!*%ar(e ei!tin( #ia/i#it &6 0artner) e*e0t / a(ree$ent /et7een: Partner an, %i$!e#6 0er!&n0artner!%i0 *&ntin-in( t%e /-!ine!! 0artner!%i0 *re,it&r!
Ri's $& arner /ere diss$%!i$n n$ in c$nra.eni$n $& a 'reemen8 A00# 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert t& ,i!*%ar(e #ia/i#itie! &6 0artner!%i0
A00# !-r0#-!) i6 an t& 0a in *a!% t%e net a$&-nt &7e, t& 0artner!
Ri's $& arner /ere diss$%!i$n in c$nra.eni$n $& a'reemen8 Partner 7%& ,i, n&t *a-!e ,i!!&#-ti&n 7r&n(6-##: A00# 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert t& ,i!*%ar(e #ia/i#itie! &6 0artner!%i0 A00# !-r0#-!) i6 an t& 0a in *a!% t%e net a$&-nt &7e, t& 0artner! In,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e! *a-!e, / 0artner (-i#t &6 7r&n(6-# ,i!!&#-ti&n C&ntin-e /-!ine!! in !a$e na$e ,-rin( a(ree, ter$ P&!!e! 0artner!%i0 *&ntin-e,
0r&0ert
i6
/-!ine!!
i!
Partner 7%& 7r&n(# *a-!e, ,i!!&#-ti&n: I6 /-!ine!! n&t *&ntin-e, / &t%er! a00# 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert t& ,i!*%ar(e #ia/i#itie! &6 0artner!%i0 re*ei+e in *a!% %i! !%are &6 !-r0#-! #e!! ,a$a(e! *a-!e, / %i! 7r&n(6-# ,i!!&#-ti&n I6 /-!ine!! *&ntin-e, / &t%er! %a+e t%e +a#-e &6 %i! intere!t at ti$e &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n a!*ertaine, an, 0ai, in *a!%!e*-re, / /&n, /e re#ea!e, 6r&$ a## ei!tin(6-t-re 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie!
retirin(,e*ea!e, 0artner !&#, %i! intere!t 7& 6ina# !ett#e$ent 7it% *re,it&r! Ri(%t! i6 retirin(e!tate &6 ,e*ea!e, 0artner: T& %a+e t%e +a#-e &6 %i! intere!t a!*ertaine, a! &6 t%e ,ate &6 ,i!!&#-ti&n T& re*ei+e a! &r,inar *re,it&r t%e +a#-e &6 %i! !%are in t%e ,i!! &#+e, 0artner!%i0 7it% intere!t &r 0r&6it! attri/-ta/#e t& -!e &6 %i! ri(%t) at %i! &0ti&n
Pers$ns A!$riJed $ Wind U Partner! ,e!i(nate, / t%ea## a(ree$ent In a/!en*e &6 a(ree$ent) 0artner! 7%& %a+e n&t 7r&n(6-## ,i!!&#+e, t%e 0artner!%i0 Le(a# re0re!entati+e &6 #a!t !-r+i+in( 0artner A 0artnerK! !%are *ann&t /e ret-rne, 7it%&-t 6ir!t ,i!!&#+in( an, #i2-i,atin( t%e /-!ine!! 6&r t%e 0artner!%i0K! &-t!i,e *re,it&r! %a+e 0re6eren*e &+er t%e enter0ri!eK! a!!et!. T%e 6ir$K! 0r&0ert *ann&t /e ,i$ini!%e, t& t%eir 0re-,i*e. 9%us% v. Al%r%n, 115 ;"il. 511 (1*2)
Ri's $& in4!red arner /ere arnersi c$nrac is rescinded $n 'r$!nd $& &ra!dmisreresenai$n #" 1 ar"8 5. Ri(%t t& #ien &n !-r0#-! &6 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert a6ter !ati!6in( 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie! 8. Ri(%t t& !-/r&(ati&n in 0#a*e &6 *re,it&r! a6ter 0a$ent &6 0artner!%i0 #ia/i#itie!
D-e t& it! !e0arate -ri,i*a# 0er!&na#it 6r&$ t%e in,i+i,-a# 0artner!) it i! t%-! t%e 0artner!%i0 %a+in( /een t%e re*i0ient &6 t%e *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n! 7%i*% $-!t re6-n, t%e e2-it &6 retirin( 0artner!. S-*% ,-t ,&e! n&t 0ertain t& 0artner! 7%& $ana(e, t%e /-!ine!!. T%e a$&-nt t& /e re6-n,e,) !-0ra)
=. Ri(%t / (-i#t 0artner a(ain!t&6a##in,e$ni6i*ati&n 0artner!%i0 ,e/t! #ia/i#itie!
*&n!i!tent 7it% t%e entit) 0artner!%i0 /ein( a !e0arate an, ,i!tin*t $-!t ne*e!!ari# /e #i$ite, t& 7%at t& t%e 6ir$K! t&ta# re!&-r*e!. It *an &n# 0a &-t 7%at it %a! 6&r it! t&ta# a!!et!. B-t t%i! i! !-/ e*t t& t%e 0ri&rit en&e, / &-t!i,e *re,it&r!. A6ter a## t%e ?!ai, *re,it&r! %a+e /een 0ai,) 7%ate+er i! #e6t &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 a!!et! /e*&$e! a+ai#a/#e 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 0artner!K !%are!. 'ill%r%l v. R%&ir, +0* CRA 1+5
(; SETTLEMENT O: ACCOUNTS BETWEEN PARTNERS Asses $& e arnersi8 Partner!%i0 0r&0ert ?in*#-,in( (&&,7i## C&ntri/-ti&n! &6 t%e 0artner! Order $& A%icai$n $& Asses8 Parnersi credi$rs Parners as credi$rs Parners as in.es$rs Wret-rn &6 *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n Parners as in.es$rs W!%are &6 0r&6it! i6 an ); WH E N BUSINESS O: DISSOLVED PARTNERSHIP IS CONTINUED Cre,it&r! &6 &#, 0artner!%i0 are a#!& *re,it&r! &6 t%e ne7 0artner!%i0 7%i*% *&ntin-e! t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e &#, &ne 7& #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 a66air! Cre,it&r! %a+e an e2-ita/#e #ien &n t%e *&n!i,erati&n 0ai, t& t%e retirin( ,e*ea!e, 0artner / t%e 0-r*%a!er 7%en
: - LIMITED PARTNERSHIP Caracerisics8 5. F&r$e, / *&$0#ian*e 7it% !tat-t&r re2-ire$ent! 8. One &r $&re (enera# 0artner! *&ntr&# t%e /-!ine!! =. One &r $&r e (enera# 0artner! *&n tri/-te t& t%e *a0ita# an, t%e 0r&6it! /-t&6,& t%e n&t 0arti*i0ate in !%are t%e in $ana(e$ent /-!ine!! an, are n&t 0er!&na## #ia/#e 6&r 0artner!%i0 &/#i(ati&n! /e&n, t%eir *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n!
@. Ma a!1 6&r t%e ret-rn &6 t%eir *a0ita# *&ntri/-ti&n! -n,er *&n,iti&n! 0re!*ri/e, / #a7 4. Partner!%i0 ,e/t! are 0ai, &-t &6 *&$ $&n 6-n, an, t%e in,i+i,-a# 0r&0ertie! &6 (enera# 0artner!
Ri(%t &6 re$ainin( (en 0artner! ?i6 (i+en &r *&ntin-e /-!ine!! in *a!e &6 ,eat%) in!anit) retire$ent) *i+i# inter,i*ti&n) in!&#+en* Ri(%t &6 #i$ite, 0artner ?i6 (i+en t& ,e$an,re*ei+e 0r&0ert*a!% in ret-rn 6&r *&ntri/-ti&n
Ceri&icae m!s #e &i%ed /i e SEC DI::ERENCES BETWEEN 3ENERAL AND LIMITED PARTNERPARTNERSHIP 3ENERAL Per!&na## #ia/#e 6&r 0artner!%i0 &/#i(ati&n! ;%en $anner &6 $(t. n&t a(ree, -0&n) a## (enera# 0artner! %a+e an e2-a# ri(%t in t%e $(t. &6 t%e /-!ine!! C&ntri/-te *a!%) 0r&0ert &r in,-!tr Pr&0er 0art t& 0r&*ee,in(! /a(ain!t 0artner!%i0 Intere!t n&t a!!i(na/#e 7& *&n!ent &6 &t%er 0artner! Na$e $a a00ear in 6ir$ na$e Pr&%i/iti&n a(ain!t en(a(in( in /-!ine!! Retire$ent) ,eat%) in!&#+en*) in!anit &6 (enera# 0artner ,i!!&#+e! 0artner!%i0
LIMITED Lia/i#it eten,! &n# t& %i! *a0ita#
T& +a#i,# 6&r$ a #i$ite, 0artner!%i0) a## t%at i! re2-ire, i! SUBSTANTIAL COMPLIANCE IN GOOD FAITH 7it% a## t%e re2-ire$ent! -n,er Ar- 1)) ?i.e. !i(nin( an, !7earin( t& a *erti6i*ate) a66iin( t%e 7&r, Li$ite, t& t%e 0artner!%i0 na$e)
*&ntri/-ti&n! N& 0arti*i0ati&n in $ana(e$ent
et*.. I6 n&a !-/!tantia# *&$0#ian*e) t%en0er!&n! t%e 6ir$ /e*&$e! (enera# 0artner!%i0 t& t%ir, ?/-t a! a$&n(!t t%e 0artner!) !ti## #i$ite,.
C&ntri/-te *a!% &r 0r&0ert &n#) n&t in,-!tr N&t 0r&0er 0art t& 0r&*ee,in(! /a(ain!t 0artner!%i0 Intere!t i! 6ree# a!!i(na/#e Na$e $-!t a00ear in 6ir$ na$e N& 0r&%i/iti&n a(ain!t en(a(in( in /-!ine!! D&e! n&t %a+e !a$e e66e*t" ri(%t! tran!6erre, t& #e(a# re0re!entati+e
REUIREMENTS :OR :ORMATION O: LIMITED PARTNERSHIP8 Ceri&icae $& aric%es $& e %imied arnersi m!s sae e &&- maers8 5. Na$e &6 0artner!%i0 7&r, #t,. 8. C%ara*ter &6 /-!ine!! =. L&*ati&n &6 0rin*i0a# 0#a*e &6 /-!ine!! @. Na$e0#a*e &6 re!i,en*e &6 $e$/er! 4. Ter$ 6&r 0artner!%i0 i! t& ei!t . A$&-nt &6 *a!%+a#-e &6 0r&0ert *&ntri/-te, >. A,,iti&na# *&ntri/-ti&n! 9. Ti$e a(r ee, -0&n t& ret-rn *&n tri/-ti&n &6 #i$ite, 0artner . S%arin( &6 0r&6it!&t%er *&$0en!ati&n Ri(%t &6 #i$ite, 0artner ?i6 (i+en t& !-/!tit-te an a!!i(nee Ri(%t t& a,$it a,,iti&na# 0artner! Ri(%t &6 #i$ite, 0artner ! ?i6 (i+en t& 0ri&rit 6&r *&ntri/-ti&n!
WHEN 3ENERAL PARTNER NEEDS CONSENTRATI:ICATION O: ALL LIMITED PARTNERS8 5. D& an a*t in *&ntra+enti&n &6 t%e *erti6i*ate 8. D& an a*t 7%i*% 7&-#, $a1e it i$0&!!i/#e t& *arr &n t%e &r,inar /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 =. C&n6e!! -,($ent a(ain!t 0artner!%i0 @. P&!!e!! 0artner!%i0 0r&0erta!!i(n ri(%t! in !0e*i6i* 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert &t%er t%an 6&r 0artner!%i0 0-r0&!e! 4. A,$it 0er!&n a! (enera# 0artner . A,$it 0er!&n a! #i$ite, 0artner -n#e!! a-t%&rie, in *erti6i*ate >. C&ntin-e /-!ine!! 7it% 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert &n ,eat%) retire$ent) *i+i# inter,i*ti&n) in!anit &r in in!&#+en* a-t%&rie, *erti6i*ate&6 (en 0artner -n#e!!
SPECI:IC RI3HTS O: LIMITED PARTNERS8 5. Ri(%t t& %a+e 0artner!%i0 /&&1! 1e0t at 0rin*i0a# 0#a*e &6 /-!ine!! 8. Ri(%t t& in! 0e*t*&0 /&&1! at rea!&na/#e %&-r =. Ri(%t t& %a+e &n ,e$an, tr-e an, 6-## in6& &6 a## t%in(! a66e*tin( 0artner!%i0 @. Ri(%t t& %a+e 6&r$a# a**&-nt &6 0artner!%i0 a66air! 7%ene+er *ir*-$!tan*e! ren,er it -!t an, rea!&na/#e 4. Ri(%t t& a!1 6&r ,i!!&#-ti&n an, 7in,in( -0 / ,e*ree &6 *&-rt . Ri(%t t& re*ei+e !%are &6 0r&6it!&t%er *&$0en!ati&n / 7a &6 in*&$e >. Ri(%t t& re*ei+e ret-rn &6 *&ntri/-ti&n! 0r&+i,e, t%e 0artner!%i0 a!!et! are in e*e!! &6 a## it! #ia/i#itie! REUISITES :OR RETURN O: CONTRIBUTION O: LIMITED PARTNER8 5. A## #ia/i#itie! &6 0ar tner!%i0 %a+e /een 0ai ,i6 n&t et 0ai,) at #ea!t !-66i*ient t& *&+er t%e$ 8. C&n!ent &6 a## $e$/er! %a! /een &/taine,
=. Certi6i*ate i! *an*e##e,a$en,e, a! t& !et 6&rt% 7it%,ra7a# re,-*ti&n &6 *&ntri/-ti&n LIABILITIES O: A LIMITED PARTNER
T$ e arnersi F&r t%e ,i66eren*e /et7een %i! *&ntri/-ti&n a! a*t-a## $a,e an, t%at !tate, in t%e *erti6i*ate a! %a+in( /een $a,e) an, F&r an -n0ai, *&ntri/-ti&n 7%i*% %e a(ree, in t%e *erti6i*ate t& $a1e in t%e 6-t-re ti$e As a r!see &$r e arnersi F&r t%e !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert !tate, in t%e *erti6i*ate a! *&ntri/-te, / %i$ /-t 7%i*% %e *&ntri/-te," F&r%a, t%en&t !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert &6 t%e 0artner!%i0 7%i*% %a, /een 7r&n(6-## ret-rne, t& %i$" an, M&ne &r &t%er 0r&0ert 7r&n(6-## 0ai, &r *&n+ee, t& %i$ &n a**&-nt &6 %i! *&ntri/-ti&n.
DISSOLUTION O: LIMITED PARTNERSHIP =Pri$ri" in Disri#!i$n $& Asses;8 T%&!e ,-e t& *re,it&r!) in*#-,in( #i$ite, 0artner! T%&!e ,-e t& #i$ite, 0artner! in re!0e*t &6 t%eir !%are in 0r&6it!*&$0en!ati&n T%&!e ,-e t& #i$ite, 0artner! &6 ret-rn &6 *a0ita# *&ntri/-te, T%&!e ,-e t& (enera# 0artner &t%er t%an *a0ita# 0r&6it! T%&!e ,-e t& (enera# 0artner in re!0e*t t& 0r&6it! T%&!e ,-e t& (enera# 0artner 6&r ret-rn &6 *a0ita# *&ntri/-te, AMENDMENT O: CERTI:ICATE O: PARTNERSHIP 5. In *a!e an &6 t%e ten en-$erate, *%an(e! an, *ir*- $!tan*e! in Art. 59@) 0ar. 8 are 0re!ent. 8. It $-!t /e !i(ne, an, !7&rn t& / a## t%e $e$/er! in*#-,in( t%e ne7 $e$/er! i6 !&$e are a,,e," in *a!e &6 !-/!tit-ti&n) t%e a!!i(nin( #i$ite, 0artner $-!t a#!& !i(n. =. T%e *an*e##ati&n &r a$en,$ent $-!t /e re*&r,e, in t%e SEC. An 0er!&n 7%& !-66er! #&!! / re#ian*e &n 6a#!e !tate$ent in *erti6i*ate $a %&#, #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! an 0art t& t%e *erti6i*ate 7%& 1ne7 t%e !tate$ent t& /e 6a#!e at t%e ti$e t%e #atter !i(ne, t%e *erti6i*ate &r *a$e t& 1n&7 !-*% 6a#!it !-/!e2-ent# /-t 7it%in !-66i*ient ti$e /e6&re re#ian*e t& ena/#e !-*% 0artt%e t& *an*e# &r a$en,6&r t%e!-*% *erti6i*ate &r 6i#e 0r&0er 0etiti&n 0-r0&!e ?-n,er Ar- 1+* . =Ar- 1)? $%lr%vn v. R%&s%6, 55 .$. 853;. A (enera# 0artnerK! DIIC ?death& insol"ency& insanity& or ci"il interdiction ,i!!&#+e! t%e
0artner!%i0 -n#e!! t%e /-!ine!! i! *&ntin-e, / t%e !-r+i+in( (enera# 0artner! -n,er a ri(%t !tate, in t%e *erti6i*ate &r 7it% t%eir *&$$&n ?i.e. a## *&n!ent ? Ar- 1+0 . Sti##) e+en i6 a##&7e, -n,er t%e *erti6i*ate &r *&n!ente, t& / a##) t%ere $-!t /e an a$en,$ent 6-rt%er t& Art!. 59@ an, 594 ?c&- Ba!isa. Ot%er7i!e) #i$ite, 0artner! 7i## n&t /e a/#e t& a+ai# &6 t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e #a7 a! re(ar,! #ia/i#it. T%e 0artner!%i0 7i## /e *&n!i,ere, (enera# ?o v. Arion% ;or > ?i"! Co., +27 ;. . 3** A #i$ite, 0artner !%a## n&t /e*&$e #ia/#e a! a (enera# -n#e!! a,,iti&n t%e eer*i!e 0artner) &6 %i! ri(%t! an, in 0&7er! a! a t& #i$ite, &ne) e a
V- A3ENC, 7777777777777777777777777 77777777 TOPICS UNDER THE S,LLABUS A- DE:INITION O: A3ENC, B- POWERS =ARTS- 1??>1? C- EFPRESS V- IMPLIED A3ENC, D- A3ENC, B, ESTOPPEL E- 3ENERAL VS- SPECIAL A3ENC, :- A3ENC, COUCHED IN 3ENERAL TERMS 3- A3ENC, REUIRIN3 SPECIAL POWER O: ATTORNE, H- A3ENC, B, OPERATION O: LAW I- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PRINCIPAL - MODES O: EFTIN3UISHMENT 7777777777777777777777777 77777777 A- DE:INITION O: A3ENC, CONTRACT O: A3ENC, i! a *&ntra*t 7%ere/ a 0er!&n /in,! %i$!e#6 t& ren,er !&$e !er+i*e &r t& ,& !&$et%in( in representation &r on behalf of another) 7it% t%e *&n!ent &r a-t%&rit &6 t%e #atter.
it! representati"e character i t! authority%
deri"ati"e
;urpos# Eten, t%e 0er!&na#it &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# t%r&-(% t%e 6a*i#it &6 t%e a(ent
Caaci" $& e Paries8 Princia% He $a /e a nat-ra# &r a -ri,i*a# 0er!&n He $-!t /e *a0a*itate,. Gnr%l R?E: I6 a 0er!&n i! *a0a*itate, t& a*t 6&r %i$!e#6 &r %i! &7n ri(%t) %e *an a*t t%r&-(% an a(ent. T%e a(ent i! n&t #ia/#e 7%ere %e 7a! i(n&rant &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#K! in*a0a*it
A'en In!&6ar a! t%ir, 0er!&n! are *&n*erne,) it i! en&-(% t%at t%e 0rin*i0a# i! *a0a*itate,. In!&6ar a! %i! &/#i(ati&n! t& %i! 0rin*i0a# are *&n*erne,) t%e a(ent $-!t /e a/#e t& /in, %i$!e#6. A! an a(ent) !&$e $enta# *a0a*it i! ne*e!!ar) t%ere6&re) t%&!e 7%& are a/!&#-te# in*a0a*itate, ?ex% Insane persons *ann&t /e a(ent!.
C"%r%c!ris!ics# C&n!en!-a#: 0er6e*te, / $ere *&n!ent" N&$inate: it %a! it! &7n na$e"
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS C$nsen &6 t%e 0artie! t& e!ta/#i!% t%e re#ati&n!%i0" O/e*t &6 t%e *&ntra*t i! t%e e6ec!i$n $& a 4!ridica% ac in re#ati&n t& t%ir, 0er!&n!" A(ent a*t! a! a reresenai.e an, n&t 6&r %i$!e#6" an,
Pre0arat&r: entere, int& a! $ean! t& enter int& &t%er *&ntra*t! Prin*i0a#: ,&e! n&t ,e0en, &n an&t%er *&ntra*t 6&r it! ei!ten*e an, +a#i,it" Uni#atera#Bi#ateria#: ,nilateral: i6 *&ntra*t i! (rat-it&-! &r it *reate! &/#i(ati&n! 6&r &n# &ne 0art ?i.e. t%e a(ent +ilateral: i6 *&ntra*t i! 6&r *&$0en!ati&n &r (i+e! ri!e t& re*i0r&*a# ri(%t! an, &/#i(ati&n!
A(ent a*t! /iin e sc$e $& is a!$ri"% An i##e(a# ter$inati&n &6 a(en* ,&e! n&t -!ti6 rein!tate$ent &6 t%e a(ent a! !-*%. T%e a(en* *ann&t /e *&$0e##e, / t%e *&-rt! t& /e rein!tate, /e*a-!e !-*% re#ati&n!%i0 *an &n# /e (i+en e66e*t 7it% t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#. 4rin! Air rvics v. CA, G.R. o. 7*31, 9%6 2, 11
%!ur# Sin*e it i! a *&ntra*t) t%ere $-!t /e a $eetin( &6 t%e $in,! a! t& *&n!ent) &/e*t) an, *a-!e.
Ac!s :"%! C%nno! = An!# Personal Acts F ex% maDing of a will 0riminal or Illegal Acts
E6cei$n $ c$nrac!a% na!re8 ;%en t%e a(en* i! *reate, 6 opr%!ion o l%
Ex: Agency by Estoppel =%sis# Reresenai$n
T%e a*t! &6 t%e a(ent &n /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit 0r&,-*e t%e !a$e #e(a# an, /in,in( e66e*t! a! i6 t%e 7ere 0er!&na## ,&ne / t%e 0rin*i0a#. Hen*e) t%e ,i!tin(-i!%in( 6eat-re! &6 a(en* are
on
=6
Na!re $& Re%ai$nsi #e/een Princia% and A'en8 :id!ciar" /a!e, &n tr-!t *&n6i,en*e A(ent i! e!t&00e, 6r&$ a!!ertin( intere!t a,+er!e t& %i! 0rin*i0a#K! A(ent $-!t $-!t n&t n&t a*t a*t for as an A(ent an a,+er!e a,+er!e 0art 0art A(ent $-!t n&t -!e &r ,i!*#&!e in6&r$ati&n A(ent $-!t (i+e n&ti*e &6 $ateria# 6a*t!
!e*ret
3ENERAL RULE8 'n&7#e,(e &6 t%e a(ent i!
i$0-te, t& t%e 0rin*i0a# e+en t%&-(% t%e a(ent ne+er *&$$-ni*ate, it t& %i! 0rin*i0a#
EFCEPTIONS8 ;%ere t%e intere!t! &6 t%e a(ent are a,+er!e t& t%&!e &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#" A(ent A*t! in Ba, Fait% &r ;%ere t%e 0er!&n *#ai$in( t%e /ene6it &6 t%e r-#e *&##-,e! 7it% t%e a(ent t& ,e6ra-, t%e 0rin*i0a#. B- POWERS =ARTS- 1??>1?; Secia% $/ers $& a$rne" are necessar" in e &$%%$/in' cases : =PECWAM>LLB> BOCARO; T& $a1e !-*% a$ent! a! are n&t -!-a## *&n!i,ere, a! a*t! &6 a,$ini!trati&n" T& e66e*t n&+ati&n! 7%i*% 0-t an en, t& &/#i(ati&n! a#rea, in ei!ten*e at t%e ti$e t%e a(en* 7a! *&n!tit-te," T& c&$0r&$i!e) t& !-/$it 2-e!ti&n! t& ar/itrati&n) t& ren&-n*e t%e ri(%t t& a00ea# 6r&$ a -,($ent) t& 7ai+e &/e*ti&n! t& t%e +en-e &6 an a*ti&n &r t& a/an,&n a 0re!*ri0ti&n a#rea, a*2-ire," T& / ai+e an &/#i(ati&n (rat-it&-!#" T& enter int& an *&ntra*t / 7%i*% t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 an i$$&+a/#e i! tran!$itte, &r a*2-ire, eit%er (rat-it&-!# &r 6&r a +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n" T& ma1e (i6t!) e*e0t *-!t&$ar &ne! 6&r *%arit &r t%&!e $a,e t& e$0#&ee! in t%e /-!ine!! $ana(e, / t%e a(ent" T& %&an &r /&rr&7 $&ne) -n#e!! t%e #atter a*t /e -r(ent an, in,i!0en!a/#e 6&r t%e 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e t%in(! 7%i*% are -n,er a,$ini!trati&n" T& %ea!e an rea# 0r&0ert t& an&t%er 0er!&n 6&r $&re t%an &ne ear" T& # in, t%e 0rin*i0a# t& ren,er !&$e !er+i*e 7it%&-t *&$0en!ati&n" T& # in, t%e 0rin*i0a# in a*&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0" T& $ /#i(ate t%e 0rin*i0a# a! a (-arant&r &r !-ret" T& c reate &r *&n+e rea# ri(%t! &+er i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert" T& a **e0t &r re0-,iate an in%eritan*e" T& r ati6 &r re*&(nie &/#i(ati&n! *&ntra*te, /e6&re t%e a(en*" An $t%er a*t &6 !tri*t ,&$ini& n. A !0e*ia# 0&7er t& !e## e*#-,e! t%e 0&7er t& $&rt(a(e" an, a !0e*ia# 0&7er t& $&rt(a(e ,&e! n&t in*#-,e t%e 0&7er t& !e##.
Secia% P$/er $& A$rne" an in!tr-$ent in 7ritin( / 7%i*% &ne 0er!&n) a! 0rin*i0a#) a00&int! an&t%er a! %i! a(ent an, *&n6er! -0&n %i$ t%e a-t%&rit t& 0er6&r$ *ertain !0e*i6ie, a*t! &r 1in,! &6 a*t! &n /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#.
T%e !0e*ia# 0&7er &6 att&rne *an /e in*#-,e, in t%e (enera# 0&7er 7%en it !0e*i6ie! t%erein t%e a*t &r tran!a*ti&n 6&r 7%i*% t%e !0e*ia# 0&7er i! re2-ire,.
P$/ers N$ Inc%!ded in e P$/er $ M$r'a'e T& !e## T& ee*-te a !e*&n, $&rt(a(e T& $&rt(a(e 6&r t%e a(entK! &r an = r, 0er!&n!K /ene6it) UNLESS *#ear# in,i*ate, P$ /ers N$ Inc%!ded in e P$/er $ C$mr$mise S-/$i!!i&n t& Ar/itrati&n 1ationale: A 0rin*i0a# $a a-t%&rie %i! a(ent t& *&$0r&$i!e /e*a-!e &6 a/!&#-te *&n6i,en*e in t%e #atterK! -,($ent an, ,i!*reti&n t& 0r&te*t t%e 6&r$erK! ri(%t! an, &/tain 6&r %i$ t%e /e!t /ar(ain in t%e tran!a*ti&n. I6 t%e tran!a*ti&n 7&-#, /e #e6t in t%e %an,! &6 an ar/itrat&r) !ai, ar/itrat&r $a n&t en& t%e tr-!t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#. T%e a(ent $-!t a*t 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit. He $a ,& !-*% a*t! a! $a /e *&n,-*i+e t& t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e 0-r0&!e &6 t%e a(en*.
[email protected]!isies &$r Princia% $ #e B$!nd #" Ac $& A'en8 T%e /e%a#6 t%e 0rin*i0a# T%e a(ent a(ent $-!t $-!t a*t a*t in 7it%in t%e&6!*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit
Wen a rincia% NOT BOUND #" ac $& a'en8 T%e #atter a*t! 7it%&-t &r /e&n, t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit in t%e 6&r$erK! na$e Excp!ions# ;%ere t%e a*t! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# %a+e *&ntri/-te, t& ,e*ei+e a = r, 0er!&n in (&&, 6ait%" ;%ere t%e #i$itati&n! -0&n t%e 0&7er *reate, / t%e 0rin*i0a# *&-#, n&t %a+e /een 1n&7n / t%e = r, 0er!&n" ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! 0#a*e, in t%e %an,! &6 t%e a(ent in!tr-$ent! !i(ne, / %i$ in /#an1" ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! rati6ie, t%e a*t! &6 t%e a(ent
T%e #atter a*t! 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit /-t in %i! &7n na$e) ECEPT 7%en t%e tran!a*ti&n in+&#+e! t%in(! /e#&n(in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a#
NOTE8 T%e a(ent i! n&t ,ee$e, t& %a+e
e*ee,e, t%e #i$it! &6 %i! a-t%&rit !%&-#, %e 0er6&r$ t%e a(en* in a $anner $&re a,+anta(e&-! t& t%e 0rin*i0a# t%an t%at in,i*ate, / %i$) !in*e %e i! a-t%&rie, t& ,& !-*% a*t! a! $a /e *&n,-*i+e t& t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e 0-r0&!e &6 t%e a(en*. T%e 0&7er! &6 an a(ent are 0arti*-#ar# /r&a, in t%e *a!e &6 &ne a*tin( a! a (enera# a(ent &r $ana(er" !-*% a 0&!iti&n 0re!-00&!e! a ,e(ree &6 *&n6i,en*e re0&!e, an, in+e!tit-re 7it% #i/era# 0&7er! 6&r t%e eer*i!e &6 -,($ent an, ,i!*reti&n in tran!a*ti&n! an, *&n*ern! 7%i*% are in*i,enta# &r a00-rtenant t& t%e /-!i ne!! Inentr-!te, t& %i! *are $ana(e$ent. t%e a/!en*e &6 an, an a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar) a $ana(in( a(ent $a enter int& *&ntra*t! t%at %e ,ee$! rea!&na/# ne*e!!ar &r re2-i!ite 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e intere!t! &6 %i! 0rin*i0a# entr-!te, t& %i! $ana(e$ent. Euro!c" v. Cuion, G.R. o. 1*7552, April 23, 2007
Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" Lease $& W$r<Ser.ice A3ENC, LEASEO: WORSERVICE Re0re!entati&n E$0#&$ent
0rin*i0a#.
7ar,/-t $-!ta*t6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%e #atter
A(ent *an $a1e t%e 0rin*i0a# 0er!&na## #ia/#e.
G-ar,ian %a! n& 0&7er t& i$0&!e 0er!&na# #ia/i#it &n t%e 7ar,.
Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" Lease $& Pr$er" A3ENC,
LEASE O: PROPERT,
A(ent i! *&ntr&##e, / t%e 0rin*i0a#.
Le!!ee i! n&t *&ntr&##e, / t%e #e!!&r.
A(en* $a in+&#+e t%in(! &t%er t%an 0r&0ert.
Lea!e &6 0r&0ert in+&#+e! 0r&0ert.
A(ent *an /in, t%e 0rin*i0a#.
Le!!ee *ann&t /in, t%e #e!!&r.
Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" $ Se%% Sa%e A3ENC,TOSELL
SALE
A(ent eer*i!e! discrei$nar" $/ers
Le!!&r &r,inari# 0er6&r$! &n# miniseria% &!nci$ns
A(ent re*ei+e! t%e (&&,! a! t%e 0rin*i0a#K! (&&,!
B-er re*ei+e! t%e (&&,! a! &7ner
= 0er!&n! are in+&#+e,: 0rin*i0a#) a(ent an, t%e =r, 0er!&n 7it% 7%&$ t%e a(ent *&ntra*t!
8 0er!&n! are in+&#+e,: #e!!&r an, #e!!ee
A(ent ,e#i+er! 0r&*ee,! &6 t%et%e !a#e
B-er 0a! t%e 0ri*e
Re#ate! t& c$mmercia% $r #!siness ransaci$ns
Re#ate! $&re t& t%e $atter! &6 $ere man!a% $r mecanica% e6ec!i$n
A(ent *an ret-rn t%e &/e*t in *a!e %e i! -na/#e t& !e## t%e !a$e t& a t%ir, 0er!&n
B-er) a! a (enera# r-#e) *ann&t ret-rn t%e &/e*t !&#,
Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" 3!ardiansi A3ENC, 3UARDIANSHIP A(ent re0re!ent! a caaciaed 0er!&n
A (-ar,ian re0re!ent! an incaaciaed 0er!&n.
A(ent i! a$ined #" e rincia% an, *an /e re$&+e, / t%e #atter.
G-ar,ian i! a$ined #" e c$!r an, !tan,! in loco parentis.
A(ent i! !-/e*t t& t%e ,ire*ti&n! &6 t%e
G-ar,ian i! n&t !-/e*t t& t%e ,ire*ti&n! &6 t%e
A(ent in ,ea#in( 7it% B-er *an ,ea# 7it% t%e t%e t%in( re*ei+e, i! t%in( a! %e 0#ea!e!) /&-n, t& a*t a**&r,in( /ein( t%e &7ner t& t%e in!tr-*ti&n! &6 %i! 0rin*i0a# Disinci$n #e/een A'en C$nrac$r
A3ENT
INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
Re0re!ent! %i!
E$0#&e, / t%e
0rin*i0a#
e$0#&er
A*t! -n,er t%e 0rin*i0a#K! *&ntr&# an, in!tr-*ti&n
A*t! a**&r,in( t& %i! &7n $et%&,
Prin*i0a# i! #ia/#e 6&r E$0#&er n&t #ia/#e 6&r t&rt! *&$$itte, / t&rt! *&$$itte, / t%e t%e a(ent 7it%in t%e in,e0en,ent *&ntra*t&r. !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" and Parnersi A3ENC, PARTNERSHIP An a(ent $-!t !-/$it t& t%e 0rin*i0a#K! ri(%t t& *&ntr&#
A *&0artner i! n&t !-/e*t t& *&0artnerK! ri(%t t& *&ntr&#) -n#e!! t%ere i! an a(ree$ent t& t%at e66e*t
T%e a(ent a!!-$e! n& 0er!&na# #ia/i#it 7%ere %e a*t! 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit
T%e 0artner /in,! n&t &n# t%e 6ir$ $e$/er! /-t %i$!e#6 a! 7e##
T%e a(ent ta1e! %i! a(ree, !%are &6 0r&6it! n&t a! &7ner /-t a! an a(ree, $ea!-re &6 *&$0en!ati&n 6&r %i! !er+i*e!
T%e 0r&6it! /e#&n( t& a## t%e 0artner! a! *&$$&n 0r&0riet&r! in a(ree, 0r&0&rti&n!
C- EFPRESS VS- IMPLIED A3ENC, E6ress a(ent %a! /een a*t-a## a-t%&rie, / t%e 0rin*i0a#) eit%er &ra## &r in 7ritin( Im%ied a(en* i! i$0#ie, 6r&$ t%e a*t! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#) 6r&$ %i! !i#en*e) &r #a*1 &6 a*ti&n) &r %i! 6ai#-re t& re0-,iate t%e a(en* 1n&7in( t%at an&t%er 0er!&n i! a*tin( &n %i! /e%a#6 7it%&- t a-t%&rit) &r 6r&$ t%e a*t! &6 t%e a(ent 7%i*% *arr &-t t%e a(en*) OTHER CLASSI:ICATIONS O: A3ENC, As $ caracer 3ra!i$!s a(ent re*ei+e! n& *&$0en!ati&n 6&r %i! !er+i*e! Oner$!s a(ent re*ei+e! *&$0en!ati&n 6&r %i! !er+i*e! As $ e6en $& #!siness $& e rincia% 3enera% a(en* *&$0ri!e! a## t%e /-!ine!! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# Secia% a(en* *&$0ri!e! &ne &r $&re !0e*i6i* tran!a*ti&n! As $ a!$ri" c$n&erred C$!ced in 'enera% erms &n# a*t! &6 a,$ini!trati&n C$!ced in seci&ic erms &n# t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 a !0e*i6i* a*t!
As $ na!re and e&&ecs Osensi#%e $r Reresenai.e a(ent a*t!
in t%e na$e an, re0re!entati&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# Sim%e $r C$mmissi$n a(ent a*t! in %i! &7n na$e /-t 6&r t%e a**&-nt &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#.
:$rms $& A'enc" 3ENERAL RULE: A00&int$ent &6 an a(ent $a /e &ra# &r 7ritten" n& 6&r$a# re2-ire$ent! EFCEPTION: ;%en t%e #a7 re2-ire! a !0e*i6i* 6&r$ ?ex% agents sale of real property or any interest therein* A(en* i! 0re!-$e, t& /e 6&r *&$0en!ati&n) -n#e!! t%ere,&e! i! 0r&&6 t%e *&ntrar. T%e a(ent n&t t& %a+e t& 0r&+e t%at t%e a(en* i! 6&r *&$0en!ati&n. B-t t%e prima facie 0re!-$0ti&n t%at t%e a(en* i! 6&r a *&$0en!ati&n $a /e *&ntra,i*te, / *&ntrar e+i,en*e
Br$
E&&icien r$c!rin' ca!se8 7%en t%ere i! a *#&!e 0r&i$ate an, *a-!a# *&nne*ti&n /et7een t%e e66&rt! an, #a/&r &6 t%e a(ent an, t%e 0rin*i0a#K! !a#e &6 0r&0ert. 9%no!oc =ro!"rs v. CA, 221 CRA 22+ (13)
LAW ON DOUBLE A3ENC, Di!a00r&+e, / #a7 6&r /ein( a(ain!t 0-/#i* 0&#i* an, !&-n, $&ra#it E?0EPT 7%ere t%e a(ent a*te, 7it% 6-## 1n&7#e,(e an, *&n!ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#! Ri"! o %n! !o co&pns %!ion in c%s o oul %nc6# Wi
t%e a(ent *an re*&+er 6r&$rincia% neit%er Wi
ACCEPTANCE B, A3ENT :$rms $& Acceance #" A'en8 E6ress 7%en it i! &ra# &r 7ritten Im%ied 7%en it *an /e in6erre, 6r&$ t%e a*t! &6 t%e a(ent 7%i*% *arr &-t t%e a(en*) &r 6r&$ %i! !i#en*e &r ina*ti&n a**&r,in( t& t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! Be/een ers$ns /$ are resen i$0#ie, a**e0tan*e i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e#i+er! %i! 0&7er &6 att&rne t& t%e a(ent an, t%e #atter re*ei+e! it 7it%&-t an &/e*ti&n Be/een ers$ns /$ are a#sen a**e0tan*e &6 t%e a(ent.n&t ,ee$e, i$0#ie, 6r&$ t%e !i#en*e
EFCEPTIONS: ;%en t%e 0rin*i0a# tran!$it! %i! 0&7er &6 att&rne t& t%e a(ent 7%& re*ei+e! it 7it%&-t an &/e*ti&n ;%en t%e 0rin*i0a# entr-!t! t& %i$ / #etter &r te#e(ra$ a 0&7er &6 att&rne 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e /-!ine!! in 7%i*% %e i! %a/it-a## en(a(e, a! an a(ent) an, %e ,i, n&t re0# t& t%e #etter &r te#e(ra$
0r&+i,e, it *an /e 0r&+en t%at = 2-e!ti&n rea, t%e re+&*ati&n
Disinci$n #e/een A'enc" #" Es$e% Im%ied A'enc" BASIS
Existence of actual agency
1eliance by .rd persons
Wa"s $& 3i.in' N$ice $& A'enc" Is E&&ec8 B" secia% in&$rmai$n t%e 0er!&n a00&inte, a! a(ent i! *&n!i,ere, a! !-*% 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 0er!&n t& 7%&$ it 7a! (i+en. B" !#%ic ad.erisemen t%e a(ent i! *&n!i,ere, a! !-*% 7it% re(ar, t& an 0er!&n
A3ENC, B, ESTOPPEL
IMPLIED A3ENC,
N& a(en* at a##
T%ere i! an a*t-a# a(en*
Can /e in+&1e, &n# / a =r, 0er!&n 7%& in (&&, 6ait% re#ie, &n t%e *&n,-*t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# in %&#,in( t%e a(ent &-t a! /ein( a-t%&rie,
S-*% re#ian*e i! n&t nee,e,) !in*e t%e a(ent i! a rea# a(ent
An a(ent / e!t&00e# %a! n&ne &6 t%e ri(%t! &6 an a(ent) e6ce
P$/er $& A$r ne" > In!tr-$ent in 7ritin( / 7%i*% &ne 0er!&n) a! 0rin*i0a#) a00&int! an&t%er
C$nsr!ci$n $& P$/er $& A$rne"8 3ENERAL RULE8 Stri*t# *&n!tr-e, an, !tri*t# 0-r!-e," %e#, t& (rant &n# t%&!e !0e*i6ie, 0&7er! EFCEPTION: 7%en !tri*t *&n!tr-*ti&n 7i## ,e!tr& t%e +er 0-r0&!e &6 t%e 0&7er
0er!&n! in
D- A3ENC, B, ESTOPPEL T%ere i! rea## n& a(en* at a##) /-t t%e a##e(e, a(ent !ee$e, t& %a+e a00arent &r &!ten!i/#e) a#t%&-(% n&t rea#) a-t%&rit t& re0re!ent an&t%er-
Wa is mean #" resen Genera##) 6a*e t& 6a*e) /-t in*#-,e! 0e&0#e *&n+er!in( ,ire*t# t%r&-(% te*%n&#&( ?ex% o"er the telephone.
a! %i! a(ent*ertain an, *&n6er! -0&n %i$ a-t%&rit t& 0er6&r$ !0e*i6ie, a*t! &r t%e 1in,! &6 a*t! &n /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#" 0ri$ar 0-r0&!e i! t& e+i,en*e a(entK! a-t%&rit t& t%ir, 0artie! 7it%in 7%&$ t%e a(ent ,ea#!
r,
Nature of Authority
7%ere t%e 0rin*i0a#K! *&n,-*t are !-*% t%at t%e a(ent rea!&na/# /e#ie+e, t%at t%e 0rin*i0a# inten,e, %i$ t& a*t a! an a(ent
An a(ent / i$0#ie, a00&int$ent %a! a## t%e ri(%t! an, #ia/i#itie! &6 an a(ent) i%e% %a! a*t-a# a-t%&rit t& a*t &n /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#
An a(en* *&-*%e, in (enera# ter$! *&$0ri!e! only acts of administration) e+en i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# !%&-#, !tate t%at %e 7it%%&#,! n& 0&7er &r t%at t%e a(ent $a ee*-te !-*% a*t! a! %e $a *&n!i,er a00r&0riate) &r e+en t%&-(% t%e a(en* !%&-#, a-t%&rie a (enera# an, -n#i$ite, $ana(e$ent. $ill %n %u!"ori!6 &oi in % l!!r suicin!N
Ye!. imene$ "% 1abot& .( Phil .(7 '6'(* Bo o 6ou rvo %n %nc6N In t%e !a$e $anner a! it 7a! *&n!tit-te,. H&7e+er) *&n!tit-ti&n / S0e*ia# In6&r$ati&n $a /e re+&1e, / n&ti*e in a ,ai# ne7!0a0er)
A$rne">In>:ac One 7%& i! (i+en a-t%&rit / %i! 0rin*i0a# t& ,& a 0arti*-#ar a*t n&t &6 a #e(a# *%ara*ter T%e ter$ i!) in #&&!e #an(-a(e) -!e, t&
in*#-,e a(ent! &6 a## 1in,!) /-t in it! !tri*t !en!e) it $ean! an a(ent %a+in( a !0e*ia# a-t%&rit *reate, / a ,ee,.
Instruction s
a(entK! a-t%&rit
E- A3ENC, COUCHED IN 3ENERAL TERMS V- 3ENERAL VS- SPECIAL A3ENC, 3 E N E R A L A
BASIS
SPECIAL A3ENT
3 E N C T A## a*t! / *&nne*te, 7it% t%e /-!ine!! &r e$0#&$ent in 7%i*% %e i! en(a(e,
N
Extent to Ghich Agent #ay +ind the Principal
Terminatio n of Authority
0onstructi on of Principals
In+&#+e! *&ntin-it &6 !er+i*e Ma /in, %i! 0rin*i0a# / an a*t 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit a#t%&-(% it $a /e *&ntrar t& t%e #atterK! !0e*ia# in!tr-*ti&n! A00arent a-t%&rit ,&e! n&t ter$inate / t%e $ere re+&*ati&n &6 %i! a-t%&rit 7it%&-t n&ti*e t& t%e t%ir, 0art
Mere# a,+i!&r in nat-re
A'enc" C$!ced in 3enera% Terms8 C&+er! &n# MERE ACTS OF ADMINISTRATION e"en if: T%e 0rin*i0a# !%&-#, !tate t%at %e 7it%%&#,! n& 0&7er T%e a(ent $a ee*-te !-*% a*t! a! %e $a *&n!i,er a00r&0riate T%e a(en* !%&-#, a-t%&rie a (enera# an, -n#i$ite, $ana(e$ent Bo %r con!r%c!s o %nc6 cons!ruN C&ntra*t! &6 a(en*) a! 7e## a! (enera# 0&7er! &6 att&rne) $-!t /e inter0rete, in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e #an(-a(e -!e, / t%e 0artie!.
S0e*i6i* a*t! in 0-r!-an*e &6 0arti*-#ar in!tr-*ti&n! &r 7it% re!tri*ti&n! ne*e!!ari# i$0#ie, 6r&$ t%e a*t t& /e ,&ne N& *&ntin-it &6 !er+i*e Can n&t /in, %i! 0rin*i0a# in a $anner /e&n, &r &-t!i,e t%e !0e*i6i* a*t! 7%i*% %e i! a-t%&rie, t& 0er6&r$
T%e rea# intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! i! 0ri$ari# ,eter$ine, 6r&$ t%e #an(-a(e -!e, an, (at%ere, 6r&$ t%e 7%&#e in!tr-$ent. In *a!e &6 ,&-/t) re!&rt $-!t /e %a, t& t%e !it-ati&n) !-rr&-n,in(! an, re#ati&n! &6 t%e 0artie!. T%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! $-!t /e !-!taine, rat%er t%an ,e6eate,. I6 t%e *&ntra*t i! &0en t& 8 *&n!tr-*ti&n!) &ne &6 7%i*% 7&-#, -0%&#, t%e intenti&n 7%i#e t%e &t%er 7&-#, &+ert%r&7 it) t%e 6&r$er i! t& /e *%&!en.
:- A3ENC, REUIRIN3 SPECIAL POWER O: ATTORNE, Secia% $/ers $& a$rne" are necessar" in e &$%%$/in' cases : =PECWAM>LLB> BOCARO;
D-t i$0&!e, -0&n t%e t%ir, 0art t& in2-ire $a1e! ter$inati&n &6 t%e re#ati&n!%i0 a! /et7een t%e 0rin*i0a# an, a(ent e66e*ti+e a! t& !-*% t%ir, 0art -n#e!! t%e a(en* %a! /een entr-!te, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6
T& $a1e !-*% a$ent! a! are n&t -!-a## *&n!i,ere, a! a*t! &6 a,$ini!trati&n" T& e66e*t n&+ati&n! 7%i*% 0-t an en, t& &/#i(ati&n! a#rea, in ei!ten*e at t%e ti$e t%e a(en* 7a! *&n!tit-te," T& c&$0r&$i!e) t& !-/$it 2-e!ti&n! t& ar/itrati&n) t& ren&-n*e t%e ri(%t t& a00ea# 6r&$ a -,($ent) t& 7ai+e &/e*ti&n! t& t%e +en-e &6 an a*ti&n &r t& a/an,&n a 0re!*ri0ti&n a#rea, a*2-ire," T& / ai+e an &/#i(ati&n (rat-it&-!#" T& enter int& an *&ntra*t / 7%i*% t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 an i$$&+a/#e i! tran!$itte, &r a*2-ire, eit%er (rat-it&-!# &r 6&r a +a#-a/#e
*&ntra*tin( 7it% !-*% t%ir, 0art
*&n!i,erati&n" T& m a1e (i6t!) e*e0t *-!t&$ar &ne! 6&r *%arit &r t%&!e $a,e t& e$0#&ee! in t%e /-!ine!! $ana(e, / t%e a(ent" T& %&an &r /&rr&7 $&ne) -n#e!! t%e #atter a*t /e -r(ent an, in,i!0en!a/#e 6&r t%e 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e t%in(! 7%i*% are -n,er a,$ini!trati&n"
Stri*t# *&n!tr-e, a! t%e #i$it t%e
T& %ea!e an rea# 0r&0ert t& an&t%er 0er!&n 6&r $&re t%an &ne ear" T& # in, t%e 0rin*i0a# t& ren,er !&$e !er+i*e 7it%&-t *&$0en!ati&n" T& # in, t%e 0rin*i0a# in a*&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0" T& $ /#i(ate t%e 0rin*i0a# a! a (-arant&r &r !-ret" T& c reate &r *&n+e rea# ri(%t! &+er i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert" T& a **e0t &r re0-,iate an in%eritan*e" T& r ati6 &r re*&(nie &/#i(ati&n! *&ntra*te, /e6&re t%e a(en*" An $t%er a*t &6 !tri*t ,&$ini& n. A !0e*ia# 0&7er !e## e*#-,e! t%e 0&7er t& $&rt(a(e" an, at& !0e*ia# 0&7er t& $&rt(a(e ,&e! n&t in*#-,e t%e 0&7er t& !e##.
Secia% P$/er $& A$rne" an in!tr-$ent in 7ritin( / 7%i*% &ne 0er!&n) a! 0rin*i0a#) a00&int! an&t%er a! %i! a(ent an, *&n6er! -0&n %i$ t%e a-t%&rit t& 0er6&r$ *ertain !0e*i6ie, a*t! &r 1in,! &6 a*t! &n /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#. T%e !0e*ia# 0&7er &6 att&rne *an /e in*#-,e, in t%e (enera# 0&7er 7%en it !0e*i6ie! t%erein t%e a*t &r tran!a*ti&n 6&r 7%i*% t%e !0e*ia# 0&7er i! re2-ire,.
P$/ers N$ Inc%!ded in e P$/er $ M$r'a'e T& !e## T& ee*-te a !e*&n, $&rt(a(e T& $&rt(a(e 6&r t%e a(entK! &r an = r, 0er!&n!K in,i*ate,
/ene6it)
UNLESS
*#ear#
P$/ers N$ Inc%!ded in e P$/er $ C$mr$mise S-/$i!!i&n t& Ar/itrati&n 1ationale: A 0rin*i0a# $a a-t%&rie %i! a(ent t& *&$0r&$i!e /e*a-!e &6 a/!&#-te *&n6i,en*e in t%e #atterK! -,($ent an, ,i!*reti&n t& 0r&te*t t%e 6&r$erK! ri(%t! an, &/tain 6&r %i$ t%e /e!t /ar(ain in t%e tran!a*ti&n. I6 t%e tran!a*ti&n 7&-#, /e #e6t in t%e %an,! &6 an ar/itrat&r) !ai, ar/itrat&r $a n&t en& t%e tr-!t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#.
Wen a rincia% NOT BOUND #" ac $& a'en8 T%e #atter a*t! 7it%&-t &r /e&n, t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit in t%e 6&r$erK! na$e Excp!ions# ;%ere t%e a*t! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# %a+e *&ntri/-te, t& ,e*ei+e a = r, 0er!&n in (&&, 6ait%" ;%ere t%e #i$itati&n! -0&n t%e 0&7er *reate, / t%e 0rin*i0a# *&-#, n&t %a+e /een 1n&7n / t%e = r, 0er!&n" ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! 0#a*e, in t%e %an,! &6 t%e a(ent in!tr-$ent! !i(ne, / %i$ in /#an1"
;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! rati6ie, t%e a*t! &6 t%e a(ent T%e #atter a*t! 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit /-t in %i! &7n na$e) ECEPT 7%en t%e tran!a*ti&n in+&#+e! t%in(! /e#&n(in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a#
NOTE8 T%e a(ent i! n&t ,ee$e, t& %a+e e*ee,e, t%e #i$it! &6 %i! a-t%&rit !%&-#, %e 0er6&r$ t%e a(en* in a $anner $&re a,+anta(e&-! t& t%e 0rin*i0a# t%an t%at in,i*ate, / %i$) !in*e %e i! a-t%&rie, t& ,& !-*% a*t! a! $a /e *&n,-*i+e t& t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e 0-r0&!e &6 t%e a(en*. T%e 0&7er! &6 an a(ent are 0arti*-#ar# /r&a, in t%e *a!e &6 &ne a*tin( a! a (enera# a(ent &r $ana(er" !-*% a 0&!iti&n 0re!-00&!e! a ,e(ree &6 *&n6i,en*e re0&!e, an, in+e!tit-re 7it% #i/era# 6&r int%e eer*i!e an, &6 -,($ent an,0&7er! ,i!*reti&n tran!a*ti&n! *&n*ern! 7%i*% are in*i,enta# &r a00-rtenant t& t%e /-!in e!! entr- !te, t& %i! *are an, $ana(e$ent. In t%e a/!en*e &6 an a(ree$ent t& t%e *&ntrar) a $ana(in( a(ent $a enter int& *&ntra*t! t%at %e ,ee$! rea!&na/# ne*e!!ar &r re2-i!ite 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 t%e intere!t! &6 %i! 0rin*i0a# entr-!te, t& %i! $ana(e$ent. Euro!c" v. Cuion, G.R. o. 1*7552, April 23, 2007
3- RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: PRINCIPAL OBLI3ATIONS O: THE PRINCIPAL
T%e a(ent $-!t a*t 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit. He $a ,& !-*% a*t! a! $a /e *&n,-*i+e t& t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e 0-r0&!e &6 t%e a(en*.
O#%i'ai$ns $& e Princia% $ e A'en8 =CARIP; C&$0# 7it% a## t%e &/#i(ati&n! a(ent *&ntra*te, in re0re!entati&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#
[email protected]!isies &$r Princia% $ #e B$!nd #" Ac $& A'en8 T%e a(ent $-!t a*t in /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# T%e a(ent $-!t a*t 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit
!-$! ne*e!!ar 6&r re2-e!t!" t%e ee*-ti&n t%e A ,+an*e a(en*) 7%en a(ent !& #ia/#e&66&r rei$/-r!e$ent re(ar,#e!! &6 t%e -n,erta1in(K! !-**e!! 7%ene+er a(ent %a, a,+an*e, %a! n& 6a-#t" in*#-,e! intere!t Rei$/-r!e t%e a(ent 6&r a## a,+an*e! $a,e / %i$ 0r&+i,e, t%e a(ent i! 6ree 6r&$ 6a-#t
In,e$ni6 t%e a(ent 6&r a## t%e ,a$a(e! 7%i*% t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e a(en* $a %a+e *a-!e, t%e #atter 7it%&-t 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e &n %i! 0art Pa t%e a(ent t%e *&$0en!ati&n a(ree, -0&n &r t%e rea!&na/#e +a#-e &6 t%e #atterK! !er+i*e! Lia#i%i" $& (rd ers$ns $ e Princia% In C$nrac a =r, 0er!&n i! #ia/#e t& t%e 0rin*i0a# -0&n *&ntra*t! entere, int& / %i! a(ent) a! i6 t%e *&ntra*t %a! /een entere, int& / t%e 0rin*i0a#. In T$r t%e = r, 0er!&nK! t&rt #ia/i#it t& t%e 0rin*i0a#) in!&6ar a! t%e a(ent i! in+&#+e, in t%e t&rt)t%e ari!e! = !it-ati&n!: ;%ere = r,in0er!&n ,a$a( e! &r in-re! 0r&0ert &r intere!t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e a(ent ;%ere t%e =r, 0er!&n *&##-,e! 7it% t%e a(ent t& in-re,e6ra-, t%e 0rin*i0a# ;%ere t%e = r, 0er!&n in,-*e! t%e a(ent t& +i&#ate %i! *&ntra*t 7it% t%e 0rin*i0a# t& /etra t%e tr-!t re0&!e, -0&n %i$ / t%e 0rin*i0a#.
[email protected]!isies &$r s$%idar" %ia#i%i" $& rincia%s T%ere are 8 &r $&re 0rin*i0a#! T%e 0rin*i0a#! %a+e a## *&n*-rre, in t%e a00&int$ent &6 t%e !a$e a(ent T%e a(ent i! a00&inte, 6&r a *&$$&n tran!a*ti&n &r -n,erta1in( NOTE8 T%e r-#e in Art. 554 a00#ie! e+en 7%en t%e a00&int$ent! 7ere $a,e / t%e 0rin*i0a#! in !e0arate a*t!) 0r&+i,e, t%at t%e are 6r&$ 6&r t%e !a$e tran!a*ti&n. T%e !&#i,arit ari!e! t%e *&$$&n intere!t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#! an, n&t 6r&$ t%e a*t &6 *&n!tit-tin( t%e a(en*.
R!%e /ere 2 ers$ns c$nrac searae%" /i a'en and rincia% T7& 0er!&n! $a *&ntra*t !e0arate# 7it% t%e a(ent an, t%e 0rin*i0a# 7it% re(ar, t& t%e !a$e t%in(. I6 t%e t7& *&ntra*t! are inc$mai#%e 7it% ea*% &t%er) t%e &ne &6 0ri&r ,ate !%a## /e 0re6erre,. T%i! i! !-/e*t) %&7e+er) t& t%e r-#e! &n D&-/#e Sa#e! -n,er Arti*#e [email protected]@ &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e ?i.e. 6&r $&+a/#e!: 6ir!t in 0&!!e!!i&n) 6ir!t in ri(%t" 6&r i$$&+a/#e!: 6ir!t t& re(i!ter in (&&, 6ait%) 6ir!t in ri(%t" a/!ent an in!*ri0ti&n: 6ir!t in 0&!!e!!i&n &r 0art 7%& 0re!ent! &#,e!t tit#e a*2-ire! &7ner!%i0.
A'ens Ri' $&6&r Reeni$n8 S0e*i6i* ?&n# t%&!e (&&,! *&nne*te, 7it% t%e a(en* an, Unti# t%e 0rin*i0a# e66e*t! t%e rei$/-r!e$ent an, 0a! t%e in,e$nit PRINCIPALS LIABILITIES :OR EFPENSES
3ENERAL RULE8 Prin*i0a# i! #ia/#e 6&r t%e e0en!e! in*-rre, / t%e a(ent EFCEPTIONS8 =A:US; I6 t% e a(ent a*te, in *&ntra+enti&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#! in!tr-*ti&n!) -n#e!! t%e #atter !%&-#, 7i!% t& a+ai# %i$!e#6 &6 t%e /ene6it! ,eri+e, 6r&$ t%e *&ntra*t ;%en t%e e0en!e! 7ere ,-e t& t%e & a-#t &6 t%e a(ent ;%en t%e a(ent in*-rre, t%e$ 7it% 1n&7#e,(e t%at an !n6a+&ra/#e re!-#t 7&-#, en!-e) i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# 7a! n&t a7are t%ere&6 ;%en it 7a t%e&re0en!e! sti0-#ate, 7&-#, /e! /&rne / t%et%at a(ent) t%at t%e #atter 7&-#, /e a##&7e, &n# a *ertain !-$
W$ can #e es$ed $ den" a'enc" Es$e% $& A'en &ne 0r&6e!!in( t& a*t a! a(ent i! e!t&00e, t& ,en %i! a(en* /&t% a! a(ain!t %i! a!!erte, 0rin*i0a# an, t%e t%ir, 0er!&n! intere!te, in t%e tran!a*ti&n in 7%i*% %e i! en(a(e, Es$e% #" e Princia% As !o %n! &ne 1n&7in( an&t%er i! a*tin( a! %i! a(en t an, 6ai# ! t& re0-,iate %i! a*t!) &r a**e0t t%e /ene6it! &6 t%e$) 7i## /e e!t&00e, t& ,en t%e a(en* a! a(ain!t !-*% &t%er As !o su-%n! 6&r t%e 0rin*i0a# t& /e e!t&00e, 6r&$ ,enin( %i! #ia/i#it t& a t%ir, 0er!&n) %e $-!t %a+e 1n&7n &r /e *%ar(e, tran!a*ti&n 7it% an, 1n&7#e,(e t%e ter$! &6 &6 t%e t%e a(ree$ent /et7een t%e a(ent an, !-/ a(ent As !o !"ir prsons &ne 7%& 1n&7! t%at an&t%er i! a*tin( a! %i! a(ent &r 0er$itte, an&t%er t& a00ear a! %i! a(ent) t& t%e in-r &6 t%ir, 0er!&n! 7%& %a+e ,ea#t 7it% t%e a00arent a(ent a! !-*% in (&&, 6ait% an, in t%e eer*i!e &6 rea!&na/#e 0r-,en*e) i! e!t&00e, t& ,en t%e a(en* Es$e% $& Tird Pers$ns a t%ir, 0er!&n) %a+in( ,ea#t 7it% &ne a! an a(ent $a /e e!t&00e, t& ,en t%e a(en* a! a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a#) a(ent &r = r, 0er!&n! in intere!t Es$e% $& e 3$.ernmen - (&+ern$ent neit%er e!t&00e, / t%e $i!ta1eerr&r &6 it! a(ent!" $a /e e!t&00e, t%r&-(% a66ir$ati+e a*t! &6&6t%eir it! a-t%&rit &66i*er! a*tin( 7it%in t%e !*&0e
Disinci$n #e/een Rai&icai$n and Es$e% RATI:ICATION ESTOPPEL
Re!t! &n intenti&n
Re!t! &n 0re-,i*e
A66e*t! t%e entire tran!a*ti&n 6r&$ t%e /e(innin(
A66e*t! &n# re#e+ant 0art! &6 t%e tran!a*ti&n
S-/!tan*e &6 rati6i*ati&n i! *&n6ir$ati&n &6 an a-t%&rie, a*t &r *&n,-*t a6ter it %a! /een ,&ne
S-/!tan*e &6 e!t&00e# i! t%e 0rin*i0a#K! in,-*e$ent t& an&t%er t& a*t t& %i! 0re-,i*e
Disinci$n #e/een Aaren A!$ri" A!$ri" #" Es$e% APPARENT AUTHORIT, T%&-(% n&t a*t-a## (rante,) 0rin*i0a# 1n&7in(# 0er$it!%&#,! &-t t%e a(ent a! 0&!!e!!in( t%e ne*e!!ar 0&7er! t& a*t in a *ertain 7a
AUTHORIT, B, ESTOPPEL ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a#) / %i! ne(#i(en*e) 0er$it! %i! a(ent t& eer*i!e 0&7er! n&t (rante, t& %i$) e+en t%&-(% t%e 0rin*i0a# $a %a+e n& n&ti*e &r 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e *&n,-*t &6 t%e a(ent
OBLI3ATIONS O: THE A3ENT OBLIGATIONS OF THE AGENT TO THE PRINCIPAL
3enera%8 =3OC; A*t 7it% -t$&!t ' &&, 6ait% #&a#t 6&r t%e 6-rt%eran*e &6 0rin*i0a#K! intere!t! O /e 0rin*i0a#K! in!tr-*ti&n! Eer*i!e rea!&na/#e c are Seci&ic8 =:ADI CALAMARI; Carr &-t t%e a(en* An!7er 6&r ,a$a(e! 7%i*% t%r&-(% %i! n&n 0er6&r$an*e t%e 0rin*i0a# $a !-66er :ini!% t%e /-!ine!! a#rea, /e(-n &n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# !%&-#, ,e#a entai# an ,an(er ?exception t& t%e r-#e t%at ,eat% etin(-i!%e! a(en* O/!er+e t%e di#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# in t%e *-!t&, an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e (&&,! 6&r7ar,e, t& %i$ / t%e &7ner in *a!e %e ,e*#ine! an a(en*) -nti# an a(ent i! a00&inte, A,+an*e ne*e!!ar 6-n,! i6 t%ere /e a !ti0-#ati&n t& ,& !& ? except 7%en t%e 0rin*i0a# i! in!&#+ent A*t in a**&r,an*e 7it% t%e in!tr-*ti&n! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#) an, in ,e6a-#t t%ere&6) t& ,& a## t%at a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# 7&-#, ,& E6cei$ns to the rule that the agent must
not depart from the instructions of principal*# =SAI; T%ereK! a s-,,en e$er(en* I6 t%e in!tr-*ti&n! are a$/i(-&-! I6 t%e ,e0art-re i! !& in!-/!tantia# t%at it ,&e! n&t a66e *t t%e re!-#t an, t%e 0rin*i0a# !-66er! n& ,a$a(e t%ere/ N&t t& *arr &-t t%e a(en* i6 it 7&-#, mani6e!t# re!-#t in #&!! &r ,a$a(e t& t%e 0rin*i0a# An!7er 6&r ,a$a(e! i6 t%ere /ein( a *&n6#i*t /et7een %i! %i! 0rin*i0a#K! intere!t!) %e 0re6er! %i! &7n N&t t& %i$!e#6 i6 %e %a! /een a-t%&rie, %&an t& t& #&an $&ne at intere!t Ren,er an a**&-nt &6 %i! tran!a*ti&n! an, ,e#i+er t& t%e 0rin*i0a# 7%ate+er %e $a %a+e re*ei+e, / +irt-e &6 t%e a(en* ?I6 t%e a(ent 6ai#! t& ,e#i+er an, in!tea, *&n+ert! &r a00r&0riate! 6&r %i! &7n -!e t%e $&ne &r 0r&0ert /e#&n(in( t& %i! 0rin*i0a#) %e $a /e *%ar(e, 7it% E/TAA. Be re!0&n!i/#e in *ertain *a!e! 6&r t%e a*t &6 t%e !-/!tit-te a00&inte, / %i$ Pa intere!t &n 6-n,! %e %a! a00#ie, t& %i! &7n -!e
Disinci$ns #e/een A!$ri" and e Princia%s Insr!ci$ns AUTHO INSTRU RIT, CTIONS S-$ t&ta# &6 t%e C&nte$0#ate! &n# a 0&7er! *&$$itte, t& 0ri+ate r-#e &6 (-i,an*e t%e a(ent / t%e 0rin*i0a#
Re#ate! t& t%e !-/e*t/-!ine!! 7it% 7%i*% t%e a(ent i! e$0&7ere, t& ,ea# &r a*t Li$itati&n! &6 a-t%&rit are &0erati+e a! a(ain!t t%&!e 7%& %a+e*%ar(e, 7it% 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e$ C&nte$0#ate, t& /e $a,e 1n&7n t& t%ir, 0er!&n! ,ea#in( 7it% t%e a(ent
t& t%e a(ent" an, in,e0en,ent ,i!tin*t in *%ara*ter Re6er! t& t%e $anner &r $&,e &6 a(entK! a*ti&n
;it%&-t !i(ni6i*an*e a! a(ain!t t%&!e 7it% neit%er 1n&7#e,(e n&r n&ti*e &6 t%e$ N&t e0e*te, t& /e $a,e 1n&7n t& t%&!e 7it% 7%&$ t%e a(ent ,ea#!
Wen a'en as a ri' $ dis$#e" e rincia%s insr!ci$ns8 ;%en t%e in!tr-*ti&n *a##! 6&r t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 i##e(a# a*t! ;%ere %e i! 0ri+i#e(e, t& ,& !& t& 0r&te*t %i! !e*-rit in t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 t%e a(en*
Wen $#%i'ai$n $ acc$!n n$ a%ica#%e8 I6 t%e a(ent a*te, &n# a! a $i,,#e$an 7it% t%e ta!1 &6 $ere# /rin(in( t&(et%er t%e +en,&r an, t%e +en,ee!. I6 t%e a(ent %a, in6&r$e, t%e 0rin*i0a# &6 t%e (i6t/&n-!0r&6it %e re*ei+e, 6r&$ t%e 0-r*%a!er an, %i! 0rin*i0a# ,i, n&t &/e*t t%eret&. ;%ere a ri(%t &6 #ien ei!t! in 6a+&r &6 t%e a(ent. Wen a'en ma" inc!r ers$na% %ia#i%i" ;%en t%e a(ent e0re!!# /in,! %i$!e#6 ;%en t%e a(ent e*ee,! %i! a-t%&rit ;%en an a(ent / &6 %i!t%ea*t 0re+ent! 0er6&r$an*e &n t%e 0art 0rin*i0a# ;%en a 0er!&n a*t! a! an a(ent 7it%&-t a-t%&rit &r 7it%&-t a 0rin*i0a# A 0er!&n 7%& 0-r0&rt! t& a*t a! a(ent &6 an in*a0a*itate, 0rin*i0a#
A$inmen $& S!#>a'en8 I6 t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! n&t 0r&%i/ite, t%e a(ent 6r&$ a00&intin( a !-/!tit-te) %e 7i## /e %ia#%e $ (rd er s$ns 6&r t%e a*t! &6 t%e !-/a (ent 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit I6 t%ere i! a 0r&%i/iti&n /-t ne+er t%e#e!! t%e a(ent a00&int! a !-/a(ent) a## t%e !-/ a(entK! a*t! are .$id as $ e rincia% . I6 t%ere i! a-t%&rit t& a00&int an, !-/a(ent i! n&t ,e!i(nate, / t%e 0rin*i0a#) t%e a(ent 7i## /e #ia/#e 6&r a## t%e a*t! &6 t%e !-/a(ent i6 t%e !-/a(ent i! n&t&ri&-!# in*&$0etent &r in!&#+ent. I6 t%ere i! a-t%&rit an, t%e !-/a(ent ,e!i(nate, / t& t%ea00&int 0rin*i0a#) a(ent i!i! re#ea!e, 6r&$ an #ia/i#it 6r&$ t%e a*t! &6 t%e !-/a(ent. I6 t%e a00&int$ent &6 a !-/a(ent i! n&t a-t%&rie, /-t n&t 0r&%i/ite,) it !%a## /e +a#i, i6 it i! /ene6i*ia# t& t%e 0rin*i0a#. B-t) !%&-#, t%e 0rin*i0a# in*-r ,a$a(e ,-e t& !-*% a00&int$ent) t%e a(ent !%a## /e 0ri$ari# re!0&n!i/#e 6&r t%e a*t! &6 t%e !-/a(ent.
Res$nsi#i%i" $& 2 $r M$re A'ens A$ined Sim!%ane$!s%"8 3ENERAL RULE8 Lia/#e &int# EFCEPTION8 ;%en !&#i,arit %a! /een e0re!!# !ti0-#ate,) in 7%i*% *a!e) ea*% &6 t%e a(ent! /e*&$e! !&#i,ari# #ia/#e 6&r ?5 t%e n&n 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e a(en*" an, 6&r ?8 t%e 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e &6 %i! 6e##&7 a(ent?! EFCEPTION TO THE EFCEPTION8 7%en &ne &6 t%e &t%er a(ent! a*t! /e&n, t%e !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit inn&*ent a(ent i! NOT #ia/#e E&&ec /ere ( rd ers$n a/are $& %imis $& a'ens $/er8 I6 t%e a(ent e*ee,! %i!
a-t%&rit) it !%a## /e VOID -n#e!! t%e 0rin*i0a# rati6ie! it.
DOCTRINE O: A3ENC, B, NECESSIT, An a(en* *an ne+er /e *reate, / ne*e!!it" 7%at i! a*t-a## *reate, i! a,,iti&na# a-t%&rit in an a(ent a00&inte, an, a-t%&rie, /e6&re t%e e$er(en* ar&!e. T%e ei!ten*e &6 e$er(en* &r &t%er -n-!-a# *&n,iti&n! $a &0erate t& in+e!t in an a(ent a-t%&rit t& $eet t%e e$er(en*) 0r&+i,e,: =PURE; T%e a(entK! en#ar(e, a-t%&rit i! eer*i!e, 6&r t%e 0rin*i0a#K! r&te*ti&n T%e a(ent i! !na/#e t& *&$$-ni*ate 7it% 0rin*i0a#" T%e $ean! a,&0te, are rea!&na/#e -n,er t%e *ir*-$!tan*e!" T%e e$er(en* rea## e i!t!"
Wen (rd ers$ns can re!diae e c$nrac Be6&re a*t-a# rati6i*ati&n / t%e 0rin*i0a#) &r /e6&re t%e 0rin*i0a# %a! !i(ni6ie, %i! 7i##in(ne!! t& rati6 t%e a(entK! a*t!. E&&ec $& e rincia% recei.in' e #ene&is $& e ransaci$n He i! ,ee$e, t& %a+e rati6ie, it. A 0rin*i0a# $a n&t a**e0t t%e /ene6it! &6 a tran!a*ti&n an, at t%e !a$e ti$e re0-,iate it! /-r,en! Coni!ions or R%!iic%!ion# T%e 0rin*i0a# $-!t %a+e *a0a*it an, 0&7er t&
rati6%a+e %a, 1n&7#e,(e &6 $ateria# 6a*t! He $-!t He $-!t rati6 t%e a*t! in it! entiret T%e a*t $-!t /e *a0a/#e &6 rati6i*ati&n T%e a*t $-!t /e ,&ne in /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# T& /e e66e*ti+e) rati6i*ati&n nee, n&t /e *&$$-ni*ate, &r $a,e 1n&7n t& t%e a(ent &r t%e t%ir, 0art. T%e a*t &r *&n,-*t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# rat%er t%an %i! *&$$-ni*ati&n i! t%e 1e. B-t /e6&re rati6i*ati&n) t%e t%ir, 0art i! 6ree t& re+&1e t%e -na-t%&rie, *&ntra*t. Ec!s o R%!iic%!ion
Wi resec $ a'en re#ie+e! t%e a(ent 6r&$ #ia/i#it t& t%e t%ir, 0art 6&r t%e -na-t%&rie, tran!a*ti&n) an, t& %i! 0rin*i0a# 6&r a*tin( 7it%&-t a-t%&rit" $a re*&+er *&$0en!ati&n Wi resec $ rincia% a!!-$e! re!0&n!i/i#it 6&r t%e -na-t%&rie, a*t) a! i6 t%e a(ent %a, 6&r a*te, &ri(ina# a-t%&rit /-t n&t #ia/#e a*t!-n,er &-t!i,e t%e a-t%&rit a00r&+e, / %i! rati6i*ati&n rd Wi resec $ ( ers$ns /&-n, / rati6i*ati&n t& t%e !a$e etent a! i6 t%e rati6ie, a*t %a, /een a-t%&rie," *ann&t rai!e t%e 2-e!ti&n &6 t%e a(entK! a-t%&rit t& ,&
t%e rati6ie, a*t
#e!! ri(&r / t%e *&-rt!) a**&r,in( t& 7%et%er t%e a(en* 7a! &r 7a! n&t 6&r *&$0en!ati&n.
Rati6i*ati&n i! !0e##e, &-t 7%en t%e 0rin*i0a# /rin(! #e(a# 0r&*ee,in(! t& en6&r*e t%e *&ntra*t entere, int& / t%e -na-t%&rie, a(ent) !-/e*t t& 2-a#i6i*ati&n) %&7e+er) t%at t%e /rin(in( &6 #e(a# 0r&*ee,in(! i! n&t ,ee$e, rati6i*ati&n 7%ere t%e 0rin*i0a#K! a*ti&n i! -n,erta1en t& a+ert a (reater #&!! rat%er t%an t& a!!er t a (ain. R$#ins$n .B$rse
NOTE8 A(ent a#7a! #ia/#e for fraud /-t n&t for negligence) 7%i*% !%a## /e -,(e, 7it% $&re &r
#ismanageme nt of the business by the agent Tort committed by the agent Agent in good faith but prejudices .rd parties Agent in bad faith and prejudices .rd persons
Prin*i0a# !ti## re!0&n!i/#e 6&r t%e a*t! *&ntra*te, / t%e a(ent 7it% re!0e*t t& =r, 0er!&n!" Prin*i0a#) %&7e+er) $a !ee1 re*&-r!e 6r&$ t%e a(ent Prin*i0a# *i+i## #ia/#e !& #&n( a! t%e t&rt i! *&$$itte, / t%e a(ent 7%i#e 0er6&r$in( %i! ,-tie! in 6-rt%eran*e &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#K! /-!ine!! Prin*i0a# i! #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
On# t%e a(ent i! #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!
ACTS O: THE A3ENT In behalf of the principal& within the scope of authority
Githout or beyond scope of authority
Githin the scope of authority but in the agents name
Githin the scope of the written power of attorney but agent has actually exceeded his authority according to an understanding between him 4 the principal Gith improper moti"es
E::ECT Bin,! 0rin*i0a#" A(ent n&t 0er!&na## #ia/#e
C&ntra*t i! -nen6&r*ea/#e a! a(ain!t t%et&0rin*i0a# /in,! t%e a(ent t%e t%ir,#! 0er!&n N&t /in,in( &n t%e 0rin*i0a#" Prin*i0a# %a! n& *a-!e &6 a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e = r, 0artie! an, +i*e +er!a
EFCEPTION=S; A(ent #ia/#e i6 %e: E0re!!# $a1e! %i$!e#6 #ia/#e E*ee,! t%e #i$it! &6 %i! a-t%&rit 7it%&-t (i+in( t%e 0artie! !-66i*ient n&ti*e &6 %i! 0&7er! Bin,in( &n t%e 0rin*i0a# 7%en: Rati6ie, &r T%ea*t 0rin*i0a# a##&7e, t%e 6-## a(ent t& a! t%&-(% %e %a, 0&7er! ;%en t%e tran!a*ti&n in+&#+e! t%in(! /e#&n(in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a#: Re$e, &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,a$a(e! 6&r a(entK! 6ai#-re t& *&$0# 7it% t%e a(en* Re$e,ie! &6 t%e t%ir, 0er!&n I6 t%e *a!e 6a##! -n,er t%e (enera# r-#e) %e *an !-e t%e a(ent. B-t 7%en t%e *&ntra*t in+&#+e! t%in(! /e#&n(in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a#) %e *an !-e t%e 0rin*i0a#. B-t i6 it *ann&t /e ,eter$ine, 7it%&-t #iti(ati&n 7%& i! #ia/#e) %e *an !-e /&t%.
In!&6ar a! = r, 0er!&n! are *&n*erne, ?n&t re2-ire, t& in2-ire t%e ter$! &66-rt%er t%e t%an 7ritten 0&7er) a(ent a*te, 7it%in !*&0e &6 %i! a-t%&rit" Prin*i0a# e!t&00e, M&ti+e i! i$$ateria#" a! #&n( a! 7it%in t%e !*&0e &6 a-t%&rit) +a#i,
A-t%&rie, 0rin*i0a# !ti## #ia/#e Be&n, t%e !*&0e &6 t%e a(entK! a-t%&rit GR# Prin*i0a# n&t #ia/#e Excp!ion: 0rin*i0a# ta1e! a,+anta(e &6 a *&ntra*t &r re*ei+e! /ene6it! $a,e -n,er 6a#!e re0re!entati&n &6 %i! a(ent =. F&r t%e a(entK! &7n /ene6it 0rin*i0a# !ti## #ia/#e" a(entK! $&ti+e i$$ateria#
T%ir, 0er!&n 1ne7 a(ent 7a! a*tin( 6&r %i! &7n /ene6it: 0rin*i0a# i! n&t #ia/#e t& =r, t%ir, 0er!&n O7ner i! !ee1in( re*&+er &6 0er!&na# 0r&0ert &6 7%i*% %e %a! /een -n#a76-## ,e0ri+e,
C$mmissi$n A'en > &ne 7%&!e /-!ine!! i! t& re*ei+e an, !e## (&&,! 6&r a *&$$i!!i&n an, 7%& i! entr-!te, / t%e 0rin*i0a# 7it% t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 (&&,! t& /e !&#,) an, -!-a## !e##in( in %i! &7n na$e. Disinci$n #e/een C$mmissi$n A'en Br$
N& *-!t&, &r 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e t%in( %e ,i!0&!e!" $ere# a (&/et7een) an inter$e,iar /et7een t%e !e##er an, t%e /-er
Ha! a re#ati&n 7it% 0rin*i0a#) /-er &r !e##er) an, 0r&0ert 7%i*% i! t%e &/e* t &6 t%e tran!a*ti&n
Maintain! n& re#ati&n 7it% t%e t%in( 7%i*% %e 0-r*%a!e! &r !e##!
Disinci$n #e/een Ordinar" A'en C$mmissi$n A'en ORDINAR, A 3ENT COMMISSION A 3ENT A*t! 6&r an, in /e%a# 6 Ma a*t in %i! &7n &6 %i! 0rin*i0a# na$e &r in t%at &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# Nee, n&t %a+e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#K! (&&,!
M-!t /e in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e t%in( %e ,i!0&!e!
O#%i'ai$ns $& a C$mmissi$n A'en8 =RMCB; Re!0&n!i/#e 6&r t%e (&&,! re*ei+e, / %i$) a! ,e!*ri/e, in t%e *&n!i(n$ent) ,N=E// -0&n re*ei+in( t%e$ %e !%&-#, $a1e a 7ritten !tate$ent &6 t%e ,a$a(e an, ,eteri&rati&n !-66ere, / t%e !a$e I6 (&&, ! are &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, $ar1 /-t /e#&n(in( t& ,i66erent &7ner!) $a1e a ,i!tin*ti&n / *&-nter mar1! an, ,e!i(nate t%e $er*%an,i!e re!0e*ti+e# /e#&n(in( t& ea*% 0rin*i0a# He *ann&t) 7it%&-t *&n!en t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#) !e## &n cre,it" !%&-#, %e ,&) 0rin*i0a# $a ,e$an, 0a$ent in *a!%) /-t t%e *&$$i!!i&n a(ent entit#e, t& an intere!t/ene6it 7%i*% $a re!-#t 6r&$ !-*% !a#e I6 an a(ent re*ei+e! (-arantee *&$$i!!i&n ?a del credere a(ent) %e !%a## #ear t%e ri!1 &6 *&##e*ti&n an, !%a## 0a t%e 0rin*i0a# t%e
0r&*ee,! &6 t%e !a#e &n t%e !a$e ter$! a(ree, -0&n 7it% t%e 0-r*%a!er. T%e a(ent !%a## /e #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a (e! i6 %e ,&e! n&t *&##e*t t%e *re,it! &6 %i! 0rin*i0a# at t%e ti$e 7%en t%e /e*&$e ,-e an, ,e$an,a/#e) UNLESS %e 0r&+e!) t%at %e eer*i!e, ,-e ,i#i(en*e 6&r t%at 0-r0&!e.
- MODES O: EFTIN3UISHMENT A'enc" is E6in'!ised8 =EDWARD; B t%e e 0irati&n &6 t%e 0eri&, 6&r 7%i*% t%e a(en* 7a! *&n!tit-te,. B t%e deat%) *i+i# inter,i*ti&n) in!anit &r in!&#+en* &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# B t%e / it%,ra7a# &6 t%e a(ent"&r &6 t%e a(ent" B t%e a **&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e &/e*t &r 0-r0&!e &6 t%e a(en*" B it! r e+&*ati&n " B t%e d i!!&#-ti&n &6 t%e 6ir$ &r *&r0&rati&n 7%i*% entr-!te, &r a**e0te, t%e a(en* =Ar- 1919; T%e #i!t n&t e*#-!i+e" *a-!e! particular &n# t& a(en*" $a /e etin(-i!%e, / t%e $&,e! &6 etin(-i!%$ent &6 &/#i(ati&n! in (enera# 7%ene+er t%e are a00#i*a/#e) #i1e #&!! &6 t%e t%in( an, n&+ati&n A(en* i! TERMINATED) a! a $atter &6 #a7) -0&n t%e &-t/rea1 &6 7ar.
Pres!mi$n $& C$nin!ance $& A'enc" 7%en &n*e !%&7n t& %a+e ei!te,) an a(en* re#ati&n 7i## /e 0re!-$e, t& %a+e *&ntin-e,) in t%e a/!en*e &6 ant%in( t& !%&7 it! ter$inati&n. C$nin!ance $& A'enc" Partie! $-!t /e Pre!ent) Ca0a*itate, an, S&#+ent
M$des $& e6in'!isin' an a'enc"5 'enera%%"8 =ASO; A(ree$ent S-/!e2-ent a*t! &6 t%e 0artie! 7%i*% $a /e eit%er: B t%e a*t &6 /&t% 0artie! &r / $-t-a# *&n!ent B t%e -ni#atera# a*t &6 &ne &6 t%e$ NOTE8 E+en i6 t%e rea!&n 6&r etin(-i!%in( t%e a(en* i! n&t tr-e ) t%e a(ent *ann &t in!i!t &n rein!tate$ent. T%e a(ent *an &n # ,e$an, ,a$a(e!. $"%! "%ppns i !" sujc! &%!!r o !" %nc6 is los! or s!ro6N In t%e a/!en*e &6 an a(ree$ent / t%e 0artie! t& t%e *&nt rar) t%e #&!! &r ,e!tr-*ti&n &6 t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 t%e a(en* ter$inate! t%e
a(ent^! a-t%&rit t& ,ea# 7it% re6eren*e t& it
EFCEPTIONS8 I6 it i! 0&!!i/#e t& !-/!tit-te &t%er $ateria# 6&r t%at 7%i*% 7a! ,e!tr&e, 7it%&-t !-/!tantia# ,etri$ent t& eit%er 0art I6 t%e ,e!tr&e, !-/e*t $atter 7a! n&t in 6a*t e!!entia# t& t%e *&ntra*t A 0artia# #&!! &r ,e!tr-*ti&n
&t%er 0r&0ert n&t a66e*te, I6 t%e #&!! /r&-(%t a/&-t / t%e 0rin*i0a# ?ex%% principal sells subject matter to another party e"en if an agent has been constituted in reference to it ) 0rin*i0a# #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! 6&r %i! 7r&n(6-# ter$inatin( a*t" i6 !-/e*t $atter i! #&!t 7it%&-t 0rin*i0a#K! 6a-#t) n& #ia/i#it a!!-$e, / %i$
:$rm $& ren!nciai$n It i! n&t a#7a! ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e a(ent t& ren&-n*e t%e a(en* e0re!!#. He *an ,& !&
Can'e $& Circ!msance8 3ENERAL RULE8 7%en t%ere i! a /a!i* *%an(e in t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! !-rr&-n,in( t%e tran!a*ti&n) 7%i*% 7a! n&t *&nte$0#ate, / t%e
i$0#ie,#) !-*%*&n,-*te, a!: ;%ere %e %a! %i$!e#6 in a $anner in*&$0ati/#e 7it% %i! ,-tie! a! a(ent ;%en %e a/an,&n! t%e &/e*t &6 %i! a(en* an, a*t! 6&r %i$!e#6 in *&$$ittin( a 6ra-, -0&n %i! 0rin*i0a#! ;%en %e 6i#e! a *&$0#aint a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# an, a,&0t! an anta(&ni!ti* attit-,e t&7ar,! %i$
E6cei$ns $ E6in'!ismen #" Dea =CID; I6 t%e a(en* i! *&-0#e, 7it% an intere!t I6 t%e a*t &6 t%e a(ent 7a! ee*-te, 7it%&-t t%e
0artie! 7%i*%t%at 7&-#, #ea, n&t t%e a(ent t&an, /e#ie+e t%e rea!&na/# 0rin*i0a# 7&-#, ,e!ire %i$ t& a*t) t%e a-t%&rit &6 t%e a(ent i! ter$inate, EFCEPTIONS8 I6 t%e &ri(ina# *ir*-$!tan*e! are re!t&re, 7it%in a rea!&na/#e 0eri&, &6 ti$e) t%e a(ent! a-t%&rit $a /e re+i+e, ;%ere t%e a(ent %a! rea!& na/#e ,&-/t! a! t& 7%et%er t%e 0rin*i0a# 7&-#, ,e!ire %i$ t& a*t) %i! a-t%&rit 7i## n&t /e ter$inate, i6 %e a*t! rea!&na/# ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# an, a(ent are in *#&!e ,ai# *&nta*t) t%e a(ent! a-t%&rit t& a*t 7i## n&t ter$inate -0&n a *%an(e &6 *ir*-$!tan*e! i6 t%e a(ent 1n&7! t%e 0rin*i0a# i! a7are &6 t%e *%an(e an, ,&e! n&t (i+e %i$ ne7 in!tr-*ti&n!
Re.$cai$n > ter$inati&n &6 t%e a(en* / t%e !-/!e2-ent a*t &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# Ren!nciai$nWidra/a% ter$inati&n &6 t%e a(en* / t%e !-/!e2-ent a*t &6 t%e a(ent
E6cei$ns $ E6in'!ismen U$n L$ss $r Desr!ci$n $& S!#4ec Maer I6 it i! 0&!!i/#e t& !-/!tit-te &t%er $ateria# 6&r t%at 7%i*% 7a! ,e!tr&e, 7it%&-t !-/!tantia# ,etri$ent t& eit%er 0art &r i6 t%e ,e!tr&e,
Ma" e a'enc" #e e6in'!ised a /i%% A3ENT $a ,& !& /-t !-/e*t t& t%e *&ntra*t-a# &/#i(ati&n! &7in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ? i%e% 6ie, 0eri&, &6 ti$e 6&r t%e a(en* &r 0-r0&!e n&t et a**&$0#i!%e," E6ress%" $r im%ied%" *&n,-*te, %i$!e#6 in a $anner in*&$0ati/#e 7it% %i! ,-tie!" a/an,&n! t%e &/e*t &6 a(en* an, a*t! 6&r %i$!e#6 in *&$$ittin( a 6ra-, -0&n %i! 0rin*i0a#" %e 6i#e! a *&$0#aint a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# an, a,&0t! an anta(&ni!ti* attit-,e t&7ar,! %i$ with just cause (i+e ,-e n&ti*e
!-/e*t $atter 7a! n&t in 6a*t e!!entia# t& t%e *&ntra*t" A 0artia# #&!! &r ,e!tr-*ti&n ,&e! n&t a#7a! re!-#t in a *&$0#ete ter$inati&n &6 t%e a(en*) an, -n,er !-*% *ir*-$!tan*e!) 7%i#e t%e a(en* $a /e en,e, in !& 6ar a! t%e ,e!tr&e, 0r&0ert i! *&n*erne,) it $a *&ntin-e in ei!ten*e a! t&
without just cause #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# !-66er! ,a$a(e! t%ere/ UNLESS t%e a(ent !%&-#, /a!e %i! 7it%,ra7a# -0&n t%e i$0&!!i/i#it &6 *&ntin-in( t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e a(en* 7it%&-t (ra+e ,etri$ent t& %i$!e#6 T%e $ere 6a*t t%at t%e a(ent +i&#ate! %i!
EFCEPTIONS8 A(en* / &0erati&n &6 #a7) &r a 0re!-$e, &r ta*it a(en* A(en* i! *&-0#e, 7it% an intere!t in t%e !-/e*t $atter &6 t%e a(en* ?ex% power of sale in a mortgage.
in!tr-*ti&n! ,&e! n&t a$&-nt t& ren-n*iati&n) an, a#t%&-(% %e $a t%-! ren,er %i$!e#6 #ia/#e t& t%e 0rin*i0a#) %e ,&e! n&t *ea!e t& /e*&$e an a(ent.
PRINCIPAL $a a#!& re+&1e t%e a(en* at 7i## EFCEPTION8 a(en* *&-0#e, 7it% intere!t ;%en a /i#atera# *&ntra*t ,e0en,! -0&n t%e a(en* ;%en t%e a(en* i! t%e $ean! &6 6-#6i##in( an &/#i(ati&n a#rea, *&ntra*te, ;%en a 0artner i! a00&inte, a! $ana(er &6 a 0artner!%i0 in t%e *&ntra*t &6 0artner!%i0 an, %i! re$&+a# 6r&$ t%e $ana(e$ent i! -n-!ti6ia/#e. E6cei$n $ e e6cei$n8 7%en t%e a(ent a*t! t& ,e6ra-, t%e 0rin*i0a# /&pli Rvoc%!ion o Anc6 Prin*i0a# a00&int! a ne7 a(ent 6&r t%e !a$e /-!ine!! &r tran!a*ti&n ?&n# i6 t%ere i! in*&$0ati/i#it" e66e*ti+e a! /et7een t%e 0rin*i0a# an, t%e a(ent &n# i6 *&$$-ni*ate, t& t%e a(ent " ,&e! n&t 0re- ,i*e ri(%t! &6 t%ir, 0er!&n! a*tin( in (&&, 6ait% 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e re+&*ati&n Prin*i0a# ,ire*t# $ana(e! t%e /-!ine!! entr-!te, t& t%e a(ent) &r ,ea#! ,ire*t# 7it% =r, 0er!&n!
E&&ec $& Iss!ance $& a Secia% P$/er $& A$rne"8 T%e (enera# 0&7er i! i$0#ie,# re+&1e, a! t& $atter! *&+ere, / t%e !0e*ia# 0&7er /e*a-!e a !0e*ia# 0&7er. 0&7er nat-ra## 0re+ai#! &+er a (enera#
Princia%s Lia#i%i" &$r Dama'es desie Re.$cai$n I6 t%e a(en* 7a! *&n!tit-te, 6&r a 6ie, 0eri&,) t%e 0rin*i0a# !%a## /e #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! &**a!i&ne, / t%e 7r&n(6-# ,i!*%ar(e &6 t%e a(ent /e6&re t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e 0eri&, 6ie, E+en i6 t%ere 7a! n& ti$e 6ie, 6&r t%e *&ntin-an*e &6 t%e a(en*) /-t t%e a(ent *an 0r&+e t%at t%e 0rin*i0a# a*te, in /a, 6ait% / re+&1in( t%e a(en* in &r,er t& a+&i, t%e 0a$ent &6 *&$$i!!i&n a/&-t t& /e earne,) t%e 0rin*i0a# *an /e %e#, #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! Necessi" $& N$ice $& Re.$cai$n As $ e a'en e0re!! n&ti*e a#7a! ne*e!!ar" !-66i*ient n&ti*e&ri6 %a! t%e 0art t& /e n&ti6ie, a*t-a## 1n&7!) rea!&n t& 1n&7) a 6a*t in,i*atin( t%at %i! a-t%&rit %a! /een ter$inate,!-!0en,e," re+&*ati&n 7it%&-t n&ti*e t& t%e a(ent 7i## n&t ren,er in+a#i, an a*t ,&ne in 0-r!-an*e &6 t%e a-t%&rit
As $ (rd ers$ns e0re!! n&ti*e ne*e!!ar As $ &$rmer c!s$mers a*t-a# n&ti*e $-!t /e (i+en t& t%e$ /e*a-!e t%e a#7a! a!!-$e t%e *&ntin-an*e &6 t%e a(en* re#ati&n!%i0 As $ $er ers$ns n&ti*e / 0-/#i*ati&n i! en&-(% E&&ec $& E6in'!ismen /i$! N$ice A*t &6 a(ent ,ee$e, +a#i, in!&6ar a! = r, 0artie! a*tin( in (&&, 6ait% an, 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 re+&*ati&n
VI- CREDIT TRANSACTIONS 7777777777777777777777777777 77777
TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 A- L$an 1- C$mm$da!m .s- M!!!m 2- O#%i'ai$ns $& #ai%$r and #ai%ee (- Ineres and e s!sensi$n $& !s!r" %a/ 777777777777777777777777777 77777777777 CREDIT TRANSACTIONS in*#-,e a## tran!a*ti&n! in+&#+in( t%e 0-r*%a!e &r #&an &6 (&&,!) !er+i*e! &r $&ne in t%e 0re!ent 7it% a 0r&$i!e t& 0a &r ,e#i+er in t%e 6-t-re ?*&ntra*t &6 !e*-rit 2 T"es $& Credi Transaci$ns8 5. Sec!red ransaci$ns t%&!e !-00&rte, / a *&##atera# &r an en*-$/ran*e &6 0r&0ert 8. Unsec!red ransaci$ns t%&!e !-00&rte, &n# / a 0r&$i!e t& 0a &r t%e 0er!&na# *&$$it$ent &6 an&t%er !-*% a! a (-arant&r &r !-ret SECURIT, i! !&$et%in( (i+en) ,e0&!ite, &r !er+in( a! a $ean! t& en!-re t%e 6-#6i##$ent &r en6&r*e$ent &6 an &/#i(ati&n &r &6 0r&te*tin( !&$e intere!t in t%e 0r&0ert 2 T"es $& Sec!ri"8 1- Pers$na% 7%en an in,i+i,-a# /e*&$e! a !-ret &r a (-arant&r 2- Rea% $r Pr$er" 7%en an en*-$/ran*e i! $a,e &n 0r&0ert ?e.(. $&rt(a(e &r 0#e,(e
BAILMENT i! t%e ,e#i+er &6 0r&0ert &6 &ne 0er!&n t& an&t%er in tr-!t 6&r a !0e*i6i* 0-r0&!e) 7it% a *&ntra*t) e0re!! &r i$0#ie,) t%at t%e tr-!t !%a## /e 6ait%6-## ee*-te, an, t%e 0r&0ert ret-rne, &r ,-# a**&-nte, 6&r 7%en a !0e*ia# 0-r0&!e i! a**&$0#i!%e, &r 1e0t -nti# t%e /ai#&r re*#ai$! it. Genera##) it i! *&ntra*t-a#) /-t $a a#!& /e *reate, / &0erati&n &6 #a7. PARTIES IN BAILMENT 5. BAILOR T%e #en,er(i+er" t%e 0art 7%& ,e#i+er! 0&!!e!!i&n*-!t&, &6 t%e t%in( /ai#e, 8. BAILEE T%e re*i0ient" t%e 0art 7%& re*ei+e! t%e 0&!!e!!i&n*-!t&, &6 t%e t%in( ,e#i+ere, LOAN
CHARACTERISTICS 5. Rea% C$nrac ,e#i+er i! e!!entia# 6&r 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e #&an ?BUT a 0r&$i!e t& #en,) /ein( *&n!en!-a#) i! /in,in( -0&n t%e 0artie! 8. Uni%aera% C$nrac &n# t%e /&rr&7er %a! t%e &/#i(ati&n
1- COMMODATUM VS- MUTUUM INDS 5. COMMODATUM /ai#&r ,e#i+er! t& /ai#ee a n&n*&n!-$a/#e t%in( !& t%at t%e #atter $a -!e it 6&r a *ertain ti$e an, ret-rn t%e i,enti*a# t%in( Linds of commodatum: a. Or,inar *&$$&,at-$ /ai#ee -!e! t%e t%in( 6&r a *ertain 0eri&, &6 ti$e /. Pre*ari-$ /ai#&r $a ,e$an, t%e t%in( #&ane, at 7i##" ei!t! in *a!e! 7%ere: i. T%ere i! n& !ti0-#ati&n a! t& t%e ,-rati&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t &r -!e &6 t%e t%in( #&ane, ii. U!e &6 t%e t%in( i! $ere# t&#erate, / t%e &7ner 8. MUTUUM OR SIMPLE LOAN #en,er ,e#i+er! t& t%e /&rr&7er $&ne &r &t%er *&n!-$a/#e t%in( -0&n t%e *&n,iti&n t%at t%e #atter 7i## 0a t%e !a$e a$&-nt &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, 2-a#it LOAN 5. De#i+er / &ne 0art an, t%e re*ei0t / t%e &t%er 0art &6 a (i+en !-$ &6 $&ne &r &t%er *&n!-$a/#e t%in( -0&n an a(ree$ent) e0re!! &r i$0#ie, 8. T& re0a t%e !a$e a$&-nt &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, 2-a#it) 7 &r 7& intere!t
CREDIT A/i#it &6 an in,i+i,-a# t& /&rr&7 $&ne &r t%in(! / +irt-e &6 t%e *&n6i,en*e &r tr-!t re0&!e, / a #en,er t%at %e 7i## 0a 7%at %e $a 0r&$i!e 7in a !0e*i6ie, 0eri&,
COMMODATUM =Aric%es 19(*>19*2; CHARACTERISTICS AND CERTAIN RULES TO REMEMBER: 5. 3ra!i$!s: I6 t%ere i! *&$0en!ati&n) t%en itK! n&t *&$$&,at-$. It $a /e a #ea!e. 8. Pers$na%: Deat% &6 #en,er/&rr&7er ETINGUISHES t%e *&ntra*t
a. B&rr&7er *anKt #en, &r #ea!e t%e t%in( t& t%ir, 0er!&n! i. ECEPTION: 7%e n !ti0-#ate, t%at %e *an ii. ECEPTION: t%e $e$/er! &6 t%e /&rr&7erK! %&-!e%&#, $a $a1e -!e &6 t%e t%in( iii. ECEPTION TO ECEPTION: 7%en !ti0-#ate, t%at $e$/er! &6 t%e %&-!e%&-#, *ann&t -!e &r i6 t%e nat-re &6 t%e t%in( 6&r/i,! !-*% -!e =. S-/e*t Matter: a. Genera## n&n*&n!-$a/#e! ?*an /e rea# &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert /. I6 *&n!-$a/#e) it $-!t /e 6&r e%i/iti&n ?5= @. O7ner!%i0 a. Len,er ,&e! n&t %a+e t& /e t%e &7ner &6 t%e t%in( #&ane, in *&$$&,at-$ 4. Ri(%t &6 retenti&n: a. B&rr&7er *anKt retain t%e t%in( #&ane, -!t /e*a-!e %e %a! *#ai$! a(ain!t #en,er /. B&rr&7 *an retain i6 %e !-66er! ,a$a(e! / rea!&n &6 %i,,en 6#a7! in t%e t%in( #ent ?545 . Pre!-$0ti&n &6 !&#i,ar #ia/i#it &6 /&rr&7er! a. I6 t%ere are t 7& &r $& re /&rr&7er!) t%e 0re!-$0ti&n i! t%at t%e are !&#i,ari# #ia/#e >. Fr-it!: a !ti0-#ati&n t& $a1e -!e &6 6r -it! i! +a#i,) /-t it i! ne+er 0re!-$e,. T%e en&$ent &6 t%e 6r-it! $-!t &n# /e in*i,enta# t& t%e -!e &6 t%e t%in( it!e#6 i6 en&$ent &6 6r-it! i! 0ri$ar rea!&n) it i! a -!-6r-*t.
LENDS THE SUBJECT MATTER TO A =RD PERSON %e #en,! &r #ea!e! t%e t%in( t& a t%ir, 0er!&n 7%& i! n&t a $e$/er &6 %i! %&-!e%&#, INGRATITUDE /ein( e. a/#e t& !a+e t%e t%in( /&rr&7e, &r %i! &7n t%in() %e *%&!e t& !a+e t%e #atter ,.
2- OBLI3ATIONS O: BAILOR AND BAILEE OBLI3ATIONS O: BAILEE =#$rr$/er; 1- T$ a< e care $& e in' /i $r dinar" di%i'ence 2- T$ a" &$r $rdinar" e6enses (- T$ #e %ia#%e &$ r %$ss d!e $ &$r!i$!s e.en i& si!%aed a e is s!c OBLI3ATIONS O: THE BAILOR =%ender; =AD> READ>HA; 5. Pri$ar &/#i(ati&n &6 t%e /ai#&r: 3enera% R!%e: T& a ##&7 t%e /ai#ee t%e -!e &6 t%e t%in( #&ane, 6&r t%e ,-rati&n &6 t%e 0eri&, !ti0-#ate, &r -nti# t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e 0-r0&!e 6&r 7* t%e *&$$&,at-$ 7a! *&n!tit-te,E6cei$ns8 Bai#&r $a ,e$an, t%e ret-rn &6 t%e t%in( &r it! te$0&rar -!e 7%en: a. Bai#&r %a! an -r(ent nee, 6&r t%e t%in( ?Art% '6C5 t%e *&ntra*t i! !-!0en,e, /. Bai#ee *&$$it! an a*t &6 in(ratit-,e ? Art% '6C( •
•
;%en /&rr&7er i! #ia/#e 6&r #&!! &6 t%e t%in( ?ADLIB
BAD FAITH i6 t%e /ai#ee ,e+&te! t%e t%in( t& an 0-r0&!e ,i66erent 6r&$ t%at 6&r 7%i*% it %a! /een #&ane, DELAY %e 1ee0! it /. #&n(er t%an t%e 0eri&, !ti0-#ate, &r a6ter t%e a**&$0#i!%$ent &6 t%e -!e 6&r 7%i*% t%e *&$$&,at-$ %a! /een *&n!tit-te, a.
*.
HAS BEEN DELIVERED ; APPRAISAL t%e t%in( #&ane, %a! /een ,e#i+ere, 7it% a00rai!a# &6 it! +a#-e) UNLESS t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n ee$0tin( t%e /ai#ee 6r&$ re!0&n!i/i#it in *a!e &6 a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent
•
I6 t%e /ai#ee !%&-#, *&$$i t an &66en!e a(ain!t t%e 0er!&n) t%e honor or the property &6 t%e /ai#&r) &r &6 t%e 7i6e &r *%i#,ren -n,er %i! 0arenta# a-t%&rit I6 t%e /ai#ee i$0-te! t& t%e /ai#&r an criminal offense) &r an a*t in+&#+in( $&ra# t-r0it-,e) e+en t%&-(% %e !%&-#, 0r&+e it) UNLESS t%e *ri$e &r t%e a*t %a! /een *&$$itte, a(ain!t t%e /ai#ee %i$!e#6) %i! 7i6e) &r *%i#,ren -n,er %i! a-t%&rit I6 t%e /ai#ee -n,-# re6-!e! t%e /ai#&r support 7%en t%e /ai#ee i! #e(a## &r $&ra## /&-n, t& (i+e !-00&rt t& t%e /ai#&r
8. Ma de$an, t%e t%in( at 7i## 7%en t%e *&ntra*t i! a precarium
PRECARIUM a 1in, &6 *&$$&,at-$ 7%ere t%e /ai#&r $a ,e$an, t%e t%in( at 7i##. It i! a *&ntra*t / 7%i*% t%e &7ner &6 a t%in() at t%e re2-e!t &6 an&t%er 0er!&n) (i+e! t%e #atter t%e t%in( 6&r -!e a! #&n( a! t%e &7ner !%a## t&#erate =. T& re6-n, t%e etra&r,inar e0en!e! =Ar19)9;
3enera% R!%e N&ti*e !%&-#, /e (i+en / t%e /ai#ee t& t%e /ai#&r re(ar,in( !-*% etra&r,inar e0en!e! an, *&n!ent !%&-#, /e &/taine, E6cei$n ;%ere t%e etra&r,inar e0en!e! are !& -r(ent t%at t%e re0# t& t%e n&ti6i*ati&n *ann&t /e a7aite, 7& ,an(er @. I6 t%e etra&r,inar e0en!e! ari!e 6r&$ t%e a*t-a# -!e &6 t%e t%in( an, e+en t%&-(% /ai#ee a*te, 7& 6a-#t) t%e e0en!e! 7i## /e /&rne e2-a## / /&t% t%e /ai#&r an, t%e /ai#ee ?44 =Ar- 19)95 ar- 2; REASONS: a. Bai#ee 0a ! /e*a-!e &6 t%e /ene6it ,eri+e, 6r&$ t%e -!e &6 t%e t%in( /. Bai#&r 0a! t%e &t%e r /e*a-!e %e i! t%e &7ner an, t%e t%in( 7i## /e ret-rne, t& %i$
E6cei$n F Sti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar ?e.(. ,i66erent a00&rti&n$ent &r !&#e /-r,en / /ai#ee &r /ai#&r
*. *. *. *. T%e /ai#&r i! aware t%ere&6 ,. Bai#&r ,&e! not ad"ise the bailee &6 t%e !a$e e. T%e /ai#ee !-66er! damages / rea!&n &6 t%e 6#a7 &r ,e6e*t T%e /ai#&r %a! n& ri(%t &6 a/an,&n$ent 6&r e0en!e! an, ,a$a(e! =Ar- 19*2; REASON: e0en!e! an,&r ,a$a(e! $a e*ee, t%e +a#-e &6 t%e t%in( #&ane,
9.
SIMPLE LOAN OR MUTUUM =Ars- 19((>19+1; SIMPLE LOAN OR MUTUUM i! a *&ntra*t 7%ere/ &ne &6 t%e 0artie! ,e#i+er! t& an&t%er $&ne &r &t%er 6-n(i/#e t%in( 7 t%e -n,er!tan,in( t%at t%e !a$e a$&-nt &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, 2-a#it !%a## /e 0ai,. Na!re $& M!!!m a. Bi%aera% /&rr&7erK! 0r&$i!e t& 0a i! t%e *&n!i,erati&n 6&r t%e #en,erK! &/#i(ati&n t& 6-rni!% t%e #&an #- N$ crimina% %ia#i%i" !$n &ai%!re $ a" S!#4ec Maer a. :!n'i#%e $r c$ns!ma#%e ,e0en,in( &n t%e intent &6 t%e 0artie!" t%at t%e ret-rn &6 t%e t%in( i! e2-i+a#ent &n# an, n&t t%e i,enti*a# t%in(
4. A## &t%er e0en!e! 7%i*% are n&t ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e -!e an, 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e t%in ( $-!t /e !%&-#,ere, / t%e /&rr&7er ?/ai#ee
ungible things t%&!e 7%i*% are -!-a## ,ea#t 7it% / n-$/er) 7ei(%t) &r $ea!-re !& t%at an (i+en 0&rti&n i! treate, a! t%e e2-i+a#ent &6 an &t%er -nit &r 0&rti&n. ,e0en,! -0&n t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! ?a! &00&!e, t& *&n!-$a/#e &r n&n *&n!-$a/#e 7%i*% ,e0en,! -0&n it! nat-re A 6-n(i/#e 6r&$ t%e +ie70&int &6 t%e 0artie! i! ea!i# re0#a*ea/#e
. T%e de0re*iati&n *a-!e, / t%e rea!&na/#e an, nat-ra# -!e &6 t%e t%in( i! /&rne / t%e /ai#&r =Ar- 19)(; REASON: 0artie! t& t%e *&ntra*t 1n&7 t%at t%e t%in( /&rr&7e, *ann&t /e -!e, 7it%&-t ,eteri&rati&n ,-e t& &r,inar 7ear an, tear.
E6cei$ns: a. ;%en t%ere i! a stipulation t& t%e *&ntrar /. ;%en t%e /ai#ee i! (-i#t &6 fault or negligence *. I6 %e ,e+&te! t%e t%in( t& an purpose different 6r&$ t%at 6&r 7% i*% %a! /een #&ane, >.
T& 0a ,a$a(e! 6&r 1n&7n i,,en 6#a7! =Ar- 19*1;
[email protected]!isies8 ?t%e 6&##&7in( $-!t *&n*-r a. T%ere i! a flaw or defect in t%e t%in( #&ane, /. T%e 6#a7 &r ,e6e*t i! hidden
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M$ne" I6 t%e tran!6er &6 &7ner!%i0 i! &n a n&n 6-n(i/#e t%in() 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 t%e &t%er t& (i+e t%in(! &6 t%e !a$e 1in,) 2-antit an, 2-a#it) it i! a /arter
:ORM O: PA,MENT 5. I6 t%e t%in( #&ane, i! $&ne *-rren* !ti0-#ate,) &t%er7i!e t%at 7%i*% i! #e(a# ten,er in t%e P%i#i00ine!. In *a!e &6 etra&r,inar in6#ati&n &r ,e6#ati&n) 0a$ent
!%a## /e in t%e +a#-e &6 t%e *-rren* at t%e ti$e &6 t%e *reati&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n. 8. I6 &t%er t%an $&ne an&t%er t%in( &6 t%e !a$e 1in,) 2-a#it an, 2-antit. I6 i$0&!!i/#e t& ,& !&) 0a$ent $-!t /e it! +a#-e at t%e ti$e &6 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e #&an.
(- INTEREST AND THE SUSPENSION O: USUR, LAW
E6cei$ns: 5. Indemni" &$r dama'es t%e ,e/t&r in ,e#a i! #ia/#e t& 0a #e(a# intere!t ?58 a! in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e! e+en in t%e a/!en*e &6 a !ti0-#ati&n 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 intere!t. Intere!t a! in,e$nit 6&r ,a$a(e! i! 0aa/#e &n# in *a!e &6 ,e6a-#t &r n&n0er6&r$an*e &6 *&ntra*t. •
INTEREST 3enera% R!%e Intere!t $-!t /e e6ress%" si!%aed in /riin') an, i t $-! t /e %a/&!% ?Ar- 19*+ 5. ;%en an &/#i (ati&n) re(ar,#e!! &6 it! !&- r*e) i! /rea*%e,) t%e *&ntra+en&r *an /e %e#, #ia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e!. 8. I6 &/#i(ati&n *&n!i!t! in t%e 0a$ent &6 a !-$ &6 $&ne ?#&an) 6&r/earan*e &6 $&ne) -,($ent $&ne a. Intere!t ,-e i! 7%at %a! /een !ti0-#ate, / t%e 0artie! /. T%e intere!t !%a ## ear n #e(a# intere!t 6r&$ t%e ti$e &6 -,i*ia# ,e$an, *. I6 t%e reK! n& !ti0-#ati&n) t%e rat e i! 58 6r&$ ,e6a-#t ?-,i*ia# &r etra-,i*ia# ,e$an, 8. I6 &/#i(ati&n i! n&t a #&an &r 6&r /earan*e &6 $&ne a. Intere!t &n t%e a$&-nt &6 ,a$a(e! a7ar,e, $a /e i$0&!e, at t%e ,i!*reti&n &6 t%e *&-rt at /. N& intere!t !%a## /e a,-,(e, &n -n#i2-i,ate, *#ai$! &r ,a$a(e!) e*e0t 7%en &r -nti# t%e a$&-nt *an /e e!ta/#i!%e, 7it% rea!&na/#e *ertaint *. ;%ere t%e a$&-nt i! e!ta/#i!%e, 7it% rea!&na/#e *ertaint) t%e intere!t !%a## /e(in 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e *#ai$ i! $a,e -,i*ia## &r etra-,i*ia## ,. B-t 7%en !-*% *ertaint *ann&t /e !& rea!&na/# e!ta/#i!%e, t%e ti$e t%e ,e$an, i! $a,e) t%e intere!t !%a## /e(in t& r-n &n# 6r&$ t%e ,ate t%e -,($ent &6 t%e *&-rt i! $a,e e. T%e a*t-a# /a!e ?0rin*i0a# 6&r t%e *&$0-tati&n &6 t%e #e(a# intere!t !%a##) in an *a!e) /e &n t%e a$&-nt 6ina## a,-,(e,. ;%en -,($ent &6 *&-rt a7ar,in( a !-$ &6 $&ne /e*&$e! 6ina# an, ee*-t&r) 58 intere!t 6r&$ !-*% -nti# it! 0a$ent Easern Ass!rance and S!re" C$r$rai$n .- CA K(22 SCRA ?(5 an- 15 2000 =.
Basis &$r c$m!ai$n &$r indemni"8 a. Centra# Ban1 Cir*-#ar @5 58 0.a. in *a!e! &68 • =oans • orbearance &6 $&ne) (&&,! &r *re,it! • udgments in+&#+in( !-*% #&an! &r 6&r/earan*e) in t%e a/!en*e &6 t%e e0re!! a(ree$ent a! t& !-*% rate &6 intere!t • D-rin( t%e interim 0eri&, 6r&$ t%e ,ate -,($ent -nti# a*t-a# 0a$ent /. Art. 88 &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e 0.a. in *a!e! &6: • Other !&-r*e! ?e.(. !a#e • !amages ari!in( 6r&$ in-r t& 0er!&n! • =oss &6 0r&0ert 7%i*% ,&e! n&t in+&#+e a #&an
8. Ineres accr!in' &r$m !naid ineres intere!t ,-e !%a## earn intere!t 6r&$ t%e ti$e it i! -,i*ia## ,e$an,e, a#t%&-(% t%e &/#i(ati&n $a /e !i#ent -0&n t%i! 0&int.
Deerminai$n $& ineres a"a#%e in
E6cei$ns: • ;%en judicially demandede%g% when case is filed to collect* • ;%en t%ere i! an express stipulation $a,e / t%e 0artie!: t%at t%e intere!t ,-e an, -n0ai, !%a## /e a,,e, t& t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n an, t%e re!-#tin( t&ta# a$&-nt !%a## earn intere!t USUR, USUR, i! t%e *&ntra*tin( 6&r &r re*ei+in( !&$et%in( in e*e!! &6 t%e a$&-nt a##&7e, / #a7 6&r t%e #&an &r 6&r/earan*e &6 $&ne) (&&,! &r *%atte#!. ELEMENTS O: USUR,8 =LUIT; 5. L&an &r 6&r/earan*e 8. Un,er!tan,in( /et7een t%e 0artie! t%at %e #&an !%a## /e 0ai,. =. Un#a76-# intent t& ta1e $&re t%an t%e #e(a# rate. @. T a1in( &r a(reein( t& ta1e 6&r t%e -!e &6 t%e #&an &6 !&$et%in( in e*e!! &6 7%at i! a##&7e, / #a7. NOTE: U!-r n&7 i! %e'a%%" ine6isen. In Art. 5= &6 NCC) *&ntra*tin( 0artie! $a e!ta/#i!% !-*% !ti0-#ati&n!) *#a-!e!) ter$! an, *&n,iti&n! a! t%e $a ,ee$ *&n+enient) 0r&+i,e, t%e are n&t *&ntrar t& #a7) $&ra#!) (&&, *-!t&$!) 0-/#i* &r,er) &r 0-/#i* 0&#i*. T%i! $a /e in+&1e, t& ann-# t%e e*e!!i+e !ti0-#ate, intere!t. H&7e+er) U!-r #a7 %a! NOT /een re0ea#e, •
Sin*e t%e $&rt(a(e *&ntra*t ,eri+e! it! +ita#it 6r&$ t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n) t%e in+a#i, !ti0-#ati&n &n intere!t rate i! !i$i#ar# in!-66i*ient t& ren,er +&i, t%e an*i##ar $&rt(a(e *&ntra*t. Ss- Car$ .C!a5 K3-R- N$- 1*0??( 1*(*995 Seem#er 205 200*
BARTER A *&ntra*t 7%ere/ &ne 0er!&n tran!6er! t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 n&n6-n(i/#e t%in(! t& an&t%er 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n &n t%e 0art &6 t%e #atter t& (i+e t%in(! &6 t%e !a$e 1in,) 2-antit an, 2-a#it) !%a## /e *&n!i,ere, a /arter.
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 B- De$si 1- V$%!nar" De$si
2- Necessar" De$si (- !dicia% De$si 777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 DEPOSIT =Ars- 19+2>2009; DEPOSIT is *&n!tit-te, 6r&$ t%e $&$ent a 0er!&n re*ei+e! a t%in( /e#&n(in( t& an&t%er) 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 !a6e# 1ee0in( it an, &6 ret-rnin( t%e !a$e. Sa&e
Creai$n $& de$si =Ar- 19+); 5. B +irt-e &6 a *&-rt &r,er &r 8. B #a7 =. N&t / t%e 7i## &6 t%e 0artie! @. De0&!itar $-!t n&t /e t%e &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert ,e0&!ite, ?Ar- 19+2 inds $& De$si 5. !dicia% 7%en an atta*%$ent &r !ei-re &6 0r&0ert in #iti(ati&n i! &r,ere, 8. E6ra4!dicia% ?Ar- 19+? V$%!nar" ,e#i+er i! $a,e / a. t%e 7i## &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r &r / t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! ea*% &6 7%&$ /e#ie+e! %i$!e#6 entit#e, t& t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, Necessar" $a,e in *&$0#ian*e /. 7it% a #e(a# &/#i(ati&n) &r &n t%e &**a!i&n &6 an *a#a$it) &r / tra+e#er! in %&te#! an, inn! &r / tra+e#er! 7it% *&$$&n *arrier!. T%ere i! #a*1 &6 6ree *%&i*e in t%e ,e0&!it&r. BASIS 0reati on
UDICIAL ;i## &6 t%e *&-rt
Purpos
Se*-rit
e
en!-re t%e ri(%t &6 a 0art t& t%e 0r&0ert &r t& re*&+er in *a!e &6 6a+&ra/#e -,($ent
&r
EFTRAUDICIAL ;i## &6 t%e *&ntra*tin( 0artie! t& C-!t&, an, !a6e1ee0in(
/ubjec t #atter 0ause
1eturn of thing In whose behalf it is held
Genera## i$$&+a/#e!
M&+a/#e! &n#
A#7a!&ner&-!
Ma /e *&$0en!ate, /-t (enera## (rat-iti&-! U0&n &r,er &6 t%e U0&n ,e$an, &6 *&-rt en, &6 ,e0&!it&r #iti(ati&n Per!&n 7%& %a! a De0&!it&r &r =r, ri(%t 0er!&n ,e!i(nate,
De$si is 'enera%%" 'ra!i$!s8 =Ar- 19+*; 3enera% R!%e A ,e0&!it i! (enera## (rat-it&-!. E6cei$ns: =SBS; a. ;%en t%ere i! a *&ntrar s ti0-#ati&n /. ;%ere ,e0&!itar i! en(a(e, in t%e # -!ine!! &6 !t&rin( (&&,! *. ;%ere 0 r&0ert i ! s a+e, 7it%&-t 1n&7#e,(e &6 t%e &7ner ,. -,i*ia# ,e0&!it S!#4ec Maer $& De$si =Ar- 19++; 3enera% R!%e8 On# $&+a/#e &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert $a /e t%e &/e*t &6 ,e0&!it ?7%et%er +&#-ntar &r ne*e!!ar E6cei$n8 In -,i*ia# ,e0&!it) it $a *&+er /&t% $&+a/#e an, i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert De$si$r need n$ #e e $/ner $& e in' 3enera% R!%e: T%e ,e0&!it&r $-!t /e t%e &7ner &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, E6cei$ns: It $a /e#&n ( t& an&t%er 0er!&n t%an t%e ,e0&!it&r a. ;%en t7& &r $&re 0er!&n! *#ai$in( t& /e entit#e, t& a t%in( $a ,e0&!it t%e !a$e 7it% a t%ir, 0er!&n. In !-*% *a!e) t%e t%ir, 0er!&n a!!-$e! t%e &/#i(ati&n t& ,e#i+er t& t%e &ne t& 7%&$ it /e#&n(!. /. Inter0#ea,er t%e a*ti&n t& *&$ 0e# t%e ,e0&!it&r! t& !ett#e t%eir *&n6#i*tin( *#ai$!. Here &ne &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r! i! n&t t%e &7ner. :$rm $& c$nrac $& de$si 3enera% R!%e8 A *&ntra*t &6 ,e0&!it $a /e entere, int& ?/-t n&t 0er6e*te, &ra## &r in 7ritin( =Ar- 19+9; E6cei$n# De#i+er &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, i! nee,e, 6&r 0er6e*ti&n.
DEPOSITAR, CAPACITATED DEPOSITOR INCAPACITATED De0&!itar i! !-/e*t t& ALL t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 a ,e0&!itar
DEPOSITAR, INCAPACITATED DEPOSITOR CAPACITATED De0&!itar ,&e! n&t in*-r t%e &/#i(ati&n! &6 a ,e0&!itar
De0&!itar $-!t ret-rn t%e 0r&0ert eit%er t&:
De0&!itar) %&7e+er) i! #ia/#e t&: a Ret-rn t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, 7%i#e !ti## in %i! 0&!!e!!i&n" AND / Pa t%e ,e0&!it&r t%e a$&-nt / 7* %e $a %a+e /ene6ite, %i$!e#6 7 t%e t%in( &r it! 0ri*e !-/e*t t& t%e ri(%t &6 an = r, 0er!&n 7%& a*2-ire! t%e t%in( in (&&, 6ait%
a T%e #e(a# re0re!entati+e &6 t%e in*a0a*itate,) OR / T%e ,e0&!it&r %i$!e#6 i6 %e !%&-#, a*2-ire *a0a*it
BASIS
IRRE3UL AR DEPOSIT De$an,a/#e at 7i## &6 t%e
!emandabi lity
irre(-#ar ,e0&!it&r 6&r 7%&!e /ene6it t%e ,e0&!it %a! /een *&n!tit-te,
+enefit
Bene6it a**r-e! t& t%e ,e0&!it&r De0&!it&r %a! 0re6eren*e &+er &t%er *re,it&r! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%in( ,e0&!ite,
Preference of credit
MUTUUM Len,er i! /&-n, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! t%e *&ntra*t &6 an, *ann&t !ee1 re!tit-ti&n -nti# t%e ti$e &6 0a$ent a! 0r&+i,e, in t%e *&ntra*t %a! ari!en Ne*e!!it &6 t%e /&rr&7er En& n& 0re6eren*e in t%e ,i!tri/-ti&n &6 t%e ,e/t&rK! 0r&0ert
OBLI3ATIONS O: THE DEPOSITAR, =SRT>CCC>ULC>RITT>RPPT>TL>HR; 5. T/$ rimar" $#%i'ai$ns =Ar- 19?2; a. Sa6e1ee0in( &6 t%e &/e*t De(ree &6 Care !a$e ,i#i(en*e a! %e 7&-#, eer*i!e &+er %i! 0r&0ert
• REASONS: i. E!!entia# re2-i!ite &6 -,i*ia# re#ati&n 7%i*% in+&#+e! t%e ,e0&!it&rK! *&n6i,en*e in %i! (&&, 6ait% an, tr-!t7&rt%ine!! ii. T%e 0re!-$0ti&n t%at t%e ,e0&!it&r t&&1 int& a**&-nt t%e ,i#i(en*e 7%i*% t%e ,e0&!itar i! a**-!t&$e, 7it% re!0e*t t& %i! &7n 0r&0ert /. R et-rn &6 t%e t%in( 7%en re2-ire, E+en t%&-(% a !0e*i6ie, ter$ &r ti$e 6&r !-*% $a %a+e /een !ti0-#ate, in t%e *&ntra*t
T%e ,e0&!itar *ann&t e*-!e %i$!e#6 6r&$ #ia/i#it) in t%e e+ent &6 #&!!) / *#ai$in( t%at %e eer*i!e, t%e !a$e a$&-nt &6 *are t&7ar, t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, a! %e 7&-#, t&7ar,! %i! &7n i6 !-*% *are i! #e!! t%an t%at re2-ire, / t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! 8. O#%i'ai$n n$ $ Trans&er de$si =Ar19?(;
3enera% R!%e: T%e ,e0&!itar i! n&t a##&7e, t& ,e0&!it t%e t%in( 7it% a t%ir, 0er!&n REASON: A ,e0&!it i! 6&-n,e, &n tr-!t an, *&n6i,en*e an, it *an /e !-00&!e, t%at t%e ,e0&!it&r) in *%&&!in( t%e ,e0&!itar) %a! ta1en int& *&n!i,erati&n t%e #atterK! 2-a#i6i*ati&n E6cei$n: T%e ,e0&!itar i! a-t%&rie, / e0re!! !ti0-#ati&n LIABILITIES: De0&!itar i! #ia/#e 6&r #&!! &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, 7%en: a. He tran!6er! t%e ,e0&!it 7it% a t%ir, 0er!&n 7it%&-t a-t%&rit a#t%&-(% t%ere i! n& ne(#i(en*e &n %i! 0art an, t%e t%ir, 0er!&n" /. He ,e0&!it! t%e t%in( 7it% a t%ir, 0er!&n 7%& i! $ani6e!t# *are#e!! &r -n6it a#t%&-(% a-t%&rie,) e+en in t%e a/!en*e &6 ne(#i(en*e" &r *. T%e t%in( i! #&! t t%r&-(% t%e ne( #i(en*e &6 %i! e$0#&ee! 7%et%er t%e #atter are $ani6e!t# *are#e!! &r n&t. •
Ee$0ti&n 6r&$ #ia/i#it: T%e t%in( i! #&!t 7it%&-t t%e ne(#i(en*e &6 t%e t%ir, 0er!&n 7it% 7%&$ %e 7a! a##& 7e, t& ,e0&!it t%e t%in( i6 !-*% t%ir, 0er!&n i! n&t $ani6e!t# *are#e!! &r -n6it. ?i.e.) $in&r
=. O#%i'ai$n n$ $ Can'e e /a" $& de$si =Ar- 19?);
3enera% R!%e: De0&!itar $a n&t *%an(e t%e 7a &6 t%e ,e0&!it E6cei$n8 I6 t%ere are *ir*-$!tan*e! in,i*atin( t%at t%e ,e0&!it&r 7&-#, *&n!ent t& t%e *%an(e. T%i! i! a !it-ati&n 7%erein t%e ,e0&!itar 7&-#, rea!&na/# 0re!-$e t%at t%e ,e0&!it&r 7&-#, a(ree t& t%e *%an(e i6 %e 1n&7! &6 t%e 6a*t! &6 t%e !it-ati&n. [email protected]!isies: a. T%e ,e0&!itar $-!t n&ti6 t%e ,e0 &!it&r &6 !-*% *%an(e" an, /. M-!t 7ait 6&r t%e re0# &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r t& !-*% *%an(e. • T%e!e re2-i!ite! $a n&t /e ,i!0en!e, 7it% -n#e!! ,e#a 7&-#, *a-!e ,an(er. @. O#%i'ai$n $ C$%%ec $n e c$se s in aci$n de$sied =Ar- 19?*; • I6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, !%&-#, earn intere!t) t%e ,e0&!itar i! -n,er t%e &/#i(ati&n t&: a. C&##e*t t%e intere!t a! it /e*&$e! ,-e /. Ta1e !-*% !te0! a! $a /e ne*e!!ar t& 0re!er+e it! +a#-e an, t%e ri(%t *&rre!0&n,in( t& it • T%e ,e0&!itar i! /&-n, t& *&##e*t t%e *a0ita#) a! 7e## a! t%e intere!t) 7%en ,-e
C$nrac $& ren $& sa&e" de$si #$6es =Ar- 19?*; A *&ntra*t 6&r t%e rent &6 !a6et ,e0&!it /&e! i! n&t an &r,inar *&ntra*t &6 #ea!e &6 t%in(!) /-t a !0e*ia# 1in, &6 ,e0&!it" %en*e) it i! n&t t& /e !tri*t# (&+erne, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &n ,e0&!it. T%e 0re+ai#in( r-#e in t%e US i! t%at t%e re#ati&n /et7een a /an1 rentin( &-t !a6et ,e0&!it /&e! an, it! *-!t&$er 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e *&ntent! &6 t%e /& i! t%at &6 /ai#&r an, /ai#ee. 4. O#%i'ai$n n$ $ C$mmin'%e in's i& s$ si!%aed =Ar- 19?+;
3enera% R!%e: T%e ,e0&!itar i! 0er$itte, t& *&$$in(#e (rain &r &t%er arti*#e! &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, 2-a#it E66e*t!: a. T%e +ari&-! ,e0&!it&r! &6 t%e $in(#e, (&&,! !%a## &7n t%e entire $a!! in *&$$&n /. Ea*% ,e0 &!it&r !%a# # /e ent it#e, t& !-* % 0&rti&n &6 t%e entire $a!! a! t%e a$&-nt ,e0&!ite, / %i$ /ear! t%e 7%&#e
E6cei$n: ;%en t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar
Re%ai$n #e/een #an< and de$si$r =Ar- 190;
. O#%i'ai$n n$ $ ma
•
• •
E66e*t &6 -na-t%&rie, -!e: Lia/i#it 6&r ,a$a(e! E66e*t! &6 a-t%&rie, -!e: =Ar- 19?; a. I6 t%e t%in( consumable:
,e0&!ite,
i!
non<
3enera% R!%e: T%e *&ntra*t #&!e! t%e *%ara*ter &6 a ,e0&!it an, a*2-ire! t%at &6 a *&$$&,at-$) ,e!0ite t%e 6a*t t%at t%e 0artie! $a %a+e ,en&$inate, it a! a ,e0&!it E6cei$n: Sa6e1ee0in( i! !ti## t%e 0rin*i0a# 0-r0&!e &6 t%e *&ntra*t /. I6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, i! other consumable thing:
money or
3enera% R!%e: C&n+ert! t%e *&ntra*t int& a !i$0#e #&an &r $-t--$ E6cei$n: Sa6e1ee0in( i! !ti## t%e 0rin*i0a# 0-r0&!e &6 t%e *&ntra*t) /-t it /e*&$e! an irr e(-#ar ,e0 &!it. Ban1 ,e0&!it! are in t%e nat-r e &6 irre(-#ar ,e0&!it! /-t t%e are rea## #&an! (&+erne, / t%e #a7 &n #&an!. >. Lia#i%i" &$r L$ss e.en =Ar- 19?9;
r$!' &$r!i$!s
3enera% R!%e : De0&!itar i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r #&!! t%r&-(% 6&rt-it&-! e+ent 7it%&-t %i! 6a-#t E6cei$ns: =SUDA; a. I6 it i! !& s ti0-#ate, /. I6 %e !!e! t%e t%in( 7it%&-t t%e ,e0&!it&rK! 0er$i!!i&n *. I6 %e d e#a! in it!ret-rn ,. I6 %e a##&7! &t%er! t& -!e it) e+en t%&-(% %e %i$!e#6 $a %a+e /een a-t%&rie, t& -!e t%e !a$e NOTE8 Lia/i#it 6&r #&!! 7it%&-t 6&rt-it&-! e+ent: De0&!itar 0re!-$e, at 6a-#t !in*e %e i! in 0&!!e!!i&n =Ar- 12+*;
Fie,) !a+in(!) an, *-rrent ,e0&!it! &6 $&ne in /an1! an, !i$i#ar in!tit- ti&n! !%a## /e (&+erne, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! *&n*ernin( !i$0#e #&an a. C$nrac $& %$an ,e0&!it! in /an1! are rea## #&an! /e*a-!e t%e /an1 *an -!e t%e !a$e 6&r it! &r,inar tran!a*ti&n! /. Re%ai$n $& credi$r and de#$r t%e re#ati&n /et7een a ,e0&!it&r an, a /an1 i! t%a t &6 a *re,it&r an, a ,e/t&r.
9. O#%i'ai$n /en e in' de$sied is C%$sed and Sea%ed =Ar- 191; T%e ,e0&!itar %a! t%e &/#i(ati&n • t&: a. Ret-rn t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, 7%en ,e#i+ere, *#&!e, an, !ea#e, in t%e !a$e *&n,iti&n /. Pa 6&r ,a$a(e! !%&-#, t% e !ea# &r #&*1 /e /r&1en t%r&-(% %i! 6a-#t) 7%i*% i! 0re!-$e, -n#e!! 0r&+en &t%er7i!e *. 'ee0 t%e !e*ret &6 t%e , e0&!it 7%en t%e !ea# &r #&*1 i! /r&1en) 7it% &r 7it%&-t %i! 6a-#t
Wen de$siar" 4!si&ied in $enin' c%$sed and sea%ed s!#4ec maer =Ar192;8 a. T%e ,e0&!itar i! 0re!-$e, a-t%&rie, t& ,& !& i6 t%e 1e %a! /een ,e#i+ere, t& %i$ /. ;%en t%e in!tr-*ti&n! &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r a! re(ar,! t%e ,e0&!it *ann&t /e ee*-te, 7it%&-t &0enin( t%e /& &r re*e0ta*#e ?Ne*e!!it . O#%i'ai$n $ Re!rn r$d!cs5 access$ries and accessi$ns =Ar- 19(; 5. O#%i'ai$n $ a" Ineres $n s!ms c$n.ered &$r ers$na% !se =Ar- 19(; 55. Te de$siar" /$ recei.es e in' in de$si cann$ [email protected]!ire a e de$si$r Pr$.e is $/nersi $.er e
in' =Ar- 19);
58.
Were Tird ers$n aears $ #e e $/ner =Ar- 19); • T%e ,e0&!itar $a /e re#ie+e, 6r&$ #ia/i#it 7%en: a. He a,+i!e, t%e tr-e &7ner &6 t%e t%in( &6 t%e ,e0&!it /. I6 t%e &7ner) in !0ite &6 !-*% in6&r$ati&n) ,&e! n&t *#ai$ it 7it%in t%e 0eri&, &6 &ne $&nt% ?= ,a! 5=. O#%i'ai$n $& e de$siar" /en ere are T/$ $r m$re de$si$rs =Ar- 19*; a. Di+i!i/#e t%in( an, &int ,e0&!it&r! ea*% &ne &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r! *an ,e$an, &n# %i! !%are 0r&0&rti&nate t%eret& /. In,i+i!i/#e t%in( &r !&# i,ar ,e0&!it&r! r-#e! &n a*ti+e !&#i,arit
3enera% R!%e: Ea*% &ne &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r! $a ,& 7%ate+er $a /e -!e6-# t& t%e &t%er! =Ar- 1212; E6cei$n8 Ant%in( 7* $a /e 0re-,i*ia# t& t%e &t%er ,e0&!it&r! 3enera% R!%e: T%e ,e0&!itar $a ret-rn t%e t%in( t& an &ne &6 t%e !&#i,ar ,e0&!it&r! E6cei$n: ;%en a ,e$an,) -,i*ia# &r etra-,i*ia#) 6&r it! ret-rn %a! /een $a,e / &ne &6 t%e$ in 7%i*% *a!e ,e#i+er !%&-#, /e $a,e t& %i$ *.
Ret-rn t& &ne &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r! !ti0-#ate, I6 / !ti0-#ati&n) t%e t%in( !%&-#, /e ret-rne, t& &ne &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r!) t%e ,e0&!itar i! /&-n, t& ret-rn it &n# t& t%e 0er!&n ,e!i(nate,) a#t%&-(% %e %a! n&t $a,e an ,e$an, 6&r it! ret-rn
[email protected] O#%i'ai$n $ Re!rn $ e ers$ n $ /$m re!rn m!s #e made =Ar- 19+; a. T%e ,e0&!itar i! &/#i(e, t& ret-rn t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite,) 7%en re2-ire,) t&: • T%e ,e0&!it&r" • T& %i! %eir! &r !-**e!!&r!" &r • T& t%e 0er!&n 7%& $a %a+e /een ,e!i(nate, in t%e *&ntra*t. /. I6 t%e ,e0 &!it&r 7a! in* a0a*itate, at t%e ti$e &6 $a1in( t%e ,e0&!it) t%e 0r&0ert $-!t /e ret-rne, t&: • Hi! (-ar,ian &r a,$ini!trat&r • T& t%e 0er!&n 7%& $a,e t%e ,e0&!it
T& t%e ,e0&!it&r %i$!e#6 !%&-#, %e a*2-ire *a0a*it E+en i6 t% e ,e0&!it&r %a, *a 0a*it at t%e ti$e &6 $a1in( t%e ,e0&!it) /-t %e !-/!e2-ent# #&!e! %i! *a0a*it ,-rin( t%e ,e0&!it) t%e t%in( $-!t /e ret-rne, t& %i! #e(a# re0re!entati+e •
*.
54. O#%i'ai$n $ re!rn a e P%ace $& re!rn =Ar- 19?; !a$e a! t%e (enera# r-#e &6 #a7 re(ar,in( t%e 0#a*e &6 0a$ent ?Art. 5845
3ENERAL RULE : At t%e 0#a*e a(ree, -0&n / t%e 0artie!) tran!0&rtati&n e0en!e! !%a## /e /&rne / t%e ,e0&!it&r EFCEPTION8 In t%e a/!en*e &6 !ti0-#ati&n) at t%e 0#a*e 7%ere t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, $i(%t /e e+en i6 it !%&-#, n&t /e t%e !a$e 0#a*e 7%ere t%e &ri(ina# ,e0&!it 7a! $a,e 5. O#%i'ai$n $ re!rn !$n e Time $& re!rn =Ar- 19;
3enera% R!%e: T%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, $-!t /e ret-rne, t& t%e ,e0&!it&r -0&n ,e$an,) e+en t%&-(% a !0e*i6ie, 0eri&, &r ti$e 6&r !-*% ret-rn $a %a+e /een 6ie, E6cei$ns8 a. ;%en t%e t%in( i! -,i*ia## atta*%e, 7%i#e in t%e ,e0&!itarK! 0&!!e!!i&n /. ;%en n&t i6ie, &6 t%e &00&!iti&n &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n t& t%e ret-rn &r t%e re$&+a# &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, 5>. Ri' $& e de$s iar" $ re!rn e Tin' de$sied =Ar- 199; NOTE8 In t%i! *a!e) it i! t%e ,e0&!itar 7%& i! ret-rnin( t%e ,e0&!it WITH OR WITHOUT THE DEMAND &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r.
3enera% R!%e: T%e ,e0&!itar $a ret-r n t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite,) n&t7it%!tan,in( t%at a 0eri&, %a! /een 6ie, 6&r t%e ,e0&!it) i6: a. T%e ,e0&!it i! ( rat-it&-! /. T%e rea!&n i! -!ti6ia/#e • Re$e, i6 ,e0&!it&r re6-!e! t& re*ei+e t%e t%in(: T%e ,e0&!itar $a ,e0&!it t%e t%in ( at t%e ,i!0&!a# &6 t%e -,i*ia# a-t%&rit E6cei$n8 ;%en t%e ,e0&!it i! 6&r a +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n) t%e ,e0&!itar %a! n& ri(%t t& ret-rn t%e t%in( /e6&re t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e ti$e ,e!i(nate, e+en i6 %e !%&-#, !-66er in*&n+enien*e a! a *&n!e2-en*e
59.
De$siar"s %ia#i%i" in case $& L$ss #" &$rce ma4e!re $r '$.ernmen $rder =Ar1990; •
A00#ie! &n# 7%en t%e ,e0&!it i! (rat-it&-!
O#%i'ai$n $ a" %$sses inc!rred d!e $ caracer $& in' de$sied =Ar-
De0&!itar i! n&t #ia/#e in *a!e! &6 #&!! / 6&r*e $ae-re &r / (&+ern$ent &r,er. H&7e+er) %e %a! t%e ,-t t& ,e#i+er t& t%e ,e0&!it&r $&ne &r an&t%er t%in( %e re*ei+e! in 0#a*e &6 t%e t%in(.
3enera% R!%e : T%e ,e0&!itar $-!t /e rei$/-r!e, 6&r #&!! !-66ere, / %i$ /e*a-!e &6 t%e *%ara*ter &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite,. E6cei$ns: a. De0&!it&r 7a! n&t a7are &6 t%e ,an(er /. De0&!it&r 7a! n&t e0 e*te, t& 1n&7 t%e ,an(er&-! *%ara*ter &6 t%e t%in( *. De0&!it&r n&ti6ie, t%e ,e0&!itar &6 !-*% ,an(er&-! *%ara*ter ,. De0&!itar 7a! a7are &6 t%e ,an(er 7it%&-t a,+i*e 6r&$ t%e ,e0&!it&r
5. Lia#i%i" in case $& a%ienai$n #" e de$siar"s Heir =Ar- 1991; •
•
;%en a#ienati&n i! ,&ne in GOOD FAITH: a. Ret-rn t%e +a#-e &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, /. A!!i(n t% e ri(%t t& *&# #e*t 6r& $ t%e /-er • T%e %eir ,&e! n&t nee, t& 0a t%e a*t-a# 0ri*e &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite, ;%en a#ienati&n i! ,&ne in BAD FAITH: a. Lia/#e 6&r ,a$a(e! /. Pa t%e a*t-a# 0ri*e &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite,
8. De$siar" ma" Reain e in' in %ed'e !ni% e &!%% a"men $& /a ma" #e d!e im #" reas$n $& e de$si =Ar- 199); •
T%e t%in( retaine, !er+e! a! !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 7%at $a /e ,-e t& t%e ,e0&!itar / rea!&n &6 t%e ,e0&!it ? see Art!. 54) 58 5= NOTE: T%e ,e/t $-!t /e 0ri&r t& t%e ,e0&!it
IRRE3ULAR DEPOSIT Ma /e ,e$an,e, at 7i## / t%e irre(-#ar ,e0&!it&r 6&r 7%&!e /ene6it t%e ,e0&!it %a! /een *&n!tit-te, On# /ene6it i! t%at 7%i*% a**r-e! t& t%e ,e0&!it&r De0&!it&r %a!
MUTUUM Len,er i! /&-n, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t an, *ann&t !ee1 re!tit-ti&n -nti# t%e ti$e 6&r 0a$ent) a! 0r&+i,e, in t%e *&ntra*t) %a! ari!en I6 7it% intere!t) /ene6it i6 /&t% 0artie! N& 0re6eren*e
0re6eren*e &+er &t%er *re,it&r!
O#%i'ai$ns $& e De$si$r8 =PLD; O#%i'ai$n $ a" e6enses reser.ai$n =Ar- 1992;
E&&ec $& dea $& de$si$r $r de$siar" =Ar- 199*; a. De0&!it (rat-it&-! ,eat% &6 eit%er &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r &r ,e0&!itar etin(-i!%e! t%e ,e0&!it ?0er!&na# in nat-re. B t%e 7&r, etin(-i!%e,) t%e #a7 rea## $ean! t%at t%e ,e0&!itar i! n&t &/#i(e, t& *&ntin-e 7it% t%e *&ntra*t &6 ,e0&!it. /. De0&!it 6&r *&$0en!ati&n n&t etin(-i!%e, / t%e ,eat% &6 eit%er 0art E6in'!ismen $& De$si a. U0&n t%e #&!! &r ,eteri&rati&n &6 t%e t%in( ,e0&!ite," /. U0&n t%e ,eat% &6 t%e ,e0&!itar) ONLY in (rat-it&-! ,e0&!it!" *. Ot%er 0r&+i!i&n! in t%e Ci+i# C&,e ?n&+ati&n) $er(er) et*. NECESSAR, DEPOSIT A ,e0&!it i! ne*e!!ar 7%en: ?LCCT 1. It i! $a,e in *&$0#ian*e 7it% a &/#i(ati&n 2.
It ta1e! 0#a*e &n t%e &**a!i&n &6 an c a#a$it) !-*% a! 6ire) !t&r$) 6#&&,) 0i##a(e) !%i07re*1) &r &t%er !i$i#ar e+ent! • T%ere $-!t /e a *a-!a# re#ati&n /et7een t%e *a#a$it an, t%e *&n!tit-ti&n &6 t%e ,e0&!it
3.
Ma,e / 0a!!en(er! 7it% c&$$&n *arrier! •
$&
%e(a%
A! t& /a((a(e! t%e 0a!!en(er! &r t%eir a(ent! *arr
4.
Ma,e / ra+e#er! in %&te#! &r inn!=Ar- 199; • Be6&re 1ee0er! &6 %&te#! &r inn! $a /e %e#, re!0&n!i/#e a! ,e0&!itarie! 7it% re(ar, t& t%e e66e*t! &6 t%eir (-e!t!) t%e 6&##&7in( $-!t *&n*-r: E%emens8 a. T%e %a+ e /een 0re +i&-!# in6&r$e, a/&-t t%e e66e*t! /r&-(%t / t%e (-e!t!" an, /. T%e #atter %a+e ta1en t%e 0re*a-ti&n! 0re!*ri/e, re(ar,in( t%eir !a6e1ee0in(.
T%e %&te#1ee0er *ann&t 6ree %i$!e#6 6r&$ re!0&n!i/i#it / 0&!tin( n&ti*e! t& t%e e66e*t t%at %e i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r t%e arti*#e! /r&-(%t / t%e (-e!t ?Art. 8= E66e*t: An !ti0-#ati&n /et7een t%e %&te# 1ee0er an, t%e (-e!t 7%ere/ t%e re!0&n!i/i#it &6 t%e 6&r$er ?a! !et 6&rt% in Art. 5985 i! !-00re!!e, &r ,i$ini!%e, !%a## /e VOID. •
E6en $& %ia#i%i"8 a. Lia/i#it in %&te# r&&$! 7%i*% *&$e -n,er t%e ter$ /a((a(e &r arti*#e! !-*% a! *#&t%in( a! are &r,inari# -!e, / tra+e#er! /. In*#-,e t%&!e #&!t &r ,a$a(e! in %&te# annee! !-*% a! +e%i*#e! in t%e %&te#K! (ara(e. •
Wen $e%>
•
Wen $e%>
•
E6emi$n $r dimin!i$n $& %ia#i%i"8
H$e%>
•
In *&$0#ian*e 7it% a #e(a# &/#i(ati&n ?(&+erne, / t%e #a7 e!ta/#i!%in( it) an, in *a!e &6 ,e6i*ien*) t%e r-#e! &n +&#-ntar ,e0&! it e%g% Art!. 4=9) 49 an, 85@
•
Ma,e &n t%e &**a!i&n &6 an *a#a$ it ?(&+erne, / t%e r-#e! &n +&#-ntar ,e0&!it an, Art. 859
SEUESTRATION OR UDICIAL DEPOSIT Wen 4!dicia% de$si a
/.
He $a n&t /e re#ie+e, &6 %i! re!0&n!i/i#it -nti# t%e #iti(ati&n i! en,e, &r t%e *&-rt !& &r,er!. ?Art. 8> A00#i*a/#e #a7: T%e #a7 &n -,i*ia# ,e0&!it i! re$e,ia# &r 0r&*e,-ra# in nat-re. Hen*e) t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt are a00#i*a/#e. ?Art. 8
BASIS 0ause srcin
or
Purpose
/ubject #atter
1emunerati on
In whose behalf it is held
UDICIAL DEPOSIT B 7i## &6 t%e *&-rt! Se*-rit" Se*-re t%e ri(%t &6 a 0art t& re*&+er in *a!e &6 6a+&ra/#e -,($ent. Eit%er $&+a/#e &r i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert /-t (enera##) i$$&+a/#e A#7a! re$-nerate, ?&ner&-! In /e%a#6 &6 t%e 0er!&n 7%&) / t%e -,($ent) %a! a ri(%t
EFTRAUDIC IAL DEPOSIT B 7i## &6 t%e 0artie!. Hen*e) t%ere i! a *&ntra*t C-!t&," Sa6e1ee0in( &6 t%e t%in(
CHARACTERISTICS O: THE CONTRACT 5. Access$r" ,e0en,ent 6&r it! ei!ten*e -0&n t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n (-arantee, / it %en*e i6 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t i! +&i,) t%en (-arant i! a#!& +&i, 8. S!#sidiar" and C$ndii$na% ta1e! e66e*t &n# 7%en t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t& r 6ai#! in %i! &/#i(ati&n !-/e*t t& #i$itati&n =. Uni%aera% a. It (i+e! ri!e &n# t& a ,- t &n t %e 0art &6 t%e (-arant&r in re#ati&n t& t%e *re,it&r an, n&t +i*e +er!a /. It $a /e ent ere, int& e+en 7it%&-t t%e inter+enti&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r. @. Disinc Pers$n a 0er!&n *ann&t /e t%e 0er!&na# (-arant&r &6 %i$!e#6
On# $&+a/#e 0r&0ert
Genera## (rat-it&-!) /-t $a /e *&$0en!ate, In /e%a#6 &6 t%e ,e0&!it&r &r t%ir, 0er!&n ,e!i(nate,
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 C- 3!aran" and S!re"si 1- Na!re and e6en $& '!aran" 2- E&&ecs $& '!aran" (- E6in'!ismen $& '!aran" )- Le'a% and 4!dicia% #$nds 777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 3UARANT, AND SURET,SHIP =Ars- 20)?>20); 3UARANT, B (-arant) a 0er!&n *a##e, t%e (-arant&r) /in,! %i$!e#6 t& t%e *re,it&r) t& 6-#6i## t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r in *a!e t%e #atter !%&-#, 6ai# t& ,& !&. It i! a *&ntra*t /et7een t%e (-arant&r an, t%e *re,it&r.
Ca!se $& c$nrac $& '!aran" 5. Presence $& ca!se /ic s!$rs rincia% $#%i'ai$n8 Ca-!e &6 t%e *&ntra*t i! t%e !a$e *a-!e 7%i*% !-00&rt! t%e &/#i(ati&n a! t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r. T%e *&n!i,erati&n 7%i*% !-00&rt! t%e &/#i(ati&n a! t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r i! a !-66i*ient *&n!i,erati&n t& !-00&rt t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 a (-arant&r &r !-ret. 8. A#sence $& direc c$nsiderai$n $r #ene&i $ '!aran$r8 G-arant &r !-ret a(ree$ent i! re(ar,e, +a#i, ,e!0ite t%e a/!en*e &6 an ,ire*t *&n!i,erati&n re*ei+e, / t%e (-arant&r &r !-ret) !-*% *&n!i,erati&n nee, n&t 0a!! ,ire*t# t& t%e (-arant&r &r !-ret" a *&n!i,erati&n $&+in( t& t%e 0rin*i0a# 7i## !-66i*e.
MARRIED WOMAN AS 3UARANTOR =Ar20)9; 3enera% R!%e8 Marrie, 7&$an /in,! &n# %er !e0arate 0r&0ert E6cei$ns8 5. ;it% %er !s#ands c$nsen) /in,! t%e *&$$-nit &r *&n-(a# 0artner!%i0 0r&0ert cases 8. ;it%&-t %-!/an,K! *&n!ent) in r$.ided #" %a/ ) !-*% a! 7%en t%e (-arant %a! re,&-n,e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 6a$i# 3UARANT, UNDERTAEN WITHOUT NOWLED3E O: DEBTOR =Ar- 20*0;
a. T
Ri's $& ird ers$ns /$ a"8 1- Pa"men /i$! e
D$!#%e $r s!#>'!aran" =Ar- 20*1=2;; One *&n!tit-te, t& (-arantee t%e &/#i(ati&n &6 a (-arant&r. It !%&-#, n&t /e *&n6&-n,e, 7it% (-arant 7%erein !e+era# (-arant&r! *&n*-r. 3UARANT, O: VOIDABLE5 UNEN:ORCEABLE5 AND NATURAL OBLI3ATIONS =Ar- 20*2=2;; A (-arant $a !e*-re t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 a: 5. V$ida#%e c$nrac !-*% *&ntra*t i! /in,in() -n#e!! it i! ann-##e, / a 0r&0er *&-rt a*ti&n 8. Unen&$rcea#%e c$nrac /e*a-!e !-*% *&ntra*t i! n&t +&i, =. Na!ra% $#%i'ai$n t%e *re,it&r $a 0r&*ee, a(ain!t t%e (-arant&r a#t%&-(% %e %a! n& ri(%t &6 a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r 6&r t%e rea!&n t%at t%e #atterK! &/#i(ati&n i! n&t *i+i## en6&r*ea/#e. • Ghen the debtor himself offers a guaranty for his natural obligation& he impliedly recogni$es his liability& thereby transforming the obligation from a natural into a ci"il one%
3UARANT, O: :UTURE DEBTS =Ar- 20*(; C$nin!in' 3!aran" $r S!re"si8 5. N&t #i$ite, t& a !in (#e tran!a*ti&n /-t 7% i*% *&nte$0#ate! a 6-t-re *&-r!e &6 ,ea#in(!) *&+erin( a !erie! &6 tran!a*ti&n! (enera## 6&r an in,e6inite ti$e &r -nti# re+&1e,. 8. It i! 0r&!0e*ti+e in it! &0erati&n an, i! (enera## inten,e, t& 0r&+i,e !e*-rit 7it% re!0e*t t& 6-t-re tran!a*ti&n!. =. F-t-re ,e/t!) e+en i6 t%e a$&- nt i! n&t et 1n&7n) $a /e (-arantee, /-t t%ere *an /e n& *#ai$ a(ain!t t%e (-arant&r -nti# t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e ,e/t i! a!*ertaine, &r 6ie, an, ,e$an,a/#e. Ea$0#e!:
$ sec!re e a"men $& a %$an a ma!ri" (-arantee &6 t%e 0-n*t-a# 0a$ent &6 a #&an at $at-rit an, a## &t%er &/#i(ati&n! &6 in,e/te,ne!! /. T$ sec!re a"men i& an" de# $ #e s!#[email protected]!en%" inc!rred *&n!tr-e, a! *&ntin-in( 7%en it i! e+i,ent 6r&$ t%e ter$! t%at t%e &/e*t i! t& (i+e a !tan,in( *re,it t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r t& /e -!e, 6r&$ ti$e t& ti$e eit%er in,e6inite# &r -nti# a *ertain 0eri&,) e!0e*ia## i6 t%e ri(%t t& re*a## t%e (-arant i! e0re!!# re!er+e,.
3!aran" $& c$ndii$na% $#%i'ai$ns8 A (-arant $a !e*-re a## 1in,! &6 &/#i(ati&n!) /e t%e 0-re &r !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e &r re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n. 5. Princia% $#%i'ai$n s!#4ec $ a s!sensi.e c$ndii$n t%e (-arant&r i! #ia/#e &n# a6ter t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e *&n,iti&n. $#%i'ai$n s!#4ec $ a 8. Princia% res$%!$r" c$ndi i$n t%e %a00enin( &6 t%e *&n,iti&n etin(-i!%e! /&t% t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n an, t%e (-arant 3UARANTORS LIABILIT, CANNOT EFCEED PRINCIPAL OBLI3ATION =Ar- 20*); 3enera% R!%e8 3!aran" is a s!#sidiar" and access$r" c$nrac (-arant&r *ann&t /in, %i$!e#6 6&r $&re t%an t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r • I6 %e ,&e!) %i! #ia/i#it !%a## /e re,-*e, t& t%e #i$it! &6 t%at &6 t%e ,e/t&r. • B-t t%e (-arant&r $a /in, %i$!e#6 6&r #e!! t%an t%at &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#.
E6cei$ns8 5. Ineres5 4!dicia% c$ss5 and a$rne"s &ees as ar $& dama'es ma" #e rec$.ered *re,it&r! $a re*&+er 6r&$ t%e !-ret a! 0art &6 t%eir ,a$a(e! t%e a/&+e$enti&ne, 6ee! e+en 7it%&-t !ti0-#ati&n an, e+en i6 t%e !-ret 7&-#, t%ere/ /e*&$e #ia/#e t& 0a $&re t%an t%e t&ta# a$&-nt !ti0-#ate, in t%e /&n,. REASON: S-ret i! $a,e t& 0a) n&t / rea!&n &6 t%e *&ntra*t) /-t / rea!&n &6 %i! 6ai#-re t& 0a 7%en ,e$an,e, an, 6&r %a+in( *&$0e##e, t%e *re,it&r t& re!&rt t& t%e *&-rt! t& &/tain 0a$ent-
Ineres r!ns &r$m8 =demand; a. Fi#in( &6 t%e *&$0#aint ?-0&n -,i*ia# ,e$an," &r
/.
T%e ti$e ,e$an, 7a! $a,e -0&n t%e !-ret -nti# t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n i! 6-## 0ai, ?-0&n etra-,i*ia# ,e$an,
8. Pena%" ma" #e r$.ided !-ret $a /e %e#, #ia/#e 6&r t%e 0ena#t 0r&+i,e, 6&r in a /&n, 6&r +i&#ati&n &6 t%e *&n,iti&n t%erein.
Princia%s %ia#i%i" ma" e6ceed '!aran$rs $#%i'ai$ns T%e a$&-nt !0e*i6ie, in a !-ret /&n, a! t%e !-retK! &/#i(ati&n ,&e! n&t #i$it t%e etent &6 t%e ,a$a(e! t%at $a /e re*&+ere, 6r&$ t%e 0rin*i0a#) t%e #atterK! #ia/i#it /ein( (&+erne, / t%e &/#i(ati&n! %e a!!-$e, -n,er %i! *&ntra*t.
3UARANT, NOT PRESUMED =Ar- 20**; G-arant re2-ire! t%e e0re!!i&n &6 *&n!ent &n t%e 0art &6 t%e (-arant&r t& /e /&-n,. It *ann&t /e 0re!-$e, /e*a-!e &6 t%e ei!ten*e &6 a *&ntra*t &r 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n. 3!aran" C$.ered #" e Sa!e $& :ra!ds • G-arant $-!t n&t &n# /e e0re!!e, /-t $-!t !& /e re,-*e, int& 7ritin(•
•
Hen*e) it !%a## /e -nen6&r*ea/#e / a*ti&n) -n#e!! t%e !a$e &r !&$e n&te &r $e$&ran,-$ t%ere&6 /e in 7ritin() an, !-/!*ri/e, / t%e 0art *%ar(e,) &r / %i! a(ent" e+i,en*e) t%ere6&re) &6 t%e a(ree$ent *ann&t /e re*ei+e, 7it%&-t t%e 7ritin() &r a !e*&n,ar e+i,en*e &6 it! *&ntent!. It nee, n&t a00ear in a 0-/#i* ,&*-$ent.
3!aran" Sric%" C$nsr!ed Stri*t# *&n!tr-e, a(ain!t t%e *re,it&r in 6a+&r &6 t%e (-arant&r an, i! n&t /e eten,e, /e&n, it! ter$! &r !0e*i6ie, #i$it!. D&-/t in t%e ter$! an, *&n,iti&n! &6 t%e (-arant &r !-ret!%i0 a(ree$ent !%&-#, /e re!&#+e, in 6a+&r &6 t%e (-arant&r &r !-ret. 5. Lia#i%i" &$r $#%i'ai$n si!%aed (-arant&r i! n&t #ia/#e t& &/#i(ati&n! a!!-$e, 0re+i&-! t& t%e ee*-ti&n &6 t%e (-arant -n#e!! an intent t& /e !& #ia/#e i! *#ear# in,i*ate, 8. Lia#i%i" $& s!re" %imied $ a &i6ed eri$d t%e !-ret $-!t &n# /e /&-n, in t%e $anner an, t& t%e etent) an, -n,er t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! 7%i*% are !et 6&rt% &r 7%i*% $a /e in6erre, 6r&$ t%e *&ntra*t &6 (-arant &r !-ret!%i0) an, n& 6-rt%er. =. Lia#i%i" $& s!re" $ e6ire $n ma!ri" $& rincia% $#%i'ai$n !-*% !ti0-#ati&n i! -n6air an, -nrea!&na/#e 6&r it 0ra*ti*a##
n-##i6ie! t%e nat-re &6 t%e -n,erta1in( it %a, a!!-$e,.
Remed" $& s!re"8 F&re*#&!e t%e *&-nter/&n, 0-t -0 / t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r ?i6 t%ere i! an 3UARANT, DISTIN3UISHED :ROM SURET,SHIP 3UARANT, SURET,SHIP Lia/i#it ,e0en,! -0&n A!!-$e! #ia/i#it a! a an in,e0en,ent re'!%ar ar" t& t% e a(ree$ent t& 0a t%e -n,erta1in( i& &/#i(ati&n t%e rimar" de#$r &ai%s t& ,& !& En(a(e$ent i! a C%ar(e, a! an &ri(ina# *&##atera# -n,erta1in( 0r&$i!&r Sec$ndari%" %ia#%e Primari%" %ia#%e %e *&ntra*t! t& 0a i6) -n,erta1e! ,ire*t# 6&r / t%e -!e &6 ,-e t%e 0a$ent 7it%&-t ,i#i(en*e) t%e ,e/t re6eren*e t& t%e *ann&t /e 0ai, !&#+en* &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#) an, i! !& re!0&n!i/#e at &n*e t%e #atter $a1e! ,e6a-#t) 7it%&-t an ,e$an, / t%e *re,it&r -0&n t%e 0rin*i0a# 7%at!&e+er &r an n&ti*e &6 ,e6a-#t On# /in,! %i$!e#6 t& Un,erta1e! t& 0a i& t%e 0a i& t%e 0rin*i0a# 0rin*i0a# d$es n$ 0a) cann$ &r i! -na/#e t& 7it%&-t re(ar, t& %i! 0a a/i#it t& ,& !& In!-rer &6 t%e In!-rer &6 t%e de# s$%.enc" &6 t%e ,e/t&r D&e! n&t *&ntra*t Pa t%e *re,it&r a t%e rincia% /i$! @!a%i&icai$n 7i## 0a) /-t !i$0# i6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r t%at %e is a#%e t& ,& ,&e! n&t 0a. Hen*e) t%e !& re!0&n!i/i#it &r &/#i(ati&n a!!-$e, / t%e !-ret i! (reater &r $&re &ner&-! t%an t%at &6 a (-arant&r UALI:ICATIONS O: 3UARANTOR =Ars20*+>20*?; =SIC; 5. He 0&!!e!!e! inte(rit 8. He %a! t%e ca0a*it t& /in, %i$!e#6 =. He %a! s-66i*ient 0r&0ert t& an!7er 6&r t%e &/#i(ati&n 7%i*% %e (-arantee! E6cei$n8 T%e *re,it&r 7ai+e! t%e re2-ire$ent! E&&ec $& S!#[email protected]!en L$ss $& [email protected]!ired !a%i&icai$ns8 T%e 2-a#i6i*ati&n! nee, &n# /e
0re!ent at t%e ti$e &6 t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e *&ntra*tT%e !-/!e2-ent #&!! &6 t%e 2-a#i6i*ati&n! 7&-#, n&t etin(-i!% t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e (-arant&r) n&r 7i## it etin(-i!% t%e *&ntra*t &6 (-arant. Remed" $& credi$r8 De$an, an&t%er (-arant&r 7it% t%e 0r&0er 2-a#i6i*ati&n! E6cei$n8 Cre,it&r $a 7ai+e it i6 %e *%&&!e! an, %&#, t%e (-arant&r t& %i! /ar(ain.
NOTE8 Art. 849 i! n&t a00#i*a/#e t& a *&ntra*t &6 !-ret!%i0.
Aric%e 20*?8
E6cei$n8 T%e *re,it&r $a) 0ri&r t%eret&)
5. Re2-ire! *&n+i*ti&n in t%e 6ir!t in!tan*e &6 a *ri$e in+&#+in( ,i!%&ne!t t& %a+e t%e ri(%t t& ,e$an, an&t%er. 8. J-,i*ia# ,e*#arati&n &6 in!&#+en* i! n&t ne*e!!ar in &r,er 6&r t%e *re,it&r t& %a+e a ri(%t t& ,e$an, an&t%er (-arant&r.
!e*-re a -,($ent a(ain!t t%e (-arant&r) 7%& !%a## /e entit#e,) %&7e+er) t& a ,e6er$ent &6 t%e ee*-ti&n &6 !ai, -,($ent a(ain!t %i$) -nti# a6ter t%e 0r&0ertie! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r !%a## %a+e /een e%a-!te,) t& !ati!6 t%e #atterK! &/#i(ati&n.
Esae $& Hemad" .- L!J$n S!re" Te s!er.enin' incaaci" $& a '!aran$r DOES NOT erminae e '!aran" &$r i mere%" 'i.es e credi$r e OPTION $ demand an$er '!aran$r- He is n$ #$!nd $ s!#si!e e '!aran$r-
EFCEPTIONS TO THE EFCUSSION =Ar- 20*9;
Ri' $& Credi$r $ Sec!re !d'men a'ains 3!aran$r ri$r $ E6a!si$n 3enera% R!%e8 An &r,inar 0er!&na# (-arant&r ?NOT a 0#e,(&r &r $&rt(a(&r) $a ,e$an, e%a-!ti&n &6 a## t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e ,e/t&r /e6&re %e *an /e *&$0e##e, t& 0a.
BENE:IT
O:
Te '!aran$r is n$ eni%ed $ e #ene&i $& e6c!ssi$n8 5. As r$.ided in Ar- 20*98 =I>SAW>U;
Se%eci$n $& 3!aran$r8 5. Seci&ied ers$n si!%aed as '!aran$r8 S-/!tit-ti&n &6 (-arant&r $a n&t /e ,e$an,e, REASON: T%e !e#e*ti&n &6 t%e (-arant&r i!: a. A ter$ &6 t%e a(ree$ent"
a. I6 t%e (-arant&r %a! e0re!!# /ai.ed it ;ai+er • Gai"er is "alid but it must be made in express terms%
/. A! a 0art) t%e *re,it&r i!) t%ere6&re) /&-n, t%ere/. 8. 3!aran$r se%eced #" e rincia% de#$r8 De/t&r an!7er! 6&r t%e inte(rit) *a0a*it) an, !&#+en* &6 t%e (-arant&r. =. 3!aran$r ers$na%%" desi'na ed #" e credi$r8 Re!0&n!i/i#it &6 t%e !e#e*ti&n !%&-#, 6a## -0&n t%e *re,it&r /e*a-!e %e *&n!i,ere, t%e (-arant&r t& %a+e t%e 2-a#i6i*ati&n! 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e.
,e/t&r #ia/i#it a!!-$e, t%at &6 a !-ret • 8uarantor becomes primarily liable as a solidary co
RI3HT O: 3UARANTOR TO BENE:IT O: EFCUSSION OR EFHAUSTION =Ar- 20*; 5. 3!aran$r $n%" sec$ndari%" %ia#%e (-arant&r /in,! %i$!e#6 &n# in *a!e t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r !%&-#, 6ai# t& ,& !&. I6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r 6-#6i##! t%e &/#i(ati&n (-arantee,) t%e (-arant&r i! ,i!*%ar(e, 6r&$ an re!0&n!i/i#it. 8. A%% %e'a% remedies a'ains e de#$r $ #e &irs e6a!sed t& 7arrant re*&-r!e a(ain!t t%e (-arant&r 6&r 0a$ent) it $a n&t /e !-66i*ient t%at t%e ,e/t&r a00ear! in!&#+ent. S-*% in!&#+en* $a /e !i$-#ate,.
/. I6 %e %a! /&-n, %i$!e#6 s&#i,ari# 7it% t%e
*. In *a!e &6 in!&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r (-arant&r (-arantee! t%e !&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r • If the debtor becomes insol"ent& the liability of the guarantor as the debtor cannot fulfill his obligation ,. ;%en %e ?,e/t&r %a! a/!*&n,e,) &r *ann&t /e !-e, 7it%in t%e P%i#i00ine! t%e *re,it&r i! n&t re2-ire, t& (& a6ter a ,e/t&r 7%& i! %i,in( &r *ann&t /e !-e, in &-r *&-rt!
E6cei$n8 De/t&r %a! #e6t a $ana(er &r re0re!entati+e e. I6 it $a /e 0re!-$e, t%at a -,i*ia# a*ti&n in*#-,in( ee*-ti&n &n t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r 7&-#, n&t re!-#t in t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n i6 !-*% i!
t%e *a!e) t%e (-arant&r *an n& #&n(er re2-ire t%e *re,it&r t& re!&rt t& a## !-*% re$e,ie! a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r a! t%e !a$e 7&-#, /e /-t a ! !e#e!! 6&r$a#it. It i! n&t ne*e!!ar t%at t%e ,e/t&r /e -,i*ia## ,e*#are, in!&#+ent. 8. I& e d$es n$ c$m%" /i Ar- 20+08 In &r,er t%at t%e (-arant&r $a $a1e -!e &6 t%e /ene6it &6 e*-!!i&n) %e $-!t: a. Set it -0 a(a in!t t% e *re,it&r -0& n t%e #atterK! ,e$an, 6&r 0a$ent 6r&$ %i$" /. P&int &-t t& t%e *re,it&r: i. A+ai#a/#e 0r&0ert &6 t %e ,e/t&r t%e (-arant&r !%&-#, 6a*i#itate t%e rea#iati&n &6 t%e e*-!!i&n !in*e %e i! t%e $&!t intere!te, in it! /ene6it. ii. ;it%in t%e P%i#i00ine territ&r e*-!!i&n &6 0r&0ert #&*ate, a/r&a, 7&-#, /e a #en(t% an, etre$e# ,i66i*-#t 0r&*ee,in( an, 7&-#, n&t *&n6&r$ 7it% t%e 0-r0&!e &6 t%e (-arant t& 0r&+i,e t%e *re,it&r 7it% t%e $ean! &6 &/tainin( t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n. iii. S-66i*ient t& *&+er t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e ,e/t. =. I6 % e i ! a 4!dicia% #$n dsman an, s!#> s!re" =Ar- 20); /e*a-!e %e i! !&#i,ari# #ia/#e @. ;%ere a %ed'e &r m$r'a'e %a! /een 'i.en #" im as a secia% sec!ri" 4. I6 % e &ai%s $ in er$se it a! a de&ense #e&$re 4!d'men is rendered a(ain!t %i$
DUT, O: CREDITOR TO MAE PRIOR DEMAND :OR PA,MENT :ROM 3UARANTOR =Ar- 20+0; 5. Wen de mand $ #e mad e &n# a6ter -,($ent &n t%e ,e/t 6&r &/+i&-!# t%e e%a-!ti&n &6 t%e 0rin*i0a#K! 0r&0ert *ann&t e+en /e(in t& ta1e 0#a*e /e6&re -,($ent %a! /een &/taine,. 8. Ac!a% demand $ #e made &inin( t%e (-arant&r in t%e !-it a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r i! n&t t%e ,e$an, inten,e, / #a7. T%ere $-!t /e an a*t-a# ,e$an, an, n&t -,i*ia# ,e$an,.
DUT, O: THE 3UARANTOR TO SET UP BENE:IT O: EFCUSSION =Ar- 20+0; A! !&&n a! %e i! re2-ire, t& 0a) (-arant&r $-!t a#!& 0&int &-t t& t%e *re,it&r a+ai#a/#e 0r&0ert
?n&t in #iti(ati&n &r en*-$/ere, &6 t%e ,e/t&r 7it%in t%e P%i#i00ine!.
DUT, O: THE CREDITOR TO RESORT TO ALL LE3AL REMEDIES =Ar- 20+1; A6ter t%e (-arant&r %a! 6-#6i##e, t%e *&n,iti&n! re2-ire, 6&r $a1in( -!e &6 t%e /ene6it &6 e%a-!ti&n) it /e*&$e! t%e ,-t &6 t%e *re,it&r t&: E%a-!t a## t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e ,e/t&r 0&inte, &-t / t%e (-arant&r I6 %e 6ai#! t& ,& !&) %e !%a## !-66er t%e #&!! /-t &n# t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e !ai, 0r&0ert) 6&r t%e in!&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r. Re!&rt t& a## #e(a# re$e,ie! in*#-,e! pauliana) a$&n( &t%er!.
accion
$inder $& 3!aran$r and Princia% as Paries De&endan 3enera% R!%e: T%e (-arant&r) n&t /ein( a &int *&ntra*t&r 7it% %i! 0rin*i0a#) *ann&t /e !-e, 7it% %i! 0rin*i0a#. E6cei$n8 ;%ere it 7&-#, !er+e $ere# t& ,e#a t%e -#ti$ate a**&-ntin( &6 t%e (-arant&r &r i6 n& ,i66erent re!-# t 7&-#, /e attaine, i6 t%e 0#ainti66 7ere 6&r*e, t& in!tit-te !e0arate a*ti&n! a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# an, t%e (-arant&r!. PROCEDURE WHEN CREDITOR SUES =Ar20+2; 5. Sen a'ains e rincia% T%e (-arant&r *ann&t /e !-e, 7it% %i! 0rin*i0a#) $-*% #e!! a#&ne) e*e0t in t%e *a!e! $enti& ne, in Art. 84 7%ere t%e (-arant&r i! n&t entit#e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 e*-!!i&n. • As a rule& the creditor may hold the guarantor only after judgment has been obtained against the principal debtor and the latter is unable to pay%
8. N$ice $ '!aran$r $& e aci$n (-arant&r $-!t /e n&ti6ie, !& t%at %e $a a00ear) i6 %e !& ,e!ire!) an, !et -0 ,e6en!e! %e $a 7ant t& &66er a. 3!aran" aears +&#-ntar a00earan*e ,&e! n&t *&n!tit-te a ren-n*iati&n &6 %i! ri(%t t& e*-!!i&n. /. 3!aran" d$es n$ aear i. He *ann&t !et -0 t%e ,e6en!e! 7%i*%) / a00earin( are a##&7e, t& %i$ / #a7" an,
ii. It $a n& #& n(er /e 0& !!i/#e 6&r %i$ t& 2-e!ti&n t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e -,($ent ren,ere, a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r =. Hearin' #e&$re e6ec!i$n can #e iss!ed a'ains e '!aran$r a (-arant&r i! entit#e, t& /e %ear, /e6&re an ee*-ti&n *an /e i!!-e, a(ain!t %i$ 7%ere %e i! n&t a 0art in t%e *a!e in+&#+in( %i! 0rin*i0a#.
(- E6en $& %ia#i%i" $& se.era% '!aran$rs 4$in $#%i'ai$n8 t%e &/#i(ati&n t& an!7er 6&r t%e ,e/t i! ,i+i,e, a$&n( a## &6 t%e$. T%e (-arant&r! are n&t #ia/#e t& t%e *re,it&r /e&n, t%e !%are! 7%i*% t%e are re!0e*ti+e# /&-n, t& 0a. E6cei$n: S&#i,arit %a! /een e0re!!# !ti0-#ate,
E::ECTS O: COMPROMISE =Ar- 20+(;
Bene&i
C$mr$mise a *&ntra*t 7%ere/ t%e 0artie!) / $a1in( re*i0r&*a# *&n*e!!i&n!) a+&i, a #iti(ati&n &r 0-t an en, t& &ne a#rea, *&$$en*e,.
3!aran$rs8
5. C&$0r&$i!e /et7een *re,it&r an, 0ri n*i0a# ,e/t&r /ene6it! t%e (-arant&r /-t ,&e! n&t 0re-,i*e %i$. 8. C&$0r&$i!e /et7een (-arant&r an, t%e *re,it&r /ene6it! /-t ,&e! n&t 0re-,i*e t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r. REASON: A *&$0r&$i!e /in,! &n# t%e 0artie! t%eret& an, n&t t%ir, 0er!&n!. T%-!) it *ann&t 0re-,i*e t%e (-arant&r &r ,e/t&r 7%& 7a! n&t 0art t& t%e *&$0r&$i!e. B-t i6 it /ene6it! a t%ir, 0er!&n) t%en t%e *&$0r&$i!e $a /in, t%at t%ir, 0er!&n.
SUB>3UARANTORS RI3HT TO EFCUSSION =Ar- 20+); S-/(-arant&r en&! t%e /ene6it &6 e*-!!i&n 7it% re!0e*t t&: 5. Prin*i0a# ,e/t&r" an, 8. G-arant&r REASON: He !tan,! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e (-arant&r &n t%e !a$e 6&&tin( a! t%e #atter ,&e! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r.
BENE:IT O: DIVISION AMON3 SEVERAL 3UARANTORS =Ar- 20+*; 5. In /$se &a.$r a%ica#%e !%&-#, t%ere /e !e+era# (-arant&r! &6 &n# &ne ,e/t&r an, 6&r t%e !a$e ,e/t) t%e &/#i(ati&n t& an!7er 6&r t%e !a$e i! ,i+i,e, a$&n( a##. 8- Cann&t /e a+ai#e, &6 i6 t%ere are: α. T7& &r $&re ,e/t&r! &6 &ne ,e/t) e+en i6 t%e /e /&-n, !&#i,ari#) ea*% 7it% ,i66erent (-arant&r!" &r β. χ.
T7& &r $&re (-arant&r! &6 t%e !a$e ,e/t&r /-t 6&r ,i66erent ,e/t! I6 an &6 t%e *ir*-$!tan*e! en-$erate, in Art. 84 !%&-#, ta1e 0#a*e) a! 7&-#, t%e /ene6it &6 e%a-!ti&n &6 t%e ,e/t&rK! 0r&0ert.
$&
E6c!ssi$n
am$n'
Se.era%
In &r,er t%at t%e (-arant&r $a /e entit#e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 ,i+i!i&n) it i! n&t re2-ire, t%at %e 0&int &-t t%e 0r&0ert &6 %i! *&(-arant&r!. REASON: O/#i(ati&n &6 t%e (-arant&r 7it% re!0e*t t& %i! *&(-arant&r! i! n&t !-/!i,iar /-t ,ire*t an, ,&e! n&t ,e0en, a! t& it! &ri(in &n t%e !&#+en* &r in!&#+en* &6 t%e #atter.
RI3HT TO INDEMNIT, OR REIMBURSEMENT =Ar- 20++; =DELT; 5. T$a% am$!n $& e de# > T%e (-arant&r %a! n& ri(%t t& ,e$an, rei$/-r!e$ent -nti# %e %a! a*t-a## 0ai, t%e ,e/t) -n#e!! / t%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t) %e i! (i+en t%e ri(%t /e6&re $a1in( 0a$ent. 8. Le'a% ineres > It i! i$$ateria# t%at t%e ,e/t ,i, n&t earn intere!t 6&r t%e *re,it&r) /e*a-!e t%e (-arant&rK! ri(%t t& #e(a# intere!t i! (rante, / #a7 / +irt-e &6 t%e 0a$ent %e %a! $a,e) an, i! in,e0en,ent &6 t%e *re,it&rK! ri(%t t& *#ai$ intere!t 7%i*% 7a! ne*e!!ari# re(-#ate, / t%e !ti0-#ati&n! /et7een %i$ an, t%e ,e/t&r. =. E6enses inc!rre d #" e '!aran$r > T%e e0en!e! re6erre, t& are &n# t%&!e t%at t%e (-arant&r %a! t& !ati!6 in a**&r,an*e 7it% #a7 a! a *&n!e2-en*e &6 t%e (-arant. T%e!e e0en!e! are #i$ite, t& t%&!e in*-rre, / t%e (-arant&r a6ter %a+in( n&ti6ie, t%e ,e/t&r t%at 0a$ent %a! /een ,e$an,e, &6 %i$ / t%e *re,it&r. E6cei$n8 T%e (-arant&r *ann&t ,e$an, 6&r rei$/-r!e$ent 6&r #iti(ati&n e0en!e!) 7%en !-*% e0en !e! are ,-e t& it! 6ai#-re t& 6-#6i## it! &/#i(ati&n t& 0a -0&n ,e$an,. (:u%son vs. 9%c"uc%, GR o. ?-22177, c&r 2, 12+) @. Dama'es 5 i6 t%e are ,-e.
E6cei$ns $ Ri' Reim#!rsemen
$
Indemni"
$r
5.
;%ere t%e (-arant i! *&n!tit-te, 7it%&-t t%e 1n&7#e,(e &r a(ain!t t%e 7i## &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r) t%e (-arant&r *an re*&+er &n# in!&6ar a! t%e 0a$ent %a, /een /ene6i*ia# t& t%e ,e/t&r 8. Pa$ent / a t%ir, 0er!&n 7%& ,&e! n&t inten, t& /e rei$/-r!e, / t%e ,e/t&r i! ,ee$e, t& /e a ,&nati&n) 7%i*%) %&7e+er) re2-ire! t%e ,e/t&rK! *&n!ent. B-t t%e 0a$ent i! in an *a!e +a#i, a! t& t%e *re,it&r 7%& %a! a**e0te, it =Ar- 12(;
NOTE: In *a!e &6 an -nen6&r*ea/#e *&ntra*t 5 i6 t%e ,e/t&r *&n!ent! t& t%e (-arant&r 0ain() t%e (-arant&r *an !ee1 rei$/-r!e$ent 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r. I6 t%e ,e/t&r ,i, n&t *&n!ent t& t%e (-arant&r 0ain() t%e (-arant&r *ann&t !ee1 rei$/-r!e$ent 6r&$ t%e (-arant&r. E::ECT O: PA,MENT B, 3UARANTOR BE:ORE MATURIT, =Ar- 20+9;
=. ;ai+er
5. T%e (-arant&r 7%& 0a! /e6 &re $at-rit i! n&t entit#e, t& rei$/-r!e$ent !in*e t%ere i! n& ne*e!!it 6&r a**e#eratin( 0a$ent. 8. A *&ntra*t &6 (-arant /ei n( !-/ !i,iar in *%ara*ter) t%e (-arant&r i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r t%e ,e/t /e6&re it /e*&$e! ,-e. E6cei$n8 T%e ,e/t&r 7i## /e #ia/#e i6 t%e 0a$ent 7a! $a,e: a. ;it% %i! *&n!ent" &r /. S-/!e2-ent# rati6ie, ?e0re!! &r i$0#ie, / %i$
3UARANTORS =Ar- 20+?;
RI3HT
TO
SUBRO3ATION
SUBRO3ATION tran!6er! t& t%e 0er!&n !-/r&(ate,) t%e *re,it 7it% a## t%e ri(%t! t%eret& a00ertainin( eit%er a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r &r a(ain!t t%ir, 0er!&n!) /e t%e (-arant&r! &r 0&!!e!!&r! &6 $&rt(a(e!) !-/e*t t& !ti0-#ati&n in *&n+enti&na# !-/r&(ati&n. 5. Accr!a%5 #asis5 and na!re $& ri' ri(%t &6 !-/r&(ati&n i! ne*e!!ar t& ena/#e t%e (-arant&r t& en6&r*e t%e in,e$nit (i+en in Art. 8 a. Ari!e! / &0erati&n &6 #a7 -0&n 0a$ent / t%e (-arant&r /. It i! n&t a *&ntra*t-a# ri(%t *. T%e (-arant&r i! !-/r&(ate,) / +irt-e &6 t%e 0a$ent) t& t%e ri(%t &6 t%e *re,it&r) n&t t%&!e &6 t%e ,e/t&r. 8. Wen ri' n$ a.ai%a#%e !in*e !-/r&(ati&n i! t%e $ean! &6 e66e*t-atin( t%e ri(%t &6 t%e (-arant&r t& /e rei$/-r!e, 5 it *ann&t t%ere6&re /e in+&1e, in t%&!e *a!e! 7%ere t%e (-arant&r %a! n& ri(%t t& /e rei$/-r!e,-
E::ECT O: PA,MENT B, 3UARANTOR WITHOUT NOTICE TO DEBTOR =Ar- 20+; ;%en t%e (-arant&r 0a! t%e *re,it&r) /-t ,e/t&r %a! a#rea, 0ai, t%e #atter) t%en ,e/t&r *an !et -0 a(ain!t t%e (-arant&r ,e6en!e &6 0re+i&-! etin(-i!%$ent! &6 &/#i(ati&n / 0a$ent.
t%e t%e t%e t%e
Hen*e) (-arant&r $-!t n&ti6 t%e ,e/t&r /e6&re $a1in( 0a$ent. REASON: T%e (-arant&r *ann&t /e a##&7e,) t%r&-(% %i! &7n 6a-#t &r ne(#i(en*e t& 0re-,i*e &r i$0air t%e ri(%t! &r intere!t! &6 t%e ,e/t&r.
De#$rs $#%i'ai$n /i a eri$d ,e$an,a/#e &n# 7%en t%e ,a 6ie, *&$e!.
E::ECT O: REPEAT PA,MENT B, THE DEBTOR =Ar- 20?0; 3enera% R!%e8 Be6&re t%e (-arant&r 0a! t%e *re,it&r) %e $-!t 6ir!t n&ti6 t%e ,e/t&r. • I6 %e 6ai#! t& (i+e n&ti*e an, t%e ,e/t&r re0eat! 0a$ent: 3!aran$rs Remed" : *&##e*t 6r&$ t%e *re,it&r • N$ *a-!e &6 a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r 6&r t%e ret-rn &6 t%e a$&-nt 0ai, / %i$. • In a (rat-it&-! (-arant i6 (-arant&r 7a! 0re+ente, t& n&ti6 /e*a-!e &6 a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent) an, *re,it&r /e*&$e! in!&#+ent) ,e/t&r !%a## rei$/-r!e (-arant&r. E6cei$n8 T%e (-arant&r $a !ti## *#ai$ rei$/-r!e$ent 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r in !0ite &6 #a*1 &6 n&ti*e i6 t%e 6&##&7in( *&n,iti&n! are 0re!ent: a. T%e *re,it&r /e*&$e! in!&#+ent /. T%at ( -arant&r 7 a! 0re+ente, / a 6&rt-it&-! e+ent t& a,+i!e t%e ,e/t&r &6 t%e 0a$ent *. T%e (-arant i! (rat-it&-! RI3HT O: 3UARANTOR TO PROCEED A3AINST DEBTOR BE:ORE PA,MENT =Ar20?1; 3enera% R!%e8 G-arant&r %a! n& *a-!e &6 a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r -nti# a6ter t%e 6&r$er %a! 0ai, t%e &/#i(ati&n. E6cei$ns8 Art. 8>5 en-$erate! in!tan*e! 7%en t%e (-arant&r $a 0r&*ee, a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r e+en /e6&re t%e 0a$ent. =PAID>SIT;
5. ;%en %e i! s -e, 6&r t%e 0a$ent" 8. In * a!e & 6 in!&#+en* &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r" =. ;%en t%e ,e/ t&r %a! /&-n, %i$!e#6 t& re#ie+e %i$ 6r&$ t%e (-arant 7it%in a !0e*i6ie, 0eri&,) an, t%i! eri&, %a! e0ire," @. ;%en t%e ,e/t %a! /e*&$e d e$an,a/#e ) / rea!&n &6 t%e e0irati&n &6 t%e 0eri&, 6&r 0a$ent" 4. A6ter t%e #a0!e &6 en ear!) 7%en t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n %a! n& 6ie, 0eri&, 6&r it! $at-rit) -n#e!! it /e &6 !-*% nat-re t%at it *ann&t /e etin(-i!%e, e*e0t 7it%in a 0eri&, #&n(er t%an ten ear!" . I6 t%ere are rea!&na/#e (r& -n,! t& 6ea r t%at t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r inten,! t& a /!*&n, " >. I6 t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r i! in i$$inent ,an(er &6 /e*&$in( in!&#+ent .
P!r$se8 T& ena/#e t%e (-arant&r t& ta1e $ea!-re! 6&r t%e 0r&te*ti&n &6 %i! intere!t in +ie7 &6 t%e 0r&/a/i#it t%at %e 7&-#, /e *a##e, -0&n t& 0a t%e ,e/t. Remed" $ /ic e 3!aran$r Eni%ed T%e (-arant&r *ann&t ,e$an, rei$/-r!e$ent 6&r in,e$nit 7%en %e %a! n&t 0ai, t%e &/#i(ati&n. REMEDIES AVAILABLE8 5. T& &/tain re#ea!e 6r&$ t%e (-arant" &r 8. T& ,e$an, !e*-rit t%at !%a## 0r&te*t %i$ 6r&$: a. An 0r&*ee,in(! / t%e *re,it&r" an, /. A(ain!t t%e in!&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r. G-arant&rK! re$e,ie! are a#ternati+e. He %a! t%e ri(%t t& *%&&!e t%e a*ti&n t& /rin(.
S!i #" 3!aran$r a'ains Credi$r #e&$re Pa"men T%e (-arant&rK! &r !-retK! a*ti&n 6&r re#ea!e *an &n# /e eer*i!e, a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# de#$r an, n&t a(ain!t t%e *re,it&r. REASON: T%e *re,it&r *ann&t /e *&$0e##e, t& re#ea!e t%e (-arant&r /e6&re 0a$ent &6 %i! *re,it. Re#ea!e &6 t%e (-arant&r i$0&rt! an etin*ti&n &6 %i! &/#i(ati&n t& t%e *re,it&r) *&nn&tin( re$i!!i&n &r a n&+ati&n / !-/r&(ati&n 7%i*% re2-ire! t%e *re,it&rK! a!!ent.
ARTS- 20++ and 20?1 Disin'!ised ART- 20++ ART- 20?1 =RI3HT O: =RI3HT O: 3UARANTOR TO 3UARANTOR TO REIMBURSEMENT PROCEED A3AINST
A:TER PA,MENT; Pr&+i,e! 6&r t%e en&$rcemen &6 t% e ri(%t! &6 t%e (-arant&r a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r a6ter %e %a! 0ai, t%e ,e/t (i+e! a ri(%t &6 a*ti&n a6ter 0a$ent S!#sani.e ri(%t Gi+e! a ri(%t &6 a*ti&n) 7%i*%) 7it%&-t t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e &t%er $i(%t /e 7&rt%#e!!
DEBTOR EVEN BE:ORE PA,MENT; Pr&+i,e! 6&r t%e r$eci$n /e6&re %e %a! 0ai, /-t a6ter %e %a! /e*&$e #ia/#e (i+e! a 0r&te*ti+e re$e, /e6&re 0a$ent
Pre%iminar" re$e, Re$e, (i+en !ee1! t& &/tain 6r&$ t%e (-arant&r re#ea!e 6r&$ t%e (-arant &r t& ,e$an, a !e*-rit t%at !%a## 0r&te*t %i$ 6r&$ an 0r&*ee,in(! / t%e *re,it&r an, 6r&$ t%e ,an(er &6 in!&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r. Rec$.er" $& S!re" a'ains Indemni$r e.en #e&$re Pa"men 5. Indemni" a'reemen &$r e #ene&i $& s!re" n&t 6&r t%e /ene6it &6 t%e *re,it&r 8. Indemni" a'reemen ma" #e a'ains ac!a% %$ss as /e%% as %ia#i%i" !-*% a(ree$ent i! en6&r*ea/#e an, n&t +i&#ati+e &6 an 0-/#i* 0&#i* a. Indemni" a'ains %$ss in,e$nit&r 7i## n&t /e #ia/#e -nti# t%e 0er!&n t& /e in,e$ni6ie, $a1e! 0a$ent &r !-!tain! #&!! a'ains %ia#i%i" /. Indemni" in,e$nit&rK! #ia/i#it ari!e! a! !&&n a! t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e 0er!&n t& /e in,e$ni6ie, %a! ari!en 7it%&-t re(ar, t& 7%et%er &r n&t %e %a! !-66ere, a*t-a# #&!! *. S!c a'reemen .a%id A !ti0-#ati&n in an in,e$nit a(ree$ent 0r&+i,in( t%at t%e in,e$ nit&r !%a## 0a t%e !-ret a! !&&n a! t%e #atter /e*&$e! #ia/#e t& $a1e 0a$ent t& t%e *re,it&r -n,er t%e ter$! &6 t%e /&n,) re(ar,#e!! &6 7%et%er t%e !-ret %a! $a,e 0a$ent a*t-a## &r n&t) i! +a#i, an, en6&r*ea/#e) an, in a**&r,an*e t%ere7it%) t%e !-ret $a ,e$an, 6r&$ t%e in,e$nit&r e+en /e6&re t%e *re,it&r %a! 0ai,. ;%ere t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r! are !i$-#tane&-!# t%e !a$e 0er!&n! 7%& ee*-te, t%e in,e$nit a(ree$ent) t%e 0&!iti&n &**- 0ie, / t%e$ i! t%at &6 a 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r an, in,e$nit&r at t%e
!a$e) an, t%eir #ia/i#it /ein( &int an, !e+era#.
T%e ri(%t &6 rei$/-r!e$ent i! a*2-ire, i0!& -re 7it%&-t nee, &6 an 0ri&r *e!!i&n 6r&$ t%e *re,it&r / t%e (-arant&r.
3UARANTOR O: A THIRD PERSON AT REUEST O: ANOTHER =Ar- 20?2; T%e (-arant&r 7%& (-arantee! t%e ,e/t &6 an a/!entee at t%e re2-e!t &6 an&t%er %a! a ri(%t t& *#ai$ rei$/-r!e$ent) a6ter !ati!6in( t%e ,e/t 6r&$: 5. T%e 0er!&n 7%& re2-e!te, %i$ t& /e a
DE:ENSES AVAILABLE TO CO>3UARANTORS =Ar- 20?);
(-arant&r" 8. T%e ,e/t&r
6&r /ein( 0-re# 0er!&na# t& t%e ,e/t&r.
RI3HTS O: THE 3UARANTOR A3AINST THE DEBTOR =BRIB; 5. In,e$ni6i*ati&n 8. Bene6it &6 S-/r&(ati&n =. Bene6it &6 C&$0r&$i!e @. Ri(%t t& &/tain &r ,e$an, a !e*-rit -n,er Art. 8>5
LIABILIT, O: SUB>3UARANTOR IN CASE O: INSOLVENC, O: 3UARANTOR =Ar- 20?*;
BETWEEN CO>3UARANTORS RI3HT TO CONTRIBUTION O: 3UARANTOR WHO PA,S =Ar- 20?(; Pres!mi$n $& 4$in %ia#i%i" $& se.era% '!aran$rs /en ere are8 5. T7& &r $&re (-arant&r! 8. Sa$e ,e/t&r =. Sa$e ,e/t
E&&ec8 Ea*% i! /&-n, 0r&0&rti&nate !%are.
t&
0a
&n#
%i!
Wen Ar- 20?( A%ica#%e8 5. ;%en &ne (-arant&r %a! 0ai, t%e ,e/t t& t%e *re,it&r" 8. Pa$ent / !-* % (-arant&r $-!t %a+e /een $a,e: a. B +irt-e &6 a -,i*ia# ,e$an, ?/ene6it &6 ,i+i!i&n $-!t %a+e *ea!e," &r /. Be*a-!e t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r i! in!&#+ent" =. G-arant&r 7%& 0ai, i! !ee1in( rei$/-r!e$ent 6r&$ ea*% &6 %i! *& (-arant&r! t%e !%are 7%i*% i! 0r&0&rti&nate# &7in( %i$. E&&ec $& Ins$%.enc" $& An" 3!aran$r8 :$%%$/s e r!%e $n s$%idar" $#%i'ai$ns8 T%e !%are &6 t%e in!&#+ent (-arant&r !%a## /e /&rne / t%e &t%er! in*#-,in( t%e 0ain( (-arant&r in t%e !a$e &int 0r&0&rti&n. Accr!a% and Basis $& Ri'8
3enera% R!%e8 A## ,e6en!e! 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r 7&-#, %a+e inter0&!e, a(ain!t t%e *re,it&r ?i.e. 6ra-,) 0re!*ri0ti&n) re$i!!i&n) i##e(a#it) et*.. E6cei$n8 T%&!e 7%i*% *ann&t /e tran!$itte,
S-/(-arant&r i! #ia/#e t& t%e *&(-arant&r! in t%e !a$e $anner a! t%e (-ar ant&r 7%&$ %e (-arantee, in *a!e &6 t%e in!&#+en* &6 t%e (-arant&r 6&r 7%&$ %e /&-n, %i$!e#6 a! !-/ (-arant&r.
CAUSES O: EFTIN3UISHMENT 3UARANT, =Ar- 20?+; =PL(CN>AR:P;
O:
3enera% R!%e8 G-arant /ein( a**e!!&r) it i! etin(-i!%e, 7%en 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n i! etin(-i!%e,) t%e *a-!e! &6 7%i*% are: 5. Pa$ent &r 0er6&r$an*e" 8. L&!! &6 t%e t%in( ,-e" =. C &n,&nati&n &r re$i!!i&n &6 t%e ,e/t" @. C&n6-!i&n &r $er(er &6 t%e ri(%t! &6 t%e *re,it&r an, ,e/t&r" 4. C&$0en!ati&n " an, . N &+ati&n >. Ot%er *a-!e!: a. Ann-#$ent " /. R e!*i!!i&n " *. : -#6i##$ent &6 are!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n" ,. P re!*ri0ti&n
E6cei$n8 T%e (-arant it!e#6 $a /e ,ire*t# etin(-i!%e, a#t%&-(% t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n !ti## re$ain! !-*% a! in t%e *a!e &6 t%e re%ease $& e '!aran$r made #" e credi$rMaeria% A%erai$n $& Princia% C$nrac an a(ree$ent /et7een t%e *re,it&r an, t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r 7%i*% e!!entia## +arie! t%e ter$! &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e !-ret) 7i## re#ea!e t%e !-ret 6r&$ #ia/i#it. S-*% $ateria# a#terati&n 7&-#, *&n!tit-te a n&+ati&n &r *%an(e &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t 5 7%i*% i! *&n!e2-ent# etin(-i!%e,. U0&n !-*%
etin(-i!%$ent!) t%e a**e!!&r *&ntra*t t& (-arant i! a#!& ter$inate, an, t%e (-arant&r *ann&t /e %e#, #ia/#e &n t%e ne7 *&nt ra*t t& 7%i*% %e %a! n&t (i+en %i! *&n!ent.
Wen A%erai$n Maeria% 7%ere !-*% *%an(e 7i## %a+e t%e e66e*t &6 $a1in( t%e &/#i(ati&n $&re &ner&-!. 5. I$0&!e! a ne7 &/# i(ati&n &r a,, e, /-r,en &n t%e 0art 0r&$i!in(" &r 8. Ta1e! a7a !&$e &/#i(ati&n a#rea, i$0&!e,) *%an(in( t%e #e(a# e66e*t &6 t%e &ri(ina# *&ntra*t an, n&t $ere# t%e 6&r$ t%ere&6.
RELEASE B, CONVE,ANCE O: PROPERT, =Ar- 20??;
T%e ,e/t&r $a /e*&$e in!&#+ent ,-rin( t%e eten!i&n) t%-! ,e0ri+in( t%e (-arant&r &6 %i! ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$ent. It ,&e!nKt $atter i6 t%e eten!i&n i!: a. Pre-,i*ia# &r n&t &r /. F&r a #&n( &r !%&rt 0eri&, &6 ti$e C&n!ent &6 t%e (-arant&r i! a $-!t_ Eten!i&n
1.
3enera% R!%e8 Pa$ent i! $a,e in $&ne. E6cei$n# An !-/!tit-te 0ai, in #ie- &6 $&ne 7%i*% i! a**e0te, / t%e *re,it&r etin(-i!%e! t%e &/#i(ati&n an, in *&n!e2-en*e) t%e (-arant. •
I6 t%e *re,it&r a**e0t! 0r&0ert in 0a$ent &6 a ,e/t 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r) t%e (-arant&r i! re#ie+e, 6r&$ re!0&n!i/i#it. T%i! i! a#!& tr-e e+en in *a!e t%e *re,it&r i! !-/!e2-ent# e+i*te, 6r&$ t%e 0r&0ert.
$-!t
/e
/a!e,
&n
!&$e
ne7
a(ree$ent /et7een t%e *re,it&r an, t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r / +irt-e &6 7%i*% t%e *re,it&r ,e0ri+e! %i$ &6 %i! *#ai$.
Were $#%i'ai$n a"a#%e in insa%%mens8 7%ere a (-arant&r i! #ia/#e 6&r ,i66erent 0a$ent!: 3enera% R!%e8 An eten!i&n &6 ti$e t& &ne &r $&re 7i## n&t a66e *t t%e #ia/ i#it &6 t%e !-ret 6&r t%e &t%er!. E6cei$n8 ;%en t%e -n0ai, /a#an*e %a! /e*&$e a-t&$ati*a## ,-e / +irt-e &6 an a**e#erati&n *#a-!e 6&r 6ai#-re t& 0a an in!ta##$ent.
In case $& e.ici$n8 E+i*ti&n re+i+e! t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n /-t n&t t%e (-arant.
E&&ec $& e6cei$n8 T%e a*t &6 t%e *re,it&r eten,in( t%e 0a$ent &6 !ai, in!ta##$ent) 7it%&-t t%e (-arant&rK! *&n!ent) ,i!*%ar(e! t%e (-arant&r.
REASON: T%e *re,it&rK! a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r i! 6&r e+i*ti&n an, t%i! i! ,i66erent 6r&$ 7%at t%e (-arant&r (-arantee,.
REASON: T%e eten!i&n *&n!tit-te! an eten!i&n &6 t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e 7%&#e a$&-nt &6 t%e in,e/te,ne!!
RELEASE O: 3UARANTOR WITHOUT CONSENT O: OTHERS =Ar- 20?; EFFECT: T%e re#ea!e /ene6it! a## t& t%e etent &6 t%e !%are &6 t%e (-arant&r re#ea!e,. REASON: A re#ea!e $a,e / t%e *re,it&r in 6a+&r &6 &ne &6 t%e (-arant&r! 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e &t%er! $a 0re- ,i*e t%e &t%er! !%&-#, a (-arant&r /e*&$e in!&#+ent.
RELEASE B, EFTENSION O: TERM 3RANTED B, CREDITOR TO DEBTOR =Ar- 20?9; Re%ease Wi$! C$nsen $& 3!aran$r8 Cre,it&r (rant! an eten!i&n &6 ti$e t& t%e ,e/t&r 7it%&-t t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e (-arant&r. EFFECT: G-arant&r -n,erta1in(.
i!
,i!*%ar(e,
6r&$
REASON: T& a+&i, 0re-,i*e t& t%e (-arant&r
%i!
2.
Were c$nsen $ an e6ensi$n is /ai.ed in ad.ance #" e '!ara n$r8 S-*% 7ai+er i! n&t *&ntrar t& #a7) n&r t& 0-/#i* 0&#i*
E&&ec8 A$&-nt! t& t%e !-retK! *&n!ent t& a## t%e eten!i&n! (rante,. NOTE: T%e $ere 6ai#-re &r ne(#e*t &n t%e 0art &6 t%e *re,it&r t& en6&r*e 0a$ent &r t& /rin( an a*ti&n -0&n a *re,it) a! !&&n a! t%e !a$e &r an 0art &6 it $at-re!) ,&e! n&t *&n!tit-te an eten!i&n &6 t%e ter$ &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n) an, t%ere6&re) t%e #ia/i#it &6 t%e (-arant&r i! n&t etin(-i!%e,. In $rder $ c$nsi!e an e6ensi$n discar'in' a s!re"5 i s$!%d aear a e e6ensi$n /as8 =DEW; 5. F&r a De&inie eri$d
8.
P-r!-ant t& an En&$rcea#%e a'reemen /et7een t%e 0rin*i0a# an, t%e *re,it&r =. Ma,e Wi$! e c$nsen &6 t%e !-ret &r 7it% a re!er+ati&n &6 ri(%t! 7it% re!0e*t t& %i$. •
T%e *&ntra*t $-!t /e &ne 7%i*% 0re*#-,e! t%e *re,it&r 6r&$) &r at #ea!t %in,er! %i$ in) en6&r*in( t%e 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t 7it%in t%e 0eri&, ,-rin( 7%i*% %e *&-#, &t%er7i!e %a+e en6&r*e, it) an, 0re*#-,e! t%e !-ret 6r&$ 0ain( t%e ,e/t.
•
T%e #a7 ,&e! n&t e+en (rant t%e !-ret t%e ri(%t t& !-e t%e *re,it&r 6&r ,e#a) a! 0r&te*ti&n a(ain!t t%e ri!1! &6 0&!!i/#e in!&#+en* &6 t%e ,e/t&r" /-t in +ie7 &6 t%e e66i*a* &6 t%e a*ti&n &n t%e *&ntra*t a(ain!t t%e !-ret) /e(innin( 7it% t%e ,ate t%e &/#i(ati&n /e*&$e! ,-e) %i! +i(i#an*e $-!t /e eer*i!e, rat%er a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r.
RELEASE WHEN 3UARANTOR CANNOT BE SUBRO3ATED =Ar- 200; •
•
I6 t%ere *an /e n& !-/r&(ati&n /e*a-!e &6 t%e 6a-#t &6 t%e *re,it&r) t%e (-arant&r! are t%ere/ re#ea!e,) e+en i6 t%e (-arant&r! are !&#i,ar. I6 t%e *re,it&r %a! a*2-ire , a #ien -0&n t%e 0r&0ert &6 a 0rin*i0a#) t%e *re,it&r at &n*e /e*&$e! *%ar(e, 7it% t%e ,-t &6 retainin( !-*% !e*-rit) &r $aintainin( !-*% #ien in t%e intere!t &6 t%e !-ret) an, an re#ea!e &r i$0air$ent &6 t%i! !e*-rit a! a 0ri$ar re!&-r*e &6 0a$ent &6 a ,e/t) 7i## ,i!*%ar(e t%e !-ret t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert &r #ien re#ea!e, 6&r t%ere i$$e,iate# ari!e! a tr-!t re#ati&n /et7een t%e 0arti e!) an, t%e *re,it&r a! tr-!tee i! /&-n, t& a**&-nt t& t%e !-ret 6&r t%e +a#-e &6 t%e !e*-rit in %i! %an,!.
REASON: T%e a*t &6 &ne *ann&t 0re-,i*e an&t%er. It a#!& a+&i,! *&##-!i&n /et7een t%e *re,it&r an, t%e ,e/t&r &r a t%ir, 0er!&n.
DE:ENSES AVAILABLE TO 3UARANTOR A3AINST CREDITOR =Ar- 201; 3enera% R!%e8 A## ,e6en!e!) 7%i*% 0ertain t& t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r an, are in%erent in t%e ,e/t. E6cei$n8 T%&!e 7%i*% are 0-re# 0er!&na# t& t%e ,e/t&r. NOTE8 Art 895 ,&e! n&t *&+er a !-ret.
SURET,SHIP SURET,SHIP i! a re#ati&n 7%i*% ei!t! 7%ere &ne 0er!&n ?0rin*i0a# %a! -n,erta1en an &/#i(ati&n an, an&t%er 0er!&n ?!-ret i! a#!& -n,er a ,ire*t an, 0ri$ar &/#i(a ti&n &r &t%er ,-t t& t%e &/#i(ee) 7%& i! entit#e, t& /-t &ne 0er6&r$an*e) an, a! /et7een t%e t7& 7%& are /&-n,) t%e !e*&n,) rat%er t%an t%e 6ir!t !%&-#, 0er6&r$. • I6 a 0er!&n /in,! %i$!e#6 !&#i,ari# 7it% t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r) t%e *&ntra*t i! *a##e, s!re"si an, t%e (-arant&r i! *a##e, a s!re". NATURE O: SURET,S UNDERTAIN3 5. Lia/i#it i! c$nrac!a% an, access$r" /-t direc8 8. Lia/i#it i! %imied #" erms $& c$nrac =. Lia/i#it arises $n%" i& rincia% de# $r i! e%d %ia#%e a. In t%e a/!en*e &6 *&##-!i&n) t%e !-ret i! /&-n, / a -,($ent a(ain!t t%e 0rin*i0a# e+ent t%&-(% %e 7a! n&t a 0art t& t%e 0r&*ee,in(!" /. T%e *re,it&r $a !-e) !e0arate# &r t&(et%er) t%e 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r an, t%e !-ret" *. A ,e$an, &r n&ti*e &6 ,e6a-#t i! n&t re2-ire, t& 6i t%e !-retK! #ia/i#it EFCEPTION8 ;%ere re2-ire, / t%e 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 !-ret!%i0 ,. A !-ret /&n, i! .$id 7%ere t%ere i! n& 0rin*i0a# ,e/t&r /e*a-!e !-*% an -n,erta1in( 0re!-00&!e! t%at t%e &/#i(ati&n i! t& /e en6&r*ea/#e a(ain!t !&$e&ne e#!e /e!i,e! t%e !-ret) an, t%e #atter *an a#7a! *#ai$ t%at it 7a! ne+er %i! intenti&n t& /e t%e !&#e 0er!&n &/#i(ate, t%ere/. NOTE8 S-ret i! n&t entit#e, t& e%a-!ti&n @. Undera
A
e&nerate, / ne(#e*t &6 *re,it&r t& !-e 0rin*i0a#
-,i*ia# /&n,!$an an, t%e !-/!-ret are n&t entit#e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 e*-!!i&n.
Sricissimi !ris R!%e A%ica#%e On%" $ Acc$mm$dai$n S!re" REASON: An acc$mm$dai$n s!re" a*t! 7it%&-t $&ti+e &6 0e*-niar (ain an, %en*e) !%&-#, /e r$eced a(ain!t -n-!t 0e*-niar i$0&+eri!%$ent / i$0&!in( &n t%e 0rin*i0a#) ,-tie! a1in t& t%&!e &6 a 6i,-*iar.
REASON: T%e are n&t $ere (-arant&r!) /-t !-retie! 7%&!e #ia/i#it i! 0ri$ar an, !&#i,ar.
T%i! r-#e 7i## a00# &n# a6ter it %a! /een ,e6inite# a!*ertaine, t%at t%e *&ntra*t i! &ne &6 !-ret!%i0 &r (-arant.
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 D- P%ed'e 1- De&inii$n 2- inds (- Essenia% [email protected]!iremens )- O#%i'ai$n $& %ed'e *- Ri's $& %ed'$r +- Per&eci$n =Ars- 209(5 209+; ?- :$rec%$s!re =Ars- 21125 211*; - P%ed'e #" $erai$n $& %a/ =Ar2121>2122; 9- Disin'!ised &r$m cae% m$r'a'e =Ars- 21)05 1)); 777777777777777777777777 77777777777777
Sricissimi !ris R!%e N$ A%ica#%e $ C$mensaed S!reies REASONS8 5. C&$0en!ate, *&r0&rate !-retie! are /-!ine!! a!!&*iati&n &r(anie, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 a!!-$in( *#a!!i6ie, ri!1! in #ar(e n-$/er!) 6&r 0r&6it an, &n an i$0er!&na# /a!i!. 8. T%e are !e* -re, 6r& $ a## 0&!!i/#e #&!! / a,e2-ate *&-nter/&n,! &r in,e$nit a(ree$ent!. =. S-*% *&r0&rati&n! are in 6a*t in !-rer! an, in ,eter$inin( t%eir ri(%t! an, #ia/i#itie!) t%e r-#e! 0e*-#iar t& !-ret!%i0 ,& n&t a00#. LE3AL AND UDICIAL BONDS
E&&ec $& ne'%i'ence $& credi$r8 Mere ne(#i(en*e &n t%e 0art &6 t%e *re,it&r in *&##e*tin( 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r 7i## n&t re#ie+e t%e !-ret 6r&$ #ia/i#it.
PROVISIONS COMMON TO PLED3E AND MORT3A3E =Ars- 20*>212(;
MEANIN3 AND :ORM O: BOND =Ar- 202; B$nd an -n,erta1in( t%at i! !-66i*ient# !e*-re,) an, n&t *a!% &r *-rren* B$ndsman a !-ret &66ere, in +irt-e &6 a 0r&+i!i&n &6 #a7 &r a -,i*ia# &r,er. !a%i&icai$ns $& ers$na% #$ndsman8 =SIC; 5. He 0&!!e!!e! inte(rit " 8. He %a! t%e c a0a*it t& /in, %i$!e#6 " =. He % a! s-66i*ient 0r&0ert t& an!7er 6&r t%e &/#i(ati&n 7%i*% %e (-arantee!. PLED3E OR MORT3A3E IN LIEU O: BOND =Ar- 20(; G-arant &r !-ret!%i0 i! a 0er!&na# !e*-rit. P#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e i! a 0r&0ert &r rea# !e*-rit. I6 t%e 0er!&n re2-ire, t& (i+e a #e(a# &r -,i*ia# /&n, !%&-#, n&t /e a/#e t& ,& !&) a 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e !-66i*ient t& *&+er t%e &/#i(ati&n !%a## /e a,$itte, in #ie- t%ere&6. BONDSMAN NOT ENTITLED TO EFCUSSION =Ar- 20);
5. 8. =.
@. 4. .
Essenia% [email protected]!isies $ C$nracs $& P%ed'e and M$r'a'e8 =:ARCAS; C&n!tit-te, t& sec!re t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 a 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n a#s$%!e P#e,(&r &r $&rt(a(&r /e t%e $/ner &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, &r $&rt(a(e, T%e 0er!&n! *&n!tit-tin( t%e 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e %a+e t%e &ree dis$sa% &6 t%eir 0r&0ert) an, in t%e a/!en*e t%ere&6) t%at t%e /e #e(a## a-t%&rie, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e Cann$ e6is /i$! a +a#i, &/#i(ati&n De/t&r reains t%e &7ne r!%i0 &6 t%e t%in( (i+en a! a !e*-rit ;%en t%e 0r in*i0a# &/#i(ati&n /e*&$e! ,-e) t%e t%in( in 7%i*% t%e 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e a%ienaed &$r e *&n!i!t! $a /e
a"men t& t%e *re,it&r. Im$ran P$ins 5. F-t-re 0r&0ert *ann&t /e 0#e,(e, &r $&rt(a(e, 8. P#e,(e$&rt(a(e ee*-te, / &ne 7%& i! n& t t%e &7ner &6 t%e 0r&0ert 0#e,(e, &r
•
$&rt(a(e, i! 7it%&-t #e(a# ei!ten*e an, re(i!trati&n *ann&t +a#i,ate it. =. M&rt(a(e &6 a *&n-(a# 0r& 0ert / &ne &6 t%e !0&-!e! i! +a#i, &n# a! t& &6 t%e entire 0r&0ert @. In *a!e &6 0r&0ert *&+ere, / T&rren! tit#e) a $&rt(a(ee %a! t%e ri(%t t& re# -0&n 7%at a00ear! in t%e *erti6i*ate &6 tit#e an, ,&e! n&t %a+e t& in2-ire 6-rt%er. 4. P#e,(&r &r $&rt(a(&r %a! 6ree ,i!0&!a# &6 0r&0ert . T%in( 0# e,(e, &r $& rt(a(e, $a /e a#ienate,. >. Cre,it&r n&t re2 -ire, t& !-e t& en6 &r*e %i! *re,it 9. P#e,(&r &r $&rt(a(&r $a /e t%ir, 0er!&n . T%e #ia/i#it &6 an a**&$$&,ati&n 0#e,(&r &r $&rt(a(&r eten,! &n# t& t%e 0r&0ert 0#e,(e, &r $&rt(a(e,.
PLED3E C&n!tit-te, &n $&+a/#e! Pr&0ert i! ,e#i+ere, t& t%e 0#e,(ee) &r / *&$$&n *&n!ent t& a =r, 0er!&n N&t +a#i, a(ain!t = r, 0er!&n! -n#e!! a ,e!*ri0ti&n &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, an, t%e ,ate &6 t%e 0#e,(e a00ear in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent
MORT3A3E C&n!tit-te, &n i$$&+a/#e! De#i+er n&t ne*e!!ar
N&t +a#i, a(ain!t =r, 0er!&n! i6 n&t re(i!tere,
Ri' $& Credi$r /ere De#$r &ai%s $ C$m%" /i is O#%i'ai$n 5. Cre,it&r i! $ere # entit#e, t& $&+ e 6&r t%e !a#e &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, &r $&rt(a(e, 7it% t%e 6&r$a#itie! re2-ire, / #a7 in &r,er t& *&##e*t 8. Cre,it&r *ann&t a00r&0riate t& %i$!e#6 t%e t%in( n&r *an %e ,i!0&!e &6 t%e !a$e a! &7ner. Pr$i#ii$n a'ains p%c!u& co&&issoriu& • Si!%ai$n is n!%% and .$id !ti0-#ati&n 7%ere t%in( 0#e,(e, &r $&rt(a(e, !%a## a-t&$ati*a## /e*&$e t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e *re,it&r in t%e e+ent &6 n&n0a$ent &6 t%e ,e/t 7it%in t%e ter$ 6ie, •
[email protected]!isies $& p%c!u& co&&issoriu&# a. T%ere !%&-#, /e a 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e /. T%ere !%&-#, /e a !ti0-#ati&n 6&r an a-t&$ati* a00r&0riati&n / t%e *re,it&r &6 t%e 0r&0ert in t%e e+ent &6 n&n0a$ent
E&&ec $n Sec!ri" C$nrac N-##it &6 t%e !ti0-#ati&n ,&e! n&t a66e*t +a#i,it an, e66i*a* &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# *&ntra*t /&por!%n! ;oin!s 5. De/t&r &7 ner /ear! t%e ri!1 &6 # &!! &6 t%e 0r&0ert 8. P#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e i! in,i+i!i/#e Excp!ions !o !" rul o inivisiili!6# a. ;%ere ea*% &ne &6 !e+era# t%in(! (-arantee! ,eter$inate 0&rti&n &6 *re,it
/.
*.
;%ere & n# 0 &rti&n & 6 # &an 7 a! re#ea!e, Ea$0#e: /&rr&7e, 91 6r&$ t%e /an1 an, %e $&rt(a(e, %i! 5 %a. 0r&0ert. Len,er 7a! &n# a/#e t& re#ea!e @1 ,-e t& CB re!tri*ti&n!. T%e C&-rt %e#, t%at t%e /an1 *an &n# 6&re *#&!e &n 4 &6 t%e $&rt(a(e, #an, ?4 %a. Cenra% Ban< .- CA5 K1(9 SCRA )+ ;%ere t%ere 7a! 6ai#-re &6 *&n!i,erati&n
=. T%e r-#e t%at rea# 0r&0ert) *&n!i!tin( &6 !e+era# #&t! !%&-#, /e !&#, !e0arate#) a00#ie! t& !a#e! in ee*-ti&n) an, n&t t& 6&re*#&!-re &6 $&rt(a(e! @. T%e $ere e$/&,i$ent &6 a rea# e!tate $&rt(a(e an, a *%atte# $&rt(a(e in &ne ,&*-$ent ,&e! n&t %a+e t%e e66e*t &6 6-!in( /&t% !e*-ritie! int& an in,i+i!i/#e 7%&#e 4. C&ntra*t &6 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e $a !e*-re a## 1in,! &6 &/#i(ati&n) /e t%e 0-re &r !-/e*t t& a !-!0en!i+e &r re!&#-t&r *&n,iti&n . A 0r&$i!e t& *&n!tit-te 0#e,(e &r $&rt (a(e (i+e! ri!e &n# t& a 0er!&na# ri(%t /in,in( -0&n t%e 0artie! an, *reate! n& rea# ri(%t in t%e 0r&0ert. ;%at ei!t! i! &n# a ri(%t &6 a*ti&n t& *&$0e# t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e 0r&$i!e) /-t t%ere i! n& 0#e,(e &r $&rt(a(e et. >. Un,er RPC) e!ta6a i! *&$$itte, / a 0er!&n 7%&) 0reten,in( t& /e t%e &7ner &6 an rea# 0r&0ert) !%a## *&n+e) !e##) en*-$/er &r $&rt(a(e t%e !a$e 1n&7in( t%at t%e rea# 0r&0ert i! en*-$/ere, !%a## ,i!0&!e &6 t%e !a$e a! -nen*-$/ere,. It i! e!!entia# t%at 6ra-, &r ,e*eit /e 0ra*ti*e, -0&n t%e +en,ee at t%e ti$e &6 t%e !a#e.
PLED3E =Ars- 209(>212(; PLED3E i! a *&ntra*t / +irt-e &6 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r ,e#i+er! t& t%e *re,it&r &r t& a t%ir, 0er!&n a $&+a/#e &r ,&*-$ent e+i,en*in( in*&r0&rea# ri(%t! 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 !e*-rin( t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 a 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n 7it% t%e
-n,er!tan,in( t%at 7%en t%e &/#i(ati&n i! 6-#6i##e,) t%e t%in( ,e#i+ere, !%a## /e ret-rne, 7it% a## it! 6r-it! an, a**e!!i&n!.
inds $& P%ed'e8 5. V$%!nar" $r c$n.eni$na% > *reate, / a(ree$ent &6 t%e 0artie! 8. Le'a% > *reate, / &0erati&n &6 #a7 Caracerisics $& P%ed'e8 5. Rea% 0er6e*te, / ,e#i+er 8. Access$r" > %a! n& in,e0en,ent ei!ten*e &6 it! &7n =. Uni%aera% *reate! &/#i(ati&n !&#e# &n t%e 0art &6 t%e *re,it&r t& ret-rn t%e t%in( !-/e*t -0&n t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n @. S!#sidiar" &/#i(ati&n in*-rre, ,&e! n&t ari!e -nti# t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n
Ca!se $r C$nsiderai$n in P%ed'e 5. Princia% $#%i'ai$n in !& 6ar a! t%e 0#e,(&r i! *&n*erne, 8. C$mensai$n si!%aed &$r e %ed'e $r mere %i#era%i" $& e %ed'$r i6 0#e,(&r i! n&t t%e ,e/t&r PROVISIONS APPLICABLE ONL, TO PLED3E 5. Tran!6er &6 0&! !e!!i&n t& t%e *re,it&r &r t& t%ir, 0er!&n / *&$$&n a(ree$ent i! e!!entia# in 0#e,(e a. ACTUAL DELIVERY i! i$0&rtant /. CONSTRUCTIVE ,e#i+er &r !$/&#i* ,e#i+er &6 t%e 1e t& t%e 7are%&-!e i! !-66i*ient t& !%&7 t%at t%e ,e0&!itar a00&inte, / *&$$&n *&n!ent &6 t%e 0artie! 7a! #e(a## 0#a*e, in 0&!!e!!i&n. 8. A## $&+a/#e! 7it%in *&$$er*e &6 $en $a /e 0#e,(e, a! #&n( a! !-!*e0ti/#e &6 0&!!e!!i&n =. In*&r0&rea# ri(%t $a /e 0#e,(e,. T%e in!tr-$ent! 0#e,(e, !%a## /e ,e#i+ere, t& t%e *re,it&r an, i6 ne(&tia/#e) $-!t /e in,&r!e,. @. P#e,(e !%a## ta1e e66e*t a(ain!t =r, 0e r!&n! &n# i6 t%e 66 a00ear! in a 0-/#i* in!tr-$ent: a. De!*ri0ti&n &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, /. Date &6 t%e 0#e,(e 4. T%in( 0#e,(e, $a /e a#ienate, / t%e 0#e,(&r &r &7ner &n# i6 7it% t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e 0#e,(ee. O7ner!%i0 &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, i! tran!$itte, t& t%e +en,ee &r tran!6eree a! !&&n a! t%e 0#e,(ee *&n!ent! t& t%e
a#ienati&n) /-t t%e #atter !%a## *&ntin-e in 0&!!e!!i&n . C&ntra*t &6 0#e,(e (i+e! t%e *re,it&r t%e ri(%t t& retain t%e t%in( in %i! 0&!!e!!i&n &r in t%at &6 a t%ir, 0er!&n t& 7%&$ it %a! /een ,e#i+ere,) -nti# t%e ,e/t i! 0ai,
?- Credi$r 8 a. S%a## ta1e *are &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, 7it% t%e ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i# /. Ha! t%e ri(%t t& t%e rei$/-r!e$ent &6 t%e e0en!e! $a,e 6&r it! 0re!er+ati&n an, i! #ia/#e 6&r it! #&!! &r ,e teri&rati&n / rea!&n &6 6ra-,) ne(#i(en*e) ,e#a &r +i&#ati&n &6 t%e ter$! &6 t%e *&ntra*t) an, n&t ,-e t& 6&rt-it&-! e+ent *. Ma /rin( t%e a*ti&n! 7%i*% 0ertain t& t%e &7ner &6 t%e t%in( in &r,er t& re*&+er it 6r&$) &r ,e6en, it a(ain!t a =r, 0er!&n ,. Cann&t -!e t%e t%in( 7it%&-t t%e a-t%&rit &6 t%e &7ner) an, i6 %e !%&-#, ,& !&) &r $i!-!e t%e t%in() t%e &7ner $a a!1 t%at it /e -,i*ia## &r etra-,i*ia## ,e0&!ite, e. Ma -!e t%e t%in( i6 it i! ne*e!!ar 6&r t%e 0re!er+ati&n &6 t%e t%in( ?e.(. *ar %a! t& /e ,ri+en &n*e in a 7%i#e 6.
Ma eit%er *#ai$ an&t%er t%in( in 0# e,(e &r ,e$an, i$$e,iate 0a$ent &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n i6 %e i! ,e*ei+e, &n t%e !-/!tan*e &r 2-a#it &6 t%e t%in(
- P%ed'ee8 a. Ta1e *are &6 t%e t%in( 7it% ,i#i(en*e &6 a (&&, 6at%er &6 a 6a$i#. /. Cann&t ,e0 &!it t%e t%i n( 0#e,(e, 7it % a t%ir, 0er!&n) -n#e!! t%ere i! a !ti0-#ati&n a-t%&riin( %i$ t& ,& !& *. I! re!0&n!i/#e 6&r t%e a*t! &6 %i! a(ent! &r e$0#&ee! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, ,. Ha! n& ri(%t t& -!e t%e t%in( &r t& a00r&0riate t%e 6r-it! 7it%&-t t%e a-t%&rit &6 t%e &7ner e. Ma *a-!e 0-/#i* !a#e &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, i6) 7it%&-t 6a-#t &n %i! 0art) t%ere i! ,an(er &6 ,e!tr-*ti&n) i$0air$ent &r
@.
,i$in-ti&n in +a#-e &6 t%e t%in(. T%e 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e a-*ti&n !%a## /e a !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n.
9- P%ed'$r8 a. Ha! t%e re!0&n!i/i#it 6&r 6#a7! &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e,. /. Cann&t a! 1 6&r t%e ret-rn &6 t%e t% in( a(ain!t t%e 7i## &6 t%e *re,it&r) -n#e!! an, -nti# %e %a! 0ai, t%e ,e/t an, it! intere!t) 7it% e0en!e! in a 0r&0er *a!e *.
I! a##&7e, t& !-/!tit-te t%e t%in( 7%i*% i! in ,an(er &6 ,e!tr-*ti&n &r i$0air$ent 7it%&-t an 6a-#t &n t%e 0art &6 t%e 0#e,(ee) 7it% an&t%er t%in( &6 t%e !a$e 1in, an, 2-a#it
,. Ma re2-ire t%at t%e t%in( /e ,e0&!ite, 7it% a = r, 0er!&n i6 t%r&-(% t%e ne(#i(en*e &r 7i##6-# a*t &6 t%e 0#e,(ee t%e t%in( i! in ,an(er &6 /ein( #&!t &r i$0aire,
EFTIN3UISHMENT O: PLED3E =R2P2(A; 5. I6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, i! ret-rne, / t%e 0#e,(ee t& t%e 0#e,(&r &r &7ner) 0#e,(e i! etin(-i!%e,. 8. A !tate$ent in 7ritin( / t%e 0#e,(ee t%at %e en&-n*e! &r a/an,&n! t%e 0#e,(e i! r !-66i*ient t& etin(-i!% it. F&r t%i! 0-r0&!e) neit%er t%e a**e0tan*e / t%e 0#e,(&r &r &7ner) n&r t%e ret-rn &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, i! ne*e!!ar) t%e 0#e,(ee /e*&$in( a ,e0&!itar. =. I6 !-/!e2-ent t& t%e 0er6e*ti&n &6 t%e 0#e,(e) t%e t%in( i! in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0#e,(&r &r &7n er) t%ere i! prima facie re!-$0ti&n t%at t%e t%in( %a! /een ret-rne, / t%e 0#e,(ee. @. I6 t%e t%in( i! in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 (r, 0er!&n 7%& %a! re*ei+e, it 6r&$ t%e 0#e,(&r &r &7ner a6ter t%e *&n!tit-ti&n &6 t%e 0#e,(e) t%ere i! prima facie 0re!-$0ti&n t%at t%e t%in( %a! /een ret-rne, / t%e 0#e,(ee *- Pa$ent &6 t%e ,e/t . Sa#e &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, at 0-/#i* a-*ti&n
:$rma%iies [email protected]!ired in sa%e #" a credi$r i& credi n$ aid in d!e ime8 5. T%e ,e/t i! ,-e an, -n0ai, 8. T%e !a#e $-!t /e at a 0-/#i* a-*ti&n =. T%ere $-!t /e n&ti*e t& t%e 0#e,(&r an, &7ner) !tatin( t%e a$&-nt ,-e) an,
T%e !a#e $-!t /e $a,e 7it% t%e inter+enti&n &6 a n&tar 0-/#i*
E::ECT O: THE SALE O: THE THIN3 PLED3ED 5. E6in'!ises t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n 7%et%er t%e 0ri*e &6 t%e !a#e i! $&re &r #e!! t%an t%e a$&-nt ,-e 8. I6 t%e 0ri*e i! $&re t%an a$&-nt ,-e) t%e ,e/t&r i! n$ eni%ed t& t%e e*e!! -n#e!! t%e *&ntrar i! 0r&+i,e, =. I6 t%e 0ri*e &6 t% e !a#e i! #e! !) nei t%er i! t% e *re,it&r entit#e, t& re*&+er t%e de&icienc"C&ntrar !ti0-#ati&n i! +&i,.
Le'a% P%ed'es 5. Ne*e!!ar e0en!e! !%a## /e re6 -n,e, t& e+er 0&!!e!!&r) /-t &n# 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% $a retain t%e t%in( -nti# %e %a! /een rei$/-r!e, U!e6-# e0en!e! !%a## /e re6-n,e, &n# t& t%e 0&!!e!!&r in (&&, 6ait% 7it% t%e !a$e ri(%t &6 retenti&n) t%e 0er!&n 7%& %a! ,e6eate, %i$ in t%e 0&!!e!!i&n %a+in( t%e &0ti&n &6 re6-n,in( t%e a$&-nt &6 t%e e0en!e! &r &6 0ain( t%e in*rea!e in +a#-e 7%i*% t%e t%in( $a %a+e a*2-ire, an, / rea!&n t%ere&6. ?Art. [email protected] 8. He 7%& %a! e e*-te, 7&r1 -0&n a $&+ a/#e %a! a ri(%t t& retain it / 7a &6 0#e,(e -nti# %e i! 0ai,. ?Art. 5>=5 =. T%e a(ent $a ret ain t%e t%in(! 7%i*% are t%e &/e*t! &6 a(en* -nti# t%e 0rin*i0a# e66e*t! t%e rei$/-r!e$ent an, 0a! t%e in,e$nit. ?Art. 5[email protected] @. T%e #a/&rerK! 7a(e! !%a## /e a #ien &n t%e (&&,! $an-6a*t-re, &r t%e 7&r1 ,&ne. ?Art. 5>>
S0e*ia# La7! a00# t& 0a7n!%&0! an, e!ta/#i!%$ent! 7%i*% are en(a(e, in $a1in( #&an! !e*-re, / 0#e,(e!. Pr&+i!i&n! &6 t%e Ci+i# C&,e !%a## a00# !-/!i,iari#.
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 E- Rea% M$r'a'e 1- De&inii$n and caracerisics 2- Essenia% [email protected]!isies (- :$rec%$s!re
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 MORT3A3E REAL MORT3A3E ?Art!. [email protected]85=5 i! a *&ntra*t 7%ere/ t%e ,e/t&r !e*-re! t& t%e *re,it&r t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6 a 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n) !0e*ia## !-/e*tin( t& !-*% !e*-rit i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t! &+er i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert in *a!e t%e 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n i! n&t *&$0#ie, 7it% at t%e ti$e !ti0-#ate,. OBECTS O: REAL MORT3A3E8 5. I$$&+a/#e! 8. A#iena/#e rea# ri(%t! in a**& r,an*e 7it% t% e #a7!) i$0&!e, -0&n i$$&+a/#e!. 3enera% R!%e8 F-t-re 0r&0ert *ann&t /e &/e*t &6 $&rt(a(e E6cei$n8 =A:TER>ACUIRED PROPERTIES; A !ti0-#ati&n !-/e*tin( t& t%e $&rt(a(e #ien) i$0r&+e$ent! 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(&r $a !-/!e2-ent# a*2-ire) in!ta##) &r -!e in *&nne*ti&n 7it% t%e rea# 0r&0ert a#rea, $&rt(a(e, /e#&n(in( t& t%e $&rt(a(&r i! +a#i, Pe$%es Ban< and Tr!s C$- .- Daican L!m#er C$-5 K20 SCRA ) =19+?; Ea$0#e: &7n! a 6a*t&r. In t%at 6a*t&r) %e in!ta##e, a $a*%ine an, !-/!e2-ent# $&rt(a(e, it. T%e 0artie! $a +a#i,# !ti0-#ate t%at i6 t%e &ri(ina# $a*%ine i! re0#a*e,) t%e re0#a*e$ent !%a## /e !-/e*t t& t%e $&rt(a(e. T%e rea!&n 6&r t%i! i! t%at a6tera*2-ire, 0r&0ertie! are -n,er!t&&, t& /e re0#a*e$ent!) a! t%e &ri(ina# $a*%ine $a /e !-/e*t t& 7ear an, tear. /&por!%n! ;oin!s 5. A! a (enera# r-#e) t%e $&rt(a(&r retain! 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert. He $a ,e#i+er !ai, 0r&0ert t& t%e $&rt(a(ee 7it%&-t a#terin( t%e nat-re &6 t%e *&ntra*t &6 $&rt(a(e. 8. It i! n&t an e!!entia# re2-i!ite t%at t%e 0rin*i0a# &6 t%e $&rt(a(e *re,it /ear! intere!t) &r t%at t%e intere!t a! *&$0en!ati&n 6&r t%e -!e &6 t%e 0rin*i0a# an, t%e en&$ent &6 it! 6r-it! /e in t%e 6&r$ &6 a *ertain 0er*ent t%ere&6.
inds $& M$r'a'e8 5. V&#-ntar 8. Le(a#
=. E2 -it a/ #e &ne 7%i*%) a#t%&-(% it #a*1! t%e 0r&0er 6&r$a#itie! &6 a $&rt(a(e !%&7! t%e intenti&n &6 t%e 0artie! t& $a1e t%e 0r&0ert a! a !e*-rit 6&r a ,e/t ?(&+erne, / Art!. 5=4) [email protected]) [email protected]@) 58) 5=) 5@ an, 5>
ESSENTIAL REUISITES O: MORT3A3E8 =:ADVAP; 5. C&n!tit-te, t& !e*-re t%e &-#6i##$ent &6 a 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n 8. M&rt(a(&r t%e a/!&#-te &7ner &6 t%e t%in( 0#e,(e, &r /e $&rt(a(e, =. M&rt(a(&r %a! 6ree di!0&!a# &6 t%e 0r&0ert) an, in t%e a/!en*e t%ere&6) t%at %e /e #e(a## a-t%&rie, 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e @. Cann&t ei!t 7it%&-t a .a#i, &/#i(ati&n 4. ;%en t%e 0r in*i0a# &/#i(ati&n /e*&$e! ,-e) t%e t%in( in 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(e *&n!i!t! $a /e a#ienate, 6&r t%e 0a$ent t& t%e *re,it&r. . A00ear! i n a -/#i* ,&*-$ent ,-# re*&r,e, in t%e Re(i!tr &6 Pr&0ert t& /e +a#i,# *&n!tit-te, • I6 t%e in!tr-$ent i! n&t re*&r,e,) t%e $&rt(a(e i! ne+ert%e#e!! /in,in( /et7een t%e 0artie!. LE3AL MORT3A3E8 t%e 0er!&n! in 7%&!e 6a+&r t%e #a7 e!ta/#i!%e! a $&rt(a(e %a+e n& &t%er ri(%t t%an t& ,e$an, t%e ee*-ti&n an, t%e re*&r,in( &6 t%e ,&*-$ent in 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(e i! 6&r$a#ie,.
5. 8. =. @. 4.
INCIDENTS O: RE3ISTRATION O: MORT3A3E M&rt(a(ee entit#e, t& re(i!trati&n &6 $&rt(a(e a! a $atter &6 ri(%t Pr&*ee,in(! 6&r re(i!trati&n ,& n&t ,eter$ine +a#i,it &6 $&rt(a(e &r it! e66e*t Re(i!trati&n i! 7it%&-t 0re-,i*e t& /etter ri(%t &6 t%ir, 0artie! M&rt(a(e ,ee, &n*e ,-# re(i!tere, 6&r$! 0art &6 t%e re*&r,! 6&r t%e re(i!trati&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert $&rt(a(e, M&rt(a(e / !-r+i+in( !0&-!e &6 %i!%er -n,i+i,e, !%are &6 *&n-(a# 0r&0ert *an /e re(i!tere,
E&&ec $& In.a%idi" $& M$r'a'e $n rincia% $#%i'ai$n 5. Prin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n re$ain! +a#i, 8. M&rt(a(e ,ee, re$ain! a! e+i ,en*e &6 a 0er!&na# &/#i(ati&n E&&ec $& M$r'a'e 5. Creaes ri' in r& $r rea% ri's- A #ien in!e0ara/#e 6r&$ t%e 0r&0ert $&rt(a(e,) en6&r*ea/#e a(ain!t t%e 7%&#e 7&r#, as %$n'
as i is re' isered- I6 n&t re(i!tere, t%e t%ir, 0art $-!t 1n&7 &6 t%e $&rt(a(e% 8. Creaes mere%" an enc!m#rance . T%e #a7 *&n!i,er! +&i, an !ti0-#ati&n 6&r/i,,in( t%e &7ner 6r&$ a#ienatin( t%e i$$&+a/#e $&rt(a(e, ?Art. 85=. • T%e $&rt(a(&rK! ,e6a-#t ,&e! n&t &0erate t& +e!t in t%e $&rt(a(ee t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e en*-$/ere, 0r&0ert. • Hi! 6ai#-re t& re,ee$ t%e 0r&0ert ,&e! n&t a-t&$ati*a## +e!t &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e 0r&0ert t& t%e $&rt(a(ee. EFTENT O: MORT3A3E =AI3RiPE; A rea# e!tate $&rt(a(e *&n!tit-te, &n i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert i! n&t #i$ite, t& t%e 0r&0ert it!e#6 /-t a#!& eten,! t& it!: 5. A**e!!i&n! 8. I$0r&+e$ent! =. Gr&7in( 6r-it! @. Rent! &r in*&$e 4. Pr&*ee,! &6 in!-ran*e !%&-#, t%e 0r&0ert /e ,e!tr&e, .E0r&0riati&n +a#-e &6 t%e 0r&0ert !%&-#, it /e e0r&0riate,.
$&rt(a(e) -nti# t%e a,+an*e$ent! i! 0ai,.
3enera% R!%e # T%ere $-!t /e a !ti0-#ati&n 6&r t%e in*#-!i&n &6 6-t-re a,+an*e$ent!. M&rt(a(e 7it% a ,ra(net *#a-!e ena/#e t%e 0artie! t& 0r&+i,e *&ntin-&-! ,ea#in(!) t%e nat-re &r etent &6 7%i*% $a n&t /e 1n&7n &r anti*i0ate, at t%e ti$e) an, t%e a+&i, t%e e0en!e an, in*&n+enien*e &6 ee*-tin( a ne7 !e*-rit &n ea*% ne7 tran!a*ti&n. A $&rt(a(e (i+en t& !e*-re 6-t-re a,+an*e$ent! i! a c$nin!in' sec!ri" an, i! n&t ,i!*%ar(e, / t%e re0a$ent &6 t%e a$&-nt na$e, in t%e
a$&-nt
&6
t%e
ALIENATION OR ASSI3NMENT O: MORT3A3E CREDIT T%e $&rt(a(e *re,it i! a rea# ri(%t 7%i*% $a /e a#ienate, / t%e $&rt(a(ee 7it%&-t nee, t& &/tain t%e *&n!ent &6 t%e ,e/t&r. A#ienati&n &6 t%e $&rt(a(e *re,it i! +a#i, e+en i6 it i! n&t re(i!tere,. 1egistration is necessary only to affect third persons% La/s 3$.ernin' M$r'a'e 5. Ne7 Ci+i# C&,e 8. P.D. 548 =. Re+i!e, A,$ini!trati+e C&,e @. R.A. @998) a! re(ar,! a#ien! /e*&$in( $&rt(a(e! :$rec%$s!re $& M$r'a'e i! t%e re$e, a+ai#a/#e t& t%e $&rt(a(ee / 7%i*% %e !-/e*t! t%e $&rt(a(e, 0r&0ert t& t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n t& !e*-re 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(e 7a! (i+en. •
T$ e6c%!de em5 it i! ne*e!!ar t%at t%ere /e an e0re!! !ti0-#ati&n t& t%at e66e*t. B-t i6 t%e $&rt(a(e, e!tate 0a!!e! int& t%e %an,! &6 a ird ers$n) t%e $&rt(a(e ,&e! n&t eten, t& an $a*%iner) &/e*t) *%atte# &r *&n!tr-*ti&n 7%i*% %e $a %a+e /r&-(%t &r 0#a*e, t%ere an, 7%i*% !-*% t%ir, 0er!&n $a re$&+e 7%ene+er it i! *&n+enient 6&r %i$ t& ,& !&. MORT3A3E TO SECURE :UTURE ADVANCEMENTS =BLANET OR DRA3NET CLAUSE; B#an1etDra(net C#a-!e &ne 7%i*% i! !0e*i6i*a## 0%ra!e, t& !-/!-$e a## ,e/t! &6 0a!t &r 6-t-re &ri(in.
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A 6&re*#&!-re !a#e retr&a*t! t& t%e ,ate &6 re(i!trati&n &6 t%e $&rt(a(e an, t%at a 0er!&n 7%& ta1e! a $&rt(a(e in (&&, 6ait% an, 6&r +a#-a/#e *&n!i,erati&n) t%e re*&r, !%&7in( *#ear tit#e t& t%e $&rt(a(&r) 7i## /e 0r&te*te, a(ain!t e2-ita/#e *#ai$! &n t%e tit#e in 6a+&r &6 t%ir, 0er!&n! &6 7%i*% %e %a, n& a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e n&ti*e !. o&inic Corpor%!ion v. /AC, 151 CRA 577 (187) Mere ina,e2-a* &6 t%e 0ri*e &/taine, at t%e !%eri66K! !a#e 7i## n&t /e !-66i*ient t& !et a!i,e t%e !a#e -n#e!! t%e 0ri*e i! !& ina,e2-ate a! t& !%&*1 t%e *&n!*ien*e &6 t%e *&-rt ta1in( int& *&n!i,erati&n t%e 0e*-#iar *ir*-$!tan*e! atten,ant t%eret&. S!%i .- CA5 2+ SCRA ))1 =199?; T%e a*ti&n t& re*&+er a ,e6i*ien* a6ter 6&re*#&!-re 0re!*ri/e! a6ter 5 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ri(%t &6 a*ti&n a**r-e! ?Art!. [email protected] [email protected]@
UDICIAL :ORECLOSURE ?(&+erne, / R-#e 9 &6 R-#e! &6 C&-rt: =>PACE>PC; 5. -,i*ia# a*ti&n 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e in t%e 0r&0er *&-rt 7%i*% %a! -ri!,i*ti&n &+er t%e area 7%erein t%e rea# 0r&0ert in+&#+e, &r a 0&rti&n t%ere&6 i! !it-ate, 8. C&-rt &r ,er t& $&rt(a(&r t& a $&rt(a(e ,e/t 7it% intere!t an, &t%er *%ar(e! 7it%in a 0eri&, &6 n&t #e!! t%an ,a! n&r $&re t%an 58 ,a! 6r&$ t%e entr &6 -,($ent
=.
Sa#e t& t%e %i(%e!t /i,,er at 0-/#i* a -*ti&n ) !%&-#, t%e $&rt(a(&r 6ai# t& 0a at t%e ti$e ,ire*te,.
C&n6ir$ati&n &6 !a#e) 7%i*% &0erate! t& ,i+e!t t%e ri(%t! &6 a## 0artie! in t%e a*ti&n an, t& +e!t t%eir ri(%t! t& t%e 0-r*%a!e) !-/e*t t& t%e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n a##&7e, / #a7 @. Ee*-ti&n &6 -,($ent 4. A00#i*ati&n &6 r&*ee,! &6 !a#e t&: a. C&!t! &6 t%e !a#e" /. A$&-nt ,-e t%e $&rt(a(ee" *. C#ai$! &6 -ni&r en*-$/ran*er! &r 0er!&n! %&#,in( !-/!e2-ent $&rt(a(e! in t%e &r,er &6 t%eir 0ri&rit" an, ,. T%e /a#an*e) i6 an !%a## /e 0ai, t& t%e $&rt(a(&r
c . S%eri66K! erti6i*ate i! ee*-te,) a*1n&7#e,(e, an, re*&r,e, t& *&$0#ete t%e 6&re*#&!-re Na!re $& !dicia% :$rec%$s!re Pr$ceedin's 5. <-a!i in rem a*ti&n 8. F&re*#&!-re i! &n# t%e re! -#t &r in* i,ent &6 t%e 6ai#-re t& 0a ,e/t =. S-r+i+e! ,eat% &6 $&rt(a(&r EFTRAUDICIAL :ORECLOSURE ?(&+erne, / A*t N&. =5=4) a! a$en,e, 5. E0re!! a-t%&rit t& !e## i! (i+en t& t%e $&rt(a(ee 8. A-t%&rit i! n&t etin(-i!%e, / ,eat% &6 $&rt(a(&r &r $&rt(a(ee =. P-/#i* !a#e !%&-#, /e $a,e a6ter 0r&0er n&ti*e ?0&!tin( an, 0-/#i*ati&n @. S-r0#-! 0r&*ee,! &6 6&re* #&!-re !a#e /e#&n( t& t%e $&rt(a(&r &r %i! a!!i(n! 4. De/t&r %a! t%e ri(%t t& re,ee$ t%e 0r&0ert !&#, 7it%in 5 ear 6r&$ an, a6ter t%e ,ate &6 !a#e . Re$e, &6 0art a((rie+e, / 6&re*#&!-re i! a 0etiti&n t& !et a!i,e !a#e an, *an*e##ati&n &6 7rit &6 0&!!e!!i&n >. Re0-/#i*ati&n i! ne*e!!ar 6&r t% e +a#i,it &6 a 0&!t0&ne, 6&re*#&!-re !a#e ?0artie! %a+e n& ri(%t t& 7ai+e t%e 0-/#i*ati&n re2-ire$ent Pr$ced!re &$r E6ra4!dicia% :$rec%$s!re $& Rea% Esae M$r'a'e =Ac N$- (1(* ; Cae% M$r'a'e =Ac N$- 1*05 A-M- N0- 99>10>0*>0 an!ar" 1*5 2000; =ARC>DIN>REA;
5. Fi# in( &6 a00#i*ati&n /e6&re t%e Ee*-ti+e J-,(e t%r&-(% t%e C#er1 &6 C&-rt 8. C#er1 &6 C&-rt 7i## ea$ine 7%et%er t%e re2-ire$ent! &6 t%e #a7 %a+e /een *&$0#ie, 7it%) t%at i!) 7%et%er t%e n&ti*e &6 !a#e %a! /een 0&!te, 6&r n&t #e!! t%an 8 ,a! in at #ea!t = 0-/#i* 0#a*e! &6 t%e $-ni*i0a#it &r *it 7%ere t%e 0r&0ert i! !it-ate,) an, i6 t%e !a$e i! 7&rt% $&re t%an [email protected]. ) t%at !-*% n&ti*e %a! /een 0-/#i!%e, &n*e a 7ee1 6&r at #ea!t = *&n!e*-ti+e 7ee1! in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e *it &r $-ni*i0a#it =. T%e certi6i*ate &6 !a#e $-!t /e a00r&+e, / t%e Ee*-ti+e J-,(e @. In etra-,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re &6 rea# $&r t(a(e! d in i66erent #&*ati&n! *&+erin( &ne in,e/te,ne!!) &n# &ne 6i#in( 6ee *&rre!0&n,in( t& !-*% ,e/t !%a## /e *&##e*te, 4. T%e C# er1 &6 C& -rt ! %a## i!!-e *erti6i*ate &6 0a$ent in,i*atin( t%e a$&-nt &6 in,e/te,ne!!) t%e 6i#in( 6ee! *&##e*te,) t%e $&rt(a(e! !&-(%t t& /e 6&re*#&!e,) t%e ,e!*ri0ti&n &6 t%e rea# e!tate! an, t%eir re!0e*ti+e #&*ati&n! . T%e n&ti*e &6 !a#e !%a## /e 0-/#i!%e, in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n >. T%e a00#i*ati&n !% a## /e ra66#e, a$&n( a## !%eri66! 9. A6ter t%e re ,e$0ti&n 0eri&, %a! e0ire,) t%e C#er1 &6 C&-rt !%a## ar*%i+e t%e re*&r,! . N& a -*ti&n !a#e !%a## /e %e#, -n#e!! t%ere are at #ea!t 8 0arti*i0atin( /i,,er!) &t%er7i!e t%e !a#e !%a## /e 0&!t0&ne, t& an&t%er ,ate. I6 &n t%e ne7 ,ate t%ere !%a## n&t /e at #ea!t 8 /i,,er!) t%e !a#e !%a## t%en 0r&*ee,. T%e na$e! &6 t%e /i,,er! !%a## /e re0&rte, / t%e S%eri66 &r t%e N&tar P-/#i* 7%& *&n,-*te, t%e !a#e t& t%e C#er1 &6 C&-rt /e6&re t%e i!!-an*e &6 t%e *erti6i*ate &6 !a#e
Ri' $& m$r'a'ee $ rec$.er de&icienc" 5. M&rt(a(ee i! entit#e, t& re*&+er ,e6i*ien* 8. I6 ,e6i*ien* i! e$/&,ie, in a -,($ent) it i! t%e re6erre, t& a! deficiency judgment =. A*ti&n 6&r re*&+er &6 ,e6i*ien* $a /e 6i#e, e+en ,-rin( re,e$0ti&n 0eri&, @. A*ti&n t& re*&+er 0re!*ri/e! a6t er 5 ear! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e ri(%t &6 a*ti&n a**r-e!
Na!re $& $/er $& &$rec%$s!re #" e6ra4!dicia% sa%e 5. C&n6erre, 6&r $&rt(a(eeK! 0r&te*ti&n 8. An an*i##ar !ti0-#ati&n !-00&rte, / t%e !a$e *a-!e &r *&n!i,erati&n 6&r t%e $&rt(a(e =. A 0rer&(ati+e &6 t%e $&rt(a(ee Si!%ai$n $& Use Price $r i$ A !ti0-#ati&n &6 $ini$-$ 0ri*e at 7%i*% t%e 0r&0ert !%a## /e !&#, t& /e*&$e &0erati+e in t%e e+ent &6 a 6&re*#&!-re !a#e at 0-/#i* a-*ti&n i! N,== and @OI!
E&&ec $& [email protected]!ac" $& rice in &$rec%$s!re sa%e 5. ;%ere t%ere i! ri(%t t& re,ee$ 3enera% R!%e : Ina,e2-a* &6 0ri*e i! i$$ateria# /e*a-!e t%e -,($ent ,e/t&r $a re,ee$ t%e 0r&0ert E6cei$n: T%e 0ri*e i! !& ina,e2-ate a! t& !%&*1 t%e *&n!*ien*e &6 t%e *&-rt ta1in( int& *&n!i,erati&n t%e 0e*-#iar *ir*-$!tan*e! 8. Pr&0ert $a /e !&#, 6&r #e !! t% an it ! 6air $ar1et +a#-e -0&n t%e t%e&r t%at t%e #e!!er t%e 0ri*e t%e ea!ier 6&r t%e &7ner t& re,ee$ =. T%e +a#-e &6 t%e $& rt(a(e, 0r&0ert %a! n& /earin( &n t%e /i, 0ri*e at t%e 0-/#i* a-*ti&n) 0r&+i,e, t%at t%e 0-/#i* a-*ti&n 7a! re(-#ar# an, %&ne!t# *&n,-*te,
Wai.er $& sec!ri" #" credi$r 5. M&rt(a(ee $a 7ai+e ri(%t t& 6&r e*#&!e %i! $&rt(a(e an, $aintain a 0er!&na# a*ti&n 6&r re*&+er &6 t%e in,e/te,ne!! 8. Re$e,ie! are a#ternati+e) n&t *-$-#ati+e. =. O0ti&n! in *a!e t%e ,e/t&r ,ie!: a. T& 7ai+e $&rt(a(e an, *#ai$ entire ,e/t 6r&$ t%e $&rt(a(&rK! e!tate a! an &r,inar *#ai$ b. T& -,i*ia## 6&re*#&!e $&rt(a(e an, 0r&+e an ,e6i*ien* c. T& re# &n t%e $&rt(a(e e*#-!i+e# 7it%&-t 6i#in( a *#ai$ 6&r ,e6i*ien* NOTE8 F&re*#&!-re retr&a*t! t& t%e ,ate &6 re(i!trati&n &6 $&rt(a(e REDEMPTION i! a tran!a*ti&n / 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(&r rea*2-ire! &r /-! /a*1 t%e 0r&0ert 7%i*% $a %a+e 0a!!e, -n,er t%e $&rt(a(e &r ,i+e!t! t%e 0r&0ert &6 t%e #ien 7%i*% t%e $&rt(a(e $a %a+e *reate,. INDS O: REDEMPTION
5. E ui!6 o r&p!ion : ri(%t &6 t%e $&rt(a(&r t& re,ee$ t%e $&rt(a(e, 0r&0ert a6ter %i! ,e6a-#t in t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 t%e *&n,iti&n! &6 t%e $&rt(a(e /-t /e6&re *&n6ir$ati&n &6 t%e !a#e. a. A00#ie! t & -,i*ia# 6 &re*#&!-re & 6 rea# $&rt(a(e an, *%atte# $&rt(a( e 6&re*#&!-re /. A !e*&n, $&rt(a(ee a*2-ire! &n# t%e e2-it &6 re,e$0ti&n +e!te, in t%e $&rt(a(&r) an, %i! ri(%t! are !tri*t# !-/&r,inate t& t%e !-0eri&r #ien &6 t%e 6ir!t $&rt(a(ee. NOTE# Re,e$0ti&n &6 t%e /an1in( in!tit-ti&n! i! a##&7e, 7it%in 5 ear 6r&$ *&n6ir$ati&n &6 !a#e 8. Ri"! o r&p!ion : ri(%t &6 t%e $&rt(a(&r t& re,ee$ t%e 0r&0ert 7it%in a *ertain 0eri&, a6ter it 7a! !&#, 6&r t%e !ati!6a*ti&n &6 t%e ,e/t a. A00#ie! &n# t& etra-,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re &6 rea# $&rt(a(e
NOTE# T%e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n) a! #&n( a! 7it%in t%e 0eri&, 0re!*ri/e,) $a /e eer*i!e, irre!0e*ti+e &6 7%et%er &r n&t t%e $&rt(a(ee %a! !-/!e2-ent# *&n+ee, t%e 0r&0ert t& !&$e &t%er 0art Sa- I'nacia R!ra% Ban<5 Inc- .CA5 2(0 SCRA *1( =199); A !a#e / t%e $&rt(a(&r t& a t%ir, 0art &6 t%e $&rt(a(e, 0r&0ert ,-rin( t%e 0eri&, &6 re,e$0ti&n tran!6er! &n# t%e ri(%t t& re,ee$ t%e 0r&0ert an, t%e ri(%t t& 0&!!e!!) -!e) an, en& t%e !a$e ,-rin( t%e 0eri&,. T%e -,($ent ,e/t&r re$ain! in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert 6&re*#&!e, an, !&#, ,-rin( t%e 0eri&, &6 re,e$0ti&n) /-t %e *ann&t $a1e a *&n+ean*e &6 t%e &7ner!%i0 &6 t%e 0r&0ert) !in*e it /e#&n(! t& t%e 0-r*%a!er at t%e 6&re*#&!-re !a#e ion v. G%orro, 83 CRA *88 (178)
PERIOD O: REDEMPTION Extra &6 Genera# Ban1in( La7
8. H udicial /e6&re *&n6ir$ati&n &6 t%e !a#e / t%e *&-rt Peri$ds $& redemi$n M&rt(a(e:
J-,i*ia# F&re*#&!-re BAN'S
In,i+i,-a# ,e/t&r!$&rt(a (&r!
5 ear 6r&$ re(i!trati &n &6
J-ri,i*a# 0er!&n! a! ,e/t&r!$&rt(a (&r!
!a#e 5 ear 6r&$ re(i!trati &n &6 !a#e
NON BAN' S
Etra-,i*ia# F&re*#&!-re BAN'S
NON BAN'S
5 ear 6r&$ re(i!trati &n &6
5 ear 6r&$ re(i!trati &n &6
!a#e Unti# re(i!trati &n &6 *erti6i*at e &6 !a#e &r = $&nt%! 6r&$ !a#e 7%i*%e+ er i! ear#ier
!a#e 5 ear 6r&$ re(i!trati &n &6 !a#e
NOTE8 A##&7in( re,e$0ti&n a6ter t%e #a0!e &6 t%e !tat-t&r 0eri&, 7%en t%e /-er at t%e 6&re*#&!-re !a#e ,&e! n&t &/e*t /-t e+en *&n!ent! t& t%e re,e$0ti&n) 7i## -0%&#, t%e 0&#i* &6 t%e #a7 7%i*% i! t& ai, rat%er t%an ,e6eat t%e ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n R%&ir v. CA, 21 CRA 58 (13)
AMOUNT O: THE REDEMPTION PRICE8 5. M&rt(a(ee i! n&t a /an1 ?A*t N&. =5=4 in re#ati&n t& Se*. 89) R-#e = &6 R-#e! &6 C&-rt a. P-r*%a!e 0ri*e &6 t%e 0r&0ert /. 5 intere!t 0er $&nt% &n t%e 0-r*%a!e 0ri*e *. Tae! 0ai, an, a$&-nt &6 0-r*%a!erK! 0ri&r #ien) i6 an) 7it% t%e !a$e rate &6 intere!t *&$0-te, 6r&$ t%e ,ate &6 re(i!trati&n &6 !a#e) -0 t& t%e ti$e &6 re,e$0ti&n 8. M&rt(a(ee i! a /an1 ?GBL 8 a. A$&-nt ,-e -n,er t%e $&rt(a(e ,ee, /. Intere!t *. C&!t an, e0en!e!
NOTE8 Re,e$0ti&n 0ri*e in t%i! *a!e i! re,-*e, / t%e in*&$e re*ei+e, 6r&$ t%e 0r&0ert !ni$r M$r'a'ees 5. 6&re*#&!-re !a#e) t%ere re$ain! A6ter in t%e !e*&n, t%e $&rt(a(ee a $ere ri(%t &6 re,e$0ti&n. Hi! re$e, i! #i$ite, t& t%e ri(%t t& re,ee$ / 0ain( &66 t%e ,e/t !e*-re, / t%e 6ir!t $&rt(a(e.
e i! entit#e, t& t%e 0a$ent &6 %i! *re,it t%e e*e!! &6 t%e 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e a-*ti&n !a#e. =. In *a!e t%e *re,it &6 t%e 6ir !t $&r t(a(ee %a! a/!&r/e, t%e entire 0r&*ee,! &6 t%e !a#e) t%e !e*&n, $&rt(a(e i! etin(-i!%e,) !in*e t%e $&rt(a(e *ann&t /e en6&r*e, /e&n, t%e t&ta# +a#-e &6 t%e $&rt(a(e, 0r&0ert.
M$r'a'ee in P$ssessi$n &ne 7%& %a! #a76-## a*2-ire, a*t-a# &r *&n!tr-*ti+e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0re$i!e! $&rt(a( e, t& %i$) !tan,in( -0&n %i! ri(%t! a! $&rt(a(ee an, n&t *#ai$in( -n,er an&t%er tit#e) 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 en6&r*in( %i! !e*-rit -0&n !-*% 0r&0ert &r $a1in( it! in*&$e %e#0 t& 0a %i! ,e/t
RI3HTS AND OBLI3ATIONS O: MORT3A3EE IN POSSESSION 5. Si$i#ar t& an anti*%re!i! *re,it&r entit#e, t& retain !-*% 0&!!e!!i&n -nti# t%e in,e/te,ne!! i! !ati!6ie, an, t%e 0r&0ert re,ee$e,. 8. ;it%&-t ri(%t t& rei$/-r!e$ent 6&r -!e6-# e0en!e! RI3HT O: PURCHASER TO WRIT O: POSSESSION Wri $& P$ssessi$n &r,er 7%ere/ t%e !%eri66 i! *&$$an,e, t& 0#a*e in 0&!!e!!i&n &6 rea# &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert t%e 0er!&n entit#e, t%eret& !-*% a! 7%en a 0r&0ert i! etra-,i*ia## 6&re*#&!e,. T%e i!!-an*e &6 t%e 7rit &6 0&!!e!!i&n in an etra-,i*ia# 6&re*#&!- re i! $ere# a $ini!teria# 6-n*ti&n. T%e 0-r*%a!er at t%e 6&re*#&!-re !a#e i! entit#e, a! &6 ri(%t t& a 7rit &6 0&!!e!!i&n. Be&$re %ase $& redemi $n eri$d 6i#e an e 0arte a00#i*ati&n an, 6i#e a /&n,
A&er %ase $& redemi$n eri$d 6i#e an e 0arte a00#i*ati&n an, n& nee, 6&r a /&n,
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 :- Anicresis 1- De&inii$n and Caracerisics 2O#%i'ai$ns $& Anicreic Credi$r 777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 ANTICHRESIS =Ars- 21(2>21(9;
ANTICHRESIS i! a *&ntra*t 7%ere/ t%e *re,it&r a*2-ire! t%e ri(%t t& recei"e the fruits &6 an i$$&+a/#e &6 t%e ,e/t&r) 7it% t%e &/#i(ati&n t& a00# t%e$ t& t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e inter e!t) i6 &7in() an, t%ere a6ter t& t%e 0rin* i0a# &6 t%e *re,it. CBARAC:ER/:/C 5. A**e!!&r *&ntra*t it !e*-re! t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 a 0rin*i0a# &/#i(ati&n F&r$a# *&ntra*t it $-!t /e in a !0e*i6ie, 6&r$
t& /e +a#i, ?Art. [email protected]
SPECIAL REUISITES8 5. On# t%e 6r-it! &6 an i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert 8. De#i+er &6 t%e i$$&+a/#e i! ne* e!!ar 6&r t%e *re,it&r t& re*ei+e t%e 6r-it! an, n&t t%at t%e *&ntra*t !%a## /e /in,in( =. A$&-nt &6 0rin*i0a# an, intere!t $-!t /e !0e*i6ie, in 7ritin( ?&t%er7i!e) +&i, @. E0re!! a(ree$ent t%at ,e/t&r 7i## (i+e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert t& *re,it&r an, t%at t%e #att er 7i## a00# t%e 6r-it! t& t%e intere!t) i6 an) t%en t& t%e 0rin*i0a# &6 %i! *re,it NOTE8 T%e &/#i(ati&n t& 0a intere!t i! n&t e!!entia# in a *&ntra*t &6 anti*%re!i!) t%ere /ein( n&t%in( in t%e C&,e t& !%&7 t%at anti*%re!i! i! &n# a00#i*a/#e t& !e*-rin( t%e 0a$ent &6 intere!t/earin( #&an!. On t%e *&ntrar) anti*%re!i! i! !-!*e0ti/#e &6 (-aranteein( a## 1in,! &6 &/#i(ati&n!) 0-re &r *&n,iti&na#
OBLI3ATIONS O: ANTICHRETIC CREDITOR8 =:AT>P; 5. T& 0 a ae! an, *%ar(e! &n t%e e!tate) in*#-,in( ne*e!!ar e0en!e! NOTE8 Cre,it&r $a a+&i, !ai, &/#i(ati&n /: a. C&$0e##in( ,e/t&r t& rea*2-ire en&$ent &6 t%e 0r&0ert /. B !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar 8. T& a00# a## t%e & r-it!) a6ter re*ei+in( t%e$) t& t%e 0a$ent &6 intere!t) i6 &7in() an, t%erea6ter t& t%e 0rin*i0a# =. T& ren ,er an a**&-nt &6 t% e 6r-it! t& t% e ,e/t&r @. T& /ear t%e e0en!e! ne*e!!ar 6&r it! re!er+ati&n an, re0air REMEDIES O: CREDITOR IN CASE O: NON> PA,MENT O: DEBT 5. A*ti&n 6&r !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e 8. Petiti&n 6&r t%e !a#e &6 t%e rea# 0r&0ert a! in a 6&re*#&!-re &6 $&rt(a(e! -n,er R-#e 9 &6 t%e R-#e! &6 C&-rt
NOTE8 T%e 0artie!) %&7e+er) $a a(ree &n an etra-,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re in t%e !a$e $anner a! t%e are a##&7e, in *&ntra*t! &6 $&rt(a(e an, 0#e,(e% Ta.era .- E% H$'ar :i%iin$5 Inc- K+ Pi% ?12 A !ti0-#ati&n a-t%&riin( t%e anti*%reti* *re,it&r t& a00r&0riate t%e 0r&0ert -0&n t%e n&n 0a$ent &6 t%e ,e/t 7it%in t%e a(ree, 0eri&, i! +&i, ?Art. 899
777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 3- Cae% M$r'a'e 1- De&inii$n and caracerisics 2- Re'israi$n 777777777777777777777777 77777777777777 CHATTEL MORT3A3E CHATTEL MORT3A3E ?Art!. [email protected][email protected] i! a *&ntra*t / +irt-e &6 7%i*% a 0er!&na# 0r&0ert i! re*&r,e, in t%e C%atte# M&rt(a(e Re(i!ter a! !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0er6&r$an*e &6 an &/#i(ati&n. NOTE8 I6 t%e $&+a/#e) in!tea, &6 /ein( re*&r,e, i! ,e#i+ere, t& t%e *re,it&r) it i! a 0#e,(e an, n&t a *%atte# $&rt(a(e. CHATTEL MORT3A3E
PLED3E
In+&#+e! $&+a/#e 0r&0ert De#i+er &6 t%e 0er!&na# 0r&0ert i! NOT ne*e!!ar Re(i!trati&n i! ne*e!!ar 6&r +a#i,it Pr&*e,-re: Se* [email protected] &6 A*t n& 549) a! a$en,e, I6 t%e 0r&0ert i! 6&re*#&!e,) t%e e*e!! &+er t%e a$&-nt ,-e (&e! t& t%e ,e/t&r
In+&#+e! $&+a/#e 0r&0ert De#i+er &6 t%e 0er!&na# 0r&0ert i! ne*e!!ar Re(i!trati&n i! NOT ne*e!!ar 6&r +a#i,it Pr&*e,-re: Art 8558 &6 Ci+i# C&,e
Cre,it&r i! entit#e, t& re*&+er ,e6i*ien* 6r&$ t%e ,e/t&r ECEPT i6 it i! a !e*-rit 6&r t%e 0-r*%a!e &6 0er!&na# 0r&0ert in in!ta##$ent!
I6 t%e 0r&0ert i! !&#,) t%e ,e/t&r i! n&t entit#e, t& t%e t& t%e e*e!! UNLESS it i! &t%er7i!e a(ree, &r in *a!e &6 #e(a# 0#e,(e Cre,it&r i! n&t entit#e, t& re*&+er ,e6i*ien* n&t7it%!tan,in( an !ti0-#ati&n t& t%e *&ntrar
La/s 3$.ernin' Cae% M$r'a'e 5. C%atte# M&rt(a(e La7) A*t N&. 549) a! a$en,e, 8. Ci+i# C&,e =. Re+i!e, A,$ini!trati+e C&,e @. Re+i!e, Pena# C&,e 4. S%i0 M&r t(a(e De*ree &6 5> 9 ?P.D. 5485 (&+ern! $&rt(a(e &6 +e!!e#! &6 ,&$e!ti* &7ner!%i0 A&&ida.i $& 3$$d :ai > An &at% in a *&ntra*t &6 *%atte# $&rt(a(e 7%erein t%e 0artie! !e+era## !7ear t%at t%e $&rt(a(e i! $a,e 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 !e*-rin( t%e &/#i(ati&n !0e*i6ie, in t%e *&n,iti&n! t%ere&6 an, 6&r n& &t%er 0-r0&!e! an, t%at t%e !a$e i! a -!t an, +a#i, &/#i(ati&n an, &ne n&t entere, int& 6&r t%e 0-r0&!e &6 6ra-,. • N&t e!!entia# t& t%e +a#i,it &6 t%e $&rt(a(e /-t &n# tran!6&r$! a +a#i, &ne int& a 0re6erre, &ne • A/!en*e +itiate! a $&rt(a(e &n# a! a(ain!t t%ir, 0er!&n! 7it%&-t n&ti*e NOTE8 A *%atte# $&rt(a(e *an &n# *&+er &/#i(ati&n! ei!tin( at t%e ti$e t%e $&rt(a(e i! *&n!tit-te,. A $&rt(a(e t%at *&ntain! a !ti0-#ati&n in re(ar, t& 6-t-re a,+an*e! in t%e *re,it 7i## ta1e e66e*t &n# 6r&$ t%e ,ate t%e !a$e are $a,e an, n&t 6r&$ t%e ,ate &6 t%e $&rt(a(e %c% v. %v%o ?u&r Co., 113 CRA 107 (182)
E::ECT O: RE3ISTRATION 5. Create! rea# ri(%t! /in,in( n&ti*e an, !$/&#i*a# 0&!!e!!i&n 8. A,,! n&t%in( t& $&rt(a(e NOTE8 Re(i!trati&n &6 a!!i(n$ent &6 $&rt(a(e i! n&t re2-ire, •
RI3HT O: REDEMPTION ;%en t%e *&n,iti&n &6 a *%atte# $&rt(a(e i! /r&1en) t%e 66 $a re,ee$: a. M&rt(a(&r" /. Per!&n %&#,in( a !-/!e2-ent $&rt(a(e" *. S-/!e2-ent atta*%in( *re,it&r.
Re,e$0ti&n *an /e ,&ne 7it%in = ,a! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e *&n,iti&n i! /r&1en. •
•
An atta*%in( *re,it&r 7%& !& re,ee$! !%a## /e !-/r&(ate, t& t%e ri(%t! &6 t%e $&rt(a(ee an, entit#e, t& 6&re*#&!e t%e $&rt(a(e in t%e !a$e $anner t%at t%e $&rt(a(ee *&-#, 6&re*#&!e it T%e re,e$0ti&n i! $a,e / 0ain( &r ,e#i+erin( & t%e $&rt(a(ee t%e a$&-nt ,-e
&n !-*% $&rt(a(e an, t%e e0en!e! in*-rre, / !-*% *&n,iti&n /e6&re t%e !a#e
*&!t! an, /rea*% &6
Ri' $& M$r'a'ee $ P$ssessi$n 5. Be6&re ,e6a-#t) $&rt(a(ee i! n&t en tit#e, t& t%e 0&!!e!!i&n &6 t%e 0r&0ert ?&t%er7i!e) it 7i## /e*&$e a 0#e,(e 8. ;%en ,e6a-#t &**-r! an, t% e *re,it&r ,e!ire! t& 6&re*#&!e) %e %a! t%e ri(%t t& ta1e t%e 0r&0ert. =. I6 t%e ,e/t&r re6-!e! t& !-rren,er t%e 0r&0ert) t%e *re,it&rK! re$e, i! t& in!tit-te an a*ti&n t& e66e*t -,i*ia# 6&re*#&!-re &r t& !e*-re 0&!!e!!i&n 0re#i$inar t& !a#e. • T%e *re,it&r *ann&t ta1e t%e 0r&0ert / 6&r*e n&r *an t%e !%eri66 !eie t%e 0r&0ert.
:ORECLOSURE O: CHATTEL MORT3A3E 5. P-/#i* !a#e 8. Pri+ate !a#e t%ere i! n&t%in( i##e(a#) i$$&ra# &r a(ain!t 0-/#i* &r,er in an a(ree$ent 6&r t%e 0ri+ate !a#e &6 t%e 0er!&na# 0r&0ertie! *&+ere, / *%atte# $&rt(a(e Peri$d $ :$rec%$se 5. A6ter = ,a! 6r&$ t%e ti$e t%e *&n,iti&n 7a! /r&1en 8. T%e =,a 0eri&, i! t%e $ini$-$ 0eri&, a6ter +i&#ati&n &6 t%e $&rt(a(e *&n,iti&n 6&r t%e *re,it&r t& *a-!e t%e !a#e at 0-/#i* a-*ti&n 7it% at #ea!t 5 ,a! n&ti*e t& t%e $&rt(a(&r an, 0&!tin( &6 0-/#i* n&ti*e &6 ti$e) 0#a*e) an, 0-r0&!e &6 !-*% !a#e) an, i! a 0eri&, &6 (ra*e 6&r t%e $&rt(a(&r) t& ,i!*%ar(e t%e &/#i(ati&n. =. A6ter t%e !a#e at 0-/ #i* a-*ti&n) t%e ri (%t &6 re,e$0ti&n i! n& #&n(er a+ai#a/#e t& t%e $&rt(a(&r. Ci.i% Aci$n $ Rec$.er Credi 5. In,e0en,ent a*ti&n n&t re2-ire, 8. M&rt(a(e #ien ,ee$e, a/an,&ne, / &/tainin( a 0er!&na# -,($ent ?*i+i# a*ti&n t& re*&+er a$&-nt &6 #&an Ri' $& M$r'a'ee $ Rec$.er De&icienc" 5. Were m$r'a'e &$rec%$sed: *re,it&r $a $aintain a*ti&n 6&r ,e6i*ien* a#t%&-(% C%atte# M&rt(a(e La7 i! !i#ent &n t%i! 0&int. Rea!&n i! *%atte# $&rt(a(e i! &n# (i+en a! a !e*-rit an, n&t a! 0a$ent &6 t%e ,e/t. 8. Were m$r'a'e c$nsi!ed as sec!ri" &$r !rcase $& ers$na% r$er" a"a#%e in insa%%mens : n& ,e6i*ien* -,($ent *an /e a!1e, an, an *&ntrar a(ree$ent !%a## /e +&i,
=.
Were m$r'a'ed r$er" s!#[email protected]!en%" aaced and s$%d8 $&rt(a(ee i! entit#e t& ,e6i*ien* -,($ent in an a*ti&n 6&r !0e*i6i* 0er6&r$an*e
Ne(&ti&ri-$ Ge!ti& ?Art [email protected]@ •
A%icai$n $& Pr$ceeds $& Sa%e 5. C&!t! an, e0en!e! &6 1ee0in( an, !a#e 8. Pa$ent &6 t%e &/#i(ati&n =. C#ai$! &6 0er!&n! %&#,in( !-/!e2-ent $&rt(a(e! in t%eir &r,er @. Ba#an*e) i6 an) !%a## /e 0ai, t& t%e $&rt(a(&r) &r 0er!&n %&#,in( -n,er %i$
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 H- C$nc!rrence and Pre&erence $& Credis 1- S$%!i$ Inde#ii 2- Ne'$i$r!m 3esi$ 7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 S&#-ti& In,e/iti an, Ne(&ti&ri-$ Ge!ti& S&#-ti& In,e/iti ?Art [email protected] •
•
•
T%e 0rin*i0#e &6 !&#-ti&n in,e/iti 0r&+i,e! t%at i6 !&$et%in( i! re*ei+e, 7%en t%ere i! n& ri(%t t& ,e$an, it) an, it 7a! t%e -n,-# ,e#i+ere, t%r&-(% $i!ta1e) &/#i(ati&n t& ret-rn it ari!e!. In !-*% a *a!e) a *re,it&r,e/t&r re#ati&n!%i0 i! *reate, -n,er a 2-a!i *&ntra*t 7%ere/ t%e 0a&r /e*&$e! t%e *re,it&r 7%& t%en %a! t%e ri(%t t& ,e$an, t%e ret-rn &6 0a$ent $a,e / $i!ta1e) an, t%e 0er!&n 7%& %a! n& ri(%t t& re*ei+e !-*% 0a$ent /e*&$e! &/#i(ate, t& ret-rn t%e !a$e T%e 0rin*i0#e &6solutio indebiti a00#ie! 7%ere ?5 a 0a$ent i! $a,e 7%en t%ere ei!t! n& /in,in( re#ati&n /et7een t%e 0a&r) 7%& %a! n& ,-t t& 0a) an, t%e 0er!&n 7%& re*ei+e, t%e 0a$ent" and ?8 t%e 0a$ent i! $a,e t%r&-(% $i!ta1e) an, n&t t%r&-(% #i/era#it &r !&$e &t%er *a-!e ?i%-An v. 'ill%nuv%, GR 173227 %nu%r6 200)
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One 7%& +&#-ntari# ta1e! *%ar(e &6 t%e a(en*$ana(e$ent &6 t%e /-!ine!! &r 0r&0ert &6 an&t%er ?7it%&-t an 0&7er 6r&$ t%e #atter) i! &/#i(e, t& *&ntin-e !-*% a(en* &r $ana(e$ent -nti#: o T%e ter$inati&n &6 t%e a66air &r it! in*i,ent! or o He %a! re2-ire, t%e 0er!&n *&n*erne, t& !-/!tit-te %i$ ?i6 t%e &7ner i! in a 0&!iti&n t& ,& !& H&7e+er) t%i! -ri,i*a# re#ati&n ,&e! n&t ari!e in t%e 6&##&7in(: o ;%en t%e 0r&0ert &r /-!ine!! i! NOT ne(#e*te, &r a/an,&ne, o I6 t%e $ana(er %a! /een i$0#ie,# a-t%&rie, / t%e &7ner
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 I- C$nc!rrence and Pre&erence $& Credis 1- Meanin' $& C$nc!rrence and Pre&erence 2- Pre&erred Credis $n Seci&ic M$.a#%es (- E6em Pr$er" )- C%assi&icai$n $& Credis 7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 CONCURRENCE AND PRE:ERENCE O: CREDITS =Ars- 22(+>22*1; CONCURRENCE O: CREDIT i$0#ie! 0&!!e!!i&n / t7& &r $&re *re,it&r! &6 e2-a# ri(%t! &r 0ri+i#e(e! &+er t%e !a$e 0r&0ert &r a## &6 t%e 0r&0ert &6 a ,e/t&r. PRE:ERENCE O: CREDIT i! t%e ri(%t %e#, / a *re,it&r t& /e 0re6erre, in t%e 0a$ent &6 %i! *#ai$ a/&+e &t%er! &-t &6 t%e ,e/t&rK! a!!et!. • Pre6eren*e *reate! n& intere!t &r #ien &n t%e 0r&0ert) /-t $ere# a 0re6eren*e t& t%e a00#i*ati&n &6 t%e 0r&*ee,!. • T%e ri(%t &6 0re6eren*e *an /e $a,e e66e*ti+e &n# / /ein( an, $aintaine,. Ot%er7i!e) it i!a!!erte, #&!t.
3enera% Pr$.isi$ns8 5. T%e ,e/t&r i! #ia/ #e 7it% a## %i! 0r&0ert) 0re!ent an, 6-t-re) 6&r t%e 6-#6i##$ent &6
%i! &/#i(ati&n!) !-/e*t! t& ee$0ti&n! 0r&+i,e, / #a7 - Ee$0t 0r&0ert: a. Pre!ent0r&0ert 5. Fa$i# %&$e ?Art! 548) 54= an, 544) NCC 8. Ri(%t t& re*ei+e !-00&rt a! 7e## a! $&ne &r 0r&0ert &/taine, / !-*% !-00&rt !%a## n& t /e #e +ie, -0&n &n atta*%$ent &r ee*-ti&n ?Art 84) =.
a. C&n!i,ere, a! $&rt(a(e! &r 0#e,(e! &6 rea# &r 0er!&na# 0r&0ert &r #ien! 7it%in t%e 0-r+ie7 &6 #e(a# 0r&+i!i&n! (&+ernin( in!&#+en* /. Tae! ,-e t& t%e State !%a## 6ir!t /e !ati!6ie, 8. Ordinary preferred credits ?Art [email protected] @ 0re6erre, in t%e &r,er (i+en / #a7 =. 0ommon credits ?Art [email protected] *re,it! &6 an &t%er 1in, &r *#a!!) &r / an &t%er ri(%t &r tit#e n&t *&$0ri!e, in Art! [email protected]
NCC
Se* 5=) R-#e =) R-#e! &6 C&-rt ?Or,inar t&&#!) #ettere, (ra+e!t&ne!) ne*e!!ar *#&t%in() et*. @. Se*559)t%eP-/#i* Lan, A*t)? CA N&. [email protected]) a! a$en,e, /. F-t-re0r&0ert • A ,e/t&r 7%& &/tain! a ,i!*%ar(e 6r&$ %i! ,e/t! &n a**&-nt &6 in!&#+en*) i! n&t #ia/#e 6&r t%e -n!ati!6ie, *#ai$! &6 %i! *re,it&r! 7it% !ai, 0r&0ert ?Se*!. 9 an, ) In!&#+en* La7) A*t N&. 54 *. Pr&0ert in *-!t&,ia #e(i! an, &6 0-/#i* ,&$ain 8. In!&#+en* !%a## /e (&+erne, / t%e In!&#+en* La7 ?A*t N&. 54) a!
[email protected]@ !%a## en& n& 0re6eren*e
Order $& Pre&erence $& Credi 5. Cre,it! 7%i*% en& 0re6eren*e 7it% re!0e*t t& !0e*i6i* $&+a/#e!) e*#-,e a## &t%er! t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e 0er!&na# 0r&0ert t& 7%i*% t%e 0re6eren*e re6er!. 8. I6 t%ere are 8 &r $& re *re,it! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e !a$e !0e*i6i* $&+a/#e 0r&0ert) t%e !%a## /e !ati!6ie, pro rata) a6ter t%e 0a$ent &6 ,-tie!) tae! an, 6ee! ,-e t%e State &r an !-/,i+i!i&n t%ere&6 =. T%&!e *re,it! 7%i*% en& 0re6eren*e in re#ati&n t& !0e*i6i* rea# 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t!) e*#-,e a## &t%er! t& t%e etent &6 t%e +a#-e &6 t%e i$$&+a/#e &r rea# ri(%t t& 7%i*% t%e 0re6eren*e re6er!.
a$en,e, =. Ee$0ti&n &6 *&n-(a# 0r&0ert &r a/!&#-te *&$$-nit &r 0r&0ert 0r&+i,e, t%at: a. Partner!%i0 &r *&$$-nit !-/!i!t! /. O/#i(ati&n! &6 t%e in!&#+ent !0&-!e %a+e n&t re,&-n,e, t& t%e /ene6it &6 t%e 6a$i# @. I6 t%ere i! *&&7ner!%i0) an, &ne &6 t%e *&&7ner! i! t%e in!&#+ent ,e/t&r) %i! -n,i+i,e, !%are &r intere!t in t%e 0r&0ert !%a## /e 0&!!e!!e, / t%e a!!i(nee in in!&#+en* 0r&*ee,in(! /e*a-!e it i! 0art &6 %i! a!!et! 4. Pr&0ert %e#, / t%e in!&#+ent ,e/t&r a! a tr-!tee &6 an e0re!! &r i$0#ie, tr-!t) !%a## /e e*#-,e, 6r&$ t%e in!&#+en*
@.
I6 t%ere are 8 &r $&re *re,it! 7it% re!0e*t t& t%e !a$e !0e*i6i* rea# 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t!) t%e !%a## /e !ati!6ie, pro rata) a6ter t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e tae! an, a!!e!!$ent &6 t%e tae! an, a!!e!!$ent! -0&n t%e i$$&+a/#e 0r&0ert &r rea# ri(%t.
4.
T%ee*e!!)i6an)a6ter t%e 0a$ent &6 t%e *re,it! 7%i*% en& 0re6eren*e 7it% re!0e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert) rea# &r 0er!&na#) !%a## /e a,,e, t& t%e 6ree 0r&0ert 7%i*% t%e ,e/t&r $a %a+e) 6&r t%e 0a$ent &6 &t%er *re,it!.
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T%&!e *re,it! 7%i*% ,& n&t en& an 0re6eren*e 7it% re!0e*t t& !0e*i6i* 0r&0ert) an, t%&!e 7%i*% en& 0re6eren*e) a! t& t%e a$&-nt n&t 0ai,) !%a## /e !ati!6ie, a**&r,in( t& t%e 6&##&7in( r-#e!:
0r&*ee,in(!
CLASSI:ICATION O: CREDITS 5. /pecial preferred credits ?Art! [email protected] an, [email protected] &6 NCC
• •
Or,er e!ta/#i!%e, / Art. [email protected]@ C&$$&n *re,it! re6err e, t& in Art. [email protected] !%a## /e 0ai, pro rata re(ar,#e!! &6 ,ate!.
NOTE8 Pre6eren*e &6 $&rt(a(e *re,it! i! ,eter$ine, / t%e 0ri&rit &6 re(i!trati&n) 6&##&7in( t%e $ai$ prior tempore potior jure ?He 7%& i! 6ir!t in ti$e i! 0re6erre, in ri(%t.
7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 TOPIC UNDER THE S,LLABUS8 - Ins$%.enc" La/ 1- De&inii$n $& ins$%.enc" 2$& a"mens (- S!sensi$n V$%!nar" ins$%.enc" )- In.$%!nar" ins$%.enc" 7777777777777777777777777 7777777777777 INSOLVENC, LAW :RIA :RIA DE:INITION O: INSOLVENC, Finan*ia# *&n,iti&n &6 a ,e/t&r t%at i! (enera## -na/#e t& 0a it! &r %i! #ia/i#itie! a! t%e (a## ,-e in t%e &r,inar *&-r!e &6 /-!ine!! &r %a! #ia/i#itie! t%at are (reater t%an it! &r %i! a!!et! F&r FRIA t& /e a00#i*a/#e) t%ere $-!t /e in!&#+en* 0r&*ee,in(! in t%e *&-rt! ,e!i(nate, / t%e S-0re$e C&-rt t& %ear an, re!&#+e *a!e! /r&-(%t -n,er t%i! a*t PURPOSES O: :RIA 5. T& e66e*t e2-ita/#e ,i!tri/-ti&n &6 t%e in!&#+entK! 0r&0ert a$&n( it! &r %i! *re,it&r! 8. T& /ene6it t%e ,e/t&r in ,i!*%ar(in( %i$ 6r&$ %i! #ia/i#itie! an, ena/#in( %i$ t& !tart a6re!% 7it% t%e 0r&0ert !et a0art t& %i$ a! ee$0t
J-ri!,i*ti&n i! a*2-ire, -0&n 0-/#i*ati&n &6 n&ti*e &6 t%e *&$$en*e$ent &6 0r&*ee,in(! in an ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n
MODES O: REHABILITATION • C&-rt!-0er+i!e, re%a/i#itati&n •
Prene(&tiate, re%a/i#itati&n
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O-t &6 *&-rt &r in6&r$a# re!tr-*t-rin( a(ree$ent! &r re%a/i#itati&n 0#an!
1- COURT>SUPERVISED REHABILITATION • O7ner) 0artner!%i0 &r *&r0&rati&n $a initiate 0r&*ee,in(! 6&r re%a/i#itati&n) 7%i*% t%e 0r&0er *&-rt &+er!ee! an, ,e#i+er a 6ina# -,($ent re(ar,in( t%e re%a/i#itati&n 0#an •
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Re!t&rati&n &6 t%e ,e/t&r t& a *&n,iti&n &6 !-**e!!6-# &0erati&n an, !&#+en*
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T%e ,e/t&r i! e*&n&$i*a## 6ea!i/#e an, it! *re,it&r! *an re*&+er / 7a &6 0re!ent +a#-e &6 0a$ent! 0r&e*te, in t%e 0#an
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P#an / 7%i*% t%e 6inan*ia# 7e## /ein( an, +ia/i#it &6 t%e in!&#+ent ,e/t&r *an /e re!t&re, -!in( +ari&-! $ean!
REHABILITATION RECEIVER o
:RIA DE:INTION O: DEBTOR • S&#e 0r&0riet&r!%i0 ?-ri,i*a# ,e/t&r
Per!&n! &r 0er!&n!) nat-ra# &r -ri,i*a#) a00&inte, a! !-*% / t%e *&-rt entr-!te, 7it% 0&7er! an, ,-tie! !et 6&rt% in t%e FRIA
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Partner!%i0 ?-ri,i*a# ,e/t&r
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INDS
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C&r0&rati&n ?-ri,i*a# ,e/t&r
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V&#-ntar 0r&*ee,in(!
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In,i+i,-a# ,e/t&r 7%& %a! /e*&$e in!&#+ent ?nat-ra# ,e/t&r
NATURE O: PROCEEDIN3S In!&#+en* 0r&*ee,in(! in FRIA are 0r&*ee,in(! in re$ HOW URISDICTION IS ACUIRED
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Fi#in( a 0etiti&n 6&r re%a/i#itati&n 7it% t%e *&-rt ,&ne / t%e in!&#+ent ,e/t&r
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In+&#-ntar 0r&*ee,in(! o
Fi#e, / a *re,it&r &r (r&-0 &6 *re,it&r!
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C#ai$ &r a((re(ate *#ai$ i! at #ea!t P5M &r at #ea!t 84 &6 *a0ita# !t&*1 &r 0artnerK! *&ntri/-ti&n) 7%i*%e+er i! %i(%er
4. Na$e! &6 at #ea!t = n&$inee! 6&r re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er 0&!iti&n . Ot%er in6&r$ati&n re2-ire, ,e0en,in( &n re#ie6 re2-e!te,
T,PES O: PROCEEDIN3S
>. Ot%er ,&*-$ent! re2-ire, / t%e a*t &r r-#e! 0r&$-#(ate, / t%e SC
Iniiai$n r$ceedin's o
Atta*%$ent! in t%e 0etiti&n 6&r re%a/i#itati&n: V$%!nar"
Pr$ceedin's 5. I,enti6i*ati&n &6 ,e /t&r) 0rin*i0a# a*ti+itie! an, a,,re!!e!
GROUNDS TO INITIATE INVOLUNTARY PROCEEDINGS •
N& (en-ine i!!-e &6 6a*t &n #a7 &n t%e *#ai$! &6 t%e 0etiti&ner! ?*re,it&r! an, ,e$an,a/#e 0a$ent! ,-e %a+e n&t /een $a,e 6&r at #ea!t ,a! &r ,e/t&r 6ai#e, in $eetin( &/#i(ati&n!
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A t%ir,0er!&n *re,it&r &t%er t%an 0etiti&ner! %a! initiate, 6&re*#&!-re a(ain!t ,e/t&r) 0re+entin( ,e/t&r t& 0a ,e/t! ,-e &r 7i## ren,er %i$ in!&#+ent
8. State 6a*t &6 an, *a-!e &6 ,e/t&rK! in!&#+en* &r ina/i#it t& 0a ,e/t =. S0e*i6i* re#ie6 !&-(%t 0-r!-ant t& t%e A*t @. Gr&-n,! 7%i*% 0etiti&n i! /a!e, 4. Ot%er in6&r$ati&n re2-ire, / t%e a*t) ,e0en,in( &n t%e 1in, &6 re#ie6 re2-e!te, . Li!t &6 ,e/t&r!) #ia/i#itie! an, *re,it&r! 7it% a,,re!!e!) a$&-nt! &6 *#ai$! an, *&##atera#! >. In+ent&r &6 a!!et!) in*#-,e! re*ei+a/#e! an, *#ai$! a(ain!t = r, 0artie!
Aci$n $n e Peii$n and C$mmencemen $& Pr$ceedin's •
!%a## 4 7&r1in( ,a! 6r&$ 6i#in() i!!-e7it%in a C&$$en*e$ent Or,er. •
9. Re%a/i#itati&n 0#an . Na$e! &6 at #ea!t = n&$inee! 6&r re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er 0&!iti&n
Atta*%$ent! in t%e 0etiti&n 6&r re%a/i#itati&n: In.$%!nar" Pr$ceedin's 5. I,enti6i*ati&n &6 ,e /t&r) 0rin*i0a# a*ti+itie! an, a,,re!!e!
I6 in t%e !a$e 0eri&, t%e *&-rt 6in,! t%e 0etiti&n ,e6i*ient) *&-rt $a (i+e 0etiti&ner ti$e t& a$en, &r !-00#e$ent 0etiti&n) &r t& !-/$it ,&*-$ent! ne*e!!ar t& 6i !ai, 0etiti&n. -
5. Ot%er ,&*-$ent! re2-ire, / t%e A*t &r r-#e! 0r&$-#(ate, / t%e SC o
I6 *&-rt 6in,! t%e 0etiti&n 6&r re%a/i#itati&n t& /e !-66i*ient in 6&r$ an, !-/!tan*e) it
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C&$$en*e$ent &r,er: -
8. Cir*-$!tan*e! !-66i*ient 6&r a 0etiti&n t& initiate re%a/i#itati&n 0r&*ee,in(!
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@. Re%a/i#itati&n 0#an
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I,enti6ie! t%e ,e/t&r S-$$arie! t%e (r&-n,! 6&r initiatin( t%e 0r&*ee,in(! State! t%e re#ie6 State! t%e #e(a# e66e*t! &6 t%e CO De*#are! t%at t%e ,e/t&r i! -n,er re%a/ Dire*t! 0-/#i*ati&n in ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e P%i#i00ine!
A00&int! a re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er S-$$arie! t%e re2-ire$ent! an, ,ea,#ine! 6&r *re,it&r! t& e!ta/#i!% t%eir *#ai$! a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r ?4 ,a! /e6&re t%e initia# %earin( Set! t%e *a!e 6&r initia# %earin( S-!0en!i&nSta Or,er ?e66e*t! S-!0en, a## a*ti&n! &r 0r&*ee,in(! 6&r en6&r*e$ent &6 *#ai$! a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r S-!0en, a## a*ti&n! t& en6&r*e an -,($ent) atta*%$ent &r &t%er 0r&+i!i&na# re$e,ie! a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r Pr&%i/it t%e ,e/t&r 6r&$ !e##in() en*-$/erin() tran!6errin( &r ,i!0&!in( in an $anner an &6 it! 0r&0ertie! e*e0t in t%e &r,inar *&-r!e &6 /-!ine!! Pr&%i/it t%e ,e/t&r 6r&$ $a1in( an 0a$ent &6 it! &-t!tan,in( #ia/i#itie! a! &6 t%e *&$$en*e$ent ,ate • N&te: Sta &r,er a00#ie! t& (&+ern$ent 6inan*ia# in!tit-ti&n! ?Se* 8 E*e0ti&n! t& t%e Sta an, S-!0en!i&n Or,er • Ca!e! a#rea, 0en,in ( a00ea# in t%e SC a! &6 t%e *&$$en*e$ent -
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,ate. Pr&+i,e, t%at a00ea# an 6ina# -,($ent &n t%e /e re6erre, t& t%e *&-rt 6&r a00r&0riate a*ti&n Ca!e! 0en,in( in !0e*ia#ie, *&-rt &r 2-a!i-,i*ia# a(en*) &n t%e *&-rtK! ,i!*reti&n En6&r*e$ent &6 *#ai$! a(ain!t !-retie! an, &t%er 0er!&n! !&#i,ari# #ia/#e 7it% ,e/t&r an, = r, 0art a**&$$&,ati&n $&rt(a(&r! e+en i!!-er! &6 #etter! &6 *re,it UNLESS t%e 0r&0ert !-/e* t &6 t%e = r, 0arta**&$$&,ati&n $&rt(a(e i! necessar" &$r e rea#i%iai$n &6 t %e de#$r a! ,eter$ine, / t%e *&-rt in other words& secured creditors can enforce their claimsforeclose if the security theyre holding is not necessary for rehabilitation* T& an" &$rm $& aci$n $& c!s$mers $& a sec!ri" mar
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t& t%e #atter in t%e &r,inar *&-r!e &6 t%e #atterK! /-!ine!! T& t%e a*ti&n! &6 a #i*en!e, /r&1er &r ,ea#er t& !e## 0#e,(e, !e*-ritie! &6 a ,e/t&r 0-r!-ant t& a !e*-ritie! 0#e,(e &r $ar(in a(ree$ent T& t%e *#earin( an, !ett#e$ent &6 6inan*ia# tran!a*ti&n! t%r&-(% t%e 6a*i#itie! &6 a *#earin( a(en* T& an *ri$ina# a*ti&n a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r&7ner E&&eci.i" and D!rai$n $& C$mmencemen Order Un#e!! #i6te, / t%e *&-rt) CO !%a## /e e66e*ti+e 6&r t%e ,-rati&n &6 t%e re%a/i#itati&n 0r&*ee,in(!. Mini$-$ re2-ire$ent! $-!t /e $et: Re%a/i#itati&n 0#an *&$0#ie! 7it% $ini$-$ *&ntent! 0re!*ri/e, / t%e a*t S-66i*ient $&nit&rin( / re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er De/t&r %a! $et 7it% *re,it&r! in atte$0t! 6&r *&n!en!-! 0r&0&!e, / re%a/i#itati&n 0#an Re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er !-/$it! a re0&rt) a 0re#i$inar e+a#-ati&n &6 %&7 rea#i!ti* t%e (&a#! &6
re%a/i#itati&n are !-**e!! an, %&7 rea!&na/#e an,0#an rea#i!ti* i! /a!e, &n S-66i*ient a!!et! t& re%a/i#itate ,e/t&r S-66i*ient *a!% 6#&7 t& $aintain &0erati&n! &6 ,e/t&r Petiti&n i! n&t a 6i#in( inten,e, t& ,e6ra-, *re,it&r! an, ,e#a *#ai$! De/t&r!) 0artner!) !t&*1%&#,er!) ,ire*t&r! an, &66i*er! a*tin( in (&&, 6ait% an, ,-e ,i#i(en*e De/t&r #i1e# t& /e a/#e t& 0-r!-e +ia/#e re%a/i#itati&n 0#an Atta*%$ent! &n 0etiti&n 6&r re%a/i#itati&n are n&t $ateria## 6a#!e I6 0etiti&ner i! t%e ,e/t &r) %e %a! $et 7it% *re,it&r! re0re!entin( ` &6 t&ta# &/#i(ati&n $a,e in (&&, 6ait%. I6 0etiti&ner i! a *re,it&r) %e %a! $et 7it% t%e ,e/t&r) $a,e a (&&, 6ait% e66&rt t& rea*% *&n!en!-! E66e*t &6 Fai#-re t& Fi#e N&ti*e &6 C#ai$ In!tea, &6 6i#in( a n&ti*e &6 *#ai$) t%e *re,it&r 6i#e! a !-/!e2-ent /e#ate, *#ai$
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S-*% *#ai$ !%a## n&t /e entit#e, t& 0arti*i0ate in re%a/i#itati&n 0r&*ee,in(! Cre,it&r i! !ti## entit#e, t& re*ei+e ,i!tri/-ti&n! ari!in( 6r&$ re%a/i#itati&n Re%a/i#itati&n Re*ei+er ;it%in @ ,a! 6r&$ initia# %earin() t%e re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er !%a## !-/$it a re0&rt t& *&-rt !tatin( 0re#i$inar 6in,in(! an, re*&$$en,ati&n! &n 7%et%er: • De/t&r i! in!&#+ent) *a-!e! &6 in!&#+en* in*#-,in( an -n#a76-# a*t! ,&ne / &7ener! 7%i*% $a %a+e *&ntri/-te, t& t%e in!&#+en* • I6 t%e re%a/ 0#an i! in,ee, 6ea!i/#e an, rea!&na/#e in re#ati&n t& (&a#! an, -n,er#in( a!!-$0ti&n! • S-/!tantia# #i1e#i%&&, ei!t! &r n&t • Petiti&n !%&-#, /e ,i!$i!!e, &r n&t • De/t&r !%&-#, /e #i2-i,ate, an,&r ,i!!&#+e, &r n&t Gi+in( ,-e *&-r!e t& &r ,i$i!!a# &6 0etiti&n &r *&n+er!i&n &6 0r&*ee,in(! ;it%in 5 ,a! 6r&$ re*ei0t &6 re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er re0&rt $enti&ne, in !e*ti&n8 [email protected]) *&-rt $a • Gi+e ,-e *&-r!e t& 0etiti&n -0&n
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6in,in( De/t&r i! in!&#+ent S-/!tantia# #i1e#i%&&, 6&r !-**e!! ei!t! De/t&r !%a## *&$0# 7it% 0r&+i!i&n! &6 t%e Re%a/ P#an an, ta1e a*ti&n t& *arr &-t t%e 0#an Pa$ent! $a,e t& *re,it&r! a**&r,in( t& t%e Re%a/ P#an C&ntra*t! 7it% *re,it&r! inter0rete, a! *&ntin-in( t& t%e etent t%at t%e ,& n&t *&n6#i*t 7it% t%e Re%a/ P#an C&$0r&$i!e! &n a$&-nt! &r re!*%e,-#in( &6 ti$in( &6 0a$ent! / ,e/t&r !%a## /e /in,in( t& *re,it&r re(ar,#e!! 7%et%er 0#an in! a !-**e!! &r n&t C#ai$! a6ter a00r&+a# &6 0#an n&t
treate, t%e 0#an are n&t !-/e*t t&/ !-!0en!i&n &r,er Peri$d &$r c$n&irmai$n $& rea#i%iai$n %an C&-rt %a! a $ai$-$ 0eri&, &6 5 ear 6r&$ ,ate &6 6i#in( &6 0etiti&n
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t& *&n6ir$ re%a/i#itati&n 0#an. I6 n& 0#an i! *&n6ir$e, 7it%in !ai, 0eri&, 0r&*ee,in(! $a -0&n a $&ti&n &r $&t- 0r&0ri& /e *&n+erte, t& &ne 6&r #i2-i,ati&n &6 t%e ,e/t&r Acc$!nin' discar'e $& Rea#i%iai$n Recei.er U0&n *&n6ir$ati&n &6 re%a/i#itati&n 0#an) re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er !%a## 0r&+i,e a 6ina# re0&rt an, a**&-ntin( t& t%e *&-rt. Un#e!! t%e 0#an re2-ire! &r ,e!*ri/e! t%e r&#e &6 t%e re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er a6ter a00r&+a# &6 t%e 0#an) *-rt !%a## ,i!*%ar(e re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er &6 ,-tie!. Terminai$n Pr$ceedin's U0&n $&ti&n &6 an !ta1e%&#,er &r re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er) t%e re%a/i#itati&n 0#an $a /e ter$inate, / &r,er &6 *&-rt. :ai%!re $& rea#i%iai$n8 • Di!$i!!a# &6 0etiti&n / *&-rt • De/t&r 6ai#! t& !-/$it a re%a/i#itati&n 0#an re%a/i#itati&n 0#an • Un,er !-/$itte, / ,e/t&r) t%ere i! n& !-/!tantia# #i1e#i%&&, 6&r re%a/i#itati&n T%&-(% a$en,e, an, a00r&+e,) ,e/t&r 6ai#! t& i$0#e$ent t%e re%a/i#itati&n 0#an) 6ai#-re t& rea#ie &/e*ti+e! • C&$$i!!i&n &6 6ra-, in !e*-rin( t%e a00r&+a# 6&r t%e 0#an • Ana#&(&-! *ir*-$!tan*e! a! $a /e ,e6ine, / r-#e! &6 0r&*e,-re C$!r aci$n !$n #rea< $& $r &ai%!re $& rea#i%iai$n %an =!$n m$i$n $& an a&&eced ar"; • I!!-e an &r,er ,ire*tin( /rea*% /e *-re, 7it%in !0e*i6ie, 0eri&,) 6ai#in( 7%i*%) 0r&*ee,in( $a /e *&n+erte, t& #i2-i,ati&n • I!!-e an, &r,er *&n+ertin( 0r&*ee,in(! t& #i2-i,ati&n • A##&7 ,e/t&r t& !-/$it a$en,$ent! t& 0#an !-/e*t t& a00r&+a# -n,er !a$e re2-ire$ent! 6&r a00r&+a# -n,er 0r&+i!i&n! • I!!-e an &t%er &r,er t& re$e, /rea*% *&n!i!tent 7it% 0re!ent re(-#ati&n •
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En6&r*e a00#i*a/#e 0r&+i!i&n &6 re%a/i#itati&n 0#an t%r&-(% 7rit &6 ee*-ti&n E&&ecs $& erminai$n T%e ,i!*%ar(e &6 t%e re%a/i#itati&n re*ei+er !-/e*t t& %i! !-/$i!!i&n &6 a 6ina# a**&-ntin( T%e #i6tin( &6 t%e Sta Or,er an, an &t%er *&-rt &r,er %&#,in( in a/ean*e an a*ti&n 6&r t%e en6&r*e$ent &6 a *#ai$ a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r PROVIDED) t%at i6 t%e ter$inati&n i! ,-e t& 6ai#-re &6 re%a/i#itati&n &r ,i!$i!!a# &6 0etiti&n 6&r rea!&n! &t%er t%an te*%ni*a# (r&-n,!) 0r&*ee,in(! 7i## a-t&$ati*a## /e *&n+erte, t& LI
2- PRE>NE3OTIATED REHABILITATION Paries $ &i%e a eii$n &$r ne'$iaed rea#i%iai$n %an • In!&#+ent ,e/t&r / it!e#6" &r • J&int# 7it% an &6 it! *re,it&r!
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Pr$ced!re &$r re>ne'$iaed rea#i%iai$n • Fi#in( &6 t%e 0etiti&n
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Ca!se &$r eii$n $r/ic %an $#4eci$n ma" #e made $ • T%e a##e(ati&n in t%e 0etiti&n &r t%e Re%a/i#itati&n P#an &r t%e atta*%$ent! t%eret& are $ateria## 6a#!e &r $i!#ea,in( • T%e $a&rit &6 an *#a!! &6 *re,it&r! ,& n&t in 6a*t !-00&rt t%e Re%a/i#itati&n P#an • T%e Re%a/i#itati&n P#an 6ai#! t& a**-rate# a**&-nt 6&r a *#ai$ a(ain!t t%e ,e/t&r an, t%e *#ai$ i! n&t *ate(&ri*a## ,e*#are, a! *&nte!te, *#ai$" &r • T%e !-00&rt &6 t%e *re,it&r!) &r an &6 t%e$ 7a! in,-*e, / 6ra-, • N&te: i6 &/e*ti&n i! $erit&ri&-!) t%e ,e/t&r i! ,ire*te, t& *-re t%e ,e6e*t 7it%in a rea!&na/#e 0eri&, • N&te: i6 t%e ,e/t&r!*re,it&r! !-00&rtin( t%e 0#an a*te, in /a, 6ait% &r t%e &/e*ti&n i! n&n*-ra/#e) t%e C&-rt $a &r,er *&n+er!i&n &6 0r&*ee,in(! int& #i2-i,ati&n • N&te: i6 t%e &/e*ti&n i! n&t $erit&ri&-! &r t%e &/e*ti&n i! *-re,) t%e re%a/i#itati&n 0#an i! ,ee$e, a00r&+e, E&&ec $& Ar$.a% $& P%an Sa$e e66e*t a! *&n6ir$ati&n &6 P#an -n,er C&-rtS-0er+i!e, Re%a/i#itati&n (OUT>O:>COURT OR IN:ORMAL RESTRUCTIN3 A3REEMENTS OR REHABILITATION PLANS In&$rma% resr!c!rin'/$r<$! a'reemen $r rea#i%iai$n %an de&ined D&ne &-t!i,e &r 7it%&-t t%e inter+enti&n &6 *&-rt 0r&+i,e, it $eet! t%e $ini$-$ re2-ire$ent! !et 6&r t%e in t%e A*t [email protected]!isies &$r an O!>$&>c$!r $r in&$rma% resr!c!rin'/$r<$! a'reemen $r rea#i%iai$n %an • T%e ,e/t&r $-!t a(ree t& t%e &-t&6*&-rt &r in6&r$a# re!tr-*t-rin(7&r1&-t a(ree$ent &r Re%a/i#itati&n P#an
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Sandsi%% Peri$d It i! a 0eri&, t%at $a /e a(ree, -0&n / t%e 0artie! 0en,in( ne(&tiati&n6ina#iati&n &6 t%e &-t&6*&-rt a(ree$ent &r Re%a/ P#an ?similar to a stay order*
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[email protected]!iremens &$r e sandsi%% eri$d $ #e en&$rcea#%e a'ains (rd aries •
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N$ice $& O!>$&>C$!r rea#i%iai$n %an is [email protected]!ired P-/#i!%e, &n*e a 7ee1 6&r at #ea!t = *&n!e*-ti+e 7ee1! in a ne7!0a0er &6 (enera# *ir*-#ati&n in t%e P%i#i00ine!. It !%a## ta1e e66e*t a6ter 54 ,a! 6r&$ t%e ,at
