b b b ES BEH E CHS OPENGS T MDLE GAM IN CHESS BSIC CHSS ENINGS ESSONS FROM MY GAM A PASSION FOR CHSS PRCA ESS OPENNGS CHESS E ESY WY THE NAGE N AGE CSS OOK G�T MOMENTS IN MODN CSS E WORD'S GREA GAM OF CSS CHESS MRCS ON DR. LASKER•S LASKER•S CHESS CREER WIH FRED FR ED REINFELD REINFEL D ) H CSS KEY WI DR M EUWE ) THE PSYCHOLOGY OF E CHESS PY MDERN CHESS OPENGS, f EDTION TH EKNE-EUE MH FOR THE ORLD CHAMPIONSHIP CHESS ESSNS FROM MODERN MSTER PY MSTDM OURNMENT OOK E RESHEVSYKSAN MCH T FISCHERPEROS FISCHER PEROSIN IN MH THE ORLDS CHSSOD
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b b b ES BEH E CHS OPENGS T MDLE GAM IN CHESS BSIC CHSS ENINGS ESSONS FROM MY GAM A PASSION FOR CHSS PRCA ESS OPENNGS CHESS E ESY WY THE NAGE N AGE CSS OOK G�T MOMENTS IN MODN CSS E WORD'S GREA GAM OF CSS CHESS MRCS ON DR. LASKER•S LASKER•S CHESS CREER WIH FRED FR ED REINFELD REINFEL D ) H CSS KEY WI DR M EUWE ) THE PSYCHOLOGY OF E CHESS PY MDERN CHESS OPENGS, f EDTION TH EKNE-EUE MH FOR THE ORLD CHAMPIONSHIP CHESS ESSNS FROM MODERN MSTER PY MSTDM OURNMENT OOK E RESHEVSYKSAN MCH T FISCHERPEROS FISCHER PEROSIN IN MH THE ORLDS CHSSOD
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BOBBY FISCHER'S CONQUEST OF H
WOLDS CESS CHAMPIONSIP The Psychology Psycho logy nd nd Tctics of the Title Mtch
REUE FIE hD Interntionl Cess Chmpion
DVI DVID D McKY cKY COM COMPNY PNY IN I NC NE
YO
Tab/ o ontent ontent
Prefe Prt I
THE E THE ETT APER Hoy of he Wol Cpohp AR 2 he Pelnay Skhes 3 Bobby che-Aean olk Heo 4 Bos SpskyThe ExChampon Psychology of Chess 5 he Psychology
Prt II
THE TCH Revew f he Mach A 6 Revew
Prt
III THE E E Bo bbys an as as? ?)) Bl B lue GA Bob Nongae GAME 2 The Nongae GA 3 A Bob Expes Th Te as an Eaoy Move ssky Mses Mses a Wn GAME 4 Sssky GAME 5 Spskys Blunes GA 6 . Is Bos ounov? GA 7 A Bale Royal GA 8 Anohe Spssky Blune GAME 9 T Pae Tha n' Reesh GAME 0 Pav Paes Bob B obbys bys Ingenu Ingenuy y GA Bobb Bo bbyy Becoe a Moal Agan Agan GAME 2 Bobb Bo bbyy Pys I Cauous Cauous GA 3 A he he Haly Mak GAME 4. On Playng fo a aw aw Pepae Vaa Vaao o GAME 5 Pepae
3 1 22 4
9 1 119 121 129 138 14 153
12 1 12 183 190 198 21 224
able f Cntents A uiet n the th e Fische Fische Fn Fn Whs Cay N? w w ea Fes a P f W an a SeeSa Se eSa raw hings t C GAME 19 he Spe f hings GAME he Seventh aw GAME 21 an i
GAME 6. GAME 1 GAME 18
23 24 2 2 28 28
Part!
THE PLAES AND THE SETTING
CHTER
itor the World ha pion hip
.A H u G H the game of chess has been traced back far
the sixth cenury A.D, he idea of an oca chess champon of the world scarcey more than a centuy old In 1843 he Englsh man Howard Saunto ( 18101874) deeated e Frenman St Aman as a result o which he was considered the songest player around But ere was so lile serious competiion among the top payers hat no one could realy prove anying In addtion to his over-theboard strengh Saunon wi his Hand book of Chess remained e leading auoriy on e game fo almos fy years The rs large-scale inteaona oament eve held was a London 85 connecon with the iternaional exhibition a he Crystal Palace It was won by Adolf Anderssen ( 1818879) a Geman athemacs eaer, ahead o Staunon and virualy all the kown champons o ha day On e basis o this icory Andessen was hen cosidered by many to be e bes Aderssen was badly beaen by he yong Aercan gens Pal Morphy ( 837884 ) in 858 who was aso os eager to play Staunon Howeer e Englshman sdestepped him e rst of several such ncidents he hsory o he world itle Unornaely Morphy wdrew ro chess afer lte more an a year neer again playng seriousy. n his later yeas he 3
The Pyer a Seng
became mentay ill He has been called e pride and the sorrow of chess" With Whem Steinitz 18-19 the real era of mode ess begins Morphy uld sl gve some of hs strongest oppo nets Paw nd move, something that has been uterly impossi ble since Steinitz iniated mode epoch of internatonal touents and set matches with clocks which were inoduced in 1870 As a consequence the number of iteational mastes increased enormousy, several important tournaments were held every year a consderable ess literature deeoped, and chess uly became an international sport In 18 Steit defeated Andersse in a set match, whi gave hm e rght to call himself world champion; he was actu ly the st to use e tie If is date take as e tue benning of the world championship series the champions have been: Stenit 18-18 Lasker 1891921 Capablanca, 19211927 Alekhne 1927-135 and 1937-19 Eue 1935-1937 interregnum period 1-18 wth Fe and Keres ocial cadidates or cochampions Bovinnik 19481957 Smyslov, 957 1958 Botvnnik, 1958-190 Ta 10-191 Botvinnk 1113 Posian 1939 Spassky 199-1972 and now Fischer 1972-? Much confuson has bee generated about the history of the world championship especially in e period 1938-1948 when world tensions pevented normal competon Inasmuch as Kers and I ted for rst prie in e ARO touament of 1938 which was ocally designated as the tournament for the selection of e alenge hen Aekhne died n 19 localy a match should have been arranged beee Fie and Keres to decide e tte This as never done for a vaiety of reasons mai politial The tounamet arranged n 197 was called o by the Russians as par of a kind of blackmai sheme to force the play es to compete in Russia My own refusa to play in 198 was motivated in par by the unce1ainty about heer e Russians
Hory o t Word piop
3
domite e scene. Frst, he w every e f hs ls sx ges, appely etere t crush eve pet regrless f sore e ce tch wh Tiv Vuver It s y fter uch brgng tht Vncuver w ccete s yg ste by b ses Thereup beg t exrny omtn f chess geus errc unredctble ersl e t hs lys bee hs lrk h pelle m i wrl celebrty At Vnuver Fse w susciu f e eele deie he chce f ece he rst ge; he ee o � er evele Then he beg t vry hs ctis f pyg fr eg irect strg ghtg t cleig e st i rws f e uiece. Whle they were rgug out e l, t eee ugh e tch wul eve stt lly Bbby h ivtely te is ebt t Aerc ss s "Le's get gg esult s ll uexecte Bbby eve ge S ing Such e-sie rest h neve ccue ef the hist f e ge betee uch strg ly s ht h hpee? Ws Tiv unng? Ws Fsche ss by hself? Ays f e ges he he ws t lucky but h lye stg sl chess rughut s v h h bught ng velty gst Fces vrte K d Defene, lugh he seee t get te better ge bby csstely bet h Surely the chess l ut e ext tch gist L s, ul be uch re cult e De h ve i sf gs e sgest st vbl t s geerly el tt he que g s Fscher, bu tht he s bter th ye y e else the ecc cures Fuhe e s rgnl gifte, brllnt ster tugh ces s t be eecte Eve bby h efee t hi e er
T ayr and Sing
unversity here he obtaned hs doctorate in mathematics it a dstngushed dssetaon on te algebra of deal numbers. He looked upon hmsel as a philosopher, not a professonal ches master, and spent his tme ring and lecrng, t occa sonal forays back nto e ess orld There s no doubt that he could have made hs mark n a number of elds but he chose to be a free-lance ntellecal n e adional style of the European man of lters. He regarded hs book on Phosoph for Everyan· as hs most scant nibuton Even ough he played mparavely ttle, as mpared i hs predeessor Stein, Lasker is often ranked as e most suc cessful tounament payer of all time Generally he on rst prze or near rst every tme he competed Sylistcally, Lasker ntroduced nong of consequence H as a pracca player ho as out to n, not to start new school. Even hen e "hypermode schoo as noduced after World Wa I he ould himsef at home n its ncacies, and avod ts exaggeratons Patly because of lack of nterest and party because of his nanca demans, Lasker evaed many of his most dangerous rvas in set matches for e tle No nteatona body of ne quence had charge of the ttle; e champon could do as he pleased. Generally Lasker pleasd to meet hs less dangerous opponents: Marshall Janos, Schechter (to hom he sur pringly almost lost), avoidng more threatening Pllsbury Tarrsch (unl later), an Rubstein. Tarras for many year hs chef rval as naly so frusated by Laskers behaor at he set up a toament championhp of the orld, as con traste th a mat s hoever never really took hold. Fnally, after Word War , hen Lasker as desperately in need of money because of e Gean ation he accepted a mat Capablanca for a prse of $200 lthough he had beaten Capa at St. Petersbug n 94 and as agan to nsh
Hory o t Wd pioip
7
rt ahead of him at New Yok in 2 n the tile match in 2 Lae played vey ineo chess, losg b a wide agin. Js Ra Capablanca the Cuban genus (888-42) o Capa as eeyone caled h econatel soon blt p an aa of magic about msef Afe ·a bllnt st as a child pogy in se of whch he won he Cban campionshp at age o 2, Capa enteed the Cban dplomatic sevce which gave hi e lese and e mens to pla n ntena ia toamen o some i es fom 0 to 3, he wa amng the most sccess of al mpettos Fhe peo p came to speak o h as a chess machne e most pefect ment God had eve deved to pla e oal game e man who neve made a mstake etc Althogh he awas dd excepional ell hs eptaton was moe o a fanta on he pa of the chess wold han a et Evdent the chess wold ha a need to poject the iage of a supeman onto soe mee a Whie Capa dd not aoid an of hs compettos he spis ig lost the :st e match he plaed to Aene at Buenos res i 27 It was a gelg contest lang seveal months O pa had to win s games t daw not conting (The Inteaional Chess edeaon-IDE-now appeas to be tnng to this sstem) The funovng Cban who b ths tme cleal pefeed ine women and ong to e gos the ches ad was wo down b Alekhine's nspang dete mnaion Aeande ene ( 82) as e scon of a wealthy ian fam Hs chess ges appeed at an eal age b he dd not tke t too seosl nt the eoton had swept awa all he eat Rsian otnes ke ohe famos Rssian asts ch as Chagall and Chaapin fo a we he staed on nde the Soviet ege Bt as an stocat he was spect and f seve weeks he w even n a Cheka pison Bese
8
T yr nd Sng
of hs knowledge of languages he was sent on a msson aboad fom whch he dd not eun to his natve count The defeat of Capablanca was e esult of eas of pepaa ton As he ecods n the pologue to the tonament book o New Yok 927, Alekhne spent much of hs me sudng Capa games lookng f his weaknesses devsng new vaiatons whch his opponent could not meet and looking fowad to e da when he cold beat hm f e title Ths wok heped him become one of the geat annotatos of e game and hs books s as the New Yok 92 touament book and hs collectio of hs best games ae stl valuable tems fo an chess paes liba Afte ganing the title Alekhne wthdew fom chess fo seveal eas to take a degee n law whch allowed hm to cal hmself "D fom then on The bief etement seemed to mpe hm to eve geate heghts n hs pla hs stng vctoes at San Remo 930 Bled 93 and Bee 932 showed Fom 90 to 935 he was the leade wheeve he plaed and also the most feaed attackng plae of hs geneato A less savo aspect of hs pesonalt emeged n hs deang wth Capabanca Fo eas he bent his etaodna ngen to den hs val a etu encounte The 927 match had bee plaed fo a pse of $00 Capa was eqed to ase s amont on hs own but once he had t Alekhne demanded th puse n god snce the ntevenng depesson h alleged had weakened te value of e dolla If Capa aanged a matc fo the smme Alekhine asked fo he wnte f Capa had t set up fo the wnte the Rssa wanted the smme So t went fo eas and a e match whch the ess wold had so eagel demanded neve mateialed In 93 when I was a bddng oung sta Capa once showed me e volmnos co espondence of hmself and hs epesentatves w Alekhne detaing the numeous maneves the Rssan had adopted to
Hory of t Wor apop
9
y ot of his way Alekhine even demaded an exorbitant fee r laying in a tornament ith Capa, thereby barring the an from meetng him in seous play until Nottngham 193. ine apa ted or rst in at toament w Bovinnk whle Aleie nished n a tie for sixth, the Russans tats oviously ad oe justiaon te went on, and a new geneaton grew up, Aekhine en to et opponents who were not suh easy arks. Losng lay suh a ial for hm at he had to prove himself erior in every encounter I can real at when I t met Aeie in Nw Yor n 1932 we played a nber of qui in which I ganed the upper han Enraged y losing to a oody (I wa en 1 yeas od, wi ltte reputaon outside e ork) he demanded at we play a set match of sx gaes t en eon5 per move where he squeaked rough to a nar r vitory In 95 Alekhn was defeated y e Duthman Max Euwe 9 ) urenty e esdent o �e inteatonal hess eeraion FIDE (Fdration Inteationale dhecs) Euwe ho lke Lker has a dotoate n aeat, w not a pro eonal ches plyer, and therefore ha no stake n iitatng Aleine' evasive tactis He ed th oganizatonal set-up fr the tite over to e FIDE rst along Alene the piv le f retu math Despte extesve toaen sesses, Ee did not have a record on a par tha o previou hapo When the re math wth Aleine was played n 9, e lost Agan e hess ord was faed b what to do wi Alekhe t a FIE meeting n Stokholm in 93 t was deded to un a touament with e eight leadng grandmasters of that day (Aleine Bovinnik, Capabana Ewe Fne Foh, Keres and ehey) to selet an oal chaenger Ths tonaent was arraged by lage Dth rado network (AVRO the folowng
10
T ayr and Sng
year, 1 Hollad Keres and ne ed r rs lace holy ereafer World War I u end o eaoal chess for e duraon. Durng e war Aekhne remaed n Naoccued Euoe legay he was a zen of Vchy race Unke e oer masers who remaned n Nazoued errory Alekhe was glad o ay n chess ouamens urer he wroe a seres of noorous anemc arcles rovng ha only Aryan" chess had a fur, and argung a h major oonens were degenerae Jews and communs" owards e end of e war he was hosalzed brey, wheer fr alholsm or menal lness s no lear When World War II ended, n 145 l e leadng masers of a day censed by behavor, objeced o hs araon n neaonal ounamens he oves broke he boyco by havng Bovnnk chaenge Aekhe o a mach for he le n 146 Acually s was llegal snce Keres and I had ror ams Bu Keres, bo n Esona, was a ove czen, whle I was no longer so neresed. horly befe he mach was o ake lace Alene ded, leavg e e vacan for he rs me n eghy years. No rovsons had be made fr such a conngency A e U.ove eam mach n 146 n Moscow I ok he nave o roose a a sxman oamen be arranged fr e chaonsh, w e remanng AVRO comeors The ournamen was o be held Holland n 147 Befre e oamen a Duch newsaer charged ha he ove layers would hrow games o one anoer o make sure a a Sove maser woud beme chamon. e ove gov emen demaded a he Duch goveen censor news Feen es ae 962, Fhe ake a sa hge d vun exe he FID ue a nbe eas beae
Hiory o h Wor hpiohip
papers or hey wold thdaw Faced by sch an obviosly pssible demand, e toament as canceled ialy the ornaent was ranged n 8 half n Holland an half in t Sovet Unon wit Smysov tain te lace of oh Fst pze was $5 w e oer pzes n prooion By this me I was absorbed n anoter roesson sycology an no longer cared to acate e tonament was tee hel wth ve layers tee o them Rssian. rest was an ovewheming vctoy for Mkhai Botnnik ( . By now te FIDE was again oally n charge of he whole ocedre or te word chamionshi A egla ssem was introdced, wth naonal ntrona and chalengers' tnaments the nal wnner to la the chamon fo e ttle Before Wold War II the US ad had a world chamonshi am In fo sccessive world team tornaments Prage 3 olkstone 933 Warsaw 135 and Stockhol 7 the US had taken rst re ach me. It e that e Sovets dd nt paiate n e oamen bease at tat tme tey id not recogne the existenc of "naons Bt t wold scarcly have made mch derence since Bovnn was te ony ot sanding Soet grandmaster before World Wa II It as therefore all the more amng when te Sovet team in a cabe match wth te Amercans rght ater the war ndd coed an ovewhlming vioy 15 to The net yea in a personal enconter n Moscow, tey won again, by 12 to 7. It seemed clear at the Soviets ad te best team n te world. I sbseqen team tornamens, te Sove won rst re vr tme they layed. So t as not too srisng when te leang contenders fo the wold tle after e 8 ornament consisteny trned ot to e Sovet gandmaste For a whie the only non-Rssian who was in te rng was Reshevsy e Amecan who had been a Wnderind Poland beore emgrang to Amerca te 920s
12
T yr Sng
lhgh he s severl mches nly ren e le he re mch B kep e rwn r 15 yers n 163 Hs ppnens n s perd were Dvd Brnsen Vssl Smyslv nd Mkhl T Fnlly Tgrn Persn ( 12) n rmenn deeed hm in 163 by scre 12 Th rles were chnged; Bvnnk w dened ren mch nd he whdrew m cve prcpn n he me He s eleccl engneer by pressn dcr echncl scences (rghly qvlen r PhD) Recenly he hs develped n lgrhm r cmper chess Persn ws ced by Bs Spssky in 166 He wn by he dd pn (12 11 ) B nly he ws dened b Spssky n 16 ( 12 10) e prelmnry cness r e wrd le n 17072 were newrhy prlrly becse e presence nmbers nnRssn grndmsers ms em ynger n her Sve cnerprs nd seemngly mre prmsng Wld e Sve hegemny in hess nlly be chlenged r perhps brken? bve ll ere ws he mercn Bbby Fiser wh 14 hd perrmed e nprecedened e wnnng h mercn chmpnshp B here were hers e Dne Lr sen e Hngrn Psch ms receny e Swede nders sn Fiser bvsly he ms ged ll nenders ws ls e ms errc On nmber ccss he bcme s enrged b plyng cndns h he sply le w even bherng cllec hs pze mney s recenly s 167 n Ssse Ts when he ws hed e eld n he Chllengers en he le becse e cmmee hd resed renge he hrs crm hs relgs bserv nces B n lng bere e end he Chllengers men n Mjrc i 170 becme cle h ws Fser wh w