Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination
Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment
Candidate: Mark Anthony Henry Candidate Number: 090041_ _ _ _ Centre Name: Queen’s College, Guyana Centre Number: 090041 Research topic: The impact of modernization on religion in Industry, Guyana Year of Examination: 2017 Name of Teacher: Sir. Roger Small
1 | Page
Acknowledgement I would gladly express the greatest of gratitude towards my subject teacher who took his time and effort to correct and guide us through this assessment. If it wasn’t for his help, this project would not have seen completion. I would also like to extend gratitude to my parents and sisters, especially my older sister who proof-read and corrected any errors in this research.
2 | Page
Content page Introduction, Purpose of Research …………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 5
Data Collection Sources……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………. 7
Presentation of data ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….12
Interpretation of data ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …….16
Discussion of Findings……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………. 19
Conclusion &Limitations of the Research………………………………………………………………………… 21
Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… 22
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………….23
3 | Page
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… 24
Introduction Religion has become a potent factor in many first world countries, yet holds a strong root in developing countries. Therefore, the statement of problem is ‘To what extent does modernization has on religion in Industry, Guyana.’ The researcher is of the opinion that the shedding of one’s religious cloak is directly linked to modernization. It is interesting to note that the elderly has a strong religious culture which opposes the young. Questions that are then risen from the problem statement are: 1. How does the elderly view modernization on religion as opposed to the young? 2. What are the factors that can increase religious abandonment and is it the same globally? Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify the impact modernization has on religion using the sample area chosen and to conclude the cause of the problem. This can be achieved by distributing questionnaires to carefully chosen surveyees. A value this research communicates is that it can alert religious worshippers why there is a decline in religious belief. Religion is a community, gives a sense of belonging and identity. If factors of religious resentment can be identified -and possibly rectified- then maybe troubled community members can be counselled and learn to cope with the harsh reality of the world…
4 | Page
Modernization- the progressive transition from a pre-modern society to a modern society. Religion- the belief in and worship of a superhuman entity/power. Secularization theory-belief that as society progresses through modernization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance. Millennials- a person reaching adulthood in the early 21 st century
Litera ture revie w
As society and values changes, the world changes with it. “Modernization is impacting the world in both a negative and a positive light, replacing basic values and reshaping society. This is deemed post-modernization1. (Douglas, 1988) claims, “Modernity has adversely affected religion predominately in Western
culture”.
Of
course,
as
basic
values
changes,
‘primitive’ values that once governed societies are being replaced. This societal change is largely seen in the millennials of society. Argument arises that human rights depict religious beliefs as impractical and immoral as equality, homosexuality, science and education become more mainstream. This allows people
to
openly
criticize
and
wholly
abandon
religion
altogether, and consequently, a secularized society is formed 2. It is largely believed that challenging the supernatural is characteristically
a
western
phenomenon.
However,
a
worldwide survey discoveries 13% of the world population is atheist, with China and Japan contributing more than half of that actual figure3. Similarly, secularization has impacted the 5 | Page
more politically powerful and industrially driven counties of South cannot
America. entirely
The be
researcher blamed
for
postulates
modernization
religious
abandonment.
Therefore, the researcher aims to pin-point the factors which can possibly increase religious abandonment in modernizing societies. Many authors have achieved to explain thoroughly why religion has declined but failed to mention why it is still a strong presence in third-world countries. “Modernization has not necessarily disproven traditional religion, but resulted in the formation
of
new
cults
e.g.
evangelical
Protestantism-
Pentecostalism4. She theories where one religion may have fallen, others such as Islam has survived, soared and even expanded to Africa. In spite of this, (Crabtree, 2014) argues religious countries have the highest rate of crimes. Some studies, based on their preferential beliefs, are biased to one side, predominately the non-religious side while others adapt to a loosely ‘fair’ prospective. Whether one is biased or not has largely to do with their belief
5
. More or less, religion and
modernization are two sensitive words in the present era and are opened for subjective interpretations. (Hunter & Malik, 2005) defines modernization as a society which cannot be deemed ‘modern’ without a democratic government; however, (Inglehart, 1997) defines “modernization is not linear, and it is a process that increases the economic and political capabilities of a society. Modernization is a source towards secularization and it promotes loss of faith and religious belief. Currently, more researches are being done to discover the extent to which 6 | Page
religion has been affected in this rapidly secularizing society 6. This study correlates with other works by exploring the damages modernization has inflicted upon religion, while paying close attention to the young minds of society. It avoids and therefore overcomes a challenge -biasness- by exploring both sides of a person’s preferential belief.
Data collection sources The researcher conducted a quantitative cross-sectional research. In-order to efficiently gather information on the topic, a primary source (a questionnaire) and numerous secondary sources were obtained and analysed. The questionnaire consisted of a total of fourteen (14) questions- 4 personal and 10 topic-oriented questions. The questions were of the forced-choice-type but an option was 7 | Page
available where the respondents could have given their own perspective. In this way, deeper understanding of the problem statement was achieved. Industry, a modernizing village in the vicinity of the capital Georgetown, Guyana, was chosen as the sample area. Fifty questionnaires were distributed by stratified random sampling method and forty-seven questionnaires were collected. Fifteen questionnaires were distributed to senior teenagers and ten to junior teenagers from numerous schools, fifteen to adults and ten to senior citizens. This method of distribution was used because the researcher had to study the change of perspective with age. Numerous e-books from the internet, studies, articles and educational
websites
were
found
and
analysed
for
the
secondary source. These sources framed the backbone of the research and gave the researcher a better view of the topic on a global scale.
Lot 4 Industry, Area B, East Coast Demerara.
8 | Page
Dear participant, You are kindly asked to participate in this study based on the impact of modernization in the village Industry, Guyana. I, the surveyor, who is currently enrolled at Queens College, and pursuing his final year in the CAPE examinations, am compiling a study as to how modernization has impacted Guyana and how religion has been affected by this change I ask a small fraction of your time to complete this survey and wish to inform you that the completion of this survey lies solely in you, and you are free to skip any questions or abandon the survey at any time. If you wish to partake in this study, I ask that
you
answer
all
question
honestly
and
return
the
questionnaire to the researcher once finished. Your volunteerism in this research is greatly appreciated and your response will not be put to waste. Thank you, Mark. A. Henry
Instruction: Please place a tick in the box provided or, where prompted, write briefly in the space provided.
9 | Page
1. Age: 13-20
2.
21-34
☐Islam
☐Other (please
☐female
Religion: ☐Christianity specify) _________
4.
>50
Sex: ☐male
3.
35-49
☐Hinduism
Occupation: ☐Self-employed ☐Other
☐Unemployed
☐Firm-employed
☐Student
5. Irrespective of whether you attend a place of worship or not, are a religious person? ☐Strongly religious ☐Atheist
☐ Religious
☐ Unsure
☐Not religious
6. How many times per month do you attend your place of worship/religious gathering? ☐Every week attend
☐2-3 times per month
☐Less than two times
☐Don’t
7. Do you agree the elderly are more involved in religious activities while the young either avoids or abandons it? ☐Strongly agree disagree
☐ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
8. Do you believe modernization has contributed to the decrease in religious activities? ☐Strongly agree disagree
10 | P a g e
☐ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
9. Which age group do you believe are the most affected by this change? ☐Young children/teenager (5-15) ☐Senior teenagers (16-19) ☐Young adults (20-40) ☐ Middle-aged and senior adults (>40)
10. Why do you think this particular age group is the most affected by modernization? ☐Greater influence by the media ☐Exposure to the world-wide web ☐Peer-pressure ☐Age group are at particular age where they can learn and adapt faster than their seniors ☐All of the above
11. How do you believe this particular age group is mostly affected by modernization? ☐Less morals, as seen in their choice of clothes and lifestyle ☐More disrespectful to elders ☐More likely to do drugs and involve in harmful actions/behaviour ☐All of the above ☐Other: ________________________________________________________ 12. State your opinion on whether you think third-world countries are more involved in religious activities than firstworld countries. ☐Strongly agree disagree
13.
☐ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
Why do you believe religious involvement has declined?
☐science has disproven many religious theories and people are more incline to accept god as a fictional being 11 | P a g e
☐Disconnections form family tradition. ☐Peer-pressure ☐Modernization- society has become more modern ☐All of the above
14. Over the years, religion has and is continuing to be pushed aside and scientific knowledge has replaced many teachings of religion. As a concerned and avid religious follower, choose how you would combat this change. ☐Encourage friends and family to attend religious gatherings weekly and/or frequently. ☐Encourage ‘family-time’ and keep closer contact with family members. ☐Limit the time children spends on television and the internet and encourage religious activities. ☐Educate your juniors on why religion is important. ☐Not a religious follower/none of the above. ☐Other: ________________________________________________________
12 | P a g e
Prese ntatio n of data
Pie chart showing the frequency of religious people vs non-religious in the sample area
Religion
Non-religious
Unsure
Atheist
Fig 1 Bar chart showing the effect of age on the religiosity of respondents >50
35-49
Religious
Unsure
Non-religious
Atheist
21-34
13-20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Figure 1 showing the degree of religiosity in the sample population. 79% of respondents are religious, 9% are unsure, 9% are unreligious and 4% are atheist.
Fig 2 Figure 2 showing how age affected the religious believe in the sample population. It shows respondents at the age of >50 who are very religious (26%); middle-aged adults who are religious (19%); young adults aged 21-
13 | P a g e
34 who are religious (4%), unsure (4%), non-religious (9%) or atheist (4%); and teenagers aged 13-20 who are religious (30%) or unsure (4%).
Clustered graph showing the religious belief of students and respondents of different population 25 20 15 10 5 0
Religious
Unsure
Non-religious
Atheist
Student Other
Fi g3
Clustered chart showing the factors which have decreaced religion 21
14
9
2 1 Science and eduction Disconnection from family tradition Peer pressure
1
Mondernization
All of the above
Figure 3 showing how education in the post-modern world affects the religiosity on respondents based on the respondents’ job i.e. student or other. The graph concludes 34%, 9%, 9% and 4% of respondents are religious, unsure, nonreligious or atheist respectively while 45% of other (unemployed, firm-employed) are religious.
Fig 4 14 | P a g e
Figure 4 shows that education and science (45%) are the major factor to be blamed for a decline in religious believe. The other factors are disconnections from family tradition (2), peer pressure (4%), modernization (19%) and all of the above (all of the listed factors combined) (30%).
3-D bar graph showing the respondents' answers on the effect of modernization on religion. 24 25
19
20 15 10 2
5
2
1
0 Strongly agree
Agree Disagree
Strongly disagree
Fig 5
Doughnut chart showing the respondent's views on which age group is the most affected by modernization 4%2% Young children/teenagers (5-15) 38%
Senior teenagers (16-19) Young adults (20-40) middle age and senior adults (>40)
55%
Fig ure 5 shows the respondents’ perspective on the effect on modernization on religion. The majority of the sample population strongly agreed or agreed- 41% and 51% respectively 4 that modernization negatively affected religion- while 4% disagreed and 4% strongly disagreed.
Fig 6 15 | P a g e
Figure 6 shows the respondents’ answers on which age group are the most affected by modernization. Many respondents (18) chose young children/teenagers; the majority chose senior teenagers (26); 2 respondents chose young adults and 1 respondent chose middle-aged and senior adults.
Question
Options
choice of answerFrequen cy 12 2 2 5
Frequenc y percentage (%)
10) Why do you think this particular age group is the most affected by modernization?
Greater influence by the media Exposure to the world-wide-web Peer-pressure Age group at an age where they can learn and adapt faster All of the above
26
55
11)How do you believe this particular age group is mostly affected by modernization?
Less morals Disrespectful to elders More likely to be involved in dangerous activities All of the above Other
21 5 1
45 11 2
17 3
36 6
12) Do you believe thirdworld countries are more involved in religion than first-world countries?
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
24 16 5 2 0
51 34 11 4 0
14) How would you combat the decline in religion?
Encourage associates to attend religious gatherings/activates Encourage ‘family time’ and keep closer contact with family members Limit time children spend on television and the internet Educate juniors on why religions is important Not a religious follower
19
40
7
15
14
30
5
11
2
4
26 4 4 5
Table summarizing the results obtained from the experiment
16 | P a g e
Interp retati on of data
Figure 1 shows religion is still highly valued in the modernizing village, Industry, but they are some signs of uncertainty (9%), non-religiousness (9%) and atheism (4%). Age was a crucial factor in a respondent personal believe- as present by figure 2. Of the 79% of religious people, 26% are over fifty years, 19% are between the age group 35-49-yearold, 4% of respondents are 21-34 years old and 30% of respondents are 13-20 years. A clear trend occurs in that as the age of the respondents decreased, their believe in religion evidently dropped, i.e. atheism was 4% and non-religious belief was 9%. The age group 21-34 had the most variation in religious belief but the largest religious age group was 13-20 years-old (30%). One reason for this was because of the large number of questionnaires distributed to them. The results from figure 1 and 2 were obtained because it provided an essential backbone to quantify the religiousness in Industry, Guyana and to study how age affected religious believe.
17 | P a g e
Figure 3 shows how education in a post modernized society affects religion. The choice ‘other’ was a general grouping for occupations besides student. The graph shows that students who are being educated in a post modernized world are greatly affected in their religious belief (9%, 9% and 4% are unsure, non-religious or atheist respectively) while only 34% of the students’ sample population are religious. In comparison, respondents who are working or unemployed are very religious (45%). To further explore other factors that promoted
a
decline
in
religious
believe,
figure
4
was
constructed. The most popular choice (45%) was education and science, which agreed with figure 3.
The other factors are
disconnections form family tradition (2%), peer pressure (4%), modernization (19%) and the last was a combination of all the listed factors (30%). A pattern that arose was that from figure 3, the respondents who chose ‘student’ chose ‘education and science’ as the cause of religious abandonment in figure 4. The 3-D bar graph, figure 5, shows were obtained to express the respondents’ believe on whether modernization has affected religious belief. The findings mirror previous analysis (i.e. figure 4) and the majority of respondents either strongly agreed
(41%)
or
agreed
(51%)
that
modernization
has
negatively affected religious believe. It is intriguing to note, respondents who claimed they were atheist or non-religious strongly disagreed or disagreed that modernization was a cause of religious decline. Of the 4% of atheist sampled, all 4% strongly disagreed that modernization affected their religious belief in any way; the 9% of non-religious respondents disagreed 18 | P a g e
(4%).
Many
respondents
have
agreed
that
modernization has affected particular age groups in certain ways- as seen in figure 6. Figure 6 exhibits the respondents’ answers on which age group are the most affected by modernization. The mass of the sample population chose the age groups 5-15 (38%, young children/teenagers) or 16-19 (56%, senior teenagers). Surprisingly one respondent (2%) chose middle aged and senior adults. One reason for this could have been a misinterpretation of the topic or of the question. Finally, figure 7, displays a comprehensive statistical table that shows the remaining questions, the choice chosen and the frequency percentage for each. Question 10-11 on the table seeks to answer the questions ‘how’ and ‘why’ modernization has affected the chosen age group. In figure 7, an interesting pattern occurred with the elderly (>50). Of the 26% sampled population (>50), all of them adapted a pessimistic perspective as to how the chosen age group would be affected and chose ‘all of the above’. The choice ‘all of the above’ tallied to a percentage of 36%, and the remaining percentage came from the middle-aged adults (3549). Nevertheless, the most popular choice was ‘a decrease in morals’ which accumulated a total of 45% of the sample population. A general pattern was seen throughout the analysis with the elderly (>50) and mature adults (35-49). Not surprisingly, many of the answers with these particular age groups
mirrored
each
other
and
there
were
negligible
discrepancies. The young adults (21-34) and teenagers showed a greater deal of anomality’s in their choices and they gravitated towards different answers.
19 | P a g e
The data was yielded to find a link between the decline of religious believe of the young and modernization and from the results obtained, it is without a doubt modernization has negatively affected the religious believe of millennials and the ever-newer generation.
Discu ssion of findin gs
The research can decipher from the data obtained that religion has drastically declined in the village, Industry, Guyana between the millennials and the younger generations of society but yet a strong presence in the elderly (>50) and middle-aged adults (35-49). There is no doubt that as the young moves away from religion, society and societal values will change indefinitely 7. This is
20 | P a g e
reinforced by the fact that ‘the loss of morals’ (i.e. societal values) was the most popular choice among respondents (45%) in ‘question eight (8)’. Though they were an increase in religious abandonment, religion is still an integral part of society in the sampled population. This was suggested by (Douglas, 1988) who claim modernization has not necessarily eradicated religion but resulted in the formation of new cults. Not surprisingly, this is quite true because the sampled area is dominated by protestant religion (seventh-day Adventists and the Gospel church) derived from the Roman catholic. Religion has been affected by modernization, predominately in Western culture, and of this effect, the millennials are the major targets 8. From the data, within the age group 21-34 where 4% are religious, 4% are unsure,9% are nonreligious and 4% are atheists, the researcher can deduce that she is accurate in her deduction. Nevertheless, this does not mean the age group 21-34 are the only groups affected. The age group 13-20 which has 4% uncertainty in their religious belief cannot be entirely overlooked. At this sensitive age, they are adapting to the world. The beliefs they possess can be moulded by other people and external forces as they age e.g. some are religious either out of fear or being forced to be religious. The researcher can predict that has they age and learn, some can question their beliefs and can branch off into the category of nonreligiousness or atheism. Other factors that contribute to the decline in religious belief besides age are science and education. From the research, it was found that ‘science and education (45%)’ are the main cause of religious abandonment. The second most popular choice was ‘all of the above (30%)’ that included disconnections from family tradition (2%), peer pressure (4%), modernization (19%) and science and education. This has been supported by (Crabtree, Human religions, 2002) who states human rights depict religious beliefs as impractical and immoral as equality, homosexuality, science and education become more mainstream. Yet, besides these factors listed in the questionnaire, they are 21 | P a g e
numerous other physiological conflicts and factors that can reduce a person’s religious belief.
Con clusi on
This research was conceived and made possible due to the researcher studying the extent to which religion has been affected by modernization, and to an extent, religion has been severely affected by modernization. It has been shown that age, science, education, and other factors all contributes to an upsurge in non-religiousness and atheism. However, this does not those are the only factors that may alter religious belief.
22 | P a g e
Limita tions
Size of the sampled population- to effectively conclude how religion has been affected, a very large sample population was needed to discover more trends and patterns. The resources, time and manpower was not available to sample a large number of people and consequently, the data obtained was doubtful. The research failed to address an in-depth view and analysis of the surveyee’s perspective. Also, a strong religious believe in the elderly doesn’t mean the entire world’s elderly are religious. Hence, the research failed to address why this is such.
Reco mmen datio ns
Religion plays an important part on our everyday lives and moulds us into who we are. Due to modernization, there is an upsurge of non-religiousness and atheism. Hence, systems need to be put in place so that the religious, non-religious and atheist can co-exist and live peacefully:
1. In third world countries, there is little room for ‘the odd ones out’ and due to dogmatism, society criticizes and scrutinizes people of different believe, i.e. of no believe. 23 | P a g e
People need to respect one’s choice and they should accept this societal change in religious perspective as a consequence of modernization. Awareness of this situation should be encouraged and can be spread by educating the masses on atheism This will benefit those people who chose the path of atheism and will help them live a carefree and discrimination-free life. 2. Since religion is still a strong presence, young teenagers and children can be introduced to religious activities so they can choose a religious path (or not) at a young age.
Bibliography Crabtree, V. (2002, August 23). Human religions. Retrieved from http://www.humanreligions.info/secularisation.html Crabtree, V. (2014, October 03). Retrieved from Do we need religion to have good morals?: http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/ethics.html Douglas, M. (1988). The effects of modernization on religious change. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025187 Gilani, S. I., Shahid , R., & Zuettel, I. (2012). Global index of religiosity and atheism. Retrieved from http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf Hunter, S. .., & Malik, H. (2005). Modernization, democracy, and Islam. 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
24 | P a g e
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. Marcotte, A. (2013, July 11). The 6 Types of Atheists and Non-Believers in America. Retrieved from Alternet: http://www.alternet.org/belief/6-typesatheists-and-non-believers-america Menhas, R. U. (2015). Impact Of Modernization On Religious Institution: A Case Study Of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. European Review Of Applied Sociology, https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eras.2015.8.issue10/eras-2015-0003/eras-2015-0003.xml. Retrieved from European Review Of Applied Sociology. Mohammed, J. (2015). Caribbean studies for CAPE examinations (Vol. second edition). 4 Crinan Street, London: Macmillian Publishers limited.
Lot 4 Industry, Area B, East Coast Demerara.
25 | P a g e
Appen dix
Dear participant, You are kindly asked to participate in this study based on the impact of modernization in the village Industry, Guyana. I, the surveyor, who is currently enrolled at Queens College, and pursuing his final year in the CAPE examinations, am compiling a study as to how modernization has impacted Guyana and how religion has been affected by this change I ask a small fraction of your time to complete this survey and wish to inform you that the completion of this survey lies solely in you, and you are free to skip any questions or abandon the survey at any time. If you wish to partake in this study, I ask that you answer all question honestly and return the questionnaire to the researcher once finished. Your volunteerism in this research is greatly appreciated and your response will not be put to waste. Thank you, Mark. A. Henry Instruction: Please place a ☒ in the box provided or, where prompted, write briefly in the space provided.
1. Age: 13-20 26 | P a g e
☒ 21-34
35-49
>50
2.
Sex: ☒male
3.
☐female
Religion: ☐Christianity specify): Atheist
4.
☐Hinduism
☐Islam
☒Other (please
Occupation: ☐Self-employed ☐Other
☐Unemployed
☐Firm-employed
☒Student
5. Irrespective of whether you attend a place of worship or not, are a religious person? ☐Strongly religious ☒Atheist
☐ Religious
☐ Unsure
☐Not religious
6. How many times per month do you attend your place of worship/religious gathering? ☐Every week attend
☐2-3 times per month
☐Less than two times
☒Don’t
7. Do you agree the elderly are more involved in religious activities while the young either avoids or abandons it? ☐Strongly agree disagree
☒ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
8. Do you believe modernization has contributed to the decrease in religious activities? ☒Strongly agree disagree
☐ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
9. Which age group do you believe are the most affected by this change? 27 | P a g e
☐Young children/teenager (5-15) ☒Senior teenagers (16-19) ☐Young adults (20-40) ☐ Middle-aged and senior adults (>40)
10. Why do you think this particular age group is the most affected by modernization? ☐Greater influence by the media ☐Exposure to the world-wide web ☐Peer-pressure ☐Age group are at particular age where they can learn and adapt faster than their seniors ☒All of the above
11. How do you believe this particular age group is mostly affected by modernization? ☐Less morals, as seen in their choice of clothes and lifestyle ☐More disrespectful to elders ☐More likely to do drugs and involve in harmful actions/behaviour ☐All of the above ☒Other: They are not affected. 12. State your opinion on whether you think third-world countries are more involved in religious activities than firstworld countries. ☒Strongly agree disagree
13.
☐ Agree
☐Neutral
☐Disagree
☐Strongly
Why do you believe religious involvement has declined?
☒science has disproven many religious theories and people are more incline to accept god as a fictional being ☐Disconnections form family tradition. ☐Peer-pressure ☐Modernization- society has become more modern 28 | P a g e
☐All of the above
14. Over the years, religion has and is continuing to be pushed aside and scientific knowledge has replaced many teachings of religion. As a concerned and avid religious follower, choose how you would combat this change. ☐Encourage friends and family to attend religious gatherings weekly and/or frequently. ☐Encourage ‘family-time’ and keep closer contact with family members. ☐Limit the time children spends on television and the internet and encourage religious activities. ☐Educate your juniors on why religion is important. ☒Not a religious follower/none of the above. ☐Other: ________________________________________________________
Notes
29 | P a g e
1 Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic and political
change in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. Crabtree, Vexen. 2002. Human religions. 23 August. http://www.humanreligions.info/secularisation.html. 2
3 Gilani, Shafi Ijaz, Rushna Shahid , and Irene Zuettel. 2012. “Global index of religiosity and
atheism.” http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf. 4 Douglas, Mary. 1988. The effects of modernization on religious change.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025187. 5 Marcotte, Amanda. 2013. The 6 Types of Atheists and Non-Believers in America. 11 July.
http://www.alternet.org/belief/6-types-atheists-and-non-believers-america. 6 Menhas, R., Umer, S., Akhtar, S., et al. 2015. “Impact Of Modernization On Religious Institution: A
Case Study Of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan.” European Review Of Applied Sociology https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eras.2015.8.issue-10/eras-2015-0003/eras-2015-0003.xml. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. 7
8
(Douglas, 1988)
