UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE ING.GEOLOGICA, MINAS Y METALURGICA
E.A.P INGENIERÍA METALÚRGICA FISICA GENERAL
“CALOR” Nombre del profesor: FÉLIX J. ACEVEDO POMA Nombre de los l!m"os: ANCO ARCONDO, ALEX
Fe#$ de E"%re&: 13 DE JULIO DEL 2016
INTRO'(CCI)N
En físic, !"nsf#"#nci $# #n#"%í $# &n '"!# (!" $# &n c&#"'(, ( #n!"# $if#"#n!#s c&#"'(s, #n )i"!&$ $# &n $if#"#nci $# !#*'#"!&". E+ c+(" #s #n#"%í #n !"nsi!(- si#*'"# &/# $# &n (n $# */(" !#*'#"!&" &n (n $# *#n(" !#*'#"!&", c(n +( &# #+#) + !#*'#"!&" $# + s#%&n$ / "#$&c# + $# + '"i*#", si#*'"# &# #+ )(+&*#n $# +(s c&#"'(s s# *n!#n% c(ns!n!#. L #n#"%í n( &/# $#s$# &n (#!( $# !#*'#"!&" &n (#!( $# !#*'#"!&" +! si n( s# "#+i !"(. 4s! '"inci'i(s $#+ si%+( XIX, #+ #f#c!( $#+ c+(" s("# + !#*'#"!&" $# &n c&#"'( s# #5'+ic '(s!&+n$( + #5is!#nci $# &n s&s!nci ( f("* $# *!#"i in)isi+#, $#n(*in$ c+"ic(. 7#%8n + !#("í $#+ c+"ic(, &n c&#"'( $# !#*'#"!&" +! c(n!i#n# *s c+"ic( &# (!"( $# !#*'#"!&" - #+ '"i*#"( c#$# '"!# $#+ c+"ic( + s#%&n$( + '(n#"s# #n c(n!c!( *(s c&#"'(s, c(n +( &# &*#n! + !#*'#"!&" $# $ic9( c&#"'( / $is*in&/# + s&/ '"('i. A&n&# + !#("í $#+ c+"ic( #5'+ic +%&n(s f#n*#n(s $# + !"nsf#"#nci $# c+(", +s '"&#s #5'#"i*#n!+#s '"#s#n!$s '(" #+ físic( "i!nic( :#n*in ;9(*'s(n #n 1<=> / '(" #+ &í*ic( "i!nic( 4&*'9"/ D)/ #n 1<== s&%#"ín &# #+ c+(", i%&+ &# #+ !"(, c(""#s'(n$# #n#"%í #n !"nsi!( ?'"(c#s( $# in!#"c*i( $# #n#"%í@. En!"# 1>0 / 1>=, #+ físic( "i!nic( J*#s P"#sc(!! J(&+#, #n &n s#"i# $# #5'#"i*#n!(s *&/ '"#cis(s, $#*(s!" $# f("* c(nc+&/#n!# &# #+ c+(" #s &n !"nsf#"#nci $# #n#"%í / &# '&#$# c&s" +(s *is*(s c*i(s #n &n c&#"'( &# #+ !"(.
CALOR E+ c+(" #s '(si+# $#Bni"+( c(*( #n#"%í !"nsf#"i$ #n!"# $(s c&#"'(s ( sis!#*s, s# '&#$# s(ci" + *()i*i#n!( *(+#c&+" / (!"s '"!íc&+s &# f("*n + *!#"i. E+ c+(" '&#$# s#" %#n#"$( '(" "#cci(n#s &í*ics, "#cci(n#s n&c+#"#s, $isi'cin #+#c!"(*%n!ic ( '(" $isi'cin *#cnic. 7& c(nc#'!( #s! +i%$( + P"inci'i( C#"( $# + ;#"*($in*ic, s#%8n #+ c&+ $(s c&#"'(s #n c(n!c!( in!#"c*in #n#"%í 9s! &# s& !#*'#"!&" s# #&i+i"#. E+ c+(" '&#$# s#" !"nsf#"i$( #n!"# (#!(s '(" $if#"#n!#s *#cnis*(s, #n!"# +(s &# c# "#s#" + "$icin, + c(n$&ccin / + c(n)#ccin, &n&# #n + */("í $# +(s '"(c#s(s "#+#s !($(s +(s *#cnis*(s n!#"i("#s s# #nc&#n!"n '"#s#n!#s #n */(" ( *#n(" %"$(. E+ c+(" &# '&#$# in!#"c*i" &n c&#"'( c(n s& #n!("n( $#'#n$# $#+ !i'( $# !"nsf("*cin &# s# #f#c!8# s("# #s# c&#"'( / '(" !n!( $#'#n$# $#+ c*in(. L(s c&#"'(s n( !i#n#n c+(", sin( #n#"%í in!#"n. E+ c+(" #s + !"nsf#"#nci $# '"!# $# $ic9 #n#"%í in!#"n ?#n#"%í !"*ic@ $# &n sis!#* (!"(, c(n + c(n$icin $# &# #s!n $if#"#n!# !#*'#"!&". L #n#"%í !"*ic !*in s# '&#$# '"()#c9" #n &n *(!(" !"*ic(- #n #+ cs( $# + #n#"%í n&c+#" '" + %#n#"cin $# #n#"%í #+c!"ic, / #n #+ cs( $# + c(*&s!in, $#*s, '" (!#n#" !"(, c(*( #n +(s *(!("#s $# +(s &!(*)i+#s ( $# +(s )i(n#s. L #n#"%í !"*ic #s + f("* $# #n#"%í &# in!#")i#n# #n +(s f#n*#n(s c+("íBc(s, #+ !i'( $# #n#"%í &# s# c#$# $# &n c&#"'( (!"( c(*( c(ns#c&#nci $# &n $if#"#nci $# !#*'#"!&"s #s '"#cis*#n!# + #n#"%í !"*ic. L #n#"%í !"*ic $# &n c&#"'( #s + #n#"%í "#s&+!n!# $# s&*" !($s +s #n#"%ís *#cnics s(ci$s +(s *()i*i#n!(s $# +s $if#"#n!#s '"!íc&+s &# +( c(*'(n#n. 7# !"! $# &n *%ni!&$ &# n( s# '&#$# *#$i" #n !"*in(s s(+&!(s, '#"( #s '(si+#, sin #*"%(, $#!#"*in" s&s )"ici(n#s.
EL CALOR COMO FORMA 'E ENERGÍA C(*( / 9#*(s )is!( #n c'í!&+(s n!#"i("#s, + *!#"i !i#n# + c'ci$$ $# '"($&ci" !"(, +( &# ++**(s #n#"%í. Un f("* $# #n#"%í #s #+ c+(", '&#s!( &# #s c' $# '"($&ci" &n !"( / $# !"nsf("*"s# #n (!"s f("*s $# #n#"%í. D# #s! f("*, #n +s n!i%&s +(c(*(!("s ( #n +(s &!(*)i+#s c(n)#nci(n+#s, '"()is!(s $# &n *(!(" $# c(*&s!in, #+ c+(" (!#ni$( + &#*" #+ c(*&s!i+# '"($&c# &n !"( &# '#"*i!# #+ *()i*i#n!( $#+ )#9íc&+(.
(NI'A'ES 'E ME'I'A C(*( *%ni!&$ físic &# #s, #+ c+(" '&#$# s#" *#$i$( /, '(" !n!(, '(s## &ni$$#s '"('is. L c+("í ?c+@ #s + &ni$$ f&n$*#n!+ $# c+("- #&i)+# ,1> &+i(s / s# $#Bn# c(*( + cn!i$$ $# c+(" n#c#s"i &# s# $## c(*&nic" &n %"*( c#n!í%"$( '"#sin !*(sf"ic n("*+. A&n&# #s! #s + &ni$$ *s #*'+#$ #n físic #5'#"i*#n!+, !*in s# #*'+# + i+(c+("í ?c+@ ?#&i)+#n!# 1.000 c+@ /, #n *#n(" *#$i$, + !"*ic ?!#"@, c&/( )+(" #s $# 10 6 c+. E+ :;U, ?( &ni$$ !"*ic "i!nic@ #s &n *#$i$ '" #+ c+(" *&/ &s$ #n Es!$(s Uni$(s / #n *&c9(s (!"(s 'ís#s $# A*"ic. 7# $#Bn# c(*( + cn!i$$ $# c+(" &# s# $## %"#%" &n +i" $# %& '" &*#n!" s& !#*'#"!&" #n &n %"$( F9"#n9#i!, / #&i)+# 2G2 c+("ís.
TRANSFORMACI)N 'E CALOR EN TRA*A+O , 'E TRA*A+O EN CALOR 4#*(s )is!( &# #+ c+(" #s &n f("* $# #n#"%í / &#, '(" !n!(, #s c' $# "#+i" &n !"(.
És!# #s #+ '"inci'i( $# f&nci(n*i#n!(, '(" ##*'+(, $# +(s *(!("#s $# c(*&s!in. D# i%&+ *n#", #+ !"( '&#$# !"nsf("*"s# !(!+*#n!# #n c+(". C&n$( &n &!(*)i+ &# #s! ci"c&+n$( f"#n, !($ s& #n#"%í *#cnic $#s'"#c#, c(n)i"!in$(s# #n c+(" &# '&#$# s#" $#!#c!$( #n +(s f"#n(s, +(s n#&*!ic(s, #+ *(!(" / #n #+ i"# &# "($# !+#s #+#*#n!(s. 7in #*"%(, #+ c+(" n&nc s# c(n)i#"!# !(!+*#n!# #n !"(. C(n!in&n$( c(n #+ ##*'+( $#+ &!(*)i+, + c(*&s!in &# s# '"($&c# #n #+ in!#"i(" $# +(s ci+in$"(s c(*&nic &n c+(" +(s %s#s c(n!#ni$(s #n +, +( &# '"()(c s& #5'nsin / #+ c(nsi%&i#n!# *()i*i#n!( $#+ 'is!n. N( (s!n!#, +(s %s#s #5'&+s$(s $# + c*" $# c(*&s!in 8n c(n!in8n &n !#*'#"!&" *s #+#)$ &# + *i#n!+ / !*in 9/ &n !"nsf#"#nci $# c+(" 9ci +(s #+#*#n!(s *#cnic(s, +( &# $#*&#s!" + #5is!#nci $# &n ci#"! cn!i$$ $# c+(" &# n( #s '"()#c9$. P(" !n!(, #+ !"( &# #+ *(!(" "#+i ) #*'+#" 8nic*#n!# #+ c+(" "#s&+!n!# $# + $if#"#nci #n!"# #+ c+(" &# s# c(*&nic +(s %s#s #n #+ in!#"i(" $#+ ci+in$"( ?H1@ / #+ c+(" &# !($)í c(ns#")n c&n$( s+#n $# + ?H 2@. E+ !"( si s# c(n)i#"!# c(*'+#!*#n!# #n c+(". 7i #s!( #s sí, + #n#"%í *#cnic '#"$i$ / #+ c+(" %n$( 9n $# s#" i%&+#s. En &n( $# s&s #5'#"i*#n!#s, #+ físic( in%+#s J*#s P"#sc"(!! J(&+# '&$( c(*'"(" &# &n ci#"! #n#"%í *#cnic !"nsf("*$ #n c+(" #s s("i$ '(" &n cn!i$$ c(ns!n!# $# %&, '"($&cin$(s# &n inc"#*#n!( #n + !#*'#"!&" $#+ %& &# #s si#*'"# #+ *is*(, in$#'#n$i#n!#*#n!# $#+ *!($( &# s# si% '" %#n#"" + #n#"%í. A '"!i" $# #s! #5'#"i#nci s# $#Bn# #+ #&i)+#n!# *#cnic( $# + c+("í c(*( + cn!i$$ $# !"( *#$i$( #n (&+#(s &#, + !"nsf("*"s# #n c+(", '"($&c#n &n c+("í. 7# "#'"#s#n! '(" J / s& )+(" #s JK,1>6 J(&+#c+.
CALOR ESPECÍFICO L cn!i$$ $# c+(" &# &n $#!#"*in$ *s $# &n s&s!nci 'i#"$# ( "#ci# s# c"c!#"i '(" +(s si%&i#n!#s s'#c!(s @ Es $i"#c!*#n!# '"('("ci(n+ +(s inc"#*#n!(s $# !#*'#"!&" &# s&f"#. @ Ls cn!i$$#s $if#"#n!#s &# '"($&c#n &n *is* #+#)cin $# + !#*'#"!&" #n cn!i$$#s $is!in!s $# &n *is* s&s!nci s(n $i"#c!*#n!# '"('("ci(n+#s + *s. c@ P" *ss i%&+#s / + *is* #+#)cin $# !#*'#"!&", + cn!i$$ $# c+(" $#'#n$#" $# + s&s!nci &# s# c+i#n!#. Es!(s !"#s '&n!(s '&#$#n "#s&*i"s# #n + si%&i#n!# #5'"#sin -C. m. % Dn$# HK c+(" "#cii$( ( '#"$i$( '(" #+ c&#"'(. CKfc!(" #s'#cíBc( $# c$ s&s!nci. *K*s #n %"*(s !K inc"#*#n!( ( $#sc#ns( $# + !#*'#"!&" E+ fc!(" c, $if#"#n!# '" c$ !i'( $# s&s!nci, #s #+ c+(" #s'#cíBc(, &# s# $#Bn# c(*( + cn!i$$ $# c+(" &# n#c#si! 1%* $# &n $#!#"*in$ s&s!nci '" #+#)" s& !#*'#"!&" #n &n %"$( c#n!í%"$(.
CALOR LATENTE Un c&#"'( s+i$( '&#$# #s!" #n #&i+i"i( !"*ic( c(n &n +í&i$( ( &n %s c&+&i#" !#*'#"!&", ( &# &n +í&i$( / &n %s '&#$#n #s!" #n #&i+i"i( !"*ic( #n!"# sí, #n &n *'+i %* $# !#*'#"!&"s, / &# s# !"! $# s&s!ncis $if#"#n!#s. P#"( +( &# #s *#n(s #)i$#n!# #s &# $(s fs#s ( #s!$(s $# %"#%cin, $is!in!s $# &n *is* s&s!nci, '&#$n #s!" #n #&i+i"i( !"*ic( #n!"# sí #n ci"c&ns!ncis '"('i$s. Un sis!#* &# c(nsis!# #n f("*s s+i$ / +í&i$ $# $#!#"*in$ s&s!nci, &n '"#sin c(ns!n!# $$, '&#$# #s!" #n #&i+i"i( !"*ic(, '#"( 8nic*#n!# &n !#*'#"!&" ++*$ '&n!( $# f&sin. A #s! !#*'#"!&", s# n#c#si! ci#"! cn!i$$ $# c+(" '" '($#" f&n$i" ci#"! cn!i$$ $#+ *!#"i+ s+i$(, '#"( sin &# 9/ &n c*i( si%niBc!i)( #n s& !#*'#"!&". A #s! cn!i$$ $# #n#"%í s# +# ++* c+(" $# f&sin, c+(" +!#n!# $# f&sin ( #n!+'í $# f&sin, / )"í s#%8n +s $if#"#n!#s s&s!ncis. E+ c+(" $# f&sin "#'"#s#n! + #n#"%í n#c#s"i '" $#s9c#" + fs# s+i$ &# #s! #s!"#c9*#n!# &ni$ / c(n)#"!i"+ #n +í&i$(. P" c(n)#"!i" +í&i$( #n s+i$( s# n#c#si! + *is* cn!i$$ $# #n#"%í, '(" #++(s #+ c+(" $# f&sin "#'"#s#n! + #n#"%í n#c#s"i '" c*i" $#+ #s!$( s+i$( +í&i$(, / !*in '" 's" $#+ #s!$( +í&i$( s+i$(. D# *n#" si*i+", &n +í&i$( / &n )'(" $# &n *is* s&s!nci '&#$#n #s!" #n #&i+i"i( !"*ic( &n !#*'#"!&" ++*$ '&n!( $# #&++icin. E+ c+(" n#c#s"i( '" #)'("" &n s&s!nci #n #s!$( +í&i$( s# ++* c+(" $# #&++icin ( c+(" +!#n!# $# #&++icin ( #n!+'í $# #&++icin, / s# *i$# #n +s *is*s &ni$$#s &# #+ c+(" +!#n!# $# f&sin.
TRANSMISI)N 'E CALOR EN ORGANISMOS ;($(s +(s s#"#s )i)(s "#+in c(n!in&*#n!# in!#"c*i( $# #n#"%í c(n #+ #n!("n(, !($(s )i)#n #n &n *i#n!# !"*ic(. L f&#n!# '"i*"i, c(*( s#*(s, '"()i#n# $# + "$icin s(+". L #n#"%í s(+" #s c'!$ '(" +(s ("%nis*(s $i"#c!*#n!#, $if&n$i$ '(" #+ ci#+( ( "##$ $#s$# #+ s&#+( ( +s "(cs, !*in +i#"n c+(" c(ns!n!#*#n!# *#$in!# +(s $if#"#n!#s '"(c#s(s *#!+ic(s &# "#+in. C(*( s#*(s, +s '+n!s !"nsf("*n i*'("!n!#s cn!i$$#s $# "$icin s(+" #n #n#"%í &í*ic *#$in!# #+ '"(c#s( f(!(sin!!ic(, '" *in("" #+ #f#c!( $# +(s c*i(s $# !#*'#"!&" *i#n!+, +(s ("%nis*(s $##n $#s""(++" $if#"#n!#s f&nci(n#s. Un $# +s f("*s *#$in!# +s c&+#s +(s ("%nis*(s +i#"n c+(" + #5!#"i(" /, "#%&+n s& !#*'#"!&" in!#"n, #s + #)'("cin. M#$in!# #++, +(s s#"#s )i)(s s(n c'c#s $# +i#"" c+(" '" *n!#n#" #n c(n$ici(n#s '!i*s, s& *#$i( in!#"n(. L #)'("cin $#'#n$# $# + $if#"#nci $# '"#sin $# )'(" #n!"# #+ i"# ci"c&n$n!# / #+ (#!( & ("%nis*(, '#"( si + 9&*#$$ *i#n!+ #s &n$n!#, 9/ '(c #)'("cin /, '(c $isi'cin $# c+(" '(" #s!# *#$i(. C&n$( #+ *i#n!# #s s#c(, &*#n! + !s $# #)'("cin / c(n #++ + $isi'cin $# c+(". Ls '+n!s '(c( '&#$#n 9c#" in!#"n*#n!# '" "#%&+" s& !#*'#"!&" in!#"n. C(ns!n!#*#n!# #s!n #5'&#s!s $if#"#n!#s f("*s $# !"ns*isin $# c+(" / s& *#!(+is*( c&#n! c(n *&/ '(cs +!#"n!i)s '" *n!#n#" #+ c(n!"(+ c("'("+. Ls '+n!s n( '&#$#n $#s'+"s# '" #)i!" ( &sc" + "$icin. #n#"+*#n!# 'i#"$#n c+(" '(" c(n)#ccin / #)'("cin, '(" #++(, #+ !*( / f("* $# s&s 9(s !i#n#n %"n i*'("!nci. Ls 9(s &#
'"#s#n!n *&c9(s +&+(s ( s+i#n!#s 'i#"$#n c+(" $# *n#" *s #Bci#n!# &# +s 9(s %"n$#s / '(c( +(&+$s. L(s ("$#s / #5!"#*(s $# +s 9(s s&f"#n *s +(s c*i(s $# !#*'#"!&" / '(" #++(, +(s *"%#n#s $# +s 9(s, c(n f"#c&#nci s# 9i#+n '(" #+ f"í( ( s# s#cn '(" #+ c+(" / +(s %"n$#s !"(nc(s !i#n#n */(" c'ci$$ '" %&"$" #+ c+(" / '(" #++(, s(n &n "#f&%i( &sc$( '(" )#s / '#&#(s **íf#"(s
TRANSMISI)N 'E CALOR
;"nsf#"#nci $# c+(" #s #+ '"(c#s( '(" #+ &# s# in!#"c*i #n#"%í #n f("* $# c+(" #n!"# $is!in!(s c&#"'(s, ( #n!"# $if#"#n!#s '"!#s $# &n *is*( c&#"'( &# #s!n $is!in! !#*'#"!&". E+ c+(" s# !"nsB#"# *#$in!# c(n)#ccin, "$icin ( c(n$&ccin. A&n&# #s!(s !"#s '"(c#s(s '&#$#n !#n#" +&%" si*&+!n#*#n!#, '&#$# (c&""i" &# &n( $# +(s *#cnis*(s '"#$(*in# s("# +(s (!"(s $(s. Co"d!##/0": L c(n$&c!i)i$$ !"*ic #s &n '"('i#$$ físic $# +(s *!#"i+#s &# *i$# + c'ci$$ $# c(n$&ccin $# c+(". En (!"s '+"s + c(n$&c!i)i$$ !"*ic #s !*in + c'ci$$ $# &n s&s!nci $# !"nsf#"i" #+ *()i*i#n!( cin!ic( $# s&s *(+c&+s s&s '"('is *(+c&+s $/c#n!#s ( (!"s s&s!ncis c(n +s &# #s! #n c(n!c!(. L in)#"s $# + c(n$&c!i)i$$ !"*ic #s + "#sis!i)i$$ !"*ic, &# #s + c'ci$$ $# +(s *!#"i+#s '" ('(n#"s# + 's( $#+ c+(". C&n$( s# c+i#n! + *!#"i + #n#"%í cin!ic '"(*#$i( $# s&s *(+c&+s &*#n!, inc"#*#n!n$(s# s& *()i*i#n!(.
Co"1e##/0": L c(n)#ccin s# c"c!#"i '("&# s# '"($&c# '(" in!#"*#$i( $# &n &i$( &# !"ns'("! #+ c+(" #n!"# (ns c(n $if#"#n!#s !#*'#"!&"s. L c(n)#ccin s# '"($&c# 8nic*#n!# '(" *#$i( $# *!#"i+#s &i$(s. És!(s, + c+#n!"s#, &*#n!n $# )(+&*#n /, '(" +( !n!(, $is*in&/#n s& $#nsi$$ / sci#n$#n $#s'+n$( #+ &i$( &# s# #nc&#n!" #n + '"!# s&'#"i(" / &# #s! *#n(" !#*'#"!&". L( &# s# ++* c(n)#ccin #n sí, #s #+ !"ns'("!# $# c+(" '(" *#$i( $# +s c(""i#n!#s sc#n$#n!# / $#sc#n$#n!# $#+ &i$(.
L !"nsf#"#nci $# c+(" i*'+ic #+ !"ns'("!# $# c+(" #n &n )(+&*#n / + *#c+ $# #+#*#n!(s *c"(sc'ic(s $# '("ci(n#s c+i#n!#s / f"ís $# &n %s ( &n +í&i$(. 7# inc+&/# !*in #+ in!#"c*i( $# #n#"%í #n!"# &n s&'#"Bci# s+i$ / &n &i$( ( '(" *#$i( $# &n (*, &n )#n!i+$(" & (!"( $is'(si!i)( *#cnic(. En + !"nsf#"#nci $# c+(" +i"# ( n!&"+ #n + c&+ &n &i$( #s *s c+i#n!# ( *s f"í( / #n c(n!c!( c(n &n s&'#"Bci# s+i$, c&s &n ci"c&+cin $#i$( +s $if#"#ncis $# $#nsi$$#s &# "#s&+!n $#+ %"$i#n!# $# !#*'#"!&"s #n #+ &i$(. Rd/#/0": 7# $#n(*in "$icin !"*ic ( "$icin c+("íBc + #*i!i$ '(" &n c&#"'( $#i$( s& !#*'#"!&". ;($(s +(s c&#"'(s c(n !#*'#"!&" s&'#"i(" 0 #*i!#n "$icin #+#c!"(*%n!ic, si#n$( s& in!#nsi$$ $#'#n$i#n!# $# + !#*'#"!&" / $# + +(n%i!&$ $# (n$ c(nsi$#"$. L "$icin inf"""( $# &n "$i$(" 9(%"#( c(*8n ( $# &n c+#fc!(" #+c!"ic( #s &n ##*'+( $# "$icin !"*ic, + i%&+ &# + +& #*i!i$ '(" &n +*'" incn$#sc#n!#. L "$icin !"*ic s# '"($&c# c&n$( #+ c+(" $#+ *()i*i#n!( $# '"!íc&+s c"%$s $#n!"( $# +(s !(*(s s# c(n)i#"!# #n "$icin #+#c!"(*%n!ic. L *!#"i #n &n #s!$( c(n$#ns$( ?s+i$( ( +í&i$(@ #*i!# &n #s'#c!"( $# "$icin c(n!in&(. L f"#c&#nci $# (n$ #*i!i$ '(" "$icin !"*ic #s &n $#nsi$$ $# '"(i+i$$ &# $#'#n$# s(+( $# + !#*'#"!&". ;($(s +(s c&#"'(s n#%"(s &n !#*'#"!&" $#!#"*in$ #*i!#n "$icin !"*ic c(n #+ *is*( #s'#c!"(, in$#'#n$i#n!#*#n!# $# +(s $#!++#s $# s& c(*'(sicin. P" #+ cs( $# &n c&#"'( n#%"(, #s! #n#"%í $#'#n$# $# + c&"! '(!#nci $# + !#*'#"!&" s(+&!. A !#*'#"!&" *i#n!#, )#*(s +(s c&#"'(s '(" + +& &# "##n, $$( &# '(" sí *is*(s n( #*i!#n +&. 7i n( s# 9c# inci$i" +& s("# #++(s, si n( s# +(s i+&*in, n( '($#*(s )#"+(s. A !#*'#"!&"s *s +!s, )#*(s +(s c&#"'(s '("&# '(" + +& &# #*i!#n, '&#s #n #s!# cs( s(n +&*in(s(s '(" sí *is*(s. Así, #s '(si+# $#!#"*in" + !#*'#"!&" $# &n c&#"'( $# c&#"$( s& c(+(", '&#s &n c&#"'( &# #s c' $# #*i!i" +& s# #nc&#n!" +!s !#*'#"!&"s.
CAM*IOS 'E ESTA'O En + n!&"+#, + *!#"i '&#$# '"#s#n!"s# #n !"#s #s!$(s físic(s $# %"#%cin $if#"#n!#s s+i$(s, +í&i$( / %s#(s(. A+ '+ic"+# c+(" &n s&s!nci, #s! '&#$# c*i" $# &n #s!$( (!"(. L(s c*i(s $# #s!$( &# '"#s#n!n in!#"s $#s$# #+ '&n!( $# )is! físic( s(n @ F&sin 's( $# #s!$( s+i$( #s!$( +í&i$(. @ 7(+i$iBccin Ps( $# #s!$( +í&i$( 9 #s!$( s+i$(. c@ V'("icin 's( $# #s!$( +í&i$( %s#(s(. $@ C(n$#nscin 's( $# #s!$( %s#(s( +í&i$(. #@ 7&+i*cin 's( $# #s!$( s+i$( %s#(s(, / )ic#)#"s.
F(SI)N , SOLI'IFACI)N E+ #s!$( s+i$( s# c"c!#"i '(" s#" #+ $# */(" $#nsi$$ *(+#c&+" $# +(s !"#s '(si+#s #s!$(s $# + *!#"i / '(" "#'"#s#n!", $#*s, #+ */(" %"$( $# ("$#ncin '(si+#. Ls '"!íc&+s &# c(ns!i!&/#n #+ #s!$( s+i$( s# #nc&#n!"n s(*#!i$s f&#"s $# !"ccin !n in!#nss &# #+ c&#"'( "#s&+!n!# #s '"c!ic*#n!# inc(*'"#nsi+#. P(" #s(, +s *(+c&+s #nc&#n!"n *&/ +i*i!$ s& +i#"!$ $# *()i*i#n!(s, *&c9( *s &# #n +(s #s!$(s +í&i$( / %s#(s(. 7in #*"%(, + &*#n!" + !#*'#"!&" $# &n s+i$( c"is!+in( '&"( $# f("* c(n!in&$, s# ++#% si#*'"# +cn" &n '&n!( ?++*$( '&n!( $# f&sin@ #n #+ c&+ #+ s+i$( 's + #s!$( +í&i$(. P" c$ s&s!nci $ic9( '&n!( '"#s#n! &n )+(" B( / c(ns!n!# &# #s! #n f&ncin $# + '"#sin #5!#"i(". En #+ in!#")+( $# + !"nsicin, #n #+ &# s# '&#$# $is!in%&i" &n *#c+ $# fs# s+i$ / fs# +í&i$, + !#*'#"!&" #s c(ns!n!#, '"($&cin$(s# &n c(n!in& s("cin $# c+(" $#+ *#$i( ci"c&n$n!# 9s! &# !($ + s&s!nci #s! #n fs# +í&i$. En #+ cs( c(n!""i(, c&n$( !($ + *!#"i +í&i$ s# #nf"í 9s! &# +cn + !#*'#"!&" $$, s# inici #+ '"(c#s( $# s(+i$iBccin, &# s# '"(+(n%, c(n #*isin $# c+(" + *#$i( #5!#"i(", 9s! &# !($ + s&s!nci s# #nc&#n!" #n #s!$( s+i$(. En ci#"!s s&s!ncis $#n(*in$s *("fs, c(*( #+ +&i!"n, + c#", #+ )i$"i(, #+ '"(c#s( $# f&sin n( s# c(""#s'(n$# c(n &n !#*'#"!&" c(nc"#!, sin( &# s# $#s""(++ #n &n in!#")+( $# '(c(s %"$(s $# &n f("* '"(%"#si). En !($s +s s&s!ncis #n %#n#"+, #+ '&n!( $# f&sin ( $# s(+i$iBccin n( $## c(nsi$#""s# c(*( &n ins!n!# $#Bni$( c(inci$#n!# c(n &n !#*'#"!&" $$, sin( &# #&i)+# *s i#n &n in!#")+( "#+!i)*#n!# c("!( $# !i#*'( #n #+ &# + !#*'#"!&" '#"*n#c# c(ns!n!#. P(" (!" '"!#, #+ '&n!( $# f&sin $# &n s&s!nci n( !i#n# '(" & &s!"s# &n )+(" c(nc"#!( $# !#*'#"!&", / &# #s!# '&#$# )#"s# +!#"$( '(" $i)#"ss ci"c&ns!ncis. Un fc!(" i*'("!n!# '" #+ #s!+#ci*i#n!( $#
+!#"ci(n#s #n #+ '&n!( $# f&sin #s + '"#s#nci $# i*'&"#s #n + s&s!nci n+i$. 7i") c(*( ##*'+( $#+ %& $# *" &# , $#i$( s& c(nc#n!"cin *s ( *#n(s +! #n s+#s *in#"+#s, '"#s#n! &n '&n!(, #n #s!# cs( $# s(+i$iBccin. 2APORI3ACI)N E+ f#n*#n( $# + )'("icin s# '+ic + 's( $# &n $#!#"*in$ s&s!nci $#+ #s!$( +í&i$( + #s!$( %s#(s(. C&n$( #s!# '"(c#s( !i#n# +&%" #n + s&'#"Bci# +i"# $# &n +í&i$( / c&+&i#" )+(" $# !#*'#"!&", s# $#n(*in #)'("cin / c&n$( s# '"($&c# #n !($ + *s $# +í&i$(, &n !#*'#"!&" c(ns!n!# / $# f("* !&*&+!&(s, s# ++* #&++icin. D#n!"( $#+ s#n( $# &n +í&i$(, +s *(+c&+s s# #nc&#n!"n #n c(n!in&( *()i*i#n!( ni*$s '(" &n ci#"! #n#"%í cin!ic. D# #s! *n#", +%&ns $# +s &# ++#%n + s&'#"Bci# s(n c'c#s $# )#nc#" +s f&#"s $# !"ccin ##"ci$ '(" +s *(+c&+s &# +s "($#n / #sc'n $#+ +í&i$( + fs# $# )'(", #s $#ci", s# '"($&c# s& #)'("cin. P(" +( !n!(, #n #+ '"(c#s( $# #)'("cin +s *(+c&+s &# f("*n '"!# $#+ +í&i$( )n 's" &n fs# $# %s / c(*( !+ s# )n c(*'("!". Así, #n #+ cs( $# !#n#" n&#s!"( +í&i$( $#n!"( $# &n "#ci'i#n!# c#""$( s("# +s '"#$#s $#+ "#ci'i#n!# c"#n &n '"#sin &# s# $#n(*in '"#sin $# )'(", si#n$( #s! c(ns!n!# / c"c!#"ís!ic $# c$ +í&i$( &n !#*'#"!&" $#!#"*in$. L '"#sin $# )'(" n( $#'#n$# $# + s&'#"Bci# &# (c&'# #+ +í&i$(, '(" *&c9( &# + &*#n!" + *is* s# */(" #+ n8*#"( $# *(+c&+s &# s# c(n$#nsn. CON'ENSACI)N L c(n$#nscin, +ic&#fccin ( +ic&cin #s #+ '"(c#s( #n #+ &# + *!#"i 's $#+ #s!$( %s#(s( ( $# )'(" + #s!$( +í&i$(. L c(n$#nscin, '"(c#s( in)#"s( + $# + #)'("cin, s&"%# c(*( "#s&+!$( $# + "#$&ccin $# !#*'#"!&" c&s$ '(" + #+i*incin $#+ c+(" +!#n!# $# #)'("cin. L #+i*incin $# c+(" "#$&c# #+ )(+&*#n $#+ )'(" / 9c# &# $is*in&/ + )#+(ci$$ $# s&s *(+c&+s, sí c(*( + $is!nci &# +s s#'". D# #s! *n#", / s#%8n + !#("í cin!ic, + '#"$i$ $# #n#"%í $# +s *(+c&+s c(n$&c# + !"nsf("*cin $#+ %s #n +í&i$(. L c(n$#nscin #s &n i*'("!n!# '"(c#s( &# #nc&#n!" s& &!i+i$$ #n + $#s!i+cin / #n #+ f&nci(n*i#n!( $# +s *&ins $# )'(", $(n$# #+ )'(" $# %& &!i+i$( s# "#c&'#" $# n&#)( #n s& fs# +i&i$ &!i+in$( &n '"!( ++*$( c(n$#ns$(" &# , #n sín!#sis, c(nsis!# #n &n $is'(si!i)( $# "#f"i%#"cin $#+ )'(". S(*LIMINACI)N L s&+i*cin c(nsis!# #n #+ c*i( $# #s!$( $i"#c!( $# s(+i$( )'(" sin &# s# '"($&c &n in!#"*#$i( +í&i$(. P&#$# c(nsi$#""s# &n f#n*#n( "#+!i)*#n!# inf"#c&#n!# &n&#, sin #*"%(, s&s!ncis $# c(nsi$#"+# i*'("!nci físic(&í*ic, !+#s c(*( #+ /($(, #+ +cnf(" / )"i(s c(*'&#s!(s $# "snic(, s&+i*n #n c(n$ici(n#s n("*+#s $# '"#sin / !#*'#"!&". ;*in s# ++* s&+i*cin + '"(c#s( in)#"s( $# !"nsicin $# #s!$( %s#(s( s+i$(. Un ##*'+( in!#"#sn!# $# #s!# cs( c(nc"#!( +( c(ns!i!&/# + #sc"c9. E+ )'(" $# %& c(n!#ni$( #n #+ i"#, + #n!"" #n c(n!c!( c(n
c&#"'(s &# s# #nc&#n!"#n &n !#*'#"!&" s&Bci#n!#*#n!# , 's sin !"nsicin +i&i$ + #s!$( s+i$( #n f("* $# c"is!+#s / %&s $# 9i#+(.
TRANSMISI)N 'E CALOR EN ORGANISMOS ;($(s +(s s#"#s )i)(s "#+in c(n!in&*#n!# in!#"c*i( $# #n#"%í c(n #+ #n!("n(, !($(s )i)#n #n &n *i#n!# !"*ic(. L f&#n!# '"i*"i, c(*( s#*(s, '"()i#n# $# + "$icin s(+". L #n#"%í s(+" #s c'!$ '(" +(s ("%nis*(s $i"#c!*#n!#, $if&n$i$ '(" #+ ci#+( ( "##$ $#s$# #+ s&#+( ( +s "(cs, !*in +i#"n c+(" c(ns!n!#*#n!# *#$in!# +(s $if#"#n!#s '"(c#s(s *#!+ic(s &# "#+in. C(*( s#*(s, +s '+n!s !"nsf("*n i*'("!n!#s cn!i$$#s $# "$icin s(+" #n #n#"%í &í*ic *#$in!# #+ '"(c#s( f(!(sin!!ic(, '" *in("" #+ #f#c!( $# +(s c*i(s $# !#*'#"!&" *i#n!+, +(s ("%nis*(s $##n $#s""(++" $if#"#n!#s f&nci(n#s. Un $# +s f("*s *#$in!# +s c&+#s +(s ("%nis*(s +i#"n c+(" + #5!#"i(" /, "#%&+n s& !#*'#"!&" in!#"n, #s + #)'("cin. M#$in!# #++, +(s s#"#s )i)(s s(n c'c#s $# +i#"" c+(" '" *n!#n#" #n c(n$ici(n#s '!i*s, s& *#$i( in!#"n(. L #)'("cin $#'#n$# $# + $if#"#nci $# '"#sin $# )'(" #n!"# #+ i"# ci"c&n$n!# / #+ (#!( & ("%nis*(, '#"( si + 9&*#$$ *i#n!+ #s &n$n!#, 9/ '(c #)'("cin /, '(c $isi'cin $# c+(" '(" #s!# *#$i(. C&n$( #+ *i#n!# #s s#c(, &*#n! + !s $# #)'("cin / c(n #++ + $isi'cin $# c+(". Ls '+n!s '(c( '&#$#n 9c#" in!#"n*#n!# '" "#%&+" s& !#*'#"!&" in!#"n. C(ns!n!#*#n!# #s!n #5'&#s!s $if#"#n!#s f("*s $# !"ns*isin $# c+(" / s& *#!(+is*( c&#n! c(n *&/ '(cs +!#"n!i)s '" *n!#n#" #+ c(n!"(+ c("'("+. Ls '+n!s n( '&#$#n $#s'+"s# '" #)i!" ( &sc" + "$icin. #n#"+*#n!# 'i#"$#n c+(" '(" c(n)#ccin / #)'("cin, '(" #++(, #+ !*( / f("* $# s&s 9(s !i#n#n %"n i*'("!nci. Ls 9(s &# '"#s#n!n *&c9(s +&+(s ( s+i#n!#s 'i#"$#n c+(" $# *n#" *s #Bci#n!# &# +s 9(s %"n$#s / '(c( +(&+$s. L(s ("$#s / #5!"#*(s $# +s 9(s s&f"#n *s +(s c*i(s $# !#*'#"!&" / '(" #++(, +(s *"%#n#s $# +s 9(s, c(n f"#c&#nci s# 9i#+n '(" #+ f"í( ( s# s#cn '(" #+ c+(" / +(s %"n$#s !"(nc(s !i#n#n */(" c'ci$$ '" %&"$" #+ c+(" / '(" #++(, s(n &n "#f&%i( &sc$( '(" )#s / '#&#(s **íf#"(s.
*I*LIOGRAFÍA
Físic + Encic+('#$i R&i(s 9!!'#s.Qii'#$i.("%QiiC+(" 7++/ M +#" E+ C+(" Encic+('#$i !#*!icFísic +!#" P#"#Físic 7#"s, S#*ns/ Físic Uni)#"si!"i
