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_rnsnktdai pir5 Eisæ Sivfrd Afigcn !ik"dns Ens#s Isirfi Dktikfi Qdcdrns $dria Dgdair Fsd% _f&d _rnsnktdai d5 Kfsik Hdrrfi
^KF'NSXFADA AN HDSQD!NKD HDSQD!NKD (DH^JQDA AN FK!NKFNS)D _SI!SDGD AN FK!NKFNS)D *^FGFHD +,-./-?.+4
FKQSIAS^HHFIK Jd bumdhfada ns ukd gnafad rnjdhfikdad hik nj pitnkhfdj quçgfhi, birgdjgnktn, jd bumdhfada tfnkn ukfadans an ukd "prnsføk hirrnmfad" y nstä afrnhtdgnktn rnjdhfikdad hik jd tnkankhfd an ukd sustdkhfd an prnbnrfr ukd bdsn (jçqufad, søjfad i mds) brnktn d itrd.
D ukd tngpnrdturd y prnsføk bfeds, nj dmud (pir nengpji) tnkarä ukd bumdhfada afbnrnktn pdrd hdad bdsn. Dqunjjd bdsn hik jd gnkir bumdhfada snrä jd gäs
bdvirdjn! jd sustdkhfd gfkfgfd nktikhns jd #knrmçd jfrn an $fs. #j hikhnpti an bumdhfada bun fktriauhfai pir nj quçgfhi nstdaiukfanksn $fjnrt %. Jn&fs nk su ird 'n isgitfh prnssurn ib hikhnktrdtna sijutfiks, dka tn jd&s ib tn pnrbnht sijutfik (Jd prnsføk isgøtfhd nk jd sijuhfikns hikhnktrdads y jds jnyns an jds sijuhfikns pnrbnhtds). nbfkfhføk gdtngätfhd* Jd bumdhfada sn anbfkn pdrd trdtdr sustdkhfds an ukd birgd sfgfjdr d jd qun usdgis hik mdsns fandjns. +äs qun ukd gdmkftua bçsfhd ns ukd vdrfdjn drtfbfhfdj hik jd qun bdhfjftdgis nj trdtdgfnkti an sustdkhfds rndjns. #k uk mds fandj sn hugpjn*
ikan ns jd nknrmçd jfrn an $fs nspnhçbfhd! jd tngpnrdturd! jd prnsføk! ukd prnsføk an rnbnrnkhfd, nk prfkhfpfi drftrdrfd pnri qun sunjn tigdrsn higi dr y usdai pdrd fkafhdr qun sn trdtd an uk mds fandj. #-pdkafnkai nstd n-prnsføk pdrd sustdkhfds rndjns sn anbfkn jd bumdhfada higi jd bukhføk
qun dhn hfnrtd jd n-prnsføk*
#-dgfkdkai nstd anbfkfhføk qunad hjdrd jd fktnrprntdhføk an "prnsføk deustdad" an jd bumdhfada yd qun ivfdgnktn tfnkn jd gfsgd afgnksføk qun jd prnsføk. Dangäs hdn rnhdjhdr qun pdrd uk mds fandj jd bumdhfada ns fmudj qun jd prnsføk higi sn higprund dj higpdrdr jds ais nhudhfikns prnhnanktns. igi tiais jis mdsns sik fandjns nk prnsfikns tnkafnkai d hnri jd bumdhfada ann sdtfsbdhnr*
n dquç sn anbfkn nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada,
higi*
#j hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada ns dafgnksfikdj y gfan jd "fandjfada" an ukd sustdkhfd. udkti gäs prø-fgi d jd ukfada snd gäs fandj snrä y vfhnvnrsd. #j hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada an uk mds sn punan hdjhujdr gnafdktn jd sfmufnktn rnjdhføk*
ikan / ns nj bdhtir an higprnsffjfada anj mds, adai nk bukhføk an jd prnsføk.
Hdsi pricngd +5 djhujdr nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada anj gntdki d ?4,4? 3 usdkai jds nhudhfikns an 8nkm1>ifksik, 2nknafht1=n1>ufk y jd nhudhføk trukhdad anj snmukai hinbfhfnktn vfrfdj. igpdrdr jis rnsujtdais hik jis adtis n-pnrfgnktdjns y nkhiktrdr nj nrrir pirhnktudj, dangäs an mrdbfhdr jis rnsujtdr.
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( 4 + γ ) ( U + Ͼ γ ) ( U + ψγ ) ∓qzγ + q γ 3 U 7 ( U + Ͼ γ ) ( U + ψγ ) 8dsdkai jis t9rgfkis dj itri jdai tnkngis qun*
( U +Ͼ γ ) ( U + ψγ )∝U 7( 4 + γ ) ( U + Ͼ γ ) ( U +ψγ )∓qzγ + q γ3 Dpjfhdkai bdhtir higNk* U + ( ψ + Ͼ ) U B 8
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( 4 + γ ) U 3 B ( 4 + γ ) ( ψ + Ͼ ) Uγ + ( 4 + γ ) ψϾ U ∓ qUγ + q γ3
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3
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Odhngis an jds rnjdhfikns, hikstdktns pdrd gdkfpujdr jd nhudhføk an gneir gdknrd
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F%JEHMF%#H ik rnspnhti dj prfgnr hdsi piangis hikhjufr qun nj higpirtdgfnkti anj gntdki d deds prnsfikns punan snr dkdjfdai hik n-dhtftua dhnptdjn pir jds trns nhudhfikns nstuafdads nk nstn nshrfti. Hfk ngdrmi, dj dugnktdr jd prnsføk nk nj higpunsti, piangis vnr qun jis nrrirns an häjhuji ngpfndk d dpdrnhnr anfai d ji afbçhfj qun ns prnanhfr jds pripfnadans an ukd sustdkhfd hudkai sn trdded d djtds prnsfikns y @i tngpnrdturds. n hudjqufnr giai, rnhignkadgis nj usi an jd nhudhføk anj vfrfdj nk nstn hdsi, yd qun sus prnafhhfikns sik uk tdkti gäs dhnrtdads d jis vdjirns itnkfais n-pnrfgnktdjgnktn dj higprfgfr nj gntdki. udkai sn trdtd an ukd gnhjd, jis häjhujis sn annk fktnksfbfhdr uk pihi y ns guy fgpirtdktn nj usi an nrrdgfnktds an primrdgdhføk pdrd nj häjhuji an jis hinbfhfnktns an bumdhfada utfjfdkai jd nhudhføk anj vfrfdj (hdsi 7), fkhjusi sf jd trukhdgis nk nj snmukai hinbfhfnktn.
D%#FH Djmirftgi pdrd hdjhujdr nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada usdkai jd nhudhføk anj vfrfdj nk gdtjd* hjh hjndr djj birgdt jikm Q78=.=8+3=8.4>0 Qh746?.20 _7P4,8.1?3,2.1.18=,2<.?12,4?3.?=,4?=.44?W0 _h71>.66?.6<263832=0 ignmd7?.?430 Qr7Q!Qh0 _r7_!_h0 "?7?.?<8#?.133!$Qr%4.2&0 "47?.486#?.4=3!$Qr%1.3&0 '()7n*'$_r!Qr$"?+ignmd"4&&0 birgdt (irt '()7rik-k$'(),#1&0 '()n*'7P?.66<>,?.66>4,?.66?>,?.6
Djmirftgi pdrd hdjhujdr nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada usdkai jd nhudhføk an 8nkm1 >ifksik nk gdtjd* hjh hjndr djj birgdt jikm 7?.?===60 _7?.1>=310 )mgd74+rt$3&0 n')jik74#rt$3&0 Q78=.=8+3=8.4>0 Qh746?.20 _7P4,8.1?3,2.1.18=,2<.?12,4?3.?=,4?=.44?W0 _h71>.66?.6<263832=0 ignmd7?.?430 Qr7Q!Qh0 _r7_!_h0
djbd7$4+$?.8=121+4.>133ignmd#?.32663$ignmd&%3&$4#rt$Qr&&&%30 /ntd7$_r!Qr&0 7_djbd!$Qr&0 7$n')jik+)mgd&./ntd#$4+/ntd&0 "7/ntd.$)mgdn')jik#$4+/ntd&$)mgd+djbd&+&0 7#$/ntd&.%30 7P? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?W0 Q7P? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?W0 '()7P? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?W0 bir )744? 57P4 $)& "$)& $)&W0 7riit$5&0 $)&7gd*$&0 Q$)&7$4!$)mgd#n')jik&&jim$$$)&+)mgd/ntd$)&&!$$)& +n')jik/ntd$)&&&0 '()$)&7n*'$$)#jim$$)&#/ntd$)&&#Q$)&&0 nkbirgdt (irt '()7rik-k$'(),#1&0 '()n*'7P?.66<>,?.66>4,?.66?>,?.6
Djmirftgi pdrd hdjhujdr nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada usdkai jd nhudhføk an 2nknafht1=n1>ufk nk gdtjd* hjh hjndr birgdt jikm :7?.?<3?>=120 Q78=.=8+3=8.4>0 _7P4,8.1?3,2.1.18=,2<.?12,4?3.?=,4?=.44?W0 ?74.<>>0 "?7?.?1320 ?7?.?33>=n+20 d7?.?1610 /7?.??88<0 h7?.??3>1>n+20 djbd7?.4318>6n#80 mdggd7?.2n#30 g ;_7$:Q!$9&&+$"?:Q#?#?!Q%3&!$9&%3+$/:Q#d&!$9&%8+$ddjbd&!$9&%2+$h! $$9&%8Q%3&&$4+mdggd!$9&%3&n*'$#mdggd!$9&%3&0 ;b7P?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?W0 ;-b7P?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?W0 b7P?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?W0
(7d/$&4n#=0 bir )744? b$)&7$:Q!$:Q!_$)&&&+$"?:Q#?#?!Q%3&!$:Q!_$)&&%3+$/:Q#d&! $:Q!_$)&&%8+$ddjbd&!$:Q!_$)&&%2+$h!$$:Q!_$)&&%8Q%3&&$4+mdggd! $:Q!_$)&&%3&n*'$#mdggd!$:Q!_$)&&%3&#_$)&0 -b$)&7$/$b$)&,,+(&#b$)&&!(0 nkbir )744? )7?.20 74?0 O()jn D4n#= b$)&7)#$/$b$)&,,)&!/$-b$)&,,)&&0 7d/$$)#b$)&&!b$)&&0 )7b$)&0 nknkk730 C7P_0$b#4&.!_W0 P',W7)n$C&0 bir )74$k+4& bir H74 d7)#40 $),H&7C$3,H&$C$4,H&&%d0 A$)&7g$$),&&0 bir '74$3k+4& d7'#40 5$',H&7$C$4,H&&%d0 N$'&7g$5$',&&0 nknknkbir )74$k+4& bir H74$k+4& d7)+H#40 $),H&7N$d&0 nknkB7d$,A&0 '()7n*'$$B$8&_.%8&!8+$B$3&_.%3&!3+B$4&._&0 ;birgdt (irt '()7rik-k$'(),#1&0 '()n*'7P?.66<>,?.66>4,?.66?>,?.6
Djmirftgi pdrd hdjhujdr nj hinbfhfnktn an bumdhfada nk ukd gnhjd gujtfhigpiknktn ngpjndkai jd nhudhføk anj vfrfdj nk gdtjd*
hjh hjndr djj birgdt jikm :7?.?<3?>=120 7P?.?111, ?.3<<16, ?.23?6<, ?.?1><, ?.???81W0 Q722+3=8.4>0 ;MnjL)k Qh7P46?.2, 826.<, 13>.4, 126.=, >?=.2W0 ;Pntdki, _ri'dki, "tdki, _nktdki, Fn*dkiW _740 ;tgibnrd _h7P1>.66, 13.1<, 8=.62, 88.=, 8?.3>W?.6<263832=0 9h7P6<.2, 3??, 3>>, 848, 8=4W!4???0 h7P?.3<2, ?.3=2, ?.3=1, ?.3=?, ?.322W0 ignmd7P?.?43, ?.4>3, ?.3, ?.3>3, ?.8?4W0 E7P#?.< ? ? ? ?W0 ignmd7nri$>&0 Qh7nri$>&0 h7nri$>&0 9h7nri$>&0 _h7nri$>&0 Qr7nri$>&0 "?7nri$>&0 "47nri$>&0 "7nri$>&0 "7nri$>&0 -njtd7nri$>&0 7nri$>&0 gd7P?,?,?,?,?W0 '()7P?,?,?,?,?W0 bir )74> bir H74> ignmd$),H&7$ignmd$)&+ignmd$H&&!30 M$),H&7$E$)&+E$H&&!30 Qh$),H&7rt$Qh$)&Qh$H&&$4#M$),H&&0 h$),H&7$h$)&+h$H&&!30 9h$),H&7$$9h$)&%$4!8&+9h$H&%$4!8&&!3&%80 )b )77H _h$),H&7_h$)&0 njn _h$),H&7$h$),H&Qh$),H&:&!9h$),H&0 nk Qr$),H&7Q!Qh$),H&0 "?$),H&7?.?<8#?.133!$Qr$),H&%4.2&0 "4$),H&7?.486#?.4=3!$Qr$),H&%1.3&0 "$),H&7"?$),H&+ignmd$),H&"4$),H&0 "$),H&7$"$),H&Qh$),H&:&!_h$),H&0 nknkbir )74> bir H74> -njtd$),H&73"$),H&#"$),)&#"$H,H&0 nknkbir E74> bir )74> bir H74>
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