Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
Passion for Knowledge
LEARN FROM THE EXPERT
AUXILIARY VERBS & MODAL AUXILIARY
Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan—Tim Bahasa ILT
AUXILIARY VERBS & MODAL AUXILIARY Oleh Ule Sulistyo & Inet Gunawan— Tim Bahasa ILT
200278102 ISBN 10: 979-074-351-3 ISBN 13: 978-979-074-351-9 Penyunting: Marthina Aprilianty Penyelaras Akhir: Angelia Samori Desain: Vidya Prawitasari © 2010, PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer Jl. Kebahagiaan No. 11A Jakarta Barat 11140 Penerbit PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer No. Anggota IKAPI: 46/DKI/04 Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT)
DAFTAR ISI
Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar
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PART 1: Auxiliary Verbs and Modals Auxiliary Verbs and Modals What Is an Auxiliary Verb? What Is a Modal? Modal + Innitive without to The Usage of an Auxiliary Verb To Make a Negative Sentence and a Question To Make Short Responses To Make Question Tags
1 3 5 6 41 54 63 65
Final Exercise
68
Key to Exercises
77
PART 2: Modal Auxiliary More on Modals To Form Negatives and Questions with Modals Can and Able To Must, Have To and Need Will and Shall Dare and Used To Polite Requests with May and Can Expressing Possibilities with May and Might Making Suggestions Preference
87 91 100 108 115 124 130 132 135 137
Making Conclusions
140
Final Exercise
142
Key to Exercises
151
Tentang Penulis
157
KATA PENGANTAR
Belajar bahasa tidak ada batasan waktunya, apalagi jika menyangkut tata bahasa. Entah itu Anda mulai dari cara berkenalan atau langsung membuat kalimat. Begitu pun dengan bahasa Inggris, Anda bisa mulai dari mana saja. Pembahasan setiap topik akan sangat menarik dan membuat kita ingin langsung mendalami semua aspek yang ada pada topik tersebut. Buku ini membahas tentang Auxiliary Verbs , termasuk di dalamnya Modal Auxiliary dan berbagai latihan untuk memperdalam pengetahuan Anda dalam penggunaannya. Modal Auxiliary merupakan salah satu anggota Auxiliary Verbs (kata kerja bantu) yang digunakan dalam kalimat permintaan, usulan, atau kesimpulan dari suatu kondisi. Pola kalimatnya sangat mudah. Kekuatan modals auxiliary terletak pada kekayaan artinya. Pembahasan buku ini dimulai dari pengenalan modals auxiliary, pola kalimat, sampai pemahaman khusus untuk membedakannya. Kami mengundang komentar positif dan saran dari para pembaca untuk kemajuan buku ini. Anda dapat menghubungi kami di:
[email protected]. Salam, Penulis
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Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
PART 1
AUXILIARY VERBS AND MODALS
Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
Auxiliary Verbs and Modals
What Is an Auxiliary Verbs? Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu. Disebut demikian karena fungsinya sebagai kata kerja bantu bagi kata kerja. Sebelum membahas lebih lanjut, akan lebih mudah jika kita mengetahui terlebih dulu apa saja yang termasuk dalam auxiliary verbs. • kelompok to be: be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being • kelompok do: do, does, did • kelompok have: have, has, had • kelompok modals: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, ought to, have to
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Contoh : I am studying English. (Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.)
I do not know the answer. (Saya tidak tahu jawabannya.) I have studied for the exam. (Saya telah belajar untuk persiapan ujian.) I can do the exam. (Saya dapat mengerjakan ujian itu.) Berdasarkan contoh di atas, Anda dapat mengetahui bahwa: 1. Auxiliary verb am pada kalimat pertama membantu kata kerja “studying” untuk membentuk kalimat con- tinuous / progressive (kata kerja yang artinya sedang). 2. Auxiliary verb do pada kalimat kedua berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama “know” menjadi bentuk negatif. 3. Auxiliary verb have membantu kata kerja utama “studied” untuk membentuk perfect tenses (keadaan yang menunjukkan kegiatan “belum” atau “sudah”). 4. Auxiliary verb can pada kalimat terakhir berfungsi untuk memberi makna tambahan pada kata kerja utama, “do”. Mari kita pelajari lebih lanjut fungsi dari auxiliary verbs.
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What Is a Modal? Modal verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata kerja utama lebih lanjut. Dengan kata lain modal verb memberikan makna baru pada kata kerja utama.
Contoh : I draw on the wall. (Saya menggambar di dinding.) Jika kita menambahkan modal verb will , maka kalimat di atas memiliki arti baru, menjadi: I will draw on the wall. (Saya akan menggambar di dinding.)
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Berdasarkan artinya, modal verbs atau modals , dibagi dalam tiga kelompok: Permission (pemberian izin),
can, could, may, might
possibility (kemungkinan), ability
(kemampuan), request (permintaan), offer (penawaran) Obligation/necessity (keharusan),
have (got) to, should, must,
advice (saran)
had better, ought to, need to, be supposed to
Prediction (kemungkinan), desire
will, would, shall, be going
(keinginan), request (permintaan),
to
offer (penawaran)
Jadi, dengan adanya bermacam-macam modals dengan arti yang berbeda-beda, Anda dapat menyatakan banyak hal seperti kemampuan, pemberian izin, kemungkinan, keharusan, dan lain-lain. 5
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Untuk menggunakan modals Anda hanya memerlukan kata kerja bentuk dasar.
Modal + Ininve wthout To Contoh :
I can drive a car. (Saya dapat mengendarai mobil.) I will guide you. (Saya akan membimbingmu.) They might drink the liquor. (Mereka mungkin akan meminum minuman keras itu.) Sebagian modals, baik bentuk positif maupun bentuk negatif, dapat di singkat sebagai berikut:
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Positif/bentuk panjang
Singkatan
Negative/bentuk panjang
Singkatan
Can
-
Can not
can’t
Could
-
could not
couldn’t
May
-
may not
-
Might
-
might not
mightn’t
Shall
‘ll
shall not
shan’t
Should
‘d
should not
shouldn’t
Will
‘ll
will not
won’t
Would
‘d
would not
wouldn’t
The cat sings every night. I can’t sleep.
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Contoh :
I’ll help you paint the wall. (Saya akan membantumu mengecat dinding itu.) They wouldn’t dare to bother you again. (Mereka tidak akan berani mengganggumu lagi.) Our customers may not like the products. (Para pelanggan kita mungkin tidak menyukai produk-produk itu.) Would you drive me to the hospital? (Maukah kamu mengantarku ke rumah sakit?)
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I will not walk without looking. Exercise 1
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Correct the words in the brackets. 1. I shall (goes) ………………… back to the hotel now. 2. You had better (listened) ……………… to this. 3. You are supposed to (coming) ……………….. at seven. 4. Ule shouldn’t (yells) ………………. to his friends. 5. Sri Lestari can (raised) ………………. her children well. 6. Would you (opening) ……………….. the door? 7. She ought to (told) us ………………… what has happened. 8. They must (following) ……………. the rule or got expelled. 9. He needn’t (takes off) ……………. his shoes. 10. We have to (achieved) ……………….. our goal. 11. They will (can) …………………. organize this team. 12. Might I (smiled) ………………. for you?
13. May I (took) ………………… you for a walk? 14. Should she (sits) ………………….. all by herself? 15. We have to (kept on) ………………. moving or we will (are) ………………… left behind.
Permission: can, could, may, might Modals dalam kategori permission digunakan untuk meminta atau memberi izin.
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Can I sing “Balonku ada Lima”? Contoh: Can I open the window? (Bolehkah saya membuka jendela?)
Could I break the gate? (Bolehkah saya merusak gerbangnya?) May I borrow your doll? (Bolehkah saya meminjam bonekamu?) Might I come tonight? (Bolehkah saya datang malam ini?)
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What’s new?! Apa perbedaan keempat modals di atas? Semuanya memiliki tujuan yang sama (meminta izin) namun memiliki tingkat ketegasan yang berbeda, sebagai berikut: a. Can merupakan bentuk yang paling tidak formal. b. Could paling sering digunakan, baik dalam keadaan formal maupun informal. c. May lebih formal daripada could. d. Might menandakan keraguan. Si pembicara khawatir jika permintaannya akan menganggu/ membuat si pendengar tidak nyaman.
Can, could, may, dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk present (saat ini) atau future (akan datang). Contoh : Can I use your car next week? (Bolehkah saya menggunakan mobilmu minggu depan?) Could you write this note now? (Bisakah Anda menulis catatan ini sekarang?) May I go with Salma tonight? (Bolehkah saya pergi dengan Salma nanti malam?) Exercise 2
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Circle the correct permissions. 1. May I use the bathroom? 2. Would you turn down the TV? 3. Could I taste your cake? 4. May I go with my friend? 5. Can I leave now? 6. Could you put off your cigarette? 7. Can I use your dictionary?
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Could you carry my bag? I want to study. I am bored. I want to know the word “lust” means. Your smoke makes me cough. You have a meeting soon. Your bag is very heavy. I want to wash my face. Your cake smells good.
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
The dealer said I could have it for fty millions only. Exercise 3
Ask permission based on the situations below. Choose the answers from the box. May I drive the new car? May I go out? May I play kite with my friends? May I see the movie? May I buy an ice cream? May I have a puppy? May I get out of the house? May I go to the beach? May I play the drum? May I build a tree house in the backyard?
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1. You want to go out. ……………………………………………………..? 2. You want to play kite with your friends. ………………………………………...…………...? 3. You want to play the drum. ……………………………………………………..? 4. You want to see a movie. ……………………………………………………..? 5. You want to build a tree house at the backyard. ……………………………………………………..? 6. You want to buy an ice cream. ……………………………………………………..? 7. You want to have a puppy. ……………………………………………………..? 8. You want to go to the beach. ……………………………………………………..? 9. You want to drive the new car. ……………………………………………………..? 10. You want to get out of the house. ……………………………………………………..? Respons yang kita berikan biasanya hanya sebatas:
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Sure. Of course. Certainly/Yes, certainly. Of course you may/can/might/could. Jika kita tidak mengizinkan, biasanya kita akan mengucapkan: I’m sorry, you may not/can not/might not/could not. I’m afraid you may not/can not/might not/could not.
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Possibility: may, might Kali ini, kita akan membahas possibility atau kemungkinan. Possibility diungkapkan dengan may atau might. Contoh: They may come to the party next week. (Mereka mungkin akan datang ke pesta minggu depan.)
He might deliver the paycheck soon. (Ia mungkin akan mengirimkan gajinya segera.) Perlu dicatat bahwa might menunjukkan kadar keraguan lebih tinggi daripada may. May dan might dapat digunakan dalam bentuk present maupun future.
Note: Jika Anda menggunakan may pada kalimat conditional (pengandaian) dan reported speech (kalimat tak langsung), maka might adalah bentuk lampau dari may.
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May I have the umbrella? Contoh : If you were there, I might come. (conditional) (Jika Anda berada di sana saya mungkin akan datang.)
If you give me the money, I may buy this car. (Jika Anda memberikan uangnya saya mungkin akan membeli mobil ini.) If you told me earlier, I might come. (conditional) (Jika Anda mengatakan lebih awal saya mungkin datang.) He said that he might come late. (reported speech) (Ia berkata bahwa ia mungkin datang terlambat.) Exercise 4
Answer these questions with “may” or “might”. Example: A : “Where is John?” B : “I don’t see him. He may come late.”
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Tono : “Lupi hasn’t called me.” You : “She …………………………………”
2.
Cintya : “I can’t nd my wallet.” You : “It ………………………………...…”
3.
Heru : “The movie hasn’t started yet.” You : “………………………………...........”
4.
Humi : “The ofcials put off the game.” You : “…………………………………..…”
5.
Tia You
6.
Nina : “What are you going to do tonight?” You : “I don’t know. ...……………………..”
7.
Nia You
8.
Jono : “Your cake tastes bad.” You : “……………………………………...”
9.
Umi You
10. Leni You
: “I don’t want to go. The cloud is very dark.” : “………………………………….......”
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
: “What kind of a car is that?” : “I don’t know. ...……………………..”
: “My knees hurt.” : “……………………………………...” : “What are you going to do after graduating?” : “I’m not sure. ……………………….”
Ability: can, could Can atau could digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan atau kebisaan kita. Untuk menyatakan ketidakmampuan, kita hanya perlu menambahkan not pada auxiliary verb berikut: can menjadi can not dan could menjadi could not. Contoh : The old man can chew the gum. (Orang tua itu bisa mengunyah permen karet.) Pipit couldn’t drive a car. (Pipit tidak bisa menyetir mobil.) 15
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Can dan could dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan kemampuan. Yang perlu diingat adalah can digunakan jika ingin menyatakan kemampuan pada masa sekarang, sedangkan could digunakan untuk bentuk lampau. Contoh : I can run fast. (Saya bisa berlari dengan cepat.)
He could run fast when he was in high school. (Ia dapat berlari dengan cepat ketika ia masih di SMU.) I could jump if my knee didn’t hurt. (conditional) (Saya dapat melompat jika lutut saya tidak sakit.) He said that he could run 25 km/h. (reported speech) (Ia berkata bahwa ia mampu berlari 25 km/jam.)
An elephant can break the lamppost easily. Exercise 5
Fill in the blank with “can” or “can’t”.
Remi : “Of course I …………. play basketball. I love to play it every morning.” 16
Fahri : “Good. You see, I ………….. nd any man to play basketball with me. I am sure that you know how to dribble, shoot, and pass, don’t you?” Remi : “Of course I do. Basically, Basically, I ……….. do every move.” Fahri ahri : “Gre “Great at.. …… …………….. …….. you do do a dun dunk?” k?” Remi : “Of course I ………….. I love love to do it in my house. I have a basketball ring in my house.” Fahri : “Great. Do you have any partner when you are
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
playing basketball?” Remi emi : “Sur “Suree I do. do. I play play with with Sha Shaq. q. I lea learn rn a lot lot fro from m him.” Fahri ahri : “Do “Do you you mean mean Sh Shaq aqui uile le O’Ne O’Neil il?” ?” Remi emi : “No “No. His His name name is Littl Littlee Sha Shaq. q. He is my litt little le brother. He is ve.” Exercise 6
Compare these two things using “can” and “can’t”.
1. Fish and chickens Example: Fish can swim but chickens can’t. can’t. ……………………………………………………… 2. Boys and girls ……………………………………………………… 3. Babies and adults ……………………………………………………… 4. Batman and Superman ………………………………………………………
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We can have some so me holidays after all is done!
Note: 1.
Bentuk lain dari can yang memiliki arti serupa adalah be able to. Contoh: I will be able to accomplish my task before the deadline. Atau I can accomplish my task before the deadline. Atau I am able to accomplish my task before the deadline.
2.
Jika could merupakan bentuk lampau dari can, ca n, maka was/were able to adalah bentuk lampau dari be able to. Contoh: I could climb a coconut tree. Atau I was able to climb a coconut tree.
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What’s new?! Apa perbedaan antara can dan be able to? Be able to lebih menekankan pada usaha untuk mencapai suatu maksud. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini: I could climb a coconut tree. I was able to climb a coconut tree after trying ve times.
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Pembicara menunjukkan adanya usaha luar biasa untuk memanjat pohon kelapa. Itulah yang ingin ia tekankan dengan menggunakan be able to.
Requests: can, could, will, would Request artinya permintaan. Jika Anda menginginkan sesuatu maka Anda dapat menggunakan can, could, will, atau would. Contoh : Can you show me where the post ofce is? (Dapatkah Anda menunjukkan di mana letak kantor pos?)
Could you pass the salt? (Dapatkah Anda menyodorkan garam itu?) Will you get that hat for me? (Maukah Anda mengambil topi itu untuk saya?) Would Would you close the door, door, please? (Maukah Anda menutup pintunya?) Would Would dan could dianggap lebih sopan dan lebih formal dibandingkan will dan can. 19
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Will you help me cook? Exercise 7
Make a request using “can”, “will”, “could”, or “would” based on these situations.
1. Your brother is about to go out. You want him to mail your letter. ……………………………………………………? 2. Your friend is good at electronics. Your radio is broken. ……………………………………………………? 3. You want to get a history book on the part of the bookshelf. You can’t reach it. There is Yao Ming standing beside you. ……………………………………………………? 4. You feel very cold. Your little brother opens the window widely. ……………………………………………………?
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5. You have difculties on Mathematics. You have your classmate, who is good at Mathematics. …………………………………………………….? 6. You carry three big luggages. There is your friend in front of you. …………………………………………………….? 7. This is your rst time standing in front of the Borobudur Temple. You want somebody to take a picture of you in front of the temple.
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……………………………………………………? 8. You want to eat omelette, but you don’t know how to cook it. You ask your brother to do it for you. ……………………………………………………? 9. You want to drive in the new car but you cannot drive. You ask your big sister to take you. ……………………………………………………? 10. Your friend has 3 sausages on his plate. You want to eat one. ……………………………………………………? Jika kita bersedia melakukan permintaan orang lain, kita bisa meresponsnya dengan mengatakan: Sure. Yes, of course. Certainly. I’d love to.
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Jika kita tidak bisa mengerjakan permintaan orang lain, kita bisa berkata: I’m sorry, I’m very busy. I’m afraid I can’t do that.
What’s new?! Sebenarnya kita juga bisa menambahkan mind pada kalimat permintaan. Penambahan ini membuat kalimat menjadi lebih sopan. Namun satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah tata bahasanya. Contoh: Would you close the window? Atau Would you mind closing the window?
Would you fetch me a glass of milk? Atau Would you mind fetching me a glass of milk? Dari contoh di atas kita bisa menyimpulkan bahwa “would you mind” digunakan bersama verb + ing.
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Would you mind telling me your name?
Exercise 8
Change these requests using “would you mind”.
1. Would you pick me up at the airport? ……………………………………………………? 2. Would you help me move this table? ……………………………………………………?
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3. Would you accompany me to the bank? ……………………………………………………? 4. Would you turn on the air conditioner? ……………………………………………………? 5. Would you get me a glass of ice tea? ……………………………………………………? 6. Would you cut the grass? ……………………………………………………? 7. Would you shut the door? ……………………………………………………? 8. Would you put off your cigarette? ……………………………………………………? 9. Would you take that dictionary off the shelf ? ……………………………………………………? 10. Would you bring the lost duck tomorrow? ……………………………………………………?
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Oer: can, would Offer berarti penawaran. Kita biasa menggunakan kata bantu can atau would untuk menawarkan sesuatu kepada orang lain. Contoh : Can I get you a drink? (Apakah Anda ingin saya ambilkan minum?)
Would you like to have a cup of tea? (Apakah Anda mau secangkir teh?) Perbedaan dari kedua kalimat di atas adalah: can digunakan untuk situasi yang tidak formal, sedangkan would untuk situasi yang formal. Exercise 9
What would you offer if you had these situations? 1. Your friend is coming to your boarding house. Examples: Would you like to have a glass of ice tea? Can I get you a drink? Would you like ……………………………………? Can I get you ……………………………………..?
2.
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You are a waiter or waitress in a restaurant. There is a customer coming. Examples: Would you like to order something? Would you like……………………………………? Would you like ……………………………………?
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
Would you like a banana party?
Oblgaon/necessty: have (got) to, should, had beer, must, ought to, need to Obligation adalah kewajiban atau suatu hal yang harus dilakukan. Contoh : You have to post the letter. (Anda harus mengeposkan surat itu.)
You need not to make an appointment. (Anda tidak perlu membuat perjanjian.) I must drive on the right in the United States of America. (Di Amerika Serikat, saya harus menyetir di sebelah kanan.) Lawan dari must (harus) yaitu mustn’t atau must not yang artinya “tidak boleh” bukan “tidak harus”. Frasa “tidak harus” diterjemahkan sebagai need not ( needn’t ), does/do not need to (doesn’t need to/don’t need to ) atau does/do not have to (doesn’t have to/don’t have to). Frasa “tidak harus” berarti hilangnya suasana terpaksa. Misalnya jika Anda tidak perlu minum susu ( don’t need to/don’t
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have to drink milk ) setiap malam, Anda pasti tidak akan memusingkan diri sendiri apakah akan minum atau tidak. Akan berbeda jika Anda tidak boleh minum susu ( must not drink milk ) setiap malam. Itu berarti Anda memang punya kewajiban untuk tidak minum susu. Mungkin saja Anda sedang menjalani diet atau alergi terhadap susu. Contoh : He mustn’t drink coffee. (Ia tidak boleh minum kopi.)
He does not have to drink coffee. (Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.) He needn’t drink coffee. (Ia tidak perlu minum kopi.)
What’s new?! Must memunyai kesan lebih kuat/lebih penting daripada have to. Have got to hanya terdapat dalam spoken English , sedangkan have to bisa digunakan baik dalam spoken maupun written English. Selain itu, Anda juga perlu mengetahui bahwa must digunakan jika orang yang berbicara memiliki wewenang untuk mewajibkan orang melakukan pekerjaan tersebut. Contoh:
You must come at 08.00 or I’ll re you. (Anda harus datang pukul 08.00 atau saya akan meme- catmu.)
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No, you mustn’t kick the cat.
Karena si pembicara punya wewenang untuk untuk memecat (mungkin orang tersebut adalah pemilik perusahaan) maka ia menggunakan must. Jika Anda tidak memunyai wewenang maka Anda menggunakan modal verb selain must. Contoh :
You have to come at 08.00 or you’ll get red. (Anda harus datang pukul 08.00 atau Anda akan dipecat.) Contoh kalimat lain yang menggunakan subjek “I”. Contoh : I must attend the meeting.
I ought to attend the meeting. I must berarti saya harus datang ke meeting dan saya pasti akan datang. I ought to berarti saya harus datang ke meeting walaupun mungkin saya sebenarnya sedang malas atau tidak ingin pergi. Mungkin saya tidak akan pergi jika ada teman saya yang melarang.
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Exercise 10
Fill in the blank with “don’t/doesn’t have to” or “must not”.
1.
The weather is perfect. We ………….. drive a car. We can ride the bike. 2. You ……………. forget to send this letter. It’s urgent. 3. She ………………… work. Her father is very rich. 4. As a parent, you ……………. give a bad example for your children. 5. We ………………… bring any stationery. The ofcial has already prepared it. 6. You ……………… tell Lenny about the party. We are going to give him a surprise. 7. A: “Do you have any sugar?” B: “Sure, I have plenty.” C: “Good. Now, I ………… go to the supermarket to buy sugar.” 8. According to the rules, we ……………… touch the ball. 9. If you are in the public area, you ……………… smoke. 10. Doni, you ……………. say that word again. It’s not good to say that word. Exercise 11
Complete these sentences with your own words.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
You must …………………………………………… Political leaders must not …………………………… I don’t need not to ………………………………….. Students don’t have to ……………………………… A secretary has to ………………………………….. An athlete doesn’t needs not to ……………………. They don’t have to …………………………………
8. I must ……………………………………………… 9. Professional singers must ………………………….. 10. A lawyer doesn’t have to ……………………………
Advce: should, had beer, ought to Advice adalah saran. Kita mengartikannya dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan kata “seharusnya”. Contoh : She should responds to all the incoming mails. (Dia seharusnya membalas semua surat-surat yang masuk.)
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
You ought to take a rest. (Anda seharusnya beristirahat.) They had better save some money for their future. (Mereka seharusnya menabung untuk masa depan mereka.)
We had better go for a drive in the country.
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Exercise 12
Choose the correct answer from the box and give some advices.
polish them have some rest speak louder repaint it sprinkle the seeds to a wider area
drink lots of water turn on the fan comb your hair wear a seatbelt study with me
1. I can’t hear his voice. …………………………………………………… 2. There are only some plants in one peculiar area. …………………………………………………… 3. Your shoes look dirty. …………………………………………………… 4. I have just nished working. …………………………………………………… 5. I am sweating all over my body. …………………………………………………… 6. The wall is very dull. …………………………………………………… 7. Your hair looks awful. …………………………………………………… 8. I want to drive a car.
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……………………………………………………
9. It is hot in here. …………………………………………………… 10. I have difculties in Mathematics. …………………………………………………… Exercise 13
Give advice to Jono from the story below.
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
Stubborn
Jono lives in a boarding house. His boarding house is small. He never sweeps the oor. The paint on the wall is getting peeled off. He rarely washes his dishes. His books are all over the oor. And when he arrives at his boarding house, he turns up his radio very loudly. And what is more, he never listens to someone else’s advice. …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………
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Predcon, desre: wll, would, shall, be gong to Dalam prediction dan desire kita mengungkapkan tentang kemungkinan dan keinginan kita. Contoh : I will dispatch your order soon. (Saya akan mengirimkan pesanan Anda segera.)
He said that he would render a song. (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia akan membawakan sebuah lagu.) We shall nish this meeting. (Kita akan menyelesaikan pertemuan ini.) I am going to go to New York this summer. (Saya akan pergi ke New York musim panas ini.)
Note: 1.
2. 3.
4.
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Would merupakan bentuk lampau dari will. Jadi untuk prediction dalam bentuk waktu lampau digunakan would. Will merupakan rencana yang belum pasti atau rencana yang spontan. Be going to bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan will. Namun, be going to digunakan untuk rencana yang pasti. Shall merupakan bentuk lain dari will. Shall digunakan untuk subjek “I” dan “we”, sedang will untuk semua subjek dan oleh karenanya jauh lebih sering digunakan.
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
I shall nish reading these novels soon. Exercise 14
Underline the correct answer.
1. “I
will, am going to
have a honeymoon at the end
of this month.” 2. “What do you want to do with this soap and bucket?” “I
am going to, will
wash my car.”
3. “What do you want to do with this money?” “I don’t know? Maybe I
will, am going to
use it for
building an apartment.” 4. He said that he
will, would
run the program.
5. “You look very neat.” “I have to. I
will, am going to
have a job interview.
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What’s new?! Frasa yang serupa dengan modal verb adalah would rather . Would rather juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pilihan. Walaupun bentuk would rather terlihat seperti bentuk lampau, namun kita menggunakan would rather untuk menyatakan pilihan saat ini atau masa yang akan datang. Contoh :
I would rather sleep than watch TV. (Saya lebih baik tidur daripada nonton TV.) Would rather di atas memunyai subjek yang sama yaitu “I”. Jika subjek yang digunakan berbeda, maka would rather memunyai peraturan yang berbeda pula; Anda harus menggunakan verb past ( verb II ). Contoh :
I would rather that my mother cooked the food. (Saya lebih suka kalau ibu saya yang memasak makanannya.)
I’d rather move my family from a noisy surrounding. 34
Exercise 15
Choose the correct answer in the bracket. leave, left
1. Your mother would rather that you
the
tiger alone. 2. They would rather
study, studied
Math’s than
English. 3. She would rather not
thinks, think
4. She would rather that her brother
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
about the past. doesn’t, didn’t
make any noise. 5. The children would rather that their mother give, gave
them milk than tea.
6. Bayu would rather
become, becomes
a doctor than
an attorney. 7. I would rather
bring, bringing
the snack than the bag.
Note: Di bawah ini Anda akan mempelajari bagaimana bermacammacam modal verbs dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan tingkat kepastian ( degree of certainty ). Jadi, dengan modal verbs tersebut kita bisa mengungkapkan seberapa yakin kita akan sesuatu hal. Ada dua bentuk yang akan Anda pelajari:
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Tngkat kepasan dengan must/may/mght/ could + be Must/may/might/could + be kita gunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat kepastian saat ini. a. Must be: sangat yakin (tingkat keyakinan lebih dari 90%) b. May/might/could be: kurang yakin (tingkat keyakinan kurang dari 50%)
Perhatikan contoh berikut: Joko: “Where is Eka? I haven’t seen her.” Jono: “She must be in the library.” Kalimat “She must be in the library.” (Dia pasti ada di perpustakaan.) menunjukkan keyakinan Jono yang kuat bahwa Eka ada di perpustakaan. Jono merasa begitu yakin karena dia tahu kebiasaan Eka yang selalu berada di perpustakaan pada waktu istirahat sekolah. Jika jawaban dari Jono kita ganti dengan “She may/might/ could be in the library.” (Dia mungkin berada di perpustakaan.), maka Jono tidak begitu yakin apakah Eka ada di perpustakaan. Mungkin Eka ada di kantin sekolah atau bahkan Eka mungkin tidak masuk sekolah.
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Oh, I must be at the library tomorrow.
Tngkat kepasan dengan should/could/mght/ must + have Bentuk ini juga untuk menyatakan sebuah tingkatan kepastian, tetapi untuk kejadian di masa yang lampau. a. Should have
Should have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah dikerjakan di waktu lampau.
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
Contoh: You should have discussed the problem last night. (Anda seharusnya sudah berdiskusi tentang masalah itu tadi malam.)
Kalimat di atas mengandung makna bahwa Anda seharusnya mendiskusikan suatu masalah tadi malam, tapi ternyata Anda tidak mendiskusikannya. b. Could have
Could have menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya dapat dikerjakan di waktu lampau. Contoh: Tom could have shared my room because we stayed at the same hotel. (Tom seharusnya dapat berbagi kamar denganku karena kami tinggal di hotel yang sama.) c. Might have
Might have digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin dapat terjadi di waktu lampau.
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Contoh : I might have gone to New York. (Saya mungkin sudah pergi ke New York.)
Kalimat di atas memiliki arti bahwa saya mungkin sudah pergi ke New York beberapa waktu yang lalu. Mungkin ada sesuatu yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York, misalnya kekasih saya melarang saya atau mungkin ada masalah penting lain yang membuat saya tidak jadi pergi ke New York.
It must have been a book before. d. Must have
Must have agak berbeda penggunaannya dengan ketiga bentuk sebelumnya. Must have digunakan untuk membuat kesimpulan yang logis berdasarkan sesuatu yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau. Contoh : My wall looks colorful now. It must have been repainted. (Dinding saya kelihatan penuh warna sekarang. Dindingnya pasti sudah dicat ulang.)
Kalimat di atas menyatakan bahwa dinding saya sebelumnya terlihat membosankan atau hanya memunyai satu warna. Namun seseorang pasti sudah mengecatnya dengan mengguna38
kan beberapa warna di waktu lalu sebelum saya melihatnya sekarang. Exercise 16
Write the response using “must be/may be/might be/could be”. Get the answer from the box below. he must be sad he must have won a lottery I may be in Rome she may ind you funny it may be infected it might be a hospital it may be in my room there must be someone in the house I must have spilled the water
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
Example: John goes on vacation to Bali. He must be very happy. Why is she crying? I don’t know. She might be losing something. 1. She has just passed the exam well. …………………………………………………… 2. Why is she smiling at me? …………………………………………………… 3. Where is my laptop? I don’t know. ..…………………………………… 4. What’s wrong with this computer? I lose all my data. …………………………………………………… 39
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5. The man has just bought a new house and two new cars. …………………………………………………… 6. What building is it? I’m not very sure. ………………………………… 7. Where are you now? I don’t know. …………………………………….. 8. His dog has just died. …………………………………………………… 9. The table is all wet. …………………………………………………… 10. The light is on. …………………………………………………… Exercise 17
Do as the example. Example: Lisa is sneezing and coughing. (have a cold now) She must be having a cold now.
The dead squirrel smells bad. (dead on the previous day) It must have been dead on the previous day. 1. Heru is relling another glass of fresh water. (thirsty) …………………………………………………… 40
2. My uncle makes another piece of sandwich. (hungry) …………………………………………………… 3. I have a message on my phone. (somebody called me last night) …………………………………………………… 4. The streets are wet. (it rained last night)
A u x i l i a r y V e r b s a n d M o d a l s
…………………………………………………… 5. He has just run for 15 miles. (tired now) ……………………………………………………
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The Usage of An Auxiliary Verb
Sekarang kita akan melihat kegunaan auxiliary verb atau kata kerja bantu. Kita sudah membahas kegunaan dari salah satu kelompok auxiliary verb yaitu kelompok modal verb. Seperti yang kita tahu, kita menggunakan modal verb untuk menambah arti pada main verb . Nah, masih ada tiga kelompok auxiliary verb yang lain. Ketiga auxiliary verb yang belum kita bahas adalah kelompok to be, to have, dan to do. Mari kita bahas satu persatu.
TO BE Anda masih ingat apa saja yang masuk kelompok to be? Ya, kita memunyai is, am, are, was, were, been, being. Fungsi dari to be sebenarnya cukup sederhana. Kita menggunakan to be pada saat kita membuat kalimat dengan tenses progressive atau continuous—yang berarti “sedang berlangsung”—dan saat kita membuat kalimat pasif.
To form a progressive tense Kalimat progressive (continuous) adalah kalimat yang kata kerjanya sedang Anda lakukan. Ciri utamanya adalah adanya V ing . Be + V ing 42
Contoh : I am typing now. (Saya sedang mengetik sekarang.)
She was talking about Rome. (Dia sedang berbicara tentang Roma.) Exercise 18
Correct the words in the brackets. 1. Ijah is (drink) ……………… the wedang jahe . 2. The boy is (knock) ……………. ……………. at the window. window. 3. Saylendra and his friends are (run) ……………. for the ball. 4. We We are (work) …………….. …………….. very hard to get this job done. 5. All the employees were were (have) …………… …………… their lunch in the canteen. 6. I am (laugh) …………… at your joke. And I was (practice) ……………… my acting. acting. 7. She was (be) …………. interviewed by a renowned businessman. 8. He is (try) ……………. very hard to pass the driving test. 9. Look! The car is (move) ……………… towards towards us. 10. We We are (make) ……………… a fortune.
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
To form passive sentence Sebuah kalimat kalimat pasif pasif terdiri terdiri dari be + V III . Be + V III
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Contoh : This handkerchief is made by Lina. (Saputangan ini dibuat oleh Lina.)
You You are fooled by Patrick. Patrick. (Anda dikerjai diker jai oleh Patrick.) Exercise 19
Choose the correct passive sentences. Circle the numbers. 1. The boy was kidnap two two years ago. 2. They are being expelled by the teacher. teacher. 3. We We are taught by Mrs Susi. 4. Our game ga me is cancelled until tomorrow. tomorrow. 5. My team is being survey sur vey by the managing director. director. 6. He decided that his car should be sold. 7. The bird is kept in this birdcage. 8. His car is being repaired. 9. My little sister was given a doll. 10. My watch is steal.
Note: To To be tidak hanya bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb saja, ordinary verb . Perhatikan ketiga namun bisa berfungsi sebagai ordinary verb kalimat di bawah ini: He is a loafer. (Dia seorang pemalas.) He is in the garage. (Dia ada di garasi.) He is lazy. lazy. (Dia malas.) 44
Ketiga to be is di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja pada umumnya, walaupun to be di atas tidak memunyai arti apaapa. Lalu mengapa kita tidak menghilangkannya jika to be di atas tidak memunyai arti? Karena dalam bahasa Inggris, Ing gris, setiap kalimat tersusun atas subjek dan kata kerja. Oleh karena itu, to be di atas berfungsi sebagai kata kerja biasa atau kata kerja utama. To be sebagai kata kerja utama terletak sebelum: 1. kata benda atau noun ( ( a loafer ) lazy 2. kata sifat atau adjective ( ( lazy ) in the garage 3. kata keterangan atau adverb ( ( in )
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
Ketiga kalimat di atas sering disebut dengan kalimat nominal. Sekarang lihat padanan antara subjek dengan to be berikut ini: Subject I he, she, it we, they, yo you
To Be am, was is, was are, were
Contoh : He is afraid afraid of the dark. dark. (Dia takut gelap.)
He was here yesterday. (Dia berada di sini kemarin.) The children are busy with their toys. toys. (Anak-anak sibuk dengan mainannya.) I am clever and beautiful. (Saya pintar dan cantik.) Be adalah adalah bentuk dasar dari to be. “Be” muncul setelah to atau setelah modals. 45
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Contoh : He will be here soon. (Dia akan segera sampai di sini segera.)
Don’t be noisy. (Jangan ribut!) Exercise 20
Put the correct form of “be” where necessary. 1. I ………………… kind and diligent. 2. My mother …………… at the verandah. 3. She ………………… works at the department store. 4. My sister ……………… an attorney. 5. The children ………… very happy with their new T-shirts. 6. Don’t ……………. greedy! 7. I think grandma will …………… angry. 8. I don’t ……………. know what to do with him. 9. He …………… a sarcastic person. 10. Don’t ………………. tell him anything about the project.
TO HAVE Kelompok have yaitu: have, has, dan had digunakan untuk membuat kalimat perfect. Untuk membuat kalimat perfect tense, have diartikan sebagai “telah”. Setiap kalimat perfect ditandai dengan: Have + V III
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Sekarang kita lihat padanan antara subjek dan to have. Subject he, she, it I, you, we, they
To have (present) has have
To have (past) had had
Contoh : Gugun has arrived since two hours ago. (Gugun telah datang sejak dua jam yang lalu.)
They have nished their homework. (Mereka telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan rumah mereka.)
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
I had eaten the food when you asked for it. (Saya telah makan makanannya.) Exercise 21
Correct the words in the brackets. 1. Bagas has (write) ……………… twenty pages. 2. The director has (direct) …………… all the actresses well. 3. We have (manage) …………….. the issue. 4. Some of the boy scouts had (gure out) …………. the puzzle. 5. All the passengers have (check in) …………. . We are ready to take a board. 6. There are few children who have (take) …………….. a bath. 7. It has (be) …………… solved with a great result. 8. This company has (grow) …………… faster than I have (think) ……………. 9. We haven’t (nd) ……………… the lost talent. 10. Rani hasn’t (read) …………… the whole memo. 47
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Note: To have juga bisa berperan sebagai kata kerja utama yang berarti “memunyai”. Contoh : I have lots of cockatoos. (Saya memunyai banyak burung kakatua.) The dog has a long tail. (Anjing itu memunyai ekor yang panjang.) When I was a kid, I had a teddy bear. (Ketika saya anak-anak, saya punya boneka teddy bear.)
Grandpa has dreamed of ying to the moon. TO DO
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Kelompok auxiliary verb to do adalah: do, does, dan did. Katakata tersebut digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Kalimat dengan auxiliary verbs to do menceritakan tentang hal kebiasaan atau “daily facts”. Bisa dikatakan semua artinya BUKAN “sedang”, “telah” atau “akan, dapat, boleh”. Padanan untuk subjek dan auxiliary do adalah:
Subject he, she, it (third person singular) I, you, we, they (irst person and plural subject)
To do (present)
To do (past)
does
did
do
did
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
I do work hard and don’t have much time to rest.
To form a negave sentence Dalam membuat kalimat negatif yang perlu kita lakukan adalah: Auxiliary do + not Contoh : I do not know. (Saya tidak tahu.)
She doesn’t get the prize. (Dia tidak mendapatkan hadiahnya.) All the workers didn’t feel tired. (Semua pekerja tidak merasa kelelahan.)
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To form a queson Dalam membuat kalimat tanya, yang perlu Anda lakukan hanya menempatkan auxiliary verb di depan kalimat. Contoh : Do I know? (Apakah saya tahu?) Doesn’t she get the prize? (Bukankah dia mendapat hadiahnya?) Do the workers feel tired? (Apakah para pekerja merasa kelelahan?) Anda bisa mempelajari lebih lanjut bagaimana membuat kalimat tanya atau negatif dalam sub bab di bawah.
Note: To do bukan hanya bisa berperan sebagai auxiliary verb saja tetapi juga bisa berperan sebagai main verb atau ordinary verb. Do sebagai main verb berarti “mengerjakan”. Contoh : I do the assignment. (Saya mengerjakan tugas itu.)
She does all the chores all by herself. (Dia melakukan semua tugasnya sendiri.)
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What’s new?! “Used to” as an auxiliary verb Used to dapat berfungsi sebagai kata kerja bantu yang berarti sebuah kebiasaan yang dulu dikerjakan namun sekarang sudah tidak dikerjakan lagi.
Used to + V I
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
Contoh : I used to smoke. (Saya dulu merokok namun sekarang tidak.)
Jika used diawali dengan be, maka artinya menjadi “terbiasa”. Polanya akan menjadi: Be used to + V ing Contoh : I am used to living in big city. I am ne with this trafc jam. (Saya terbiasa tinggal di kota besar. Saya baik-baik saja dengan kemacetan ini.)
Sebagai auxiliary verbs , used to memunyai sifat sama seperti auxiliary verb yang lain. Untuk membuat kalimat negatif hanya perlu menambah not dan untuk membuat kalimat tanya hanya perlu menggesernya ke depan kalimat. Contoh : I used to smoke. I used not to smoke. Used I to smoke?
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Meskipun demikian, dalam perjalanannya used to kurang mendapat tempat sebagai auxiliary verb. Used to akhirnya lebih berfungsi sebagai kata kerja penuh yang menggunakan bentuk did untuk membentuk kalimat negatif dan tanya. Contoh : I used to smoke a lot. I didn’t use to smoke a lot. Did I use to smoke a lot?
There used to be a farm in the year 1960
What’s new?! “Need” as an auxiliary verb Kata need yang berarti “perlu” bisa berfungsi sebagai auxiliary verb, tetapi hanya dipakai dalam bentuk negatif. Contoh : I needn’t go. She needn’t go.
Dalam bentuk present, needn’t dipakai untuk semua subjek. 52
Bentuk ini bisa kita gantikan dengan “I don’t need to go.” dan “She doesn’t need to go.” di mana keduanya memunyai arti sama seperti terlihat di bawah ini. I needn’t go. = I don’t need to go. She needn’t go. = She doesn’t need to go. Need sebagai auxiliaty verb akan membuat arti kalimat berbeda dalam bentuk lampau. Contoh : I needn’t have come (but I did anyway, and wasted my time). Bandingkan dengan: I didn’t need to come (so I didn’t come).
T h e U s a g e o f a n A u x i l i a r y V e r b
Exercise 22
Use “needn’t have” or “didn’t need to” to complete these sentences. The verbs are given in parentheses.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7.
He ………………… (put) any more sugar. Now the tea is too sweet. He …………………… (put) any more sugar. The tea is already sweet. I ………………… (type) the letter. There are double copies of the letter now. I ……………………(type) the letter. She had done it for me. We …………………… (pack) our things. But it’s done and we have to repack now as the new house is not yet ready. We ………………… (pack) our things, knowing that the new house is not yet ready. Rani ………………… (hurry) to the airport. The plane was delayed and she has to wait too long at the airport.
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8.
9. 10.
Rani ………………… (hurry) to the airport. The plane was delayed and the travel agent had called her before she left. I ………………… (pay) for the balloon. It was given for free in the next booth. I ………………… (pay) for the balloon. I got it free from the next booth.
To Make a Negative Sentence and a Question
Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya yang perlu Anda lakukan adalah memperhatikan kata kerja bantunya. Secara umum langkah-langkah yang harus Anda perhatikan adalah: Untuk kalimat negaf (negave sentence):
• Cari auxiliary verb-nya. • Tambahkan not setelah auxiliary verb. Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogave sentence):
• Cari auxiliary verb-nya. • Pindahkan auxiliary verb-nya ke depan kalimat. Agar lebih mudah, mari kita bahas mengenai auxiliary verb satu-persatu.
TO BE Anggota to be adalah: be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being.
Negave sentence Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, langkah pertama yang harus kita lakukan adalah mencari auxiliary verb-nya. Nah, untuk auxiliary verb to be Anda bisa langsung melihatnya di dalam kalimat.
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Contoh :
I am writing a book. Be yang dipakai adalah “am”. Langkah kedua adalah menambah not setelah be. Sehingga kalimat di atas akan menjadi: I am not writing a book. Exercise 23
Put these sentences into negative.
1. Toni is yawning. …………………………………………………… 2. I am mending my watch. …………………………………………………… 3. The boys are running very fast. …………………………………………………… 4. Yuni and I are eating pineapple together. …………………………………………………… 5. My alarm was beeping last night. …………………………………………………… 6. Mother is baking a cake. …………………………………………………… 7. The professor was talking about the effect of Renaissance. …………………………………………………… 8. They were wandering around in the city last Saturday. ……………………………………………………
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9. Bayu was drinking beras kencur when Dodi entered Bayu’s room. …………………………………………………… 10. Dodi was playing with a doll when Bayu phoned him. ……………………………………………………
Interrogave sentence Ingat langkah-langkah pada bagian sebelumnya. Langkah pertama dalam membuat kalimat tanya adalah mencari auxilary verb-nya. Contoh : I am writing a book. Be yang dipakai adalah “am”. Langkah kedua, letakkan kata kerja bantunya di awal kalimat.
T o M a k e a N e g a v e S e n t e n c e a n d a Q u e s o n
Contoh : Am I writing a book? Exercise 24
Put these sentences into interrogative.
1. I am telling the truth. …………………………………………………… 2. The police ofcers are capturing the thief. …………………………………………………… 3. My toy ship is sinking into the river. …………………………………………………… 4. The committee is focusing on the matter. …………………………………………………… 57
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5. Romi was working hard when he was a teenager. …………………………………………………… 6. My little brother was shattering my CD’s. …………………………………………………… 7. The painter is just spattering the paint onto the wall. …………………………………………………… 8. All the children were reciting the topic they discussed. …………………………………………………… 9. I am scratching this coupon to see if I win the grand prize. …………………………………………………… 10. We are planning to issue the magazine by the end of this summer. ……………………………………………………
Is Cinderella losing her glass slippers?
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TO DO Seperti yang telah dibahas sebelumnya bahwa Auxiliary verb to do digunakan untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Nah, yang membedakan dalam membuat kalimat negatif maupun kalimat tanya adalah auxiliary verb to do diambil dari kata kerja utamanya.
Negave sentence Contoh : “I take the bag.” Kata kerja utama Auxilary verb Menjadi
: take (present) : do : “I do not take the bag.”
“She tells the truth.” Kata kerja utama Auxilary verb Menjadi
: tells (present) : does :“She doesn’t tell the truth.”
“The guests came at dawn Kata kerja utama Auxilary verb Menjadi
T o M a k e a N e g a v e S e n t e n c e a n d a Q u e s o n
yesterday.” : came (past) : did : “The guests didn’t come at dawn yesterday.”
“She screamed too much.” Kata kerja utama : screamed (past) Auxilary verb : did Menjadi : “She didn’t scream too much.”
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Exercise 25
Change the verbs in italic into negative.
1. Yesterday I went to a party. …………………………………………………… 2. People welcomed me nicely. …………………………………………………… 3. And somebody gave presents. …………………………………………………… 4. All the people became very happy knowing that I was there. …………………………………………………… 5. I was singing a song at the party. …………………………………………………… 6. They said that my voice was beautiful and delicate. …………………………………………………… 7. This is a lie. ……………………………………………………
Interrogave sentence Untuk membuat kalimat tanya dari kalimat yang memakai auxiliary verb, yang perlu Anda lakukan hanya memindahkan kata kerja bantunya ke depan kalimat. Namun karena auxiliary
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to do tersembunyi di dalam main verb, Anda harus berhatihati dalam memilih auxiliary to do yang sesuai. Lihat kembali padanan antara subjek dan auxiliary to do di atas.
I do not like playing in the mud. I just love it.
T o M a k e a N e g a v e S e n t e n c e a n d a Q u e s o n
Contoh : “I take the bag.” Kata kerja utama Subjek Auxilary verb Menjadi
: take (present) :I : do : “Do I take the bag? ”
“She tells the truth.” Kata kerja utama Subjek Auxilary verb Menjadi
: tells (present) : she : does : “Does she tell the truth?”
“She screamed aloud.” Kata kerja utama Subjek Auxilary verb Menjadi
: screamed (past) : she : did : “Did she scream aloud?” 61
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TO HAVE Have sebagai auxiliary verb memunyai arti “sudah” atau “belum” ( have not ). Untuk membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya, sama seperti biasa kita perlu menambahkan not pada auxiliary verb untuk kalimat negatif. Sedangkan untuk kalimat tanya, Anda hanya perlu memindahkan auxiliary verb ke depan kalimat.
Negave sentence Untuk membuat kalimat negatif, Anda perlu mencari auxiliary verb-nya kemudian tambahkan kata not sesudah auxiliary verb. Contoh : I have eaten. Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) eaten.
I have spoken to him Menjadi: I have not (atau haven’t) spoken to him. Exercise 26
Fill in the blanks with “to have + Verb III.”
Example: She …………… the movie twice. (watch) She has watched the movie twice. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 62
They ……………… the right formula. (discover) The sailor ……………… the whale for years. (hunt) The detective ……………… the victim last week. (identify) Your son ………………… since I came. (yell) My company ……………… for twenty years. But still we don’t make any signicant progress. (set up)
6. 7.
We ………………… by the junior team. (be beat) My girlfriend ……………… there for two hours waiting for me. I felt very bad. (stand) 8. They ………………… to go to the seminal. (fail) 9. Nania ……………… to the sea before. (not be) 10. He ………………… that he does what he says. (never prove)
Interrogave Membuat kalimat tanya sebenarnya sangat mudah. Hal yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah mencari auxiliary verb to have kemudian pindahkan ke awal kalimat. Contoh : She has gone. Menjadi: Has she gone?
T o M a k e a N e g a v e S e n t e n c e a n d a Q u e s o n
They have arrived. Menjadi: Have they arrived?
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To Make Short Responses
Short responses adalah sebuah jawaban singkat. Jika kita ditanya “Anda mau buah?” kita bisa menjawab dengan “Ya.” Dalam bahasa Inggris tertulis kita diharuskan untuk menyertakan auxiliary verb dalam membuat short response. Jadi bila ditanya “Anda mau buah?” kita menjawabnya dengan “Ya, saya mau.” Bagian “saya mau” diungkapkan dengan auxiliary verb. Dalam menggunakan short responses, Anda perlu memperhatikan kata kerja bantu yang ada dalam kalimat tanya. Contoh : “Are you reading a magazine?” Auxiliary verb : are dari kelompok to be Respons : “Yes, I am.” Ingat padanan subjek “I” untuk auxiliary verb to be adalah “am” bukan “are”. Begitu juga dengan short response berbentuk negatif, yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah menambahkan not setelah auxiliary verb. Contoh dengan penjabaran: “Do you make a note?” Auxiliary verb : do Respons : “No, I don’t.” Contoh lainnya:
Has he come? No, he hasn’t. 64
Have you done your homework? Yes, I have. Were you sleeping at the class? No, I wasn’t. Are they hiding in the park? Yes, they are. Did you borrow my dictionary? No, I didn’t.
T o M a k e S h o r t R e s p o n s e s
Does she call you? Yes, she does.
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To Make a Question Tags
Question tags adalah pernyataan pada akhir kalimat yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan penegasan. Sama seperti yang telah kita pelajari sebelumnya bahwa yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah memperhatikan auxiliary verb-nya. Contoh :
You are studying English, aren’t you? (Anda sedang belajar bahasa Inggris, bukan?) “You are studying” merupakan kalimat pernyataannya, sedangkan bagian yang dicetak tebal adalah question tags-nya. Dalam membuat question tags , Anda tidak hanya perlu memperhatikan auxiliary verb-nya saja. Perhatikan aturanaturan mengenai question tag berikut: 1.
Bila pernyataannya positif (+) maka question tags-nya negatif (-), begitu juga sebaliknya. Contoh: You run fast, don’t you? You don’t run fast, do you?
2.
Question tag berbentuk negatif selalu dalam bentuk singkatan (don’t, didn’t, aren’t, etc). Contoh: They were talking about me, weren’t they? She is taking the right box, isn’t she?
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You came yesterday, didn’t you?
3.
Kata yang bermakna negatif, seperti never , few , little memiliki tag question positif . Lantas kata-kata apa saja yang bermakna negatif? Hafalkan kata-kata berikut ini: never few/little hardly seldom nothing rarely nobody
T o M a k e Q u e s o n T a g s
Contoh: Lisa seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
We have nothing, do we? The child could hardly breathe, could he? 4.
Subjek yang dipakai dalam question tag berbentuk pronoun (he, she, I, it, etc), bukan my friend, the lawyer , Lisa, dan sebagainya. Contoh: The police ofcers are giving me a ticket, aren’t they? The dog eats the meat, doesn’t it?
5.
Untuk pernyataan yang berupa kalimat ajakan, question tag-nya menjadi shall . Sedang untuk pernyataan yang berupa kalimat perintah, question tag-nya menjadi will . Contoh: Let’s go to the zoo, shall we? (ajakan) Drink this medicine, will you? (perintah)
Exercise 27
Put the question tag in the blanks. 1. He has had his medicine, ……………………? 2. Lisa was looking for me, ………………………? 3. Toni jumps over the fence, ………………………? 4. Let’s watch Mr. Big concert, ……………………?
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5. That couple often go to this restaurant, ……………? 6. I seldom listen to the teacher, ……………………? 7. Put on the light, ……………………? 8. He’s xed the broken air conditioner, ……………….? 9. Those children have little happiness, ………………? 10. Lisa and John must do the eld research, ……………?
Final Exercise
Choose the correct answer.
1.
“You ………….. bring a lantern. I have brought two for us.” a. must not b. needn’t c. must d. could
2.
“The streets are wet.” “It …………………… last night.” a. must be raining b. could have rained c. should have rained d. must have rained
3.
This amazing building ……………. in 1967 by a famous architect. a. built b. build c. was built d. was building
4.
He’d gone for so long, ……………………? a. hadn’t he b. didn’t he 69
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c. isn’t he d. wouldn’t he 5.
“Where is Hari? I haven’t seen him for a while.” “He might have gone to Chicago. He said that he wanted to continue his study there.” From the above sentence we may conclude that …… a. Hari went to Chicago b. Hari is going to Chicago c. Hari is probably in Chicago now d. Hari is certainly not going to Chicago
6.
You …………… get another bulb. This room is too dark for you to study. a. will b. can c. may d. should
7.
You ………………… come with us if you want to. a. may b. will c. must d. cannot
8.
Brenda is ………………… a letter for his new friend. a. writing b. written c. writes d. write
9.
My uncle would rather ………………. the car. He feels sleepy.
a. b. c. d. 10.
don’t drive not drive didn’t driving didn’t drive
He seldom has visited this place, ……………………? a. hasn’t he b. has he c. didn’t he d. does he
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
11. To study Mathematics you ……………………. a lot. a. must practice b. have practice c. must practices d. ought practice 12. The police stopped me and said, “When you are riding a motorcycle you ……………….. wear a helmet.” a. should b. must c. may d. can 13. You had better ……………… or you will miss the game. a. don’t sleep b. not sleep c. didn’t sleep d. not sleeping
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14. They were ……………. in the football eld when you arrived. a. play b. plays c. played d. playing 15. They used to play in the T Park happily. The above sentence means ……………………. a. they are now playing in the T Park. b. they always play in the T Park c. they played in the T Park in the past, but they don’t play in the T Park again now. d. they are accustomed to playing in the T Park. 16. Valentino Rossi may, if he keeps up resulting good lap time on testing Ferrari, ……………… to Formula 1. a. move b. moves c. moving d. moved
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17.
Has she ………………… to you? a. wrote b. write c. written d. writted
18.
He ……………… when I phoned him yesterday. a. was sleep b. was sleeps c. was slept d. was sleeping
19.
Get me an ice cream, …………………? a. shall you b. do you c. will you d. should you
20.
I don’t know where Nimo is. He ………………. early. a. must have leave b. must left c. must have left d. must leave
21.
I couldn’t nd Nana and Nini, they ………… in the library after class. a. must be b. must have be c. must have being d. must have been
22.
She ………………… making her dinner by herself. a. used to b. is used c. used d. is used to
23.
I called Rino last night, but he didn’t pick the phone up.
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
He …………………… last night. a. must have gone to sleep b. must sleep c. could not be sleeping d. could sleep 73
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24. After they had ……………… for several hours, they decided to sleep in a motel. a. b. c. d.
drives drove driving driven
25. You should ………………… your umbrella, it’s raining. a. bring b. brought c. bringing d. brings 26.
“Nobody is answering the bell.” “Husni ………………… now.” a. must have slept b. could be sleeping c. should be sleeping d. must be sleeping
27.
“I hope you don’t mind with the sound, Miss Daphne.” “Don’t worry, I am used to hearing loud and noisy sound especially that in the factory. The sentence above means that ……………………. a. Miss Daphne don’t like the sound in the factory b. Miss Daphne is accustomed to loud and noisy sound
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c. Miss Daphne used to hear the loud and noisy sound in factories d. the sound bothers Miss Daphne 28.
“My blind date didn’t come to the dinner.” “Oh I am sorry. She ………………… you before.” a. should have called b. must have called c. could have called d. would have called
29.
I can hear the sound of a radio, my uncle …………… to the radio now. a. must be listening b. must listen c. must listening d. must have listened
30.
Nini is………………… in England with its spacious area. a. used to live b. used to lives c. used to living d. used to be living
31.
I should ……………… my prot with you. a. don’t share b. not share c. not sharing d. not shared
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
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32. Jane is ………………… to the post ofce this afternoon. a. goes b. go c. going d. to go 33.
I have ………………… here since this morning. a. b. c. d.
been be being to be
34. The police had ……………… the robber of the bank. a. catch b. to catch c. catches d. caught 35. This is the novel that I have bought from the book store, …………………? a. haven’t I b. haven’t it c. isn’t it d. isn’t I
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Key to Exercises
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Exercise 1
1. go; 2. listen; 3. come; 4. yell; 5. raise; 6. open; 7. tell; 8. follow; 9. take off; 10. achieve; 11. be able to; 12. smile; 13. take; 14. sit; 15. keep on, be Exercise 2
The correct forms of permission are sentences 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Exercise 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
May I go out? May I play kite with my friends? May I play the drum? May I see the movie? May I build a tree house in the backyard? May I buy an ice cream? May I have a puppy? May I go to the beach? May I drive the new car? May I get out of the house?
Exercise 4
1. may forget; 2. may be in your bag; 3. There may not be enough people 4. It might have been raining; 5. It may rain any time; 6. I may do nothing; 7. It may be a BMW; 8. It may lack of sugar; 9. It might be because of the scratch. 10. I might nd a job. Exercise 5
can – can’t – can – can – can Exercise 6 78
NA
Exercise 7
“Can” can be replaced by “could” or “would” or “will”. 1. Can you mail my letter? 2. Can you x my radio? 3. Can you reach that book for me? 4. Can you close the window? 5. Can you teach me Mathematics? 6. Can you help me carry the luggages? 7. Can you take a picture for me? 8. Can you make an omelette for me? 9. Can you take me for a drive? 10. Can you share one of your sausages?
K e y T o E x c e r c i s e s
Exercise 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Would you mind picking me up at the airport? Would you mind helping me move this table? Would you mind accompanying me to the bank? Would you mind turning on the air conditioner? Would you mind getting me a glass of ice tea? Would you mind cutting the grass? Would you mind shutting the door? Would you mind putting off your cigarette? Would you mind taking that dictionary off the shelf ? Would you mind bringing the lost duck tomorrow?
Exercise 9
NA Exercise 10
1. don’t have to; 2. mustn’t; 3. doesn’t have to; 4. must not ; 5. don’t have to ; 6. must not; 7. don’t have to; 8. must not; 9. must not; 10. must not 79
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Exercise 11
NA Exercise 12
“Had better” bisa diganti dengan “should”. 1. You had better speak louder; 2. You had better sprinkle the seeds to wider areas; 3. You had better polish them; 4. You had better have some rest; 5. You had better drink lots of water; 6. You had better repaint it; 7. You had better comb your hair; 8. You had better wear a seatbelt; 9. You had better turn on the fan; 10. You had better study with me Exercise 13
NA Exercise 14
1. am going to; 2. am going to; 3. will; 4. would; 5. am going to Exercise 15
1. left; 2. study; 3. think; 4. didn’t; 5. gave; 6 become; 7. bring Exercise 16
1. She must be happy; 2. She may nd you funny; 3. It may be in your room; 4. It may be infected; 5. He must have won a lottery; 6. It might be a hospital; 7. I may be in Rome; 8 He must be sad; 9. I must have spilled the water; 10. There must be someone in the house
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Exercise 17
1. He must be thirsty; 2. He must be hungry; 3. Somebody must have called me last night; 4. It must have rained last night; 5. He must be tired now Exercise 18
K e y T o E x c e r c i s e s
1. drinking; 2. knocking; 3 running; 4. working; 5. having; 6. laughing, practicing; 7. being; 8. trying; 9. moving; 10. mak ing Exercise 19
The correct passive sentences are 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9. Exercise 20
1. am; 2. is; 3. -; 4. is; 5. are; 6. be; 7. be; 8. -; 9. is; 10. Exercise 21
1. written; 2. directed; 3. managed; 4. gured out; 5. checked in; 6. taken; 7. been; 8. grown, thought; 9. found; 10. read Exercise 22
1. needn’t have put; 2. didn’t need to put; 3. needn’t have typed; 4. didn’t need to type; 5. needn’t have packed; 6. didn’t need to pack; 7. needn’t have hurried; 8. didn’t need to hurry; 9. needn’t have paid; 10. didn’t need to pay Exercise 23
1. Toni is not yawning.; 2. I am not mending my watch.; 3. The boys are not running very fast.; 4. Yuni and I are not eating pineapple together.; 5. My alarm was not beeping last night.; 6. Mother is not baking a cake.; 7. The professor was not talking about the effect of Renaissance.; 8. They were not wandering around in the city last Saturday.; 9. Bayu was not drinking beras
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kencur when Dodi entered Bayu’s room.; 10. Dodi was not playing with a doll when Bayu phoned him. Exercise 24
1. Am I telling the truth?; 2. Are the police ofcers capturing the thief?; 3. Is my toy ship sinking into the river?; 4. Is the committee focusing on the matter? 5. Was Romi working hard when he was a teenager?; 6. Was my little brother shattering my CD’s? 7. Is the painter just spattering the paint onto the wall?; 8. Were all the children reciting the topic they discussed? 9. Am I scratching this coupon to see if I win the grand prize?; 10. Are we planning to issue the magazine by the end of this summer? Exercise 25
1. didn’t go; 2. didn’t welcome; 3. didn’t give; 4. didn’t become; 5. wasn’t singing; 6. wasn’t beautiful; 7 wasn’t; Exercise 26
1. have discovered; 2. has hunted; 3. had identied; 4. has yelled; 5. has set up; 6. haven’t been beaten; 7. has stood; 8. have failed; 9. hasn’t been; 10. has never proved Exercise 27
1. hasn’t he?; 2. wasn’t she?; 3. doesn’t he?; 4. shall we?; 5. don’t they?; 6. don’t I?; 7. will you?; 8. hasn’t he?; 9. don’t they; 10. mustn’t they? Final Exercise
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1. b 6. d 11. a 16. a
2. d 7. a 12. b 17. c
3. c 8. a 13. b 18. d
4. a 9. b 14. d 19. c
5. c 10. b 15. c 20. c
21. d 26. b 31. b
22. b 27.c 32. c
23. a 28. a 33. a
24. d 29. a 34. d
25. a 30. c 35. c
K e y T o E x c e r c i s e s
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Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
PART 2
MODALS AUXILIARY
Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
More on Modals
Modals merupakan kata kerja yang difungsikan sebagai kata bantu dalam sebuah kalimat. Dengan modals kita dapat mengeskpresikan apa yang kita rasakan dalam sebuah situasi. Contoh: I’ll go swimming tomorrow. I might go swimming tomorrow. Kalimat pertama mengekspresikan niat Anda untuk berenang besok, sedangkan kalimat yang kedua mengekspresikan kemungkinan bahwa Anda ingin berenang besok namun Anda belum tahu pasti apakah Anda akan pergi atau tidak. Kita pasti bertanya-tanya, apakah semua kata kerja merupakan modals? Jawabannya adalah TIDAK. Kata-kata yang termasuk dalam kelompok modals adalah sebagai berikut:
Primary modals can–could may–might must–had to shall–should/would will–would
Sebagai kata bantu dalam sebuah kalimat, modals diletakkan setelah subjek dan sebelum kata kerja.
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Pola yang digunakan:
Subject + modals + Verbdasar Contoh : They could understand each other, when they were young. (Mereka bisa saling mengerti satu sama lain ketika mereka masih muda.)
You may get your bag now. (Anda boleh mengambil tas Anda sekarang.)
We have to help that old man crossing the street. (Kita harus menolong orang tua itu menyebrang jalan.) We shall visit our new neighbour. (Kita harus mengunjungi tetangga baru kita.)
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You should greet your boss in the morning. (Anda harus menyapa bos anda di pagi hari.)
Adrian will come soon. (Adrian akan segera datang.) You ought to eat fruit every day. (Anda harus makan buah setiap hari.) I used to study in your school. (Saya pernah belajar di sekolahmu.)
M o r e O n M o d a l s
What’s new?! Dalam kalimat, modals selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk dasar (Verbdasar ). Untuk menyatakan bentuk lampau, Anda hanya perlu mengubah modals bukan kata kerjanya. Contoh: I can write English now. I could write Indonesian when I was three.
Note: Need and dare Need dan dare benar-benar difungsikan sebagai modals hanya ketika dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Sedangkan untuk kalimat positif, need dan dare difungsikan sebagai kata kerja penuh dengan menambahkan kata “to”. Contoh: He dared to go to the jungle. (Ia berani untuk pergi ke hutan.)
He needs to speak more gently. (Ia perlu bicara dengan lebih lembut.)
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Exercise 1
Tick (√) T if the sentence is true or F if the sentence is false. 1. He can took the exam last year. 2. They will visit their homeland next week. 3. It’s 7 A.M., I must be late. 4. You should nish your task, Ciara! 5. She might forgive my mistake. 6. Lina must draws a new sketch. 7. The cat can cause you a scratch. 8. He will marry her next month.
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
9.
T
F
T
F
Berlin ought to takes the bed rest for a few days. 10. He shall see his mother as soon as possible.
Sekarang kita telah mendapatkan sedikit gambaran tentang apa itu modals. Selanjutnya kita akan mempelajari bagaimana cara untuk menggunakan modals secara lebih spesik
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To Form Negatives and Questions with Modals
Sekarang kita akan mempelajari bagaimana cara membuat kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan modals sebagai kata bantu dalam kalimat. Sebelumnya kita telah mengetahui pola kalimat tanya yang menggunakan modals, yaitu dengan meletakkan modals sebelum kata kerja. Untuk membentuk kalimat negatif, kita tinggal menambahkan kata not sesudah modals. Pola yang digunakan: Subject + modals + NOT + Verbdasar
Perhatikan tabel berikut ini. Positive Modals
Negative
Arti
Modals
Arti
can
bisa
cannot (can’t)
tidak bisa
could
bisa
could not (couldn’t)
tidak bisa
may
mungkin
may not
tidak mungkin
might
mungkin
might not
tidak mungkin
must
harus
must not (mustn’t)
tidak boleh
ought to
harus
ought not to (oughtn’t to)
tidak boleh
need
harus/perlu need not (needn’t)
tidak harus
shall
akan
shall not (shan’t)
tidak akan
should
harus
should not (shouldn’t)
tidak boleh
will
akan
will not (won’t)
tidak akan
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would
akan
would not (wouldn’t)
tidak akan
dare
berani
daren’t
tidak berani
have to
harus
don’t/doesn’t have to
tidak mesti
used to
pernah
didn’t use to/never
tidak pernah
Contoh : Positive form
Negative form
I can sing the song.
I can’t sing the song.
I could sing the song.
I couldn’t sing the song.
I shall sing the song.
I shan’t sing the song.
I should sing the song.
I shouldn’t sing the song.
I may sing the song.
I may not sing the song.
I might sing the song.
I might not sing the song.
I must sing the song.
I mustn’t sing the song.
I ought to sing the song.
I oughtn’t to sing the song.
I need to sing the song. (verb)
I needn’t sing the song.
I dare to sing the song. (verb)
I daren’t sing the song.
I will sing the song.
I won’t sing the song.
I would sing the song.
I wouldn’t sing the song.
I have to sing the song.
I don’t have to sing the song.
I used to sing the song.
I never sing the song.
T o F o r m
I can’t sing the song.
N e g a v e s a n d Q u e s o n s w i t h M o d a l s
Note:
Have to and used to Have to adalah pengganti must dan selalu menggunakan auxiliary verb do/does/did. Contoh : I must stop when they tell me to stop.
I have to stop when I feel tired. Sedangkan used to tidak lagi difungsikan sebagai auxiliary verb. Used to juga menggunakan auxiliary verb do/does/ did. Contoh : Positive form
Negative form
I have to sing the song.
I don’t have to sing the song.
I used to sing the song.
I didn’t use to sing the song. I never used to sing the song.
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Exercise 2
Change these sentences into negative form.
1. I could watch the movie in the cinema. …………………………………………………… 2. We will swim today. …………………………………………………… 3. Dennis and I must nish our task soon. …………………………………………………… 4. The door will open. …………………………………………………… 5. It may rain today. …………………………………………………… 6. He says that he will stop smoking. …………………………………………………… 7. The students can speak English well. …………………………………………………… 8. I can drive your car. …………………………………………………… 9. The storm might damage the village. …………………………………………………… 10. I need to talk to her.
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……………………………………………………
11. Mandy and Ivy have to complete their task before midday. …………………………………………………… 12. I should visit my sister in hospital. …………………………………………………… 13. Molly used to love Dion very much. …………………………………………………… 14. We shall return the books to the library. …………………………………………………… 15. She dares to punch the burglar.
T o F o r m
N e g a v e s a n d Q u e s o n s w i t h M o d a l s
…………………………………………………… Bentuk kalimat tanya (question form) pada kalimat yang menggunakan modals adalah sebagai berikut:
Modals + Subject + Verbdasar
Contoh : Positive form
Question form
I can sing the song.
Can I sing the song?
I could sing the song.
Could I sing the song?
I shall sing the song.
Shall I sing the song?
I should sing the song.
Should I sing the song?
I may sing the song.
May I sing the song?
I might sing the song.
Might I sing the song?
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I must sing the song.
Must I sing the song?
I ought to sing the song.
Ought I to sing the song?
I need to sing the song.
Need I sing the song?
I dare to sing the song.
Dare I sing the song?
I will sing the song.
Will I sing the song?
I would sing the song.
Would I sing the song?
Note: Dalam membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan modals, kita tidak menggunakan auxiliary verbs do/does/did. Kita langsung menggunakan modals sebagai pengganti do/does/ did, kecuali untuk have to dan used to . Contoh : Positive form
Question form
I have to sing the song.
Do I have to sing the song?
I used to sing the song.
Did I use to sing the song?
What’s new?! Need dan dare berfungsi sebagai modals auxiliary ketika dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Contoh : I need to take a bath. (verb) (Saya harus mandi.) Kalimat negatif : I needn’t take a bath. (modal) (Saya tidak perlu mandi.) Kalimat tanya
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: Need I take a bath? (modal) (Haruskah saya mandi?)
I dare to swim in the sea. (verb) (Saya berani berenang di laut.)
Kalimat negatif : I daren’t swin in the sea. (modal) (Saya tidak berani berenang di laut.) Kalimat tanya
: Dare I swim in the sea? (modal) (Beranikah saya berenang di laut?)
Exercise 3
Change these sentences into question form.
1. I could watch the movie in the cinema. ………………………………………………….... 2. We will swim today. ………………………………………………….... 3. Dennis and I must nish our task soon.
T o F o r m
N e g a v e s a n d Q u e s o n s w i t h M o d a l s
…………………………………………………... 4. The door will open. …………………………………………………… 5. It may rain today. ………………………………………………….... 6. He will stop smoking. ………………………………………………….... 7. The students can speak English well. …………………………………………………… 8. I can drive your car. ………………………………………………….... 97
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9. The storm might damage the village. ………………………………………………… 10. I need to talk to her. ………………………………………………… 11. Mandy and Ivy has to complete their task before midday. ………………………………………………… 12. I should visit my sister in the hospital. ………………………………………………… 13. Molly used to love Dion very much. …………………………………………………
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14. We shall return the books to the library. ………………………………………………… 15. She dares to punch the burglar. …………………………………………………
T o F o r m
N e g a v e s a n d Q u e s o n s w i t h M o d a l s
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Can and Be Able To
Can dapat diganti menjadi am/is are able to yang kurang lebih berarti “mampu” atau “dapat”. Contoh : I can swim. = I am able to swim. She can swim. = She is able to swim. They can swim. = They are able to swim.
Dari segi kegunaan, can memiliki kegunaan yang lebih luas sebagai berikut: 1.
2.
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Untuk mengekspresikan permintaan izin (permission) atau kemungkinan (possibility). Be able to tidak digunakan untuk mengungkapkan ekspresi ini dan paling sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kemampuan (ability). Contoh: Can I read your book? (permission) If you came early, you can get a reward. (possibility) Untuk mengekspresikan kemampuan (ability), can dapat digantikan oleh am/is/are able to. Contoh: I can dive in the sea. Atau I am able to dive in the sea.
C a n a n d B e A b l e T o
I am able to dive in the sea.
3.
Untuk mengungkapkan permintaan (request). Contoh: Can you get me a cup of tea, please! Can you bring me that book?
Note: Untuk mengekspresikan ketidakmampuan dan ketidakmungkinan, kita hanya perlu menambahkan not pada modals auxiliary can atau be dalam be able to meskipun jarang kita dengar. Contoh : I can dive into the sea. Menjadi: I can’t dive into the sea. I am able to dive in the sea. (jarang dipakai) Menjadi: I am not able to dive in the sea. You can get a reward. Menjadi: You can’t get a reward.
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Can and could Could adalah bentuk lampau (past) dari can. Untuk menyatakan kemampuan dalam bentuk lampau, kita dapat menggunakan could. Contoh : I could accompany you yesterday, but today I can’t. Could meskipun dianggap sebagai bentuk lampau dari can, sebenarnya juga bisa dipakai dalam bentuk present, yaitu untuk mengungkapkan sebuah permintaan (request). Contoh : Can you go with me? Could you go with me? Pada kalimat kedua, ada kesan lebih halus, lebih sopan, lebih berhati-hati, dan lebih ragu-ragu. Can dan could juga dapat digunakan ketika kita hendak memberi saran pada seseorang (suggestion). Contoh : I think you can sleep here tonight. I think you could sleep here tonight. Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with “can” or “can’t”.
1. 2. 3. 4. 102
…………… you tell me where this road is going, please! I ……………… ride the motorbike a year ago. ……………… spiders live over a month? Amel, …………… I use your computer?
C a n a n d B e A b l e T o
5. 6.
……………… you come to my party, Mrs Smith? Mr and Mrs Daniel ………… live together in their little villa. 7. The bomb …………… kill the people if they get a warning before. 8. My brother ………….. climb the trees, but now he can’t. 9. Sari ………….. help me to clean the classroom. 10. ……………… you cut off this rope, John?
Was able to and could Could dan was able to adalah bentuk lampau dari can dan am/ is/are able to. Contoh : I could write when I was two. I could swim very well at your age. 103
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Was/were able to lebih menyiratkan adanya sebuah usaha sama seperti managed to. Contoh : I managed to escape from the riot.
I was able to escape from the riot. (after a lot of pushing or being pushed) Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with the correct modals (can, could, be able to or was able to). 1. …………… she understand what I mean? 2. Donni ………… play basketball since he had a 3-month practice. 3. I …………… walk now, after my leg has been injured for 2 weeks. 4. My mother ………… cook a delicious steak. 5. …………….. you lend me your ruler, please! 6. ……………… she stay in your house for a week? 7. I …………… swim, it frightens me to jump to the pool. 8. …………… I borrow your money, I lost my wallet. 9. Mira ………… speak English very well, she has been living in England since 2002. 10. He …………… drive car anymore . 11. She said that I …………… join her to the party. 12. …………… you call the doctor, please! 13. My grandma ………… walk well before she’s too old to walk without her walking stick. 14. They ……….. win the competition after lots of practice. 15. …………….. I borrow your car, Dad? 16. ……………. you give me that book, please!
17.
Ronny ………….. ………….. sleep at a t night before he had insomnia. 18. You You …………… eat the meal after we pray pray. 19. I ……………… come to your ofce yesterday. 20. He ……………… play badminton anymore.
Can’t and couldn’t for making conclusion
C a n a n d B e A b l e T o
Ketika dihadapkan pada kondisi atau fakta tertentu, kita dapat menarik kesimpulan dari kondisi atau fakta tersebut. Kesimpulan itu bisa berupa kesimpulan positif positif ataupun negatif. Untuk mengungkapkan kesimpulan negatif, kita dapat menggunakan bantuan modals can’t dan couldn’t. Mari kita perhatikan contoh berikut ini: “My neighbour is rich, he can’t have that much debt.” (Tetanggaku itu kaya, ia tidak mungkin punya banyak hu- tang.) Kondisi/fakta : My neighbour is rich. Kesimpulan : He can’t have that much debt. “Anita is very clever, she can’t fail in her exam.” (Anita sangat pintar, ia tidak mungkin gagal dalam ujian.) clever. Kondisi/fakta : Anita is very clever. can’t fail in her exam. Kesimpulan : She can’t Can’t digunakan untuk pernyataan yang dibuat pada masa sekarang (present). Pada contoh pertama “Saat ini tetangga saya masih kaya.” dan disimpulkan bahwa ia tidak mungkin terlilit hutang. Begitu juga untuk contoh kedua “Saat ini Anita sangat pintar.”, jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa ia tidak mungkin gagal ujian.
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“Mike loved Helen, he couldn’t have left her in the wedding day.” day.” (Mike mencintai Helen, ia tak mungkin meninggalkannya di hari pernikahan.) Kondisi/fakta : Mike loved Helen. Kesimpulan : He couldn’t have left her in the wedding day. day. “Mr Santo was a farmer, far mer, he couldn’t couldn’t hate planting pla nting.” .” (Tuan Santo seorang petani, ia tak mungkin benci bercocok tanam.) far mer. Kondisi/fakta : Mr Santo was a farmer. Kesimpulan : He couldn’t hate planting. Couldn’t atau couldn’t have (+Verb III) digunakan untuk pernyataan pada masa lampau (past). Contoh pertama menyatakan “Mike dulu mencintai Helen” dan mungkin sekarang ia sudah tidak mencintainya lagi. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa dulu ia tak mungkin meninggalkan Helen di hari pernikahan. Begitu pula untuk contoh kedua “Tuan Santo dulu adalah seorang petani”, jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa dulu ia tidak mungkin benci bercocok tanam. Exercise 6
Give conclusion to these situations below. Situations: 1. Mario is a football player. 2. Her hobby is watching action movie. 3. Bobby is a discipline student. 4. My father used to drive his car. 5. Nina loved her hair.
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Conclusions: 1. ………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………… 4. …………………………………………………………. 5. ………………………………………………………….
C a n a n d B e A b l e T o
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Must, Have To and Need
Must and must not Must digunakan untuk mengungkapkan perintah ( command ), keharusan ( obligation ), dan kemungkinan (possibility). Contoh: He must attend the meeting. (obligation) Ronny must drink the medicine twice a day. (obligation) Father must go to work every morning. (obligation) She must be your best friend. (possibility) Sedangkan must not digunakan untuk mengungkapkan perintah dalam bentuk negatif (negative commands).
must = harus mus not = tidak boleh Contoh :
“He must not attend the meeting.” Berarti bahwa ia tidak boleh atau berkewajiban untuk tidak menghadiri rapat.
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Exercise 7
Today is Saturday and Viona is going to go to her grandma’s house. She wants to stay there until Sunday. Viona likes going by bus and it’ll take an hour. It is 4 p.m. and the last bus will come after 30 minutes. The weather outside isn’t good, the dark clouds are hanging in the sky and the wind is blowing.
M u s t , H a v e T o a n d N e e d
From the story above, mention 5 possible situations and give Viona 5 commands!
Possibilities 1. …………………………
Commands/Obligations 1. ………………………
2. …………………………
2. ………………………
3. …………………………
3. ………………………
4. …………………………
4. ………………………
5. …………………………
5. ………………………
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Must and need not Need not digunakan untuk menjelaskan tidak adanya paksaan dalam suatu perintah. Need not diartikan sebagai “tidak harus” yang merupakan kebalikan dari must. Contoh : You must call him now.
No, you need not call him just yet, you can call him later. Exercise 8
Fill in the blank with the correct modals.
1.
As a social creature, men ……… take care of each other. 2. You ………… not eat that bread, it belongs to your sister. 3. If you don’t mind, you …………… stay here tonight. 4. She ………… pay her debt or the debt collector will bother her. 5. We …………… hurry, we’re running out of time. 6. They …………… (not) to drink the milk, they can drink coffee or tea. 7. I ………… nish typing the report before I leave the ofce. 8. She …………… leave her brother home by himself, he is only 3 years old. 9. My mother ………… prepare the vegetables before she cooks it. 10. I ………… (not) help her, somebody else did.
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Must and have to Pada dasarnya, must dan have to sama-sama memunyai arti “harus”, sehingga penggunaan keduanya dalam kalimat dapat saling menggantikan. Penggunaan modals must dan have to dalam kalimat berfungsi untuk menyatakan adanya paksaan akan sesuatu. Contoh: You must be here at 5 p.m. (Anda harus ada di sini pada jam 5 sore.)
M u s t , H a v e T o a n d N e e d
You have to be here at 5 p.m. (Anda harus ada di sini pada jam 5 sore.) Must mengungkapkan paksaan dari sudut pandang pembicara. Have to mengungkapkan keharusan yang dipengaruhi fakor lain (eksternal). Contoh : You must be here at 5 p.m. (Because I want you to help me here at 5 p.m.)
You have to be here at 5 p.m. (Because the party will begin at 5 p.m.)
Have to and need Have to dan need memunyai makna yang sama pada waktu diungkapkan dalam bentuk negatif. Keduanya menunjukkan hilangnya kesan “harus”. Contoh: You don’t need to go now. You still have a lot of time. You don’t have to go now. You still have a lot of time. 111
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Exercise 9
Fill in the blank with the suitable modals (must or have to).
Nona : Hi Dee, where are you going? Dee : I’m going to the bus station. I ………… be there at 3 or I’ll miss the bus. Nona : I want to read my novel, you ……….. give it back. Dee : ………… I return it by now? I’m still reading it. Nona : No, you don’t …………. But you ……… return it as soon as possible. Dee : OK Nona, I …………… leave now. Nona : Do I …………… drive you to the bus station? Dee : Thank you, but you don’t ………………
Needn’t have and ddn’t need Sebagai auxiliary verb, need memiliki bentuk negatif needn’t dalam bentuk present dan needn’t have dalam bentuk past. Needn’t have dan didn’t need, keduanya menunjukkan tidak perlunya suatu hal dikerjakan. Meskipun demikian, ada perbedaan di antara keduanya. Contoh :
I needn’t have brought an umbrella. (Saya tidak perlu membawa payung.) 112
Meaning: I brought an umbrella and didn’t use it. (Saya terlanjur membawa payung dan tidak memakainya.) Needn’t have selalu diikuti oleh VerbIII dan menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu tidak perlu dilakukan, tetapi sudah telanjur dikerjakan. needn’t have + VerbIII
M u s t , H a v e T o a n d N e e d
Sedangkan, didn’t need to selalu diikuti oleh VerbI atau kata kerja dasar dan bermakna bahwa sesuatu hal tidak harus dilakukan dan memang tidak dilakukan. Contoh : I didn’t need to bring an umbrella. (Saya tidak perlu membawa payung.) Meaning: I walked outside and didn’t bring an umbrella. (Saya berjalan keluar rumah dan tidak membawa payung.)
didn’t need to + Verbdasar
Note: Must for making conclusion Salah satu fungsi modal must adalah untuk membuat suatu kesimpulan atas suatu kejadian yang sedang atau sudah terjadi.
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Contoh : You are wearing a rain coat; it must be raining in your place.
Many students graduate from this school, your son must be one of them. Must pada kalimat di atas diartikan sebagai “mestinya”. Anda melihat teman Anda mengenakan jas hujan dan basah kuyup padahal di tempat Anda tidak ada hujan sama sekali. Dari situasi ini, Anda dapat mengambil kesimpulan bahwa di tempat teman Anda pasti hujan. Exercise 10
Fill in the blank with the suitable modals (had to, didn’t need or needn’t have).
My brother has left for Semarang. He used to go there by train. He ………………… gone by bus, but he did. He wanted to know how it felt like going to Semarang by bus. He …………………. to bring a jacket because Semarang is not chilly. He only packed several shirts. After he has left for Semarang, I was home alone. I ……………… lock the door everytime I left the house. I ………………. to do that before. I ………………. wait until he returned home then I …………… to lock the door anymore. And now, I can leave the house without locking the door. My neighbour said that my brother is at home, he must have come back from Semarang.
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Will and Shall
Will and shall Modals will dan shall diterjemahkan sebagai “akan” dan menunjukkan keinginan untuk melakukan sesuatu atau kemungkinan terjadinya sesuatu hal. Contoh : Anita will give this book to her friend. The train will be coming soon. Dalam bahasa sastra, shall digunakan untuk semua subjek dan memunyai arti “harus”. Tetapi untuk percakapan sehari-hari, kita tidak menggunakan kata shall melainkan kata will yang biasa dipakai untuk semua subjek dan memunyai arti “akan”. Contoh : I shall return this book. I will return this book. Will dalam bentuk interrogative dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan permintaan (request). Contoh : Will you accompany me?
Will you give me her phone number?
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Exercise 11
Complete these following sentences.
Example:
He ……… a blue jeans jacket. (will, to wear) He will wear a blue jeans jacket.
1. Mona ………… you home. (will, taking) 2. ……… she …….. ne hearing this news? (will, to be) 3. They ……… here at 5 o’clock. (will, to be) 4. I ………… these les. (will, to save) 5. ……… we …………? (shall, to dance) 6. I ……… the same mistake twice. (not, will, to make) 7. I ………. you an exception. (not, shall, to give) 8. ………. we ………. these exercises now? (shall, to do) 9. Viona …………. very happy to see you. (will, to be) 10. ………. you ……….. me from him? (will, to save)
Will and be going to Be going to merupakan bentuk lain dari will. Keduanya samasama mengungkapkan niat atau rencana untuk melakukan sesuatu. Namun ada spesikasi penggunaan will dan be going to dalam kalimat. Will digunakan untuk mengungkapkan: 1.
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Janji Contoh: (I promise) I will help you after I nish my homework.
2.
Meminta dan menawarkan bantuan Contoh: A : Will you help me clean the room? (meminta
bantuan) B : I’ll help you clean the room. (menawarkan
W i l l a n d S h a l l
bantuan) Atau
No, I won’t help you clean the room. (penolakan) A : Will you get me a cup of coffee? (meminta bantuan) B : I’ll get you a cup of coffee. (menawarkan bantuan) Atau
No, I won’t get you a cup of coffee. (penolakan) 3.
Prediksi tentang masa depan Contoh: Look at the sunny sky! It’ll be a beatiful day today.
Be going to digunakan untuk mengungkapkan: 1.
Rencana Contoh: I’m going to be a diver when I grow up.
I’m going to go to Germany when I have enough money.
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2.
Prediksi tentang masa depan yang dibuat perencanaannya Seperti halnya will, be going to juga dapat digunakan untuk mengungkapkan prediksi, tetapi be going to menunjukkan adanya suatu rencana. Contoh: “Several years later, he is going to be a rich man. But he will be 27 when it happens.” (Bukan “he is going to be 27”.)
Exercise 12
Complete these sentences with “will” or “(be) going to”.
1. 2.
I ……………… study hard for the nal exam. I …………… go to sleep after I wash my feet.
I wash my feet.
3. 4. 5.
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Diana …………… marry Ronny. My father …………… drive the car. He has got the key. We ………… climb the Lawu Mountain this weekend.
Would and should Kita menggunakan modal would ketika kita ingin mengungkapkan beberapa situasi, antara lain: 1.
Permintaan secara sopan dan formal ( polite request ). Ada beberapa modals yang dapat dipakai untuk mengungkapkan request, namun would digunakan bila kita mengajukan request kepada orang yang belum dikenal, orang yang lebih tua, atau kepada atasan, sehingga kita harus meminta dengan sopan dan formal. Contoh: Would you like to come to my house, please!
W i l l a n d S h a l l
Would you like to borrow me your pen, Miss? 2.
Kebiasaan di masa lampau. She would sing for me after class.
Sometimes Mona would give me some cakes. 3.
Menyatakan kalimat pengandaian atau conditional sentences. Conditional sentences mengungkapkan situasi di masa lampau, namun pada kenyataannya hal tersebut tidak mungkin bisa terjadi atau diulang lagi pada saat ini.
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Contoh: You wouldn’t get wet if you don’t go out in the rain.
Fact: You get wet because you go out in the rain.
They would come early if they didn’t wait for you rst. Fact: They don’t come early because they should wait for you. Should digunakan untuk mengekspresikan: 1.
Saran (advice) Should juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat kalimat berupa saran untuk orang lain. Biasanya setelah main clause berupa saran, akan diikuti oleh if clause berupa akibat bila seseorang tidak melakukan saran tersebut. Contoh: You should take a rest if you want to get well soon.
Sonny should return the book to library if he doesn’t want to pay the penalty. 120
You should sleep now, it’s late already.
2.
Kewajiban (obligation) Should digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu keharusan atau kewajiban. Contoh: Keni should drink milk every morning.
W i l l a n d S h a l l
Mother should clean the kitchen after she cooks. Exercise 13
Fill in the blank with the correct modals. 1. ……………… you come with me to the charity party? 2. My uncle ……… take care of his livestocks in his farm. 3. …………… you tidy up the table? 4. I ………… pray before sleep so I will not have a nightmare. 5. When I was a child, my mother ………… tell me a story before I sleep. 6. She ……………. marry you, if you asked her to. 7. If I had money, I ……………… buy you the camera. 8. Nana ……………. tidy her bed every morning. 9. If I were you, I ……………… buy that book. 10. You …………… nish your task before your teacher asks for it.
Would have and should have Would have dan should have digunakan dalam bentuk present perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan: Conditional sentence tipe III, yaitu pengandaian suatu kejadian di masa lampau. Mari kita perhatikan contoh berikut: Deni would have eaten the bread if a mouse had not stolen it. Fact: Deni didn’t eat the bread because a mouse stole it.
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I should have called you. Fact: I didn’t call you. Kedua kalimat di atas adalah conditional sentences tipe III yang menyatakan pengandaian apabila suatu kejadian terjadi atau tidak terjadi di waktu lampau. Pada contoh pertama, seandainya saja tikus tidak mencuri roti Deni, maka Deni pasti jadi makan roti. Namun tikus terlanjur mencurinya dan Deni tidak mungkin bisa makan roti. Begitu pula dengan contoh kedua, saya seharusnya menelpon Anda, tapi saya tidak melakukannya. Kedua kejadian tersebut sudah tidak dapat diubah lagi karena sudah terjadi. 1.
2.
Adanya kemungkinan (possibility) suatu kejadian. Contoh: The shop should have closed by now. (Tokonya mungkin sudah tutup saat ini.) Keterkejutan (shocking) atas suatu kejadian yang telah terjadi. Contoh: You should have heard his comment when he heard the news. (Kau harusnya mendengar komentarnya ketika ia mendengar berita itu.)
Exercise 14
Fill in the blank with would have or should have. Bryan : Hi, did you see John?
Frans : He has just left. If you had come earlier, you ……….... met him. 122
Bryan : Oh, unfortunately. I ……………. called him before. Frans : Yeah, why didn’t you? Bryan : I thought he’ll be here all the time. How long has he been gone? Frans : About 20 minutes.
W i l l a n d S h a l l
He …………… been far by now. Do you want to leave a message? Bryan : Actually, I want to give this letter. His scholarship has been approved. Frans : Wow, he must be very happy. You …………… seen his anxiousness waiting for this. Bryan : Really? Frans : Yes. I ………………… acted like that if I had been in his situation.
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Dare, Need and Used to
Dare Modal dare yang dipakai dalam kalimat memunyai beberapa arti sebagai berikut: 1.
2.
keberanian untuk melakukan atau menghadapi sesuatu Contoh: I wouldn’t dare meet my parents after crashing their car. menantang seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu Contoh: I dare you to touch the snake.
Dare adalah kata kerja semi-modal . Dare dapat diartikan sebagai modals auxiliary ketika dipakai dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Dalam bentuk afrmative , dare digunakan dengan menggunakan innitive to, sedangkan untuk kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya, dare dapat diikuti innitive to atau bisa juga tidak. Contoh : Afrmative Negative
: Kaila dares to drive a car. (verb) : Kaila dares not drive a car. (modals) Kaila doesn’t dare to drive a car. (verb) Interrogative : Dare Kaila drive a car? (modals) Does Kaila dare to drive a car? (verb)
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Note: Dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya, subjek orang ketiga tetap menggunakan verbdasar “dare”. Contoh : “She dares to watch the scary movie.” Kalimat negatif : She dares not watch the scary movie. Kalimat tanya : Dare she watch the scary movie?
D a r e , N e e d & U s e d t o
Dare she watch the scary movie? Exercise 15
Change these sentences into negative and question form .
1.
Monica dares to play in Fear Factor. (-)………………………………………………… (?)………………………………………………… 125
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2.
She dares to wear a very sexy dress in a public area. (-) ………………………………………………… (?)…………………………………………………
3.
I dare to confess my love to her. (-)………………………………………………… (?)…………………………………………………
4.
They dare to camp in the jungle. (-)………………………………………………… (?)…………………………………………………
5.
Jonna dares to jump to the pool. (-)………………………………………………… (?)…………………………………………………
Need Sama halnya dengan dare, need digunakan sebagai modal hanya dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Dalam kalimat positif, need diartikan sebagai kata kerja penuh (verb) yang diikuti dengan to. Need to berarti “perlu”. Contoh : • My friend needs to tell me about her feeling. (-) My friend needn’t tell me about her feeling. (modal)
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• My friend doesn’t need to tell me about her feeling. (verb) (?) Need he tell me about her feeling? (modal) Does he need to tell me about her feeling? (verb)
Exercise 16 Change these sentences into negatives.
1.
They need to walk in the city walk. (modals)…………………………………………… (verb) ……………………………………………...
2.
D a r e , N e e d & U s e d t o
As a new supermarket, Hypermart needs to be advertized. (modals)…………………………………………… (verb) ………………………………………………
3.
The cat needs to drink milk every morning. (modals)…………………………………………… (verb)………………………………………………
4.
The citizens need to get the right information. (modals)…………………………………………… (verb) ………………………………………………
5.
I need to break the window to get into the house. (modals)…………………………………………… (verb) ………………………………………………
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Used to (do) Kita menggunakan used to untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang menjadi kebiasaan di waktu lampau tapi tidak terjadi lagi di saat sekarang. Contoh : Diana used to walk with me to school, but now she doesn’t. (Diana biasa berjalan bersama saya ke sekolah, tapi sekarang tidak lagi.)
I used to live in Semarang before I settle in Solo. (Saya pernah tinggal di Semarang sebelum menetap di Solo.)
To be used to (dong) To be used to kita gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang sedang dikerjakan. Contoh : I couldn’t stay long in the city because I’m used to living in the village. (Saya tidak bisa tinggal lama di kota karena saya terbiasa tinggal di desa.)
To get used to (dong) To get used to dan to be used to memiliki arti yang sama. Contoh : I didn’t feel comfortable when I rst time moved to the city but I quickly got used to it. (Saya tidak merasa nyaman saat pertama pindah ke kota, tapi akhirnya saya mulai terbiasa.)
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Exercise 17
Fill in the blank with the correct form of used to.
1. My mother ……………… cook rice everyday. 2. Didn’t she ……………… play badminton? 3. I didn’t ……………… watch this TV show.
D a r e , N e e d & U s e d t o
4. You will get ……………… this neighbourhood soon. 5. She ………………… be my girlfriend. 6. I …………………… drink 5 cups of coffee a day. 7. I was ………………… seeing sunset in Kuta beach. 8. Are you …………………… eating Indian food? 9. My brother is ……………… going to school at 6.30. 10. Did you …………………… sleep late?
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Polite Request with May and Can
Bila kita ingin meminta orang lain melakukan sesuatu, kita dapat menggunakan modals sebagai kata bantu untuk mengungkapkan permintaan (request) tersebut. Modal “may” dan “can” digunakan untuk mengungkapkan request secara sopan dan halus. Contoh : May I come to your place? Can you help me wash my car? Dilihat dari urutannya, maka can adalah bentuk yang paling informal. Jika saya mengatakan “Can I borrow your car?” hal ini menunjukkan bahwa saya kenal betul dengan pemilik mobil itu. Oleh karena itu, besar keyakinan saya permintaan saya akan dikabulkan. May dipakai untuk berbicara dengan orang yang belum atau kurang kita kenal. Misalnya, ketika Anda harus mengantri di tempat umum, Anda dapat mengatakan “May I use the bathroom rst?” Could yang merupakan bentuk past dari can dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan bentuk kalimat formal. Contoh: Could I have the key to the classroom? Could you come to my birthday party this Saturday? 130
Exercise 18
Make the request form using modals “may” or “can” from these situa- tions below.
1.
You want to sit next to your friend.
2.
…………………………………………………… You want your brother to switch on the fan.
3.
…………………………………………………… You need help to tidy the classroom.
4.
…………………………………………………… You need help from your friend to show you how to solve the math problem.
5.
…………………………………………………… You want your mother to cook you the fried rice.
6.
…………………………………………………… You want your sister to lent you her hairdryer.
7.
…………………………………………………… You want to borrow your father’s car.
8.
…………………………………………………… You want to eat your friend’s snack.
9.
…………………………………………………… You ask for help from your colleague to le the letters.
P o l i t e R e q u e s t s w i t h M a y a n d C a n
…………………………………………………… 10. You ask for help from your uncle to teach you how to ride a horse. …………………………………………………… 131
Expressing Possibilities with May and Might
May dan might dapat membantu kita dalam mengungkapkan kemungkinan atau possibilities. May dan might mengungkapkan kemungkinan yang terjadi di masa depan (future). Jadi, may dan might dapat dipakai dalam kedua bentuk tersebut. Contoh : My brother may be angry with you. (Kakakku mungkin marah padamu.)
They might leave the house, but I will look around once again. (Mereka mungkin pergi, tapi saya akan memeriksanya sekali lagi.) Sedangkan untuk possibilities dalam bentuk past, kita menggunakan may have atau might have . Contoh : He may have been late, he came here on foot. (Ia mungkin terlambat, ia datang ke sini berjalan kaki.)
The stranger might have lost his mind. (Orang itu mungkin sudah kehilangan akal.)
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Ketidakmungkinan atau impossibilities diungkapkan dengan menambahkan not pada modals may dan may have atau might dan might have.
Contoh : My brother may not be angry with you.
They might not leave the house, but I will look around once again. He may not have been late, he came here on foot. The stranger might not have lost his mind.
Note: Meskipun may dan might sama-sama mengungkapkan possibilities, namun may mengandung tingkat keyakinan yang lebih besar dibandingkan might. Bisa karena si pembicara sudah mengetahui situasi yang terjadi atau telah mengenal orang yang dibicarakan, seperti pada contoh “My brother may be angry with you.” Dalam hal ini, si pembicara telah mengenal orang yang dibicarakan. Sedangkan untuk kalimat “The stranger might lost his mind.” si pembicara tidak mengenal orang yang dibicarakan, sehingga ia tidak begitu yakin mengenai kebenaran pendapatnya itu. Selain itu dalam situasi yang bukan sebenarnya (pengandaian) kita hanya boleh menggunakan might.
E x p r e s s i n g P o s s i b i l i e s W i t h M a y a n d M i g h t
Contoh :
If I were you, I might not eat that pizza. Exercise 19
Fill in the blank with the correct modals for expressing possibilities and impossibilities.
1. 2.
She ………………… be leaving but I’m not. Your children …………… still be out in the yard, I don’t see them there.
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3.
You ……………… be right about her news but I’m going to ask her directly. 4. Julie might not be on the bus. She ………… be walking home. 5. He ……………… be ill, perhaps he is just tired. 6. If you don’t tell him the truth, he …………. get angry. 7. I don’t see the invitation letter, we ………. have re ceived it. 8. Our teacher is absent, he …………… be sick. 9. Jack and his family ……………… visit us today, he called me last night. 10. I …………… be right, but I have a different point of view.
Making Suggestions
Untuk membuat kalimat yang mengungkapkan saran (suggestion) dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan beberapa modals, antara lain: could, ought to, need to, have to, dan should. Contoh : You could study medicine. You ought to study medicine. You should study medicine. Cara membuat kalimat bentuk negatif adalah dengan menambahkan not pada modals, sehingga menjadi: couldn’t, oughtn’t to, needn’t, don’t have to, dan shouldn’t. Contoh : You couldn’t study medicine. You oughtn’t to study medicine. You shouldn’t study medicine. Exercise 20
Make the suggestion from these situations below.
1.
Your friend can’t decide what college he wants to go to. …………………………………………………… 135
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2.
Your mother is choosing the dress she wants to wear.
3.
…………………………………………………… The stranger does not know how to nd an address.
4.
…………………………………………………… Your student failed in her exam.
5.
…………………………………………………… Your sister cries for her lost wallet.
6.
…………………………………………………… Your neighbour asks your suggestion about what he should do with his garden.
7.
…………………………………………………… Your father wants to buy a computer.
8.
…………………………………………………… Your cousin wants to buy an ice cream.
9.
…………………………………………………… Novi can’t decide whether she’ll go to the movie or not.
…………………………………………………… 10. Your sister can’t decide which shoes she has to buy. ……………………………………………………
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Preference
Fungsi modals yang lain adalah untuk mengungkapkan pilihan preference ( ). Bila seseorang memberikan saran pada kita, kita dapat mengungkapkan pilihan kita dengan preference. Selain itu, preference kita gunakan ketika kita ingin mengungkapkan pendapat atau menolak tawaran secara halus. Coba perhatikan contoh berikut ini: I prefer going to school by bus to by bicycle. (Saya lebih suka pergi ke sekolah naik bis daripada naik sepeda.) I would rather go to school by bus than by bicycle. I would prefer going to school by bus to by bicycle.
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Preference dapat diungkapkan dengan would rather , prefer , atau would prefer . Would rather biasanya ditulis dengan -d rather menjadi I’d rather , she’d rather , they’d rather , etc . Would rather selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk dasar. Sedangkan prefer atau would prefer diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing atau dengan innitive to. Prefer akan diikuti oleh bentuk –ing bila dibandingkan. I prefer to walk. = I prefer walking. BUT I prefer walking to riding.
Note: Would rather mengambil bentuk past bila Anda membuat pilihan untuk orang lain. Contoh : I’d rather walk to school. (Saya lebih suka berjalan ke sekolah.) Menjadi: I’d rather you walked to school. (Saya lebih suka kamu berjalan ke sekolah.) Marisa would rather take law. Bandingkan dengan: Her parents would rather Marisa took medicine. (Orangtua Marisa lebih suka anaknya belajar hukum— dibanding kedokteran.)
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Exercise 21
Complete these preferences with “prefer” or “would rather”.
Example: Would you like to go to the movie tonight? I would rather stay at home 1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
P r e f e r e n c e
Why don’t we order some fast food? Well, I ……………… eating sea food. What do you think we should do? If I were you, I ……………… go out for shopping. What are you going to do tonight? Well, it is a weekend. I think I ………….. hang out with my friends. What would you like to do this evening? I ……………. staying at home. Which one is better? The red or the green one? If I were you, I ………………. choose the red one.
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Making Conclusions
Ketika kita dihadapkan pada suatu situasi atau keadaan, terkadang situasi tersebut dapat memberikan informasi dan kita dapat menyimpulkan sesuatu. Misalnya: Keadaan Kesimpulan
: tanah tandus : musim kemarau panjang
Kesimpulan dapat berupa kesimpulan positif atau negatif. Kesimpulan positif diungkapkan dengan menggunakan must (present) dan must have (past). Contoh : Anita looks sad. There must be something bothering her. (present) Anita looked sad when I saw her yesterday. There must have been something bothering her. (past) Penggunaan must atau must have tergantung dari apa yang ingin disampaikan. Must have dipakai ketika sesuatu telah terjadi di masa yang telah lampau. Kesimpulan negatif dapat kita ungkapkan dengan can’t (present) dan couldn’t have (past). Contoh : This is a new book, it can’t be mine. Mine is torn already. (present) 140
It was a new television set. You couldn’t have sold it. (past)
Exercise 22
Make the negative and positive conclusions from these situations.
1. The ower is wilting. 2. My sister was crying. 3. The door is open.
M a k i n g C o n c l u s i o n s
4. The room is clean. 5. I have lost my les in computer. 1. (+) …………………………………….. (-) …………………………………….. 2. (+) …………………………………….. (-) …………………………………….. 3. (+) …………………………………….. (-) …………………………………….. 4. (+) …………………………………….. (-) …………………………………….. 5. (+) …………………………………….. (-) ……………………………………..
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Final Exercise
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1.
A : Where is Diana? I can’t nd her in her room. B : She ………….. be in the garden. a. must b. have to c. dare d. shall
2.
The letter ………….. come tomorrow, it was sent by express mail this morning. a. will b. would c. shall d. can
3.
You don’t ………….. buy the ticket, I’ve already reserved it for you. a. need b. dare c. have to d. used to
4.
You can’t mean that! You ………….. be kidding me! a. may b. must c. might d. can
5.
She ………….. cook a very delicious spaghetti. a. need b. shall c. is able to d. dare
6.
A : ………….. you turn on the computer, Jack? B : No problem. a. can b. shall c. should d. must
7.
Sonny ………….. ride a motorbike a year ago. a. can b. could c. will d. shall
8.
He ………….. climb the trees after trying on it since 20 minutes ago. a. is able to b. be able to c. was able to d. could
9.
Nina, I ………….. love to go with you but I’m sorry I couldn’t. a. will b. would c. shall d. should
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
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10.
It ………….. been an earthquake here, but it is over now. a. must b. must have c. would d. would have
11. A : ………….. I attend that ceremony? B : No, you need not a. need b. have to c. will d. can 12.
Doni, you ………….. eat that apple! It belongs to your little sister. a. must not b. must c. need d. need not
13.
I want to stay here much longer, but I ………….. go now. a. need have b. would have c. must have d. have to
14.
My father ………….. drive the car, he has already got the key. a. be going to b. is going to c. are going to d. am going to
15. A : ………….. you like to come to my charity party? B : Of course, I’d love to. a. could b. should c. would d. would have 16.
I ………….. do my task before my boss asks for it. a. should b. should have c. would d. would have
17.
If the meeting had been canceled, she ………….. gone home early. a. will b. would c. would have d. should
18.
I ………….. known, but I didn’t. a. should b. should have c. would d. would have
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
19. A : Did I use to tell you about my past? B : Yes, you did …………... a. used to b. use to c. use d. used 145
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20. They didn’t ………….. eat Indian food. a. used to b. use to c. use d. used 21.
He decides not to join us going to the movie, he ………….. stay at home. a. better b. rather c. would d. would rather
22.
I ………….. do SCUBA diving when I was a college student. a. use to b. used to c. do use to d. did use to
23.
Harry Potter ………….. to ght the Dark Lord. a. dare b. dares c. dared d. daring
24.
Lola ………….. to play in Fear Factor. a. dare b. dares c. dared d. daring
25.
Last night the phone rang, it ………….. been Jonna who called. a. must b. must have c. would d. would have
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
26. The machine ………….. be put on by pressing this button. a. can b. could c. shall d. should 27. You ………….. maintain your car regularly if you want to keep it in good condition. a. may b. might c. shall d. have to 28.
If you had not driven me to the station, I ………….. been missed the train. a. will b. would c. would have d. should have
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29.
A : What do you think about going to the CD store tonight? B : It sounds nice, but I ………….. staying at home. a. would b. would rather c. would prefer d. like
30.
She said that we ………….. read the book. But we don’t have to read it if we don’t want to. a. can b. could c. will d. would
31.
I ………….. hear your voice in this crowd, you need to speak louder. a. cannot b. could not c. will not d. would not
32.
My television isn’t working. I ………….. repair it. a. be going to b. am going to c. is going to d. was going to
33.
A : ………….. I use your telephone? B : Yes, of course. a. may b. might c. must d. must have
34.
A : ………….. you dive without SCUBA equipment more than 5 minutes? B : No, I can’t. a. can b. could c. shall d. should
35.
A : ………….. I see your journal? B : Here you are. a. may b. might c. must d. must have
F i n a l E x c e r c i s e s
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Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Auxiliary
Key to Exercises
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Exercise 1
1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7; T; 8. T; 9. F; 10. T Exercise 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
I could not watch the movie in the cinema. We We will not swim today. today. Dennis and I must not nish our task soon. The door will not open. It may not rain today. He says that he will not stop smoking. smoking. The students cannot speak English well. I cannot drive your car. The storm stor m might not damage the village. I need not talk to her. Mandy and Ivy do not have to complete their task before midday. I should not visit my sister in the hospital. Molly did not use to love Dion very much. We We shall not return the books to the library . She dares not dare da re punch the bugler.
Exercise 3
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1. Could I watch the movie in the cinema? 2. Will we swim today? 3. Must Dennis and I nish our task soon? 4. Will the door open? 5. May it rain today? 6. Will he stop smoking? 7. Can the students speak English well? 8. Can I drive your car? 9. Might the storm damage the village? 10. Do I need to talk to her? 11. Do Mandy and Ivy have to complete their task before midday?
12. 13. 14. 15.
Should I visit my sister in hospital? Did Molly use to love Dion very much? Shall we return the books to the library? Dare she punch the bugler?
Exercise 4
K e y T o E x c e r c i s e s
1. can; 2. can; 3. can; 4. can; 5. can; 6. can; 7. can’t; 8. can; 9. can; 10. can Exercise 5
1. can; 2. was able to; 3. can/am able to; 4. can; 5. can; 6. can; 7. can’t; 8. could; 9. can; 10. can’t; 11. could; 12. can; 13. was able to; 14. were able to; 15. can; 16. can; 17. could not; 18. can; 19. could; 20. can’t Exercise 6
NA Exercise 7
NA Exercise 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
must, have to, can, should, ought to mustn’t, mustn’t, can’t, shouldn’ shoul dn’tt can, may must must don’t have should, must, have to can’t, mustn’t must, should didn’t need to 153
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Exercise 9
have to – must – must – have to – must – must – have to – have to Exercise 10
needn’t have - didn’t need – had to – didn’t need – had to – didn’t need Exercise 11
1. will be taking; 2. Will, be; 3. will be; 4. will save; 5. Shall, dance; 6. will not make; 7. shall not give; 8. Shall, do; 9. will be; 10. Will, save Exercise 12
1. will/am going to; 2. am going g oing to ; 3. will/is going to; 4. will; 5. are going to Exercise 13
1. Will, should, must, can; 2. must, should, will; 3. Can, will, would, must; must; 4. must, should; 5. would; would; 6. would; 7. would; would; 8. should, must; 9. would; 10. should Exercise 14
would have; should have, have, should have, have, should have, have, would have Exercise 15
1. 2. 3. 154
Monica dares not play in Fear Factor. Dare Monica play in Fear Factor? She dares not wear a very sexy dress in a public area. Dare she wear a very sexy dress in a public area? I dare not confess my love to her. Dare I confess my love to her?
4. 5.
They dare not camp in the jungle. Dare they camp in the jungle? Jonna dares not jump to the pool. Dare Jonna jump to the pool?
Exercise 16
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
K e y T o E x c e r c i s e s
They needn’t walk in the city walk. They don’t need to walk in the city walk. As a new supermarket, Hypermart needn’t be advertized. As a new supermarket, Hypermart does not need to be advertized. The cat needn’t drink milk every morning. The cat does not need to drink milk every morning. The citizens needn’t get the right information. The citizens do not need to get the right information. I needn’t break the window to get into the house. I don’t need to break the window to get into the house.
Exercise 17
1. used to; 2. use to; 3. use to; 4. get used to; 5 used to ; 6. used to; 7. used to; 8. used to; 9. used to; 10. use to Exercise 18
1. Can I sit next to you? 2; Can you switch on the fan?; 3. Can somebody help me tidy up the classroom?; 4. Can you show me how to solve this math problem?; 5. Can you cook me fried rice, Mum?; 6. Can I borrow your hairdryer, Sis?; 7. Can I borrow your car, Dad?; 8. Can I eat your snack?; 9. Can you help me ling the letters?; 10. Can you teach me how to ride a horse, Uncle? 155
y r a i l i x u A l a d o M & s b r e V y r a i l i x u A
Exercise 19
1. may; 2. might not/may not; 3. may; 4. might/may; 5. may not; 6. might/may; 7. may not/might not; 8. may/might; 9. may; 10. may Exercise 20
NA Exercise 21
1. prefer; 2. would rather; 3. would rather; 4. prefer; 5. would rather Exercise 22
NA Final Exercise
1. must; 2. will; 3. have to; 4. must; 5. is able to; 6. can; 7. could; 8. is able to; 9. would; 10. must have; 11. need; 12. must not; 13. have to; 14. is going to; 15. would; 16. should; 17. would have; 18. should have; 19. use to; 20. use to; 21. would rather; 22. used to; 23. dares; 24. dares; 25. must have; 26. can; 27. have to; 28. would have; 29. would prefer; 30. could; 31. cannot; 32. am going to; 33. may; 34. can; 35. may
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TENTANG PENULIS
ILT adalah sebuah unit riset pengembangan pendidikan yang mengembangkan materi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, matematika, dan IT. Materi yang dibuat oleh ILT telah dipublikasikan oleh beberapa penerbit di Kompas Gramedia Grup, di antaranya PT Bhuana Ilmu Populer (BIP). Lebih dari 90 judul telah tersebar di seluruh Indonesia dengan prinsip simple, fun, dan applikatif. Terima kasih pada para pengguna buku ILT yang telah mengirimkan E-mail kepada kami. Kami bisa dihubungi di:
[email protected] untuk materi pembelajaran bahasa dan manajemen atau di:
[email protected] untuk materi pembelajaran matematika dan komputer. Untuk informasi lebih lengkap, kunjungi situs jejaring kami di: www. penipramono.com.
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Anda Ingin Jadi Penulis? Kirimkan Naskah Anda ke Redaksi Bhuana Ilmu Populer melalui email:
[email protected], dengan subjek PN. Atau ke alamat Gedung Kompas Gramedia Jl. Kerajinan no. 3-7, Jakarta 11140 dengan kode PN di pojok kiri atas amplop