Project work PTS -4 By gayakwad
My subject: - The Indian Monuments Monuments Contents : 1. Intro Introdu duct ctio ion n 2. Histor History y about about India India 3. Importance Importance of monuments monuments in in tourism tourism 4. Indian Indian monumen monuments ts and their structur structure e and their history 5. How to save save our our monumen monuments? ts?
Introduction :Hello this is my project wor on !Indian monuments". Here I want you to introduce my project wor. In my project I select the main tourism subject# as we all now that Indian tourism is mostly rely on monuments# only these monuments are the reason which mae forei$ners attracts towards our country. country. If we tal tal abou aboutt %uta %utab b&min &minar ar## 'aj&( aj&(ah ahal al or even even othe otherr monu monum ments ents.. 'ouri ourism sm means eans when when peop people le spent pent thei theirr holidays in enjoyments and they spent money for that# but what if the money is not spend by them at a ri$ht place...)lso it doesn*t matter where they spend their money# but the most basis +uestion is that what attracts a tourist most most? ? ,hat ,hat they they want want to now now abou aboutt a count ountry ry? ? ,hy ,hy monument stae most stron$ place in Indian tourism? -es# these +uestions are all over on your mind that*s why I $o
throu$h these +uestions and found some answers for you. Hope you will $et all your answers. I thans for oo$le for mai main$ n$ my proj projec ectt wor wor so su succ cces essf sful ul.. If you you found found any any mistae or you want to now any thin$ about this inform informati ation on you can mail mail your your su$$es su$$estio tion n and commen comments ts ////////////.. thans.
History about India be$ins with with evide evidence nce of huma human n The history o India :- be$ins activity of Homo sapiens as lon$ as 05# years a$o# or with earlie earlierr homini hominids ds includ includin$ in$.. Homo Homo erectu erectus s from from about about 5# 5 # years years a$o. a$o. 'he Indus Indus alle alley y ivi ivili lia ati tion on## which which spread and ourished in th&e north western part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 33 to 13 67# was the 8rst major civi civili lia ati tion on in India India.. ) soph sophis isti tica cate ted d and and techno technolo lo$i $ica call lly y advanced urban cultured eveloped in the (ature Harappan period# from 29 to 1: 67. 'his 6rone )$e civiliation collapsed before the end of the second millennium 67 and was was foll follow owed ed by the the Iron Iron )$ )$e e edic edic ivi ivili lia ati tion on## whic which h e;tended e;tended over much of the Indo&an$etic Indo&an$etic plain plain and which which witnessed the rise of major polities nown as the (aha (ahaja jana napa pada das. s. In one one of thes these e in$ in$do doms ms## (a$a (a$adh dha# a# (ahaviraand# autama 6uddha were born in the 9th or 5th century century 67 67 and propa propa$at $ated ed their their sraman sramanic ic philos philosoph ophies ies.. )lmost all of the subcontinent was con+uered by the (aurya 7mpire durin$ the 4th and 3rd centuries 67. It subse+uently became fra$mented# with various parts ruled by numerous (iddle in$doms for the ne;t 1#5 years. 'his is nown as the classical period of Indian history# durin$ which India has sometimes been estimated to have had the lar$est economy of the ancient and medieval world# controllin$ between one third and one fourth of the world
throu$h these +uestions and found some answers for you. Hope you will $et all your answers. I thans for oo$le for mai main$ n$ my proj projec ectt wor wor so su succ cces essf sful ul.. If you you found found any any mistae or you want to now any thin$ about this inform informati ation on you can mail mail your your su$$es su$$estio tion n and commen comments ts ////////////.. thans.
History about India be$ins with with evide evidence nce of huma human n The history o India :- be$ins activity of Homo sapiens as lon$ as 05# years a$o# or with earlie earlierr homini hominids ds includ includin$ in$.. Homo Homo erectu erectus s from from about about 5# 5 # years years a$o. a$o. 'he Indus Indus alle alley y ivi ivili lia ati tion on## which which spread and ourished in th&e north western part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 33 to 13 67# was the 8rst major civi civili lia ati tion on in India India.. ) soph sophis isti tica cate ted d and and techno technolo lo$i $ica call lly y advanced urban cultured eveloped in the (ature Harappan period# from 29 to 1: 67. 'his 6rone )$e civiliation collapsed before the end of the second millennium 67 and was was foll follow owed ed by the the Iron Iron )$ )$e e edic edic ivi ivili lia ati tion on## whic which h e;tended e;tended over much of the Indo&an$etic Indo&an$etic plain plain and which which witnessed the rise of major polities nown as the (aha (ahaja jana napa pada das. s. In one one of thes these e in$ in$do doms ms## (a$a (a$adh dha# a# (ahaviraand# autama 6uddha were born in the 9th or 5th century century 67 67 and propa propa$at $ated ed their their sraman sramanic ic philos philosoph ophies ies.. )lmost all of the subcontinent was con+uered by the (aurya 7mpire durin$ the 4th and 3rd centuries 67. It subse+uently became fra$mented# with various parts ruled by numerous (iddle in$doms for the ne;t 1#5 years. 'his is nown as the classical period of Indian history# durin$ which India has sometimes been estimated to have had the lar$est economy of the ancient and medieval world# controllin$ between one third and one fourth of the world
unit united ed in the the 4th 4th cent centur ury y 7# 7# and remai emaine ned d so for for two two centuries thereafter# under the upta 7mpire. 'his period# witnessin$ a Hindu reli$ious and intellectual resur$ence# is nown nown amon$ amon$ its its admi admire rers rs as the the >ol >olde den n )$ )$e e of India India>. >. urin$ the same time# and for several centuries after wards# south souther ern n India India## under under the rule rule of the the hal halu uya yas# s# hol holas as## @alla allava vas# s# and @andy andyas as## e;pe e;perie rienc nced ed its its own own $old $olden en a$e. a$e. urin$ this period# aspects of Indian civiliation# adm admini nis strati ation# cultur ture# and reli eli$ion AHinduism and 6uddhismB spread to much of )sia. 'he southern state of Cerala had maritime business lins with the Doman 7mpire from around 00 7. Islam was introduced in Cerala throu$h this route by (uslim traders. (uslim rule in the subcontinent be$a be$an n in 01 012 2 7 when when the the )rab )rab $ene $enera rall (uha (uhamm mmad ad bi bin n %asi %asim m con+ con+ue uerred Ei Eind ndh h and and (ult (ultan anin in sout southe hern rn @unja unjab# b# sett settin in$ $ the the st sta$ a$e e for for seve severa rall su succ cces essi sive ve inva invasi sion ons s from from ent entra rall )sia sia betw betwee een n the the 1 1th th and and 15th 5th cent centur uriies 7# 7# lead leadin in$ $ to the form formati ation on of (usl (uslim im empi empirres in the Indi Indian an subcontinent such as the elhi Eultanate and the (u$hal 7mpire. (u$hal rule came to cover most of the northern parts of the subcontinent. (u$hal rulers introduced (iddle 7ast 7aster ern n art art and and arch archit itec ectu turre to Indi India. a. In addi additi tion on to the the (u$hals andvarious Dajput in$doms# several independent Hindu states# such as the ijayan a$ara 7mpire# the (aratha 7mpire# an d th e )hom Cin$dom# ourished contemporaneously in southern# western# and northeastern India respectively. 'he (u$hal 7mpire suFered a$ara dual decline in the early 1=th century# which provided opp opportu ortuni niti ties es for for the the )f$ha f$hans ns## Eihs ihs## and (ara (arath thas as to e;er e;erci cise se contr control ol over over lar$ lar$e e area areas s in the the north northwes westt of the subcon subcontine tinent nt until until the 6ritis 6ritish h 7ast 7ast India India ompany ompany $ained $ained asce ascend ndanc ancy y over over Eout Eouth h )s )sia. ia. 6e$i 6e$inni nnin$ n$ in the mid& mid&1= 1=th th cent centur ury y and and over over the the ne;t ne;t cent centur ury# y# Indi India a was was $rad $radua uall lly y anne;ed by the 6ritish 7ast India ompany. issatisfaction with ompany rule led to the Indian Debellion of 1=50#after
which India was directly administered by the 6ritish rown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic decline. urin$ the 8rst half of the 2th century# a nation wide stru$$le for independence was launched by the Indian Gational on$ress and later joined by the (uslim ea$ue. 'he subcontinent $ained independence from the nited Cin$dom in 1:40# after bein$ partitioned into the dominions of India and @aistan.
Im!ortance o monuments in tourism :) monument is a type of structure either e;plicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social $roup as a part of their remembrance of past events. 'hey are fre+uently used to improve the appearance of a city or location. India is a land where wonderful temples and monuments remind visitors about its rich traditions and cultural diversity. I believe that no trip to India can ever be complete without a visit to the House of ,orship# also nown as the otus 'emple and it is this monument that I would advise a 8rst time visitor to India# to discover. ocated in Gew elhi# the otus 'emple is one of the most beautiful monuments of the faith built in 1:=9 by Jaribor Eahba. 'he temple is desi$ned in the shape of a half opened otus with 20 petals made of marble# each sprin$in$ from a podium# which elevates the buildin$ above the surroundin$ plain. 'he nine ponds that surround the ma$ni8cent structure showcase the temple lie a otus oatin$ in water. 'he Kotus*# the national ower of
India# si$ni8es the rich Indian culture and is symbolic of love# peace and purity. 'hus# the temple ma$ically combines traditional Indian culture with modern en$ineerin$ techni+ues. 'he otus 'emple provides a perfect environment to meditate and $ain wisdom. It conveys the teachin$s of the faith & the oneness of $od# oneness of reli$ions and oneness of manind. I 8nd it interestin$ that in this modern world# where society is divided on the basis of reli$ion# race and caste and where terrorism has found a foot hold# the otus 'emple# the eternal monument of peace and unity is amon$ the world*s most visited monuments# drawin$ visitors from all parts of the $lobe.
Indian Monuments and their structure and their history:India is amon$ one of the rare and uni+ue countries in the world which stands for its ancient cultures and traditions# which ran$e throu$h a span of centuries. It is clearly evident from the remains of the ancient monuments and traces in the diFerent parts of India. 'he Indian monuments are the livin$ e;amples which taes us bac to thousands of years and helps in e;plorin$ the history of India. 'hese monuments in India oFers a $reat help to study and now more about the ancient civiliations of India. 'hese monuments also attracts a lar$e number of tourist from all over the world. 'he famous monuments of India can be classi8ed into the monuments of Eouth# Gorth# ,est and 7ast of India. 'he ancient Indian monuments have a rare and uni+ue architecture# which tells about the story of ancient India. 'hese monuments across India is considered to be the real treasure of India# which is bein$ preserved with
$reat importance. )mon$ the Indian monuments# 'aj (ahal is considered to be one of the seven wonders of the world. India has lost many of its important and $reat historic monuments# due to the invasions of the forei$n powers for a lon$ period. 'he monuments in India mar the presence of some $reat force sand inuences such as (u$hal dynasty# Dajputana 7mpire and the ravidian era. 'he monuments are built for the future $enerations to let the comin$ world now about their forefathers. 'he monuments in India are timeless wonders which inspire people to create somethin$ more beautiful and architecturally superb. 'here are many monuments in India which are built in the center of bi$ laes# himalayan valleys# lar$e rivers# deserts# deep forest etc. (any of the Indian monuments were destroyed or partially destructed# either due to the fall of the rulin$ empire or due to some natural calamities. 'he ancient monuments in India has also boosted the tourism scenario of India# as a lot of forei$ners ood to India to have a $limpse of these historical monuments in India. 'he tourist are too much attracted with these ancient Indian monuments# which tells the story of ancient India. Eome of these monuments in India are also pil$rima$e centers for various reli$ions. 'he style and architecture of these ancient and herita$e monuments varies rapidly as we $o from the north to the south of India. Eome of the monuments of India are perfect mi;ture of @ersian# 7uropean and Indian style and architecture. India is blessed with number of world herita$e monuments showcasin$ the breath tain$ architecture and intricate wor. 'he monuments of India are livin$ testimony which pull us bac to that particular era and helps us in e;plorin$ the history of India. Indian monuments have a rare and astonishin$ uni+ue architecture which tell us the story of by $one era. (onuments of India are considered as the real treasure and are preserved with $reat importance. 6ehind each monument there is an underlyin$
sense of mystery# intri$ue and romance. Jive thousand years of Indian History has $iven us the treasure of thousands of monuments across the country# monuments belon$in$ to Hindus# 6uddhists# (uslims and hristians. 'he monuments of India are not only fairy tales carved out of stones# brics# and mortar narratin$ the tales of valor and coura$e of Indian rulers. 'he famous monuments of India lure tourist from all over the $lobe and these can be classi8ed into the monuments of Eouth# Gorth# ,est and 7ast India. It should mention here that the seventh wonder of the world the 'aj& (ahal is an Indian (onument. 7ach and every monuments of India are an architectural feat in itself# they are splendid sample of amain$ artistry# creatin$ a sense of deception and romance. 6e it the majestic 'aj&(ahal in white marvel or stone splendor Ded JortL or spellbindin$ temples of Chajuraho temple# Conar and Hampi# or the caves of )jana 7llora. isit India in order to spectacle the miraculous beauty of Indian monuments.
"# Taj Maha$ -% Mar&e$ o 'o&e 'ae a constitutional down Ehahjahan @ar in the chilly mauve li$ht of dawn# and the pale white dome of the 'aj (ahal# India looms in the distance. Eet a$ainst the aure sy line# it loos lie a mira$e in a desert. Inch closer and the supreme majesty of the $reatest monument to love comes into focus M with its dew&coated lawns and its pearl&white mausoleum. 'ravel to 'aj (ahal )$ra to baptie into the true $lory of this passion of love. )s the sunrises to cast a
reverential beam on the sepulchre# the Kdream in marble* turns from lavender to yellow# while ni$htfall sees the monument bathed in moonli$ht M looin$ lie a woman wreathed in smiles while waitin$ for her lover. 'here are many theories as at which time the 'aj (ahal# India loos the best# but there is no substitute to viewin$ it at all hours of the day and the ni$ht if you want to under stand its myriad facets. 'aj (ahal# India is a microcosm of the universe M it contains within it both the yin and the yan$# tain$ on a new personality to suit the occasion. It can be harsh# dry and stron$ lie alabaster# delicately chaste and fra$ile lie porcelain# noisily populous or +uiet and secretive.
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'aj mahal stands majestically in a$ra city on the bans of river yamuna.
watch out
'aj museum# closed on (ondays and fridays.
loo out
'aj mahotsav# february# held for 1 days.
The History Maniest : 'aj (ahal India was made in commemoration of )rjumand 6ano 6e$um. 'he +ueen was married at the a$e of 21 to emperor Nahan$ir
died in child birth in 192:# her husband# 7mperor Ehah Nahan immortalied their love by buildin$ the Kdream in marble* M the 8nest illustration of (u$hal architecture. 'he dream too over 22 years to fructify and over 2# craftsmen were employed to build it.
)esigning o Taj :,ho desi$ned the 'aj (ahal India is shrouded in mystery M some historians credit the enetian architect eroneo with its construction# while others believe it was the wor of a @ersian called stad Isa. 6ut we do now of the lesser luminaries connected to it with certainty M the central dome was built by Ismail 7Fendi from 'urey# the calli$rapher was )manat Chan from Ehira# the mosaicist# hiranji al hailed from elhi while the $oldsmith# %aim Chan was summoned from ahore. ) story which is probably apocryphal but has been doin$ the rounds for $enerations# says that Ehah Nahan had the chief mason*s ri$ht hand amputated to preclude him from replicatin$ the Kmarvel in marble* anywhere else in the world.
'aj Gestles On 'he 6ans of -amuna Diver
ocated at the southern end of the city on the bans of the -amuna Diver# the site where the 'aj stands belon$ed to a Hindu nobleman# Daja (an Ein$h. )bdul Dehman ahori# the court historian recorded that 8ve million rupees were spent on the buildin$ M a in$*s ransom in those days. Once complete# the upeep of the mausoleum and its 42&acre $arden was funded with there venue obtained from 3
nei$hborin$ villa$es. 'here are three lofty $ateways to the 'ajmahel comple;. 'he central portal is richly decorated with oral arabes+ues and is inscribed with passa$es from the Coran. ) hu$e forecourt leads onto a lush $arden# which is divided by an a+ueduct. 'he main monument is a two storied octa$onal buildin$ with a hu$e rotunda as its crownin$ $lory. Jour sy&scraper tall minarets position themselves as sentries on each side of the monument M all built out of bric and encased in marble. 'he $raves of the celebrated duo# Ehah Nahan and (umta (ahal are housed in the catacomb below. 'he 'aj is remarable for its perfect proportions and rich pietra dura# and every minutiae in the monument has been etched with consummate sill. In a nutshell# the 'aj is the K7mbodiment of the Islamic oncept of @aradise*
The %rchitectura$ Mar&e$ - Paradise on *arth :In the Curan# the $arden symbolies paradise. Islam ori$inated in the deserts of )rabia where $reenery and water was very much coveted. !ardens underneath which rivers ow" is a phrase# that appears no less than 3 times in the Coran. 'he four main rivers of paradise are also mentionedP water# mil# wine and puri8ed honey. It is unmistaable that Ehah Nahan conceptualied the 'aj (ahal as Kheaven on earth*. )s you enter the $ates of the 'aj# it is lie an in$ression into heaven. 'he water courses divide the $arden into +uadrants. It was 6abur who had introduced the char&ba$h Afour&$ardenB concept into India. 'he ima$ery is threefoldP it is a symbol of paradise to reward the faithfulL an oasis from the dry desert heatL and a summation of the secular tradition of the royal pleasure $arden. and the watercourse# which divides the $arden into four# epitomies both# the life source and the meetin$ of man and od. In this conte;t# the spacious lawns surroundin$ the 'aj (ahal become as important as the mausoleum it self. -our travel trip to 'aj de8nitely leaves you mesmerie# a K@aradise on 7arth* really summaries its
ethereal appeal M the monument rivals any of the other wonders of the world.
Taj Mahotsa& : 'he best time to visit this 10 th century monument is durin$ 'aj (ahotsav. 'aj (ahotsavis 1 day sa$a held annually at Ehilp$ram# near 'aj (ahal. 6edeced elephants and camels# drum beaters# fol artists and master craftsmen to$ether recreate the $lorious past of the (u$hals. urin$ this fest# 'aj (ahal comes alive with culture and traditions. 'aj (ahostav provides an opportunity to its artisans to perform their art and craft. -ou can actually purchase crafts which includes wood carvin$s from Eaharanpur# handmade carpets of 6adohi# the pottery of Churja# chican&wor of ucnow# the sil of 6anares and much more. 'hrou$h 'aj (ahotsav# performers $et a platform to showcase profusion of fol music and dances of undelhand#
Sho!!ing %t Taj Maha$ : Nust at the entrance# there are number of shops. 'hese shops sells e;+uisite crafts and arts at aFordable price. -ou can purchase leather wor# footwear and embroidery. Infect# you small 'aj (ahal miniature made of white marble are +uite popular amon$st the tourists.
+etting to Taj Maha$: Nust 0 ms from )$ra city lies Cheria airport. Jrom %ir :elhi# Indira andhi )irport# 'aj (ahal is just 24 ms away. 'he nearest rail head for the 'aj (ahal is )$ra ,ai$ :antonment railway station. 'he city is connected with @alace on ,heels# Ehatabdi and 'aj 7;press.
,oadP& 7;press bus service are available from elhi# Naipur#
ucnow# walior# and Nhansi.
%ccommodation at Taj Maha$ : 'aj&(ahal is one of the major attractions of )$ra India. ue to its locale# 'aj&(ahal oFers best of accommodation facilities.
i&e Star Hote$ :•
Hotel lar Ehiraj
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Hotel 'aj view
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'hree Etar Hotel
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Hotel eedar&e&'aj
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Hotel )mar
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Hotel (ansin$h @alace
Major Tour !ackages to taj maha$ :•
India herita$e tours A: ni$htsQ1 daysB
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palace on wheels train tour A= ni$htsQ: daysB
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pil$rima$e in india A24 ni$htsQ25 daysB
.#/antar Mantar %n 0bser&atory: 'he Nantar (antar was built in 101 by Daja Nai Ein$h II of Naipur A19::&1043B in elhi. 'his is an observatory consistin$ of mason&built astronomical instruments to chart the course of the heavens. Nai Ein$h# who was a very scholarly in$ with a very een interest in astronomy and astrolo$y# had other observatories built too M
in jjain# Naipur# (athura Awhich no lon$er survivesB and aranasi. 'he 8rst amon$ these was this one in elhi. 'he yantras Ainstruments# which has been distorted to NantarB are built of bric rubble and plastered with lime. 'he yantras have evocative names lie# samrat yantra# jai praash# ram yantra and niyati charaL each of which are used to for various astronomical calculations.
1#India +ate %$$ India 2ar Memoria$ :India ate is constructed as a memorial and was built in the memory of :# soldiers who laid down their lives durin$ world war 1. ocated at Dajpath# India ate is 42 m hi$h and is popular rela;ation area durin$ the summer evenin$s. India ate also act as popular picnic spot durin$ winter. )lso nown as the )ll India ,ar (emorial# India ate was desi$ned and constructed by utyens. He was the who is considered the chief proclaimer in desi$nin$ the Gew elhi plans.
The %rchitectura$ Mar&e$ :) tour of utyens* elhi just has to ic oF with the stately India ate at the east end of the broad Nanpath Aearlier Cin$swayB that leads to the Dashtrapati 6hawan. )nother additional 13#519 names en$raved on the arch and foundations form a separate memorial to the 6ritish and Indian soldiers illed on the Gorth&,est Jrontier in the )f$han ,ar of 1:1:. 'he foundation stone was laid by HDH the ue of o nau$ht in 1:21 and the monument was dedicated to the nation 1 years later by the then iceroy# ord Irwin. )nother memorial# )mar Nawan Nyoti was added much later after India had said $ood bye to its imperial rulers. It is in the form of a ame that burns day and ni$ht under the arch to remind the nation of soldiers who perished in the Indo&@aistan ,ar of ecember 1:01.'he entire arch stands on a low base of red 6haratpur stone and rises in sta$es to a hu$e cornice# beneath which are inscribed Imperial suns. )bove on both
sides is inscribed IGI)# aned by (( and to the ri$ht# RIR. 'he shallow domed bowl at the top was intended to be 8lled with burnin$ oil on anniversaries but this is rarely done.
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The Breathtaking 3iew o India +ate :Gowadays# if you drive down the smooth wide e;panse of Dajpath on a midsummer ni$ht# you mi$ht be e;cused for assumin$ that a hu$e $litterin$ carnival is in pro$ress at India ate. 'he entire boulevard up to the monument is lined with cars# scooter# motorcycles and what&have&you. In fact all of elhi seems to have conver$ed to the emerald lawns of India ate. 'he air is thic with chatter# lau$hter and the cries of assorted vendors peddlin$ their wares. -ou can snac on anythin$ from fruit chaat Afruit salad with hot# spicy dressin$B# throu$h bhelpuri Aa snac of puFed rice# spices and hot# sweet and sour chutneyB# chana jor $aram Aspicy chicpeasB# dal a paodas Afried lentil&our dumplin$sB# potato chips to ice cream# candy oss and aerated drins.
% Perect P$ace or % Ha$t :(ost of the revelers come e+uipped with balls# Jrisbees or just a pac of playin$ cards. 6ut India ate has lots to oFer in the name of entertainment. -ou can watch moneys perform# enjoy a camel ride# blow soap bubbles all over the lawns# play with balloons and even $et your insides turned inside out on a ferries wheel. 6ut if
you as us# the best thin$ to do is to loll on the cool lawns# lic a bar of ice candy and watch the oodlit arch and the fountains nearby that seem ma$ically lit up with colored li$hts.
Major Tour Packages To India +ate :•
India Herita$e 'ours A: Gi$htsQ1daysB
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loden 'rian$le paa$e 'our A0Gi$htsQ= aysB
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'he Gorthern 7cstacy A = Gi$htsQ: daysB
4#Par$iament House o India %$so nown %s Sansad Bhawan - % 'arge 'egis$ati&e %ssemb$y :If it were not for the (onta$u& helmsford reforms of 1:1:# the @arliament House may not have been built. It*s corny how the buildin$ most indispensable to modern Indian democracy came up as an afterthou$ht. 7arlier called the ircular House# it was added to the layout at a later sta$e followin$ the reforms which created a lar$e e$islative )ssembly. 'his edi8ce is the brainchild of Herbert 6aer and was much criticied in comparison with utyens creations. )n article by Dobert 6yron in )rchitectural Deview# Nanuary1:31describes it thusP >'he ouncil hamber has been Eir Herbert*s unhappiest venture. Its eFect from a distance has been described. It resembles a Epanish bull&rin$# lyin$ lie a mill&wheel dropped accidentally on its side.>
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Etate
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On the northwest of ijay how# ne;t to the Eecretariat buildin$s at the end of @arliament Etreet AEansad (ar$B.
Jamous as
'he place where the Indian @arliament meets and the world
)dmission Jee
Jree# but prior permission re+uired Aforei$nersQcitiensP from their embassies or Hi$h commissionsQ from the reception oSce on Daisina DoadB
The Massi&e Structure: 'o the northwest of ijay how# this hu$e circular# colonnaded buildin$ comprises three semicircular chambers for the e$islatures and a entral ibrary crowned by a20.4m hi$h dome. It is 103m in diameter and covers 2.2 hectares in area# with colonnaded verandahs enclosin$ the entire circumference. 'he three semi&circular areas were desi$ned for the hamber of @rinces# the ouncil of Etate and the e$islative )ssembly. 'oday they house the chambers of the o Eabha AHouse of the @eopleB#Dajya Eabha Apper HouseB and the library. ) verandah with 144 columns surrounds the three chambers. 'he boundary wall has blocs of sandstone carved in $eometrical patterns that echo the (u$hal jalis. )n entry pass to the library can be obtained from the isitor*s reception on Daisina Doad by providin$ a letter of introduction from a (ember of @arliament. 'he library worin$ hours are from 1&1=. 'o obtain a visitor*s pass to Eansad 6hawan# Indian nationals should apply to the @arliament Eecretariat. Jorei$n nationals should apply throu$h their embassies or hi$h commissions.
5# ,ashtra!ati Bhawan ,ashtra!ati Bhawan 63iceroy Monument o British *m!ire :-
Pa$ace7-Best
nown
'he iceroy @alace remains utyens most si$ni8cant achievement. It is be8ttin$ly the crownin$ $lory of the 6ritish 7mpire and architecture in India. 'oday# it is perhaps India*s best nown monument after the 'aj (ahal and the %utub (inar. 6i$$er than the @alace of ersailles# it cost a whoppin$ T12#53# and now houses the @resident of India. It is un+uestionably a masterpiece of symmetry# discipline# silhouette# colour and harmony. of course# it has come in for much criticism too but that has mostly been limited to the imperial intent behind it rather than its architecture.
Pictures8ue 'ocation :6etter nown now as the Dashtrapati 6hawan# the sprawlin$ palace straddles the crown of Daisina Hill and is the focal point of Gew elhi. 'he majestic Dajpath Aearlier Cin$s ,ayB leads up to the palace on Daisina Hill and here comes into view the one fatal aw in desi$n. utyens and 6aer had a major showdown about the hei$ht of the slope approachin$ the palace which was at that time caricatured as the K,ar of the radient*. utyens wanted the palace to come into view as one climbed Daisina Hill. nfortunately# 6aer miscalculated. 'he palace disappears from si$ht till only the copper dome is visible. Jurious with 6aer# utyens said he had Kmet his 6aerloo*. 'he palace is aned by the two Eecretariats and the three to$ether# open into a hu$e s+uare called the iceroy*s ourt where the Naipur olumn stands tall. 'he iceroys ourt# which frames the main entrance to the house# has lateral entrances on the a;is of the Naipur olumn. Here the levels
were reduced arti8cially and cascades of steps are aned by hu$e sandstone elephants and rans of imperial lions modeled by the sculptor .E. Na$$er.
The %ttractions o The Pa$ace : 'he main entrance is approached by a broad i$ht of steps which lead to a 12&column portico. o notice the enormous projectin$ cornice or chajja# a (u$hal device# which blends so eFortlessly with the classical style of the monument. utyens* ability to smoothly incorporate li$ht oriental touches is all the more remarable $iven his active and profound dislie for Indian architecture. 'he most outstandin$ feature of the House M you can spot it while you are still a ilometer away M is the hu$e neo& 6uddhist copper dome that rises over a vast colonnaded fronta$e. 6eneath the dome is the circular urbar Hall 22.=m in diameter. 'he coloured marbles used in the hall come from all parts of India. 'he iceroy*s throne# ceremonially placed in this chamber# faced the main entrance and commanded a view alon$ the $reat a;ial vista of Cin$sway Anow DajpathB. )t present the hall is the venue of all oScial ceremonies such as the swearin$ in of the @rime (inister# the abinet and the (embers of @arliament. It is in this very chamber that the @resident annually confers the )rjuna )wards for 7;cellence. 'he columns at the front entrance have bells carved into their capitals. utyens reasoned that Kthe rin$in$ of bells sound the end of an empire and stone bells never sound*. espite this# the empire came to an end a brief 19 years later.
The +reat Interiors : 'he principal oor comprises a ma$ni8cent series of state apartments. 'he Etate rawin$ Doom is barrel&vaulted and plainly treated with domestic
8replaces. 'he Etate 6allroom is enriched with Old 7n$lish mirror $lass. 'he Etate ibrary is based on the form of ,ren*s Et Etephen*s# ,albroo. 'he Etate inin$ Doom is lined with tea panel lin$ enriched with the star of India. 'he concept of Imperial order and hierarchy permeates the entire house. (arble staircases anin$ the urbar Hall provide access to the private apartments above. 'here are 54 bedrooms to$ether with additional accommodation for $uests. ord Irwin# its 8rst occupant# Kept losin$ his way* but insisted that >in spite of its sie# it was essentially a live able& in&house.>
Mugha$ +arden : 'o the west the palace overloos an enormous (u$hal $arden desi$ned by utyens. Here the principles of hierarchy# order# symmetry and unity are e;tended from the house into the landscape. ) series of ornamental fountains# walls# $aebos and screens combine with scores of trees# owers and shrubs to create a paradise so deli$htful that Indians called the $arden Kod*s own Heaven*. 'he Irwin
The +$ory o The Pa$ace :)fter India became independent# the sheer sie of the buildin$ overwhelmed its new eepers. (ahatma andhi su$$ested it be turned into a hospital. 'hanfully# nobody too him seriously. 'he urbar Hall served as a museum for several years till the buildin$ which now houses the Gational (useum was completed. Here*s what (ar&6ench Nones remared about life at the iceroy*s House in his boo @alaces of the Daj. o note the then&and&
now comparison he maes on a later visit to the palace# lon$ after the 6ritish had $one. >'hen there were the ban+uets held durin$ sessions of the hamber of @rinces# when every other $uest at the lon$ table was the ruler of a Etate. 'he $old plate $littered in it scrimson&lined niche# the lustres $linted# the scarlet and $old hitma$ars moved deftly a$ainst the tea&panelled walls# and from an adjoinin$ room came the music of the iceroy*s band.>> In India that replaced the Daj# utyens* @alace has mana$ed to eep some of its $lory./)s the home of a modern democratic @resident# it is certainly on the lar$e side# but the Indians have been wise enou$h to maintain a @residential establishment worthy of the settin$. Ecarlet&clad $uards still sit on their char$ers beneath the stone sentry bo;es# hitma$ars in white# red and $old line the corridors.>
9# (utub Minar in )e$hi Constructed %s % Ho$y Minar : 'he world famous towerin$ %utub (inar# started in 11:2 by %utub&ud&din )iba A11:2&:=B# breathes down the nec of the %uwwat&ul&Islam mos+ue. 'here is a sli$ht diFerence of opinion as to its purposeP it probably was a tower of victory# but then a$ain it could have been built to be a minar AtowerB#attached to the %uwwat&ul& Islam mos+ue# for the mueinApriestB to climb up top for a prayer.
0ther Be$ie o Its Construction :)mon$ eli$hts there are lots of other theories about the ori$in of the tower. Eome say it was the observatory of the $reat scientist )ryabhatta of ancient India# other claim that it was built by @rithvi hauhan for his dau$hter to see the -amuna. In fact everythin$ short of an e;traterrestrial ori$in has been attributed to it. 'he presence
of the ancient non&rustin$ Iron @illar within the comple; further appears to add credence to the 8rst theory. However the tower# its entire desi$n and architecture are undisputedly Islamic and all the other theories are just matters of wild surmise. onsiderin$ how shortchan$ed he was for time# it is doubtful that %utub&ud&din $ot much further than a couple of levels of the minar# in fact many su$$est that lived to see only the 8rst storey complete. )ltamash# his successor# completed the remainin$ tower.
Measures Taken To ee! The Minar In Perect Sha!e :It is clear that the tower was very close to the sultanate
2.05m at the top. 'he tower The %ttraction o Crowning Cu!o$a :had a crownin$ cupola on the top at one time# however this was struc down sometime in the early 1:th century# an earth+uae felled it. 'his was replced by a well meanin$ 7n$lish en$ineer (ajor Emith. However it must have looed +uite an eyesore for when ord Hardin$e was overnor& $eneral of 6ritish India# he had it removed. -ou can see it now on the spruce lawns of the %utub comple;. ome to thin of it# it must have been eyesore M it
# hajuraho - 2or$d Heritage Site o India The Stones o Passion :Di$ht throu$h the (u$hal invasion and the early 6ritish forays into India# Chajuraho temples in India remained unnown. Dediscovered in this century# they are 8ne reminders of India
& a colossal pile of stone Aoften 3m hi$hB made of an arran$ement of miniature towers called shiharas. 'he famous ,estern $roup of temples are desi$nated as the ,orld Herita$e Eite and is enclosed within a beautifully laid out par. 'he ashmana and ishwanath 'emples to the front and 'he Candriya (ahadev# Na$adami and hitra$upta 'emples displays the best craftsmanship of Chajuraho
(uick bytes state
(adhya @radesh
location
'he ity of Chajuraho is situated in the forested plains of (adhya @radesh in the re$ion nown as 6undelhand and at area son able distance from most cities and town centers of the state
watch out
,estern roup of 'emples 7astern roup of Eouthern roup of 'emples
loo out
Chajuraho ance Jestival Held & 25 th Jeb & 3 th Jeb
2or$d Heritage Site 2estern +rou! o Tem!$es Major +rou!s o hajuraho Tem!$es :Jor the purpose of convenience# the villa$e of Chajuraho has been divided into three directional areas in which are located the major $roups of temples .
2estern +rou! Tem!$es : 'hese $roups of Chajuraho temples
are entirely Hindu# and constitute some of the 8nest e;amples of handela art at its pea. 'he lar$est bein$ the Candhariya (ahadev# followed by a $ranite temple & haunsath -o$ini. 'he hitra$upta 'emple is dedicated to the Eun od# while the ishwanath 'emple sports a three& headed ima$e of 6rahma M the reator of the niverse. 'he ashmana 'emple is superbly decorated# while the evi Na$dambi 'emple is dedicated to oddess Cali. Other temples in the ,estern roup include the araha 'emple with a nine&feet hi$h boar&incarnation of ord ishnu# the (atan$eshwara 'emple with a ei$ht&feet hi$h lin$am# and the 6rahma 'emple.
*astern +rou! Tem!$es : 'his $roup of Chajuraho tempels comprises of two historic Nain temples M the )dinath'emple lavishly embellished with sculpted 8$ures# and the @arsvanath 'emple# the lar$est Nain temple# sculpted with charmin$ detail. 'here are other shrines such as the amana 'emple with apsaras in sensuous poses# and the Navari 'emple that has a richly&carved doorway.
Southern +rou! : 'his $roup has two impressive Chajuraho temples# mainly belon$in$ to the 12th century M the haturbhuja 'emple# with a massive# carved ima$e of ishnu# and the uladeo 'emple# one of the last temples of the handela era# dedicated to ord Ehiva. Eymbolisin$ a medieval le$acy# the Chajuraho temples of India are a perfect fusion of architectural and sculptural e;cellence# representin$ one of the 8nest e;amples of Indian art.
Sou&enirs rom hajuraho :6ein$ one of the most visited places in India# many shops have developed which oFer
ssouvenirs at best of prices. 'here are number of stalls in front of these temples that presents array of articles which are worth buyin$.
hajuraho )ance esti&a$ :Held every year from 25th Jebruary to 2nd (arch# Chajuraho ance festival provides an e;clusive platform to showcase the Indian classical dance forms lie 6haratnatyam# Catha# Odisi# Cathaali etc. Jor over 25 years now# the carved stones 8lls with life durin$ the month of Jeb.
+etting to hajuraho :•
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'he airport is 5 ms from the city centre %ir P& and is well connected by domestic i$hts to and from )$ra# aranasi and Cathmandu. (ahoba# Eatna and Nhansi are the nearest Train P& railway stations. )ll of these are well connected by most of the major cities of India. Chajuraho is connected by re$ular bus ,oad P& services with (ahoba# Harpalpur# Eatna#Nhansi# walior# )$ra# Nabalpur and 6hopal. Chajuraho is 5: ms from elhi via walior and Nhansi.
%ccommodation :,hether there are any $ood hotels in Chajuraho or not? @robably you don
5 star hote$s :-
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1 star hote$ :-
Nass 'ridentHotel handela
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Hotel Chajuraho
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)sho
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sha 6undelaCairali )yurvedic Health
Epa
Best o hajuraho tem!$es :1. haturbhuja temple 2. devi ja$dambi temple 3. andariya mahadev temple 4. lasmana temple 5. parshvanath temple
Major Tour Packages To Madhya Pradesh :•
India Herita$e 'our A: Gi$hts Q 1 ays B
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Doc Herita$eA10 Gi$htsQ1= ays B
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'i$ers U Dhinos 'our A1= ni$hts Q 1:daysB
How to sa&e our monuments; : 'he )rchaeolo$ical Eurvey of India A)EIB under the provisions of the )()ED )ct# 1:5= protects monuments# sites and remains of national importance by $ivin$ a two&month*s notice for invitin$ objections# if any in this re$ard. )fter the speci8ed two&month*s period# and after scrutiniin$ the objections# if any received in this re$ard# the )EI maes decision to brin$ a monument under its
protection. 'here are at present more than 395 ancient monuments and archaeolo$ical sites and remains of national importance. 'hese monuments belon$ to diFerent periods# ran$in$ from the prehistoric period to the colonial period and are located in diFerent $eo$raphical settin$s. 'hey include temples# mos+ues# tombs# churches# cemeteries# forts# palaces# step&wells# roc&cut caves# and secular architecture as well as ancient mounds and sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation. 'hese monuments and sites are maintained and preserved throu$h various ircles of the )EI spread all over the country. 'he ircles loo after the research on these monuments and conservation activities# while the Ecience 6ranch with its head+uarters at ehradun carries out chemical preservation and the Horticulture 6ranch with its head+uarters at )$ra is entrusted with the layin$ out $ardens and environmental development.
"# Structura$ Conser&ation :)lthou$h there have been references of conservation of structures way bac in the early Historic @eriod as evidenced at Nuna$adh# ujarat# it was done on structures that were bene8cial to the contemporary society. 7ven the dawn of vision for the need to preserve monuments for its worth as a monument# mainly credited to the 6ritish was not less haphaard in the earlier times. 'he earlier attempts to $ive a le$al framewor for preventin$ vandalism were the two le$islations namely the 6en$al De$ulation of 1=1and (adras De$ulation of 1=10.'he monuments and sties that received nominal funds and attention way bac in 1:thcentury was 'aj (ahal# 'omb at Eiandara# %utb (inar# Eanchi and (athura. 6ased on the proposal submitted in 1=:=# 5 ircles were constituted to do the )rchaeolo$ical wor in India. 'hese ircles were re+uired to devote themselves entirely to conservation wor. ater the K)ncient (onuments and @reservation )ct# 1:4* was
passed with the prime objective to ensure the proper upeep and repair of ancient buildin$s in private owner ship e;ceptin$ such as those used for reli$ious purposes. Jrom the 8rst decade of the last century therefore many monuments could be taen up for conservation. One of the foremost conservators# N. (arshall who laid down the principles of conservation was also instrumental in preservin$ a number of monuments some of which are now under the ,orld Herita$e ist. 'he conservation wor of stapes at Eanchi earlier lyin$ in a mae of ruins $ave the site its pristine loos. 'he conservation processes had now become +uite formalied and the later worers in the 8eld were ac+uirin$ cumulative nowled$e of several $enerations. 7ven before Independence# thus# the )rchaeolo$ical Eurvey of India had developed si$ni8cant e;pertise so much as that it was invited for conservation wor in other countries. Eome of the outstandin$ e;amples of such wors are that of 6amiyan in )f$hanistan and later in the )n$or at of ambodia. 2. Chemica$ Preser&ation : 'he )rchaeolo$ical Eurvey of India*s Ecience 6ranch is responsible mainly for the chemical conservation treatment and preservation of some three thousand 8ve hundred ninety three @rotected monuments besides chemical preservation of museum and e;cavated objects countrywide. 'he real challen$e before us is to plan the necessary measures of conservation with a view to assure the survival of these built cultural herita$e and uni+ue symbols of our civiliations for centuries to come# with as little intervention as possible but without alterin$ or modifyin$ in any way the authenticity of their ori$inal character. 'o ensure the stability as well as proper conservation of our cultural herita$e# there is a need to $ive more thrust to the scienti8c research in conservation options
must be based on a preliminary investi$ation which includes the nowled$e of physical nature of the object Aconstituent materials# architectural characteristics# production techni+ues# state of decayB and of the factors which induce or could induced its decay. In other words# as in the case of medical study the 8eld of conservation therapy to be based on a correct dia$nosis. 'he role of scienti8c disciplines vital to both these steps of conservation activities. )ccordin$ly# a speci8c objective of scienti8c research activities in conservation bein$ carried out by the Ecience 6ranch is aimed to studyP (aterial deterioration process. 6asic studies of intervention technolo$ies. 6asic studies on materials. ia$nostic technolo$ies.
The main acti&ities o Science Branch are :hemical treatment and preservation of about 5 centrally protected monuments includin$ 1= world herita$e monuments. hemical treatment and preservation of museum e;hibits and e;cavated objects Ecienti8c and technical studies as well as research on material herita$e of diFerent buildin$ materials to study the causes of deterioration with a view to evolve appropriate conservation measures in order to improve the state of preservation of our built cultural herita$e and physical herita$e as well. hemical conservation of monuments and herita$e sites abroad 'echnical assistance to state protected monuments as well as built cultural herita$e under the control of trusts in the form of deposit wors. 'o impart trainin$ on chemical conservation to the students of @ost raduated iploma in )rchaeolo$y# from Institute of )rchaeolo$y# Gew elhi. 'o or$anie awareness pro$ram and worshops Qseminars with re$ard to scienti8c conservation wors.
