BIOLOGY PROJECT
GEMENT
RAJHANS VIDYALAYA I thank our Principal Mrs. D. Srivastava for her overall support and guidance and ANDHERI (WEST), MUMBAI providing excellent facilities to enable me to put up the project. I would like to place CERTIFICATE on record my sincere gratitude to my This is to certify tht Mr. Girish D. Rasam of St!" XII – B, physics teacher Mrs. rushali Panchal in Ro## No"$$$ _____ , hsthe s%ccessf%##y helping me identify topic co&'#ete! for my the Project*RJE+T work !tit#e! "o Study of Intensity of BILY “BEE – #ffect KEEPING / APICULTURE.” $ight on an $.D.%. i 'rti# f%#fi#&et of the c%rric%#%& of +etr# Bor! of Seco!ry E!%ctio #e!i- to the .r! of A## I!i Seior Schoo# +ertificte E/&itio for the c!e&ic yer 012340125"
Iter# E/&ier E/&ier
E/ter#
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I .o%#! #i6e to e/'ress &y sicere -rtit%!e to &y 7io#o-y techers Mrs" Shi# *r7h% 8 Mrs" 9# -!hr ! to o%r *rici'# Mrs" D" Sri:st: for their :it# s%''ort, -%i!ce ! eco%r-e&et .itho%t .hich this 'ro;ect .o%#! ot h:e co&e forth fro& &y si!e" I .o%#! #i6e to e/'ress &y s'eci# -rtit%!e ! th6s to the stff ! 'eo'#e t 9esh: Sr%shti for -i:i- &e s%ch :#%7#e ifor&tio ! o''ort%ity to #er" S'eci# th6s of &ie -oes to &y 'ro;ect &e&7ers .ho he#'e! &e #ot i co&'#etithe 'ro;ect" I .ish to th6s &y 'rets for their %!i:i!e! s%''ort 8 iterest .ho is'ire! &e 8 eco%r-e! &e to -o &y o. .y, .itho%t .hich I .o%#! 7e %7#e to co&'#ete &y 'ro;ect"
INDEX Sr. No.
Topic
Page No.
1
Introduction
&
2
'iogas plant
(
3
ermicomposting
)
4
Irrigation "echni*ues
+
5
,griculture
-
6
reenhouse
/
7
Medicinal Plants
0
8
1attle 2arming
3
9
,piculture
4
10
Paper %ecycling
&)
11
'ibliography
&+
KESHAV SRUSHTI It is a vibrant and breathin trib!te t" the #e#"r$ "% "ne "% the reatest Indian visi"naries "% the &'th Cent!r$( )r. Keshav Ba*ira# +ede,ar. T" %!*-* the visi"n "% )r.+ede,ar( that "% a se*%re*iant( r"!d and str"n Bharat( Keshav 0r!shti is bein deve*"ed as a h!b "% s"1ia* servi1e r"2e1ts 1"verin diverse ase1ts "% interated deve*"#ent. Keshav 0r!shti is sit!ated in the *a "% 3"ther Nat!re( ab"!t 45 6#. %r"# 3!#bai air"rt. The 1a#!s sread "ver &'' a1res "% *!sh reen va**e$ ,ith ari1!*t!ra* *and( %r!it bearin trees( herba* *ants and %"rest ,ea*th( 1arries an !ni#ainab*e a!ra "% ea1e. This 1a#!s en1"#asses vast s,athes "% reen r"**in hi**s( nat!ra* and #an#ade ardens( #an"( 1"1"n!t *antati"n( strea#s and( %resh ,ater "nd.
Facilities •
Fruit Bearing Trees
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Bio Diversity
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Herbal Plants
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Eco System
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Forest Wealth More than 200 information is!lay boars" Dis!laying
The #anae#ent "% Ra2hans 7id$a*a$a "rani8ed an ed!1ati"na* tri t" Keshav 0r!shti at Bha$endar "n &'th0ete#ber &'9: %"r std. ;II st!dents. A%ter havin s"#e sna16s( the st!dents started "< ,ith a nat!re trai* %"**",ed b$ a resentati"n "n Keshav 0r!shti. The$ n"ted d",n s"#e i#"rtant "ints and a*s" s"6e t"
the v"*!nteers there. The$ ,ere #ade a,are "% 1"n1ets *i6e ver#i1"#"stin( bi"as *ant and ai1!*t!re in a ra1ti1a* ,a$. A%ter *!n1h( the$ ended ,ith a aer re1$1*in ,"r6sh". The$ e=erien1ed the ,"r*d be$"nd the 1*assr""# a1>!ired 6n",*ede %r"# nat!re and *earnt s6i**s that he*ed bride the a bet,een ed!1ati"n and *i%e.
BIOGAS PLANT •
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Bi"as t$i1a**$ re%ers t" a #i=t!re "% di
VERMICOMPOSTING 7er#i1"#"st is the r"d!1t "r r"1ess "% 1"#"stin !sin vari"!s ,"r#s( !s!a**$ red ,i*ers( ,hite ,"r#s( and "ther earth,"r#s t" 1reate a heter"ene"!s #i=t!re "% de1"#"sin veetab*e "r %""d ,aste( beddin #ateria*s( and ver#i1ast. 7er#i1ast( a*s" 1a**ed ,"r# 1astins( ,"r# h!#!s "r ,"r# #an!re( is the endr"d!1t "% the brea6d",n "% "rani1 #atter b$ an earth,"r#. These 1astins have been sh",n t" 1"ntain red!1ed *eve*s "% 1"nta#inants and a hiher sat!rati"n "% n!trients than d" "rani1 #ateria*s be%"re ver#i1"#"stin. C"ntainin ,aters"*!b*e n!trients( 7er#i1"#"st is an e=1e**ent( n!trientri1h "rani1 %erti*i8er and s"i* 1"nditi"ner. This r"1ess "% r"d!1in 7er#i1"#"st is 1a**ed ver#i1"#"stin.
IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES Irriati"n re%ers t" the s!*$in ,ater t" the dr$ *and as a s!*e#entati"n "% rain ,ater. It is #ain*$ ai#ed %"r 1!*tivati"n. There are vari"!s t$es "% s$ste#s "% irriati"n ra1ti1es in di
1 !ell !ate" I""i#ati$% s&ste'( There are vari"!s t$es "% ,e**sDsha**", ,e**s( dee ,e**s( t!be ,e**s( artesian ,e**s et1. )ee ,e**s are #"re s!itab*e %"r the !r"se "% irriati"n as ,ater %r"# the# is avai*ab*e thr"!h"!t the $ear. T!be ,e**s are a*s" !sed %"r irriati"n !r"ses.
) Ta%* !ate" I""i#ati$% s&ste'(
In the )e11an( reserv"irs are #ade b$ 1"nstr!1tin da#s. In N"rthern India a*s"( tan6s are 1"nstr!1ted %"r st"rin ,ater. Fr"# a** these tan6s( ,ater is 1arried t" the -e*ds thr"!h 1ana*s.
+ Pe"e%%ial ca%als I""i#ati$% S&ste'( In "rder t" s!*$ ,ater thr"!h"!t the $ear( reserv"irs are 1"nstr!1ted %"r st"rin ,ater. Fr"# these reserv"irs( ,ater 1an be s!*ied t" the -e*ds ,henever there is de#and %"r it.
, M-lti.P-"/$se Ri0e" Valle& P"$ects( In re1ent $ears( #!*ti!r"se river va**e$ r"2e1ts are he*in ari1!*t!re. These r"2e1ts "
AGRICULTURE Ari1!*t!re( ,ith its a**ied se1t"rs( is !n>!esti"nab*$ the *arest *ive*ih""d r"vider in India( #"re s" in the vast r!ra* areas. It a*s" 1"ntrib!tes a sini-1ant -!re t" the Gr"ss )"#esti1 Pr"d!1t ?G)P@. 0!stainab*e ari1!*t!re( in ter#s "% %""d se1!rit$( r!ra* E3PL3ENT( and envir"n#enta**$ s!stainab*e te1hn"*"ies s!1h as s"i* 1"nservati"n( s!stainab*e nat!ra* res"!r1e #anae#ent and bi"diversit$ r"te1ti"n( are essentia* %"r h"*isti1 r!ra* deve*"#ent. Indian ari1!*t!re and a**ied a1tivities have ,itnessed a reen rev"*!ti"n( a ,hite rev"*!ti"n( a $e**", rev"*!ti"n and a b*!e rev"*!ti"n.
GREENHOUSE A reenh"!se ?a*s" 1a**ed a *assh"!se@ is a b!i*din "r 1"#*e= in ,hi1h *ants are r",n. These str!1t!res rane in si8e %r"# s#a** sheds t" ind!stria*si8ed b!i*dins. A #iniat!re reenh"!se is 6n",n as a 1"*d %ra#e. C"##er1ia* *ass reenh"!ses are "%ten hih te1h r"d!1ti"n %a1i*ities %"r veetab*es "r ",ers. The *ass reenh"!ses are -**ed ,ith e>!i#ent *i6e s1reenin insta**ati"ns( heatin( 1""*in and *ihtin and a*s" #a$ be a!t"#ati1a**$ 1"ntr"**ed b$ a 1"#!ter t" #a=i#i8e "tentia* r",th.
A reenh"!se is a str!1t!ra* b!i*din ,ith di!ent*$ *ass "r *asti1 ,a**s it heats ! be1a!se in1"#in visib*e s!nshine is abs"rbed inside the str!1t!re. Air ,ar#ed b$ the heat %r"# ,ar#ed interi"r s!r%a1es is retained in the b!i*din b$ the r""% and ,a** the air that is ,ar#ed near the r"!nd is revented %r"# risin inde-nite*$ and ",in a,a$.
ME2ICINAL PLANTS Indian A$!rveda and herba* #edi1ines are ,"r*ds "*dest and #"st ,e** d"1!#ented 6n",*edebased hea*in s$ste#s. T" #a6e this #edi1ina* s$ste# a11etab*e as er 1!rrent *"ba* n"r#s ,ith ba16in "% 1!rrent t""*s "% resear1h( the vana!shadhi tr!st has been d"in s"#e 1"##endab*e ,"r6 in this -e*d. There are near*$ 5'' herba* *ants ,ithin the *are 1a#!s "% Keshav 0r!shti( s"#e "% the# bein rare se1ies. The herbari!# ta6es 1are "% 1*assi%$in and st"rin the data ab"!t these herba* *ants. This herbari!# and the data it has( is bein !sed %"r st!d$
and resear1h b$ the tr!st and is a*s" #ade avai*ab*e t" A$!rveda and B"tan$ st!dents ,h" visit the *ab"rat"r$ "n st!d$ t"!rs.
CATTLE FARMING At resent( the a!sha*a has ar"!nd : a1res "% *and( ,hi1h is ,e** deve*"ed and %en1ed. There are vari"!s 1", she*ters( %"dder and dr$ rass "d",ns( an "H1e b!i*din( a #an!%a1t!rin !nit t" #a6e r"d!1ts based "n 1", d!n and 1", !rine ?"#!tra@( a s#a** R) 1entre and a "bar as *ant a*"n ,ith arrane#ents t" #a6e ver#in 1"#"st. Present*$( the a!sha*a has
ar"!nd &'' 1",s. A** "% the# are Indian breed. n an averae( :&:5 1",s are in *a1tati"n thr"!h"!t the $ear( $ie*din ar"!nd &''&&' *itres "% #i*6 ea1h da$. The a!sha*as #issi"n is t" r"te1t and save the "vansha "% Bharati$a "riin %r"# the b!t1hers 6ni%e and #a6e the sa#e e1"n"#i1a**$ viab*e b$ #a6in !se "% 1", d!n and !rine.
APICULTURE I%t"$3-cti$%(. +"ne$ and bee6eein have a *"n hist"r$ in India. +"ne$ ,as the -rst s,eet %""d tasted b$ the an1ient Indian inhabitin r"16 she*ters and %"rests. +e h!nted bee hives %"r this i%t "% "d. India has s"#e "% the "*dest re1"rds "% bee6eein in the %"r# "% aintins b$ rehist"ri1 #an in the r"16 she*ters. Jith the deve*"#ent "% 1ivi*i8ati"n( h"ne$ a1>!ired a !ni>!e stat!s in the *ives "% the an1ient Indians. The$ rearded h"ne$ as a #ai1a* s!bstan1e that 1"ntr"**ed the %erti*it$ "% ,"#en( 1att*e( as a*s" their *ands and 1r"s. The re1ent ast has ,itnessed a reviva* "% the ind!str$ in the ri1h %"rest rei"ns a*"n the s!b+i#a*a$an #"!ntain ranes and the Jestern Ghats( ,here it has been ra1ti1ed in its si#*est %"r#.
Res$-"ces a%3 P$te%tial(. The ra, #ateria*s %"r the bee6eein ind!str$ are #ain*$ "**en and ne1tar that 1"#e %r"# ",erin *ants. Ab"!t 5'' ",erin *ant se1ies( b"th ,i*d and 1!*tivated( are !se%!* as #a2"r "r #in"r s"!r1es "% ne1tar and "**en. India has a "tentia* t" 6ee ab"!t 9&' #i**i"n bee 1"*"nies. In ter#s "% r"d!1ti"n( these bee 1"*"nies 1an r"d!1e "ver 9.& #i**i"n t"ns "% h"ne$ and ab"!t 95(''' t"ns "% bees,a=. rani8ed 1"**e1ti"n "% %"rest
h"ne$ and bees,a= !sin i#r"ved #eth"ds 1an res!*t in an additi"na* r"d!1ti"n "% at *east 9&'(''' t"ns "% h"ne$ and 9'(''' t"ns "% bees,a=. This 1an enerate in1"#e t" ab"!t 5 #i**i"n triba* %a#i*ies.
P"$3-cti$% /"$cess(. +"ne$ bees 1an be raised in b"=es at the %ar# "r h"#e.
1 S/ecies $4 5$%e& 6ees There are %"!r se1ies "% h"ne$bees in India. The$ are •
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R$c* 6ee 7 Apis dorsata8( The$ are ""d h"ne$ athers ,ith an averae $ie*d "% 5'' 6 er 1"*"n$. I%3ia% 6ee 7 Apis cerana indica8( The$ $ie*d an averae h"ne$ $ie*d "% 6 er 1"*"n$ er $ear. E-"$/ea% 6ee 7 Apis mellifera8( The averae r"d!1ti"n er 1"*"n$ is &5:' 6.
) E9-i/'e%t "e9-i"e'e%ts 4$" 6ee *ee/i%# S'$*e"( Je !se the s#"6er t" r"te1t "!rse*ves %r"# bee stins and t" 1"ntr"* the bees. Cl$t5( t" r"te1t "!r e$es and n"se %r"# stins at the ti#e "% ,"r6 near the aiar$. K%i4e( It is !sed t" *""sen the t" bars and t" 1!t "% the h"ne$ bars.
Feat5e"( T" s,ee the bees %r"# the 1"#b. Q-ee% E:cl-3e" Matc5 B$:
+ Esta6lis5'e%t $4 5i0es •
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The aiar$ #!st be *"1ated in ,e**drained "en area( re%erab*$ near "r1hards( ,ith r"%!se s"!r1e "% ne1tar( "**en and ,ater. Pr"te1ti"n %r"# s!n*iht is i#"rtant in "rder t" #aintain an "ti#!# te#erat!re in the hive. Ant ,e**s are -=ed ar"!nd the hive stand. The 1"*"nies #!st be dire1ted t",ards east( ,ith s*iht 1hanes in the dire1ti"ns "% the bee b"= as a r"te1ti"n %r"# rain and s!n.
, Esta6lis5i%# a 6ee c$l$%& •
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T" estab*ish a bee 1"*"n$( bees 1an be "btained b$ trans%errin a ,i*d nestin 1"*"n$ t" a hive "r attra1t a assin s,ar# "% bees t" "11!$ it. Be%"re !ttin a s,ar# "r even a 1"*"n$ in a reared hive( it ,"!*d be bene-1ia* t" #a6e the hive s#e** %a#i*iar b$ r!bbin "*d br",n 1"#b ie1es "r s"#e bee ,a=. I% "ssib*e( the M!een bee 1an be 1at!red %r"# a nat!ra* s,ar# and *a1ed !nder a hive t" attra1t the "ther bees.
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Feed the hived s,ar# %"r a %e, ,ee6s b$ di*!tin a ha*% 1! "% ,hite s!ar in ha*% a 1! "% h"t ,ater as this ,i** a*s" he* in b!i*din the 1"#b a*"n ,ith the bars raid*$.
; Ma%a#e'e%t $4 c$l$%ies a%3 5a"0esti%# 5$%e& •
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Inse1t the beehives at *east "n1e in a ,ee6 d!rin the h"ne$", seas"ns re%erab*$ d!rin the #"rnin h"!rs. C*ean the hive in the %"**",in se>!en1e( the r""%( s!er/s!ers( br""d 1ha#bers and ""rb"ard. bserve the 1"*"nies re!*ar*$ %"r the resen1e "% hea*th$ >!een( br""d deve*"#ent( st"rae "% h"ne$ and "**en( resen1e "% >!een 1e**s( bee strenth and r",th "% dr"nes. +arvest the h"ne$ b$ s#"6in the bees "< the arts ,hi1h needs t" be harvested and 1!t the 1"#bs 1are%!**$. +arvests are n"r#a**$ "ssib*e d!rin and sh"rt*$ a%ter the t," #ain ",erin seas"ns( na#e*$ 1t"ber/N"ve#ber and Febr!ar$!ne. A rie 1"#b is *iht in 1"*"r and -**ed ,ith h"ne$. 3"re than ha*% "% the h"ne$ 1e**s "n b"th the sides are sea*ed ,ith ,a=.
A30a%ta#es $4 6ee*ee/i%# as a% i%c$'e #e%e"ati$% acti0it&(.
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Bee 6eein re>!ires *ess ti#e( #"ne$ and in%rastr!1t!re invest#ents +"ne$ and bees,a= 1an be r"d!1ed %r"# an area "% *itt*e ari1!*t!ra* va*!e Bee6eein has "sitive e1"*"i1a* 1"nse>!en1es. Bees *a$ an i#"rtant r"*e in the "**inati"n "% #an$ ",erin *ants( th!s in1reasin the $ie*d "% 1ertain 1r"s s!1h as s!n",er and vari"!s %r!its. +"ne$ is a de*i1i"!s and hih*$ n!triti"!s %""d. B$ the traditi"na* #eth"d "% h"ne$ h!ntin #an$ ,i*d 1"*"nies "% bees are destr"$ed. This 1an be revented b$ raisin bees in b"=es and r"d!1in h"ne$ at h"#e. The #ar6et "tentia* %"r h"ne$ and ,a= is hih.
PAPER RECYCLING Paer 1an be re1$1*ed at h"#e b$ the %"**",in stes • • • • • • •
Find re1$1*ab*e aer Tear the aer int" s#a** ie1es 0"a6 the aer in ,ater T!rn the aer int" !* Fi** the basin ab"!t ha*%,a$ ,ith ,ater Add !* t" the basin and stir I##erse the %ra#e in the #i=t!re
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Li%t the s1reen %r"# basin Re#"ve e=1ess ,ater %r"# aer ,ith a s"ne n1e dr$( re#"ve aer %r"# s1reen.
BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • •
..."6esh:sr%shti"co& ..."-ori"co&<6esh:4shr%shti"ht&# e".i6i'e!i"or-<.i6i
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e".i6i'e!i"or-<.i6i<reeho%se ..."i!i&e!ici#'#ts"ifo< ..."hts%"co&
