Bonifacio as The First Philippine President: Argumentative Research Paper

Running head: BONIFACIO: THE FIRST PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT

Andres Bonifacio: The Firs Presiden of he Phi!i""ines Ta#a$o% A!e&is Andrea D' (ni)ersi$ of he Phi!i""ines*+ani!a

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BONIFACIO: THE FIRST PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT

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Andres Bonifacio: The First President of the Philippines

The "residenia! sea is one of he #os "o-erfu! "osiions in a sae' Peo"!e use differen ca#"aign acics in order o secure "residenc$% ofen resoring o .!ac/ "ro"aganda' In ,01 and ,012% he fi!#s El Presidente and Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo -ere enries for +ero +ani!a Fi!# Fesi)a! 3++FF4 res"eci)e!$' These fi!#s gained he aenion of he #asses and !ef he# -ondering on ho- #uch he$ rea!!$ /no- a.ou our hisor$ and our heroes5 sories' +os ineresing is he sor$ .ehind he "residenc$ of Andres Bonifacio' So#e sa$ ha 6en' E#i!io Aguina!do is in fac% no he firs "residen of he Fi!i"ino "eo"!e .ecause Andres Bonifacio has a #ore so!id c!ai#' One #a$ herefore conc!ude ha he issue of -ho -as he firs Phi!i""ine "residen coninues o .e a conenious o"ic ha hauns Fi!i"inos i!! oda$' Nu#erous #$series and heories ofen acco#"an$ he rise of a "residen% .u Andres Bonifacio should be the first president mainly because he was the one who founded Kataastaasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK! and also because he was its first and only supreme president" #t was also pro$en that the organi%ation which promotes nationality and freedom! was transformed into a working go$ernment that lead the people into liberation" The organi%ation has also met all the re&uirements for it to be recogni%ed as a go$ernment and we can practically say that it's our first and $ery own" These were pro$en by letters and documents sent and kept by Bonifacio and his re$olutionaries! which yield the information that a central go$ernment inside the Katipunan handles and o$ersees the acti$ities within the organi%ation" Being the one to transform the organi%ation into a go$ernment and ser$ing as its Supremo! it is only right to declare Andres Bonifacio as our first president"


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Bonifacio% he e!des of fi)e chi!dren -as forced o gi)e u" for#a! educaion o he!" in raise his si.!ings afer heir "arens died' He -as .urdened -ih he hardshi"s of !ife% .u did no fai! o feed his #ind .$ using his free i#e o read .oo/s a.ou hu#an righs% re)o!uion% and foreign consiuion 37i!!anue)a% 18984' Tha is ho- he "re"ared hi#se!f for his fuure endea)ors' Tha is ho- one of he #os "ro#inen figures of he ar#ed re)o!uion sared his career as a !eader% a fo!!o-er% and as a faher of a naion' Afer he ougre- se!f*e#"!o$#en .$ se!!ing ho#e#ade "roducs !i/e canes% fans% and signage% Bonifacio sared o a/e his career u" a noch' According o A!eo 7i!!anue)a 318984% Bonifacio sared see/ing for e#"!o$#en in F!e#ing and Co#"an$' His career f!ourished uni! such i#e ha he "ursued e#"!o$#en fro# anoher co#"an$ .ecause des"ie of "ro#oions% .oh ends don5 #ee% 7i!!anue)a added' He sacrificed a !o o su""or his fa#i!$ and in urn% his desire and #oi)aion o ha)e a .eer !ife ransfor#ed ino a need o su""or and unie his counr$#en'

On ;u!$ <% 198,% a secre counci! -as gahered in No' <, A=carraga Sree afer !earning ha Dr' ;ose P' Ri=a! -as o .e de"ored and ha his -or/s -ere o .e .anned in he counr$ 3Presidenia! +useu# > Li.rar$4' Andres Bonifacio% Deodao Are!!ano% ;ose Di=on% Ladis!ao Di-a% Teodoro P!aa% 7a!enin Dia=% and a fe- #ore #e#.ers of La Liga Fi!i"ina% -ere a!! "resen in he secre counci! 3Agonci!!o% 18?@4' Bonifacio !oo/s u" o Ri=a!% and he fer)en!$ fo!!o-s his -or/s and idea!s' Bu he reason -h $ he Kataastaasang Kagalang-Kagalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan 34 -as .orn -as he fac ha he "ro"agan da #o)e#en -as fai!ing% !eading he# o .e!ie)e ha an ar#ed re)o!uion #igh as -e!! "a)e he -a$ o a faser inde"endence% or eua!i$ a he )er$ !eas% as co#"ared o "assi)e!$ fighing he S"anish regi#e 3Consanino > Consanino% 18

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achie)ed success in er#s of saring an ar#ed re)o!uion' Theirs is he firs re)o!uionar$ #o)e#en ha enco#"asses nu#erous saes and "ro)inces'

So#e "eo"!e sa$ ha if -e fo!!o- he !ine of !ogic saing ha Bonifacio is "residen% hen according o ;on Ro$eca 3,0124% -e shou!d honor Deodao Are!!ano and Ro#an Basa oo% for he$ are he firs and second "residen of he Katipunan res"eci)e!$' The$ argue ha if he firs and second "residen of he Katipunan -as no considered for he "residenia! sea% -ha #ore for he hird

6en' Aguina!do has -on he e!ecion in Ca)ie des"ie he fac ha Bonifacio -as a!so "resen 3Ro$eca% ,0124' This "ro)es ha he "eo"!e% he sae% and he re"u.!ic chose Aguina!do o)er Bonifacio% Ro$eca added' Tha #aers a !o .ecause as a re"u.!ic% as #enioned .$ A.rie! Ne.res 3,00<4% he choice of he "eo"!e is co#"ara.!e o di)ine co##and' Aguina!do% as a neand $oung co##ander and !eader "ro)ed ha ga"s "resened .$ age% "o"u!ari$% and "o-er can .e o)er-he!#ed .$ "ure a!en' Tha is -h$ so#e "eo"!e .e!ie)e ha Aguina!do deser)es his i!e as he firs Presiden of he Phi!i""ine Re"u.!ic'

Aguina!do has a!so dis"!a$ed his !eadershi" "oenia!s' This% he ha)e done .$ -inning a!! of his .a!es agains he S"anish ar#$ in Ca)ie% earning hi# he i!e of General ' hi!e he Katipunan facion !ed .$ Bonifacio are doing heir rereas in oher "ars of he counr$% Aguina!do5s +agda!o facion -as conuering he differen "ars of Ca)ie 36ri"a!do% ,0084' He successfu!!$ dec!ared inde"endence in he "ro)ince' (n!i/e Bonifacio -ho had #an$ .a!es !os% Aguina!do sei=ed sraegic #i!iar$ !ocaions and Ca)ie successfu!!$% his on!$ sho-s ha he and his cohors has a #ore so!id "!an of acion and a #ore effeci)e #ehod of "erfor#ing i'


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Furher#ore% Aguina!do has in fac .een e!eced and has -on he "residenia! e!ecions e)en afer Bonifacio )oided he con)enion of Teeros 3Andauig% Esre!!a% 6a!)e=% > O!i)eros% ,00<4' This "ro)es ha Aguina!do% as #uch as e)er$one e!se in he e!ecion% recogni=es he "o-er and he i#"orance of he "residenia! sea and .$ his he$5)e chosen o fo!!o- a de#ocraic "rocess of choosing he "residen' According o ;ere#ias Buraga and Ro-ena Pi!ar 3,014% he$ ha)e done usice o he re"u.!ic and ha)e no )io!aed an$ decrees ha guide he hand of he "eo"!e' As such% Aguina!do is he first Presiden .$ righ as #uch as .$ due "rocess'

Afer he re)o!uion .ro/e ou in Augus 198@% Andres Bonifacio -ho -as he su"re#e "residen of he Katipunan, changed he naure of he organi=aion ino a go)ern#en /no-n as he Taga!og Re"u.!ic' ih his%  -as no on!$ a re)o!uionar$ organi=aion and force .u -as a!so a for# of go)ern#en du..ed Haring Bayang Katagalugan 3Chua% ,0124' According o Co!een Lus"o 3n'd4% in he Kartilya ng Katipunan 3Consiuion of Katipunan4 , Bonifacio ca!!ed he Phi!i""ines no Repulika ng Pilipinas .u Repulika ng Katagalogan since he defined Katagalogan as he enire archi"e!ago and a!! is nai)e residens as !agalogs' The -ord "ilipino a ha i#e -as used o refer o he insulares% or S"aniards .orn in he Phi!i""ines 3Re$es% 1884' The S"aniards a!-a$s referred o he nai)es as indios% Re$es added' Thus% he enire Phi!i""ines -as under he Haring Ba$ang aaga!ugan% -hich -as a go)ern#en esa.!ished .$ Bonifacio 3Chua% ,0124'

In Encarnacion% 6uerrero% > 7i!!egas5 3,004 NCCA aric!e% Pio 7a!en=ue!a confir#ed in his esi#on$ .efore he S"anish auhoriies he ransfor#aion of he Katipunan ino a re)o!uionar$ go)ern#en .$ Augus 198@' The$ a!so said ha Bonifacio5s e!ecion o he "residenc$ -as confir#ed .$ De! Rosario% -ho -as ca"ured and -as descri.ed as one of hose


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assigned .$ he Katipunan o for# he re)o!uionar$ go)ern#en of he Phi!i""ines and o "ush hrough he funcion of !oca! go)ern#en ad#inisraion'

In +ichae! Chua5s 3,0124 aric!e% he Katipunan .eca#e a go)ern#en -ih -esern recogni=ed characerisics as "ro)en .$ recen!$ acc essed docu#ens confiscaed .$ he 6uardia Ci)i! during he re)o!uion' Differen "a"ers a#ouning o 1?0 docu#en s "ro)e ha he Katipunan had a -or/ing cenra!i=ed go)ern#en -ih Bonifacio "residing o)er i' Furher research $ie!ds ha he Katipunan has he fo!!o-ing: 14 A consiuion as #anifesed .$ he Kartilya of E#i!io ;acino% ,4 Terrioria! urisdicion "ri#ari!$ o)er Baangas% Tar!ac% +a$ni!a% Bu!acan% Nue)a Ecia% Ca)ie% Pa#"anga% and Laguna% 4 Foreign recogniion as "ro)en .$ docu#ens !i/e a4 A !eer "eraining o su""ori)e ar#a#ens fro# eiher ;a"an or Hong ong .4 A "hoo fro# #a $lustracion Espanola y Americana% a ne-s"a"er fro# +adrid of Bonifacio ca"ioned !itulado Presidente de la Repulica !agala 3Richardson% ,014'

;us !i/e an$ oher go)ern#en% he Katipunan a!so has is o-n sea!% f!ag% and h$#n' The Rounde! Escucheon Sea! of he Haring Bayang Katagalugan%s Kataastaasang Kapulungan, in Bonifacio5s a""oin#en o E#i!io ;acino% daed A"ri! 1?% 198< has a #ar/ing o f a ayayin  surrounded .$ ra$s can a!so .e seen in oher docu#ens and !eers .$ Andres Bonifacio 3Chua% ,0124' Teodoro Agonci!!o 318?@4 said ha ear!$ in he re)o!uion% here -as a f!ag .oh used .$ +agda!o and +agdi-ang -hi!e fighing in Ca)ie ha is si#i!ar o he f!ag of ai"unan' I a!so has he ra$s of he !igh of !i.er$ -ih he ayayin &Ka' in he #idd!e% he added' Agonci!!o a!so said ha in Are#io Ricare5s #e#oirs -ere docu#ens of he sa#e f!ag ha he re)o!uionaries .rough do-n afer he ar#isice -ih he S"an iards a Biac*na*.ao' These -ere found -ih he res of he !eers and docu#ens% and -ere )erified -ih Are#io


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Ricare5s docu#enaion% Agonci!!o added' ;i# Richardson 3,014 #enioned ha ;uan Na/"i! a!so c!ai#ed ha he Katipunan had an anhe# and ha Na/"i! e)en co#"osed i' The anhe# -as eni!ed (arangal na )alit ng Katagalugan' ;uan Na/"i!5s c!ai# -as !aer su""ored .$ hree !eers fro# he docu#ens of he Katipunan daed +arch 198<% A"ri! ?% 198< and +a$ 1% 198<% Richardson added' These !eers -ere sen .$ an orchesra #aser E'S a!unuran #enioning )alit ng Katagalugan and ciing ha a!unuran5s orchesra "erfor#ed he co#"osiion for he (ataas na *angunian ng Pantayanin +Pasig Richardson a!so said ha in one of Bonifacio5s !eer o Na/"i!% Bonifacio -as referred o a Himno .acional daed Fe.ruar$ 1% 198<' These on!$ "ro)es ha he Katipunan -as a.!e o esa.!ish an officia! sea!% f!ag and h$#n ha signifies a rea! go)ern#en' According o Encarnacion% 6uerrero and 7i!!egas 318824% in he !ae 1890s% E"ifanio De!os Sanos G hisorian and for#er direcor of he "re-ar Phi!i""ine Li.rar$ and +useu# G #ade a "ar of he co!!ecion of noed !eers and oher i#"oran docu#ens signed .$ Bonifacio accessi.!e' Three !eers and one a""oin#en "a"er% -rien .$ Bonifacio on "rined !eerheads daed fro# 9 +arch o ,2 A"ri! 198<% and a!! addressed o E#i!io ;acino% "ro)e ha Bonifacio -as he firs "residen of a naiona! go)ern#en' These !eers conained he fo!!o-ing i!es and designaions: Pangulo ng Kataastaasang Kapulungan 3Presiden of he Su"re#e Counci!4% Ang Kataastaasang Pangulo 3The Su"re#e Presiden4% Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan 3Presiden of he So)ereign Naion of aaga!ugan4% Ang Pangulo ng Haring Bayan, (ay !ayo ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, Unang nag gala/ ng Pang0i0imagsik 3The Presiden So)ereign Naion Founder of he Katipunan% Iniiaor of he Re)o!uion4% Kataastaasang Pangulu0an at Pama0alaang Pang0i0imagsik 3Office of he Su"re#e Presiden and 6o)ern#en of he Re)o!uion4' A!so% .ased on he docu#ens rerie)ed fro# Arc0i1o General (ilitar de


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(adrid 3A6++4% Bonifacio rare!$ signed hi#se!f as *upremo He -as a!-a$s Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan, Pangulo ng Haring Bayan, or Kataas-taasang Pangulo o disinguish hi#se!f fro# he !oca! "residens 3Richardson% ,014' Ignacio Bun$e 3,0124 a!so #enioned ha Bonifacio -as referred as he Kataastaasang Pangulo and General% .o 2 y he "re-ar scho!ar ;ose P' Banug' Bun$e a!so added ha in 18 and 188% hisorians ;ose P' Sanos and 6regorio F' aide .oh had he sa#e conc!usions% and recogni=ed Bonifacio5s "residenc$ res"eci)e!$' Bonifacio has a!so dis"!a$ed his !eadershi" "ro-ess and .a!e s/i!!s in he confronaions ha he has fough and -on' One of his #os "ro#inen #o#ens is he Cr$ of Pugad!a-in in -hich he Katipuneros, afer .eing disco)ered and f!eeing% announced heir a!!egiance o he Haring Ba$an .$ shredding heir cedulas ino "ieces 3Consanino > Consanino% 18 7i!!egas% ,004' He udicia!!$ se!ed he offences agains he naion and iner)ened in "o!iica! dis"ues' A!so% according o Encarnacion% 6uerrero% and 7i!!egas 318824% he organi=aion engaged #os!$ in aac/*and*-ihdra- o"eraions% and neura!i=ed he ene#ies .$ sei=ing o-n ha!!s and ca"uring su""!ies' (n!i/e Aguina!do5s consecui)e )icories in Ca)ie%


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he fac ha he Guardia 4i1il -ere -e!! concenraed in +ani!a #ade i e)en #ore difficu! for Bonifacio o -in 3Consanino > Consanino% 18 6uerrero% 18<04' Le us a!so consider he fac ha .oh #en ha)e ne)er signed he#se!)es as he "residens of he Haring Bayan, e)en #ore so of he Phi!i""ines% since he for#a! .a!e cr$ for he #oher counr$ -as afer heir i#e' This sho-s ha as he founder of he organi=aion urned go)ern#en% Andres Bonifacio is he firs and he su"re#e "residen of he Katipunan' A!so% as he rea! "residen and !eader of  , Bonifacio i##ediae!$ organi=ed he ca.ine of his go)ern #en e)en .efore he -ar sared% Teodoro Agonci!!o 318?@4 added' During he Teeros con)enion% "!ans -ere se o discuss he defense of Ca)ie agains he S"anish force here' Bu% he con)enion so#eho- ransfor#ed ino an e!ecion' In A#anda Fernande=5 3,014 aric!e% she #enioned ha (P +ani!a "rofessor Dani!o Aragon said in he 6+A Ne-s docu#enar$ 4ase Unclosed: Ang #i0im ng 2567 ha JAK he Teeros


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Con)enion on +arch ,,% 198<% E#i!io Aguina!do -aned o disso!)e he ai"unan and esa.!ish a re)o!uionar$ go)ern#en This denoes ha he ai"unan had o .e disso!)ed o re#o)e Bonifacio fro# his "osiion% Fernande= e&"!ained furher' O.)ious!$ ounu#.ered .$ he (agdalo facion co#"osed .$ 4a1itenos% Bonifacio !os he sea for "residenc$ se!ing for he "osiion of he Direcor of Inerior 3Churchi!!% 188<4' According o Renao Consanino and Lei=ia Consanino 318

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ha Aguina!do chose o .ase his go)ernance on Bonifacio5s regi#e .ecause i is a fu!!$ funcioning successfu! #ode! of a go)ern#en' Bonifacio shou!d .e he firs "residen of he Phi!i""ines .ecause he has #ore facua! c!ai#s o)er Aguina!do han hisor$ .oo/s ha)e gi)en hi# credi for' He -as a hard-ired !eader for he has carried he .urden of raising a fa#i!$ fro# an ear!$ age' He is he #ode! of a se!f* sufficien Fi!i"ino .ecause he has rained his #ind during his free i#e -hi!e no neg!ecing his duies o his fa#i!$' He founded he Katipunan as an ar#ed re)o!uionar$ #o)e#en .ecause of he fac ha he "ro"agandis #o)e#en is fai!ing' He sared he unificaion of he differen "ro)inces of he Phi!i""ines as du!$ re"resened inside he Katipunan' And !as% he urned he said organi=aion ino an esa.!ished go)ern#en ha is ru!$ ours  #o!ded .$ !o)e for one5s !and and courage% and .ui! .$ he .righ #inds of our counr$#en' He sho-ed he "eo"!e ha an$one can !ead% e)en an or"han -ho didn5 finish schoo!' He -as he face of he #asses and he sho-ed us ha ha face is he one no one sha!! forge' There #a$ .e c!ai#s ha he !os #os of his .a!es and !os his "residenc$ on he e!ecions% .u facs don5 !ie' hae)er -as !ef in he Archi)o 6enera! +i!iar de +adrid 3A6++4 "a"ers% and he docu #ens and !eers a he E##anue! Encarnacion and E"ifanio De!os Sanos co!!ecion "ro)es he fac ha he Katipunan -as a go)ern#en% and Andres Bonifacio is he firs and su"re#e "residen of he Katipunan B$ his% he has ser)ed his counr$#en% and he naion .$ .eing he "ri#ar$ figure of he Phi!i""ine re)o!uion% and he "ariarch of Fi!i"ino inde"enden ce' Andres Bonifacio -as he hero and he "residen he naion needed and for ha% he deser)es usice and "ro"er credi'


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References Agonci!!o% T' 318?@4' !0e re1olt of t0e masses: !0e story of Bonifacio and t0e Katipunan Mue=on Ci$: (ni)ersi$ of he Phi!i""ines Agonci!!o% T' > 6uerrero +' 318<04' History of t0e "ilipino nation' Phi!i""ines: +a!a$a Boo/s Andauig% ;'% Esre!!a% '% 6a!)es% +'% > O!i)eros% R' 3,00<4' Ang kasaysayan at pama0alaan ng Pilipinas Mue=on Ci$: IBON Foundaion% Inc' Bun$e% I' 3,012% Dece#.er 124' Re1isiting Andres Bonifacio +8 Rerie)ed +arch ,?% ,01?% fro# h":---'#.'co#'"hre)isiing*andres*.onifacio*, Bun$e% I' 3,012% Dece#.er ,14' Re1isiting Andres Bonifacio +9 Rerie)ed +arch ,?% ,01?% fro# h":---'#.'co#'"hre)isiing*andres*.onifacio* Buraga% ;' > Pi!a% R' 3,014' !0e rise of t0e P0ilippine Repulic +anda!u$ong Ci$: An)i! Pu.!ishing% Inc' Chua% +' 3,012% Dece#.er 1<4' )ocuments t0at pro1e Bonifacio%s leaders0ip +Aug 256 ; (ay 2567 functioned as go1ernment Rerie)ed +arch 18% ,01?% fro# h"s:---'change'org""residen*.enigno*s*auino*iii*o*a/e*he*necessar$*se"s*o* recogni=e*andres*.onifacio*as*he*firs*"residen*of*he*"hi!i""ines*.onifacio*unang* "angu!ou80?<10@ Chua% +' 3,012% Dece#.er ,@4' Ang ka0ulugan ng

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pama0alaan=goyerno Rerie)ed +arch 18% ,01?% fro# h"s:---'change'org""residen*.enigno*s*auino*iii*o*a/e*he*necessar$*se"s*o* recogni=e*andres*.onifacio*as*he*firs*"residen*of*he*"hi!i""ines*.onifacio*unang* "angu!ou81,<0?1 Chua% +' 3,012% Dece#.er ,84' Ang Katagalugan ni Bonifacio ay ang uong Pilipinas Rerie)ed +arch 18% ,01?% fro# h"s:---'change'org""residen*.enigno*s*auino* iii*o*a/e*he*necessar$*se"s*o*recogni=e*andres*.onifacio*as*he*firs*"residen*of* he*"hi!i""ines*.onifacio*unang*"angu!ou8122101 Chua% +' 3,0124' B>.$"A4$>: Ang unang pangulo' (n"u.!ished #anuscri"' +ani!a: De La Sa!!e (ni)ersi$ Churchi!!% B' 3188<4' )etermining t0e trut0: !0e story of Andres Bonifacio +ani!a: The +ani!a Sudies Co##ission > Naiona! Co##ission for Cu!ure and he Ars Consanino% R'% > Consanino% L' 318 7i!!egas% R' 318824' Andres Bonifacio: Faher of he Fi!i"ino naion' In !utuan: Progress and transformation' +ani!a: Tuu.an Pro"eries' Encarnacion% E'% 6uerrero% +' > 7i!!egas% R' 3,004' Andres Bonifacio and t0e 256 re1olution' Rerie)ed +a$ ,% ,01?% fro# h":---'ncca'go)'"ha.ou*cu!ure*and* arsaric!es*on*c*n*aaric!e'"h"i?1 Fernande=% A' 3,01% No)e#.er 04' Andres Bonifacio: !0e P0ilippines? first president@


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Rerie)ed +arch ,0% ,01?% fro# h":---'g#ane-or/'co#ne-ssor$<<28ne-s s"ecia!re"orsandres*.onifacio*he* "hi!i""ines*firs*"residen 6ri"a!do% R' 3,0084' !0e making of a "ilipino p0ilosop0er and ot0er essays +anda!u$ong Ci$: Naiona! Boo/sore Lus"o% C' 3n'd4' !0e P0ilippine 0istory page: 0o /as t0e first president@ Rerie)ed A"ri! ,@% ,01?% fro# h":---'ri.o'orghisor$"res'h#! Ne.res A' 3,00<4' Political science made simple +anda!u$ong Ci$: Naiona! Boo/sore Re$es% E' 3188% Augus 14' Kampanya para sa kamalayan sa kasaysayan' Hea!h A!er' Richardson% ;' 3,014' #ig0t and lierty: )ocuments and studies on t0e Katipunan, 2568-2567 Mue=on Ci$: Aeneo De +ani!a (ni)ersi$ Ro$eca% ;' 3,012% Dece#.er 1@4' Kung akit 0indi si Bonifacio ang unang pangulo ng Pilipinas' Rerie)ed +arch 18% ,01?% fro# h":definie!$fi!i"ino'co#.!og,0121,1@ /ung*.a/i*hindi*si*.onifacio*ang*unang*"angu!o*ng*"i!i"inas Sa!a=ar% ' 3188<4 *i Andres Bonifacio at ang kanyang kaayani0an' +anda!u$ong Ci$: Pa!i#.agang a!a-a/an !0e founding of t0e Katipunan' 3n'd'4' Presidenia! Li.rar$ > +useu# Rerie)ed A"ri! ,8% ,01?% fro# h":#a!acanang'go)'"h202*he*founding*of*he*/ai"unan 7i!!anue)a ;r'% A' 318984' Bonifacio%s unfinis0ed re1olution' Mue=on Ci$: Ne- Da$ Pu.!ishers'

Bonifacio as The First Philippine President: Argumentative Research Paper

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