JOHNSON & JOHNSON’S CASE STUDY I.
Executive Summary
Johnson & Johnson Company was founded by three brothers: Robert Wood Johnson I, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson Sr. in New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1886. It is an investment holding company with interests in health care products. It engages in research and development, manufacture and sale of personal care hygienic products, pharmaceuticals and surgical equipment. J&J prides itself on its decentralized operating structure, with the management teams of its myriad and far-flung operating units having wide latitude to make decisions. Each company belongs to one of J&J's three broad divisions: The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices segments account for 45% and 35% of sales, respectively, while the Consumer division contributes about 20% of annual revenues. J&J's diversified business model also allows for some insulation against troubles in any one market. While it continues to streamline its businesses for optimal performance, J&J is also keeping pace with its acquisition strategy by pursuing company purchases both large and small. Johnson & Johnson faced many problems in their business. It was already alerting investors that its revenue for 2009 would show drop from the previous year, the first decline the firm has experienced in its 120-year history. Sales of its consumer’s products were slowing as a result of a decrease in the disposable income of its customers. Its pharmaceutical business was being affected by the expiration of patents on some of its best-selling drugs and by the growth of competition from generic drugs. J&J entails very high overhead costs, they have been losing sales on its best-selling Cypher, J&J’s important drugs that are under assault from competitors, sales of its consumer products were slowing as a result of a decrease in the disposable income of its customers, and is getting much harder for J&J to spot smaller firms with promising drugs and to avoid running up against other firms. The company need to develop a new product through already acquired businesses and should minimize the acquisition of new businesses. Johnson & Johnson need to maintain the stability through Innovation of their existing products especially Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices to cope up the changing business environment. The company must create new products through other businesses already acquired because staying ahead of the competition should always be front of mind for existing companies. New products can give a competitive advantage over the competition. R&D must be strengthened. Through this, the company will have a higher chance in succeeding in the global market.
Antiveros, Michelle P.
14-52041
Castillo, DanicaVi R.
14-54392
Cruzada, Marisa M.
14-94587
Lontoc, Via P.
14-54801
Macalinao, Rica Princess L. 14-55761 Maranan, Christian A.
15-55975
Magbuhat, Norena Win A.
14-55854
Panaligan, Dianna Marie S.
14-58763
Panopio, Maria Shiela A.
14-98585
BSAM 3202
May 16, 2017
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II.
Statement of the Problem
It was alr eady eady alerting investors that J&J’s revenue for 2009 would show a drop from the previous year, the first decline the firm has experienced exp erienced in its 120 -year - year history. This links to the following factors and causes. Product concerns and safety
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J&J have also been facing some challenges with sales of its medical devises. It has been losing sales on its well-selling cypher stents because of o f concerns over their safety that has been raised in several studies. - It’s well known anemia drug Procit has been dealing with rising competition and with growing safety concerns. Market competitors
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J&J's important drugs are under assault from competitors. There’s a growth in competition from generic drugs on P harmaceutical products. Coated stents have been facing growing competition from other strong rivals. Top-selling Risperdal, Duragesic, and Topamax drugs will start facing generic rivals in 2009. Furthermore, a new antipsychosis drug called Invega, recently launched to replace Risperdal has not been able to meet sales expectations.
Expiration of Patents
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Pharmaceutical business was being affected by the expiration of patents on some of its best selling drugs
Expenditures
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Business units have given considerable freedom to develop and execute their own strategies. In addition, these units have been allowed to work with their own resources. Many of the businesses even have their own finance and human resource departments. While this degree of decentralization entails relatively high overhead costs, none of the executives who have run J&J has ever thought that this was too high a price to pay. Acquisitions were fast and Research and development expense is continuously increasing throughout the year.
Consumer Behavior
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Consumer and patients become more frugal. Sales of consumer products were slowing as a result of a decrease in the disposable income of its customers.
Strategy
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Weldon is pursuing to make collaborations among businesses in order to formulate promising new drugs. Jerry Caccott, managing director of consulting those alliances "would be challenging in any organization, but particularly in an organization that has been so successful because of its decentralized culture. - During the tough environment, Weldon the CEO is still pursuing the collaboration which only makes the return worse. Short term problems and Long term problems
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The Short term problems are those that arise in a short run but could be long term problem if not treated well. The company is now facing a short term problem with regards to its 2009 revenue and could be a long term problem that would affect the revenues on the succeeding years if not properly addressed. The strategy of the CEO which was the collaboration of the businesses acquired in order to arrive at new promising products was not beneficial in the mean time that’s why it causes decline on the company’s revenue. The business units acquired were not yet ready for collaboration. 2
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The threat of competitors was short term problem as well for a company that is well established for 120 years like Johnsons and Johnsons. John sons. The Long term problem that would face by the company will result if it continues the collaboration of its business units in tough economic environment experiencing by the company.
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III.
Causes of the Problem
It is getting much harder for J&J to spot smaller firms with promising drugs and to avoid running up against other firms that want to make the same kinds of deals. IT IS BECAUSE J&J has relied heavily on acquisitions to enter into and expand into a wide range of businesses that fall broadly under the category of healthcare. Over the years, it has already acquired almost all of the leading firms. They acquired Mentor Co., the leading supplier of medical products for the global aesthetic market, for $1.1 billion. They also bought Pfizer for $16.6 billion, actually the biggest acquisition In its 120-year history. They have spent over $50 billion on 70 different acquisitions. J&J was already alerting investors that its revenue for 2009 would show a drop from the previous year. Sales of its consumer products were slowing as a result of a decrease in the disposable income of its customers. THE REASON BEHIND THIS IS THAT the business was being affected by the expiration of patents on some of its best selling drugs and by the growth of competition from generic drugs. Several of J&J’s important drugs are under assault from competitors. THE CAUSE OF THIS PROBLEM IS the company has been focusing on releasing new products to the market. They forgot they had competitors that may outrun them. Its well-known anemia drug, Procrit, has been dealing with rising competition and safety concerns. Risperdal, Duragesic, and Topamax drugs will start facing generic rivals in 2009. Furthermore, Invega, which is supposed to replace Risperdal, has not been able to meet sales expectations. J&J has also been facing some challenges with sales of its medical services. It has been losing sales on its best-selling Cypher. THIS IS BECAUSE there had been lots of concern about the safety of the products of J&J. The most popular was the case of Tylenol. A promising new stent from Connor Medsystems had been withdrawn since it failed in trials in summer 2007. J&J entails very high overhead costs. THE ROOT OF THIS PROBLEM IS THAT since the firm has acquired too many business units, the latter have been given considerable freedom to develop and execute their own strategies. These units have been allowed to work with their own resources and they have their own finance and human resource departments. In short, J&J’s management is decentralized. The company operates more like a mutual fund than anything else. Cultivating alliances would be challenging in any organization particularly in an organization that has been so successful because of o f its decentralized culture
APPLICATION OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL -
Threat Of New Entrants – High High Barriers to Entry o Extensive Manufacturing Capabilities Patents Protection and Research o Economies of Scale – High High Capital Requirement o
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The Threats of Substitutes – The The Rise of Generics Upcoming patent expirations o Loss of sales o
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The Bargaining Power of Buyers – Influence Influence of Generics Buyers: Patients, Medical Doctor, Pharmacists, Hospital Boards, Insurance o Companies o Patients’ switching costs is low. They tend to pa y extra money J&J’s main tool is b rand name o o Other buyers have considerable bargaining power.
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The Degree of Rivalry – Fierce Fierce and Changing Competition Rivalry is especially intense in saturated markets. o Innovation is the key driver of competition o There are increasing number of players: US, Japan, China, and India o
SWOT ANALYSIS (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) STRENGTHS OF JOHNSON & JOHNSON
1. Largest Healthcare provider : From pharmaceutical products to Consumer healthcare products, J & J is operating in three segments: Consumer Products, Pharmaceuticals, and Medical Devices and Diagnostics. Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies for over 125 years has committed itself to caring for people. Johnson and Johnson’s corporate structure is based on a decentralized management philosophy due to which there are low or no internal management conflict cases in the company till now. 2. Broad brand portfolio : Johnson & Johnson have strong presence within each product categories. They have deep assortments & large number of brands to choose from which is helping them to occupy large shelf space of the stores resulting into high visibility in the market. 3. Trusted brand: Johnson & Johnson is a brand trusted by many medical practitioners & parents around the world. Johnson & Johnson’s increased focus on tailoring business to local markets had helped them in being relevant to consumer demand. 4. Strategic merger & acquisition: Through mergers & acquisitions with various consumer health care & pharmaceuticals companies like Neutrogena, Alza, Scios, Pfizer consumer healthcare and many more, Johnson & Johnson has created a pool of technological & operational advancement which is helping the company in its further growth. 5. Supply chain: It has extensive & robust distribution system meant for making the products available to retail outlets, super markets & medical stores even in the remotest rural areas. 6. Brand equity: It is the 79th highest ranked brand in the world in 2016. WEAKNESSES OF JOHNSON AND JOHNSON
1. Litigation: Company got involved in litigations over the period of time like in 2010 J & J board has been sued by shareholders, Boston scientific lawsuit, use of the red cross symbol. Events like this can affect their brand image and will spread negative word of mouth. 2. Conflict with partner companies: Handling such a large product portfolio & partner companies can create mess in the operations of the company, so J & J should think of before entering into mergers & acquisitions. 3. Dependence upon the Success of Launch Products – Many Many new launch products are vulnerable to the uncertainty of regulatory review. 4. Reliance on Small Molecule Drugs – Small molecules is more impacted by generic competition. Johnson & Johnson’s small molecule drug sales declined in 2008 and 2012. The necessity of finding replacements for billion dollar products as they mature represents a daunting task.
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OPPORTUNITIES OF JOHNSON AND JOHNSON
1. Wide Range of Potential Cross-selling Opportunities: Johnson & Johnson is in a position to strategically develop a myriad of cross selling opportunities. Maximizing Max imizing its balance between pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, and medical devices could result in increased revenues. 2. Potential to Exploit Biologics Market: The addition of further biologics (e.g. therapeutic proteins, antibodies) to its portfolio can serve as a buffer as small molecule patents expire which will drive the future growth of the company. 3. Changing lifestyle : With the increasing in literacy rate worldwide there is increase in concern over health & medical issues due to which there is increase in demand of medical products so J & J will also get benefited from this. THREATS OF JOHNSON AND JOHNSON
1. Fight against harmful ingredients – Many Many times, Johnson and Johnson products have been found to have ingredients which wh ich could be carcinogens. Similarly, these ingredients in gredients have been banned in the US and other countries. Repeatedly, these fight against harmful ingredients has affected the brand image of Johnson and Johnson. 2. Negative Impact of Product Recalls – Johnson Johnson and Johnson has had the misfortune of having to recall of more than 40 medicines. The company stands to take a hit to its reputation, competence and integrity. 3. Intense Rivalry: Due to the presence of strong global competitors who provide alternative & substitute products J & J is facing stiff competition. Also local players who are offering generic products are also affecting the business. 4. Government regulatory norms: Government regulatory norms over the contents & export and import tariffs play a critical role in the success of companies in these industries to which J & J is not an exception.
PEST ANALYSIS Political - There was a slowdown in government gove rnment decisions due to political instability. - There were adverse changes on foreign investment. - There were corruption and bureaucratic inefficiency. Economic - There were tax issues faced by b y J&J. - There had been fluctuation in interest, currency, and inflation rates. Social - Since poverty has a high rate, people are limited to buying pharmaceutical products. - People in rural areas were less aware of J&J products. - There were many cases regarding unapproved psychiatric medications about J&J products. Technological - J&J spends good money on research and development.
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Conclusion:
The alignment of Johnson & Johnson’s business model and operating model has been key to company’s 100-plus years of success. J&J’s operating model focused on decentralized management allows the company to effectively deliver on its business model – one one focused on providing value through a diversified set of products produ cts and services to a variety of customers. As a recent example, decentralization has been critical to J&J’s success in global expansion. The company’s R&D centers in developing countries have been able to develop products based on local insights and customer needs, and therefore, is expanding J&J’s current product offering to meet the unique needs of the emerging market population. With a tightly aligned operating model and business model, J&J will continue to improve the health and well-being of billions of people around the world through their diversified products and services. The goal of the collaboration would be beneficial in the company’s growth but for the meantime the strategy implementing personnel must consider the factors and causes of the breakdown in revenue currently cu rrently experiencing by the firm. In the tough economic en vironment it is not helpful for the company to pursue a long term strategy without consideration of the present dilemma.
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IV.
Alternative Solutions
1. Develop new products after making the company’s profit stable and in an increasing manner.
Creating new products is good since it will benefit the company. But then before putting some fund on the development of this product, make sure that the profits and income are stable. Since there is a declining of profits happening from 2006 up to 2008 in Pharmaceutical division, it is better to manage it first and put it back to its business line. Therein we can secure the increase of profits or stableness before using a great amount amou nt of money in a new product. Pros
Increase market share
Innovating a product that alleviates customer "pain points" and disrupts the target market can greatly improve market share, which can enable economies of scale and increase a company’s market power.
Increase profit
Developing an innovative product that’s unique and superior to what the competition offers can lead to profit growth. In fact, more than 90% of the world’s 100 most innovative companies have experienced positive sales growth due to innovation, according to a recent Forbes report.
Success in Failure
The "failed" result of innovation for one target market can end up being a disruptive and profitable innovation that can be applied to other markets. Penicillin, plastic, saccharin, WD-40, and the pacemaker are key examples of “successful” innovation failures/mistakes.
Cons
Innovation is Costly
While the amount of time and resources invested in product innovation varies, companies can expect to spend around 3.5% to more than 20% of their total revenue in R&D, with the pharma and technology industries spending the most to innovate.
Unwanted Market Cannibalization
Introducing an innovative “new” product to expand market share can backfire if a company’s product ends up eating into the market share of its other products, which can reduce product life cycles and lead to little or no sales growth.
Wasted time and Resources
A company can spend months and a 5- to 7-figure budget developing a new product only to see it fail because competitors went to market faster or the market was simply uninterested in the product.
Employee Dilemmas
Developing an innovative product that improves efficiency and saves costs can also render employees redundant, leaving companies with the tough dilemma of either having to retrench staff, or invest time and resources retraining them for other tasks.
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2. Establish product line through promotion.
Since competition is getting tough and they are worried that they might lose in their field of business when 2009 comes, co mes, it is good to establish some marketing with their consumers. It is a good way to surpass their competitors by showing that their products are much greater and more effective than the others by doing some promotions. Pros
Market Share
If you increase advertising and promotion expenditures, you stand a good chance of capturing market share, especially if your competition is cutting back on ad spending. You let the buying customer know that you are maintaining a robust effort to remain vital in the marketplace.
Higher Sales Growth
If you increase advertising and promotion expenditures, you stand a good chance of capturing market share, especially if your competition is cutting back on ad spending. You let the buying customer know that you are maintaining a robust effort to remain vital in the marketplace.
Increasing Value to the Customer
Increasing your advertising and promotions forces to think about offering more value to the customer, you need something to advertise that is better value. If you can find a way to put goods and services on sale, bundle services to customers who spend more and promote special offers, you can increase value to the customer and drive sales higher.
Improved Reputation
Your visibility through advertising and promotion builds your reputation with the customer. You draw customers to you, because they read the signal of increased advertising and promotion as increased success of o f your business. Although most advertising is through word of of mouth, that word of mouth starts with awareness that customers have gained about you through your advertising and promotions.
Innovation
Trying to increase your advertising and promotions can be an inspiration to get more creative, especially if money is tight. For example, you could add labels to your products with your contact information. This allows the customer to contact you or pass your name along to potential customers. You can also write articles online, participate in community fairs and hold drawings. These relatively inexpensive advertising and promotion methods arise out of your desire to increase advertising when you don't have the budget for it.
Cons
Failure
An obvious cons to a promotional strategy is its potential for failure. For example, you could invest time and money designing and advertising a sale, and sacrifice normal profits during the promotion, only to achieve moderate results. Worse, your long-term benefits might not offset the costs of the promotion. Careful research and expert advice from a marketing consultant can help maximize your chances for success, but nothing’s guaranteed.
Decreased Value
The longer a sales promotion lasts, the more likely you will decrease the perceived value of your product or service. For example, if a restaurant offers a steep discount for children’s
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meals to attract families, parents might balk at paying more after they get used to the low prices. Keep promotions short to prevent long-term damage to your overall pricing strategy.
Predictability
If your promotions occur in a predictable pattern, potential customers might wait for a sale rather than buy the product p roduct or service at full price now. For example, if a retail clothing store offers a sizable discount on most holidays, sales will be low between holidays, and relatively few customers will ever pay full price.
Bargain Hunters
New customers might learn to love your product or service and become lon g-term clients. Or they might abandon you as soon as the promotion is over and continue to hunt for bargains. Converting bargain hunters to permanent customers depends on developing brand loyalty. For example, if your excellent customer service or high-quality products impress them, they are more likely to stay with you after prices return to normal no rmal levels.
Celebrity Endorsements
The benefit of using celebrities to endorse your brand is you can capitalize on the goodwill they elicit from the public. The disadvantage is your brand identity is vulnerable to their public relations problems. Research celebrities carefully to increase the chances their public images will always be worth your investment.
3. Strengthen research and development.
Failing of products is quite alarming. They failed two consecutive times and if we’ll think about it, why are we having some failure? It’s a problem that we need to solve. Is it because there is a lack of researches and resources? We need to hire better and qualified workers for the job, we can recruit them from the other companies. compa nies. We can also have h ave some training in order to enhance and develop more ideas and skills of the workers. They need to have division of expertise, one for the new products and another one for developing and upgrading the existing products. In that way it may be a win-win situation for the company. Pros
Tax Breaks
The federal government has allowed businesses to use up to 20 percent of their R&D; expenses as tax deductions. The company has the option of taking the expense as a lump-sum deduction in the year in which the research took place, or the write-off can be spread out over the course of five to 10 years. The company cannot start using the write-off until the first month that financial gain is realized from the research. Not all R&D; activities are deductible. Activities such as market research, advertising, quality control and the study of historical information associated with a current project are not deductible. ded uctible.
Costs
One way a small business can reduce the cost of manufacturing a product is to use R&D; to uncover cost-effective manufacturing methods. New ways to manufacture existing popular products can allow the company to realize the revenue associated with the sales of the product but reduce the costs of getting the product out to the public.
Financing
Potential corporate investors are often interested in companies attempting to become industry leaders. When you invest in an R&D; program, you can start to develop technologies and solutions that may open up entirely new markets to your organization. This proactive approach to business can help attract investors and lenders who can supply you with the financing you need to reach your business goals. 10
Recruiting
Developing new technologies can open up new business opportunities within your organization. The chance to be challenged by a company that is investing in developing new technologies to reach new markets can help you to attract qualified and talented employees.
Cons
High Costs
It will be very costly.
Long time scale
It typically takes long years to bring a new product to market.
Uncertain Outcomes
There are always uncertainties about whether the product will meet the original brief and customer requirements. For example, pests may develop resistance to the product over time.
Difficulties in anticipating conditions
Difficulties in anticipating how conditions will change in the market and whether customer needs will change during the long R&D process. Competitors may come up with a rival product that is just as effective.
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V.
Recommendation, Solution, Implementation and Justification
Recommended Plan of Action Who: Johnson & Johnson Management When: After the development of existing business lines What: We recommend the company to focus on developing new products through the businesses already acquired, Maintain the stability of the products already in existence especially pharmaceuticals and medical devices and Strengthen research and development for collaboration. How: 1. To continue developing the acquired existing business lines while establishing research and development department for collaboration and consider the time acquisition of new businesses to lessen expenditures.
The company should minimize the acquisition of new business because it can only add on the overhead cost because it only minimizes the acquired income. In developing the new product the Company should address first the customer needs; many products fail because they don't clearly address any particular need or solve any specific problem in consumers’ lives. Very often, customers are not just looking for trendy new items; they are looking for a solution. A successful product is one that fills a void in the lives of customers. In successful marketing, that ‘voids’ needs to be clearly identified and relatable. Idea generation would take place as a starting point of finding new promising ideas after all ideas are gathered evaluation and elimination will come into the picture to eliminate ideas which are not needed. Business analysis would be the the final assessment before before deciding whether to develop the concept into a new product or not. Once the product is identified, it's time to introduce the solution which is the developed product. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. Also make sure that the product offers a reasonable price. Even if the company identify a common problem that no other product on the market addresses and you offer the perfect solution, no one will buy a product that is not worth the price. If it's unreasonably priced, customers will try to get around their needs by using products produ cts that don't quite fit. Establish communication with customers, it is almost always worth the cost, since it offers the company the most important perspective of the new product from the audience that will make or break your success. Often, asking for customer feedback will lead you to make subtle adjustments to the product and your marketing efforts, which can lead to increased sales. Everything about the created product could be perfect, but if it is difficult to acquire, customers will opt for another solution or avoid the solution altogether. The company need to carefully consider distribution - where, when and how customers can get their product. No matter what route you take for distribution, it should be straightforward and hassle-free for consumers. No one wants to navigate complicated online instructions or numerous telephone transfers just to get a product. Simple, honest and straightforward routes of obtaining will assure customers that they have made a good choice and ensure a long-term relationship with the company. Implementation
Yet the case for creating new products through already acquired businesses is stronger than ever. It takes so much money to develop new products and to penetrate new markets that few companies can go it alone in every situation. Few alliances remain win-win undertakings forever. A partner may be content even as it unknowingly surrenders core skills.
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When it’s feasible, it’s great to have your whole team working in a shared physical space, which helps foster clarity and prevents wasted time and effort. Make the product or service available to important influencers as a first step. Influencers can be friendly customers, prospects, or even bloggers who have a sizable online presence. Encourage these people to use your product or service and then write review articles or posts. Brief industry analysts during this early phase as well. Target people who are naturally eager to learn about your offering. Don’t expect a “big bang” “big bang” release unless your product or service is truly revolutionary. Make it easy for people to learn more about your product and make sure that you have a full knowledge about the new product when the customers questioned something. Justification
We choose this recommended plan of action which creating new products through already acquired businesses because staying ahead of the competition should always be front of mind for existing companies. New products give you a competitive advantage over your competition. It might be new sales, more shelf space, consumer impressions or other advantages. Because if you are the market leader, you want to keep your competitive advantage, if you are not the market leader – you need a competitive advantage. New products allow you to focus on taking a competitive leadership position. We based this on Cravens and Piercy (2005) New Product Planning Process Model.
The first stage is customer needs analysis, to find and identify customer needs and fulfil them. The second stage idea generation involves the starting point of finding promising new ideas. The third stage screening and evaluation is used to eliminate unpromising ideas as soon as possible while keeping the risks of rejecting good ideas at acceptable levels. The fourth stage business analysis is the final assessment before deciding whether to develop the concept into a new product or not. The fifth stage product development includes product design, industrial design, manufacturing process design, packaging design, and outsourcing decisions. The last stages are marketing strategy, market testing and commercialization which involve developing a strategy, testing the product and finally coordinating market entry activities, implementing marketing strategy and monitoring and control of the product launch. (Cravens and Piercy, 2005)
2. Maintaining the stability through Innovation of their existing products especially Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices
The company should maintain their existing products especially those pharmaceutical and medical devices through technological-based strategy. They should examine examine how intense intense the competition currently is in the marketplace, which is determined by the number of existing competitors and what each is capable of doing. They should asses’ competitor’s threats and be sure that their products are being innovated innovated and not out to date. They should look at the number 13
of suppliers available. The fewer there are the more power they have. Businesses are in a better position when there are a multitude of suppliers. Our strategy aims to make the company's products significantly different from the competition, improving their competitiveness and value to the public. This strategy requires both good research and development and effective sales and marketing teams. Investing in technological innovations is a profitable business strategy for a pharmaceutical business. Trends such as increasing competition, globalization, and shorter product-cycle times are real challenges for the industry. Technological innovations enable a pharmaceutical company to deal with these challenges by reaching more consumers and suppliers, receiving instant feedback at a cheaper cost. One such strategy is using e-detailing, whereby a company communicates a product’s details on the Internet. Consumers are able to schedule appointments online and learn about products or have a company address their questions in real time. A pharmaceutical company can also use a phone application to have consumers check the risks and benefits of a product on their phones. A technology-based business development strategy boosts innovations of drug enhancements or production of new drugs. Implementation
Utilizing basic internal and external SWOT analyses, as well as current marketing trends, one can distance themselves from the competition by generating ideologies which take affordability, ROI, and widespread distribution costs into account. Set specific criteria for ideas that should be continued or dropped. Stick to the agreed upon criteria so poor projects can be sent back to the idea-hopper early on. Aside from patent research, design due diligence, and other legalities involved with new product development; knowing where the marketing messages will work best best is often the biggest part of testing the concept. Does the consumer understand, understand, need, or want the product or service?. During the New Product Development process, build a system of metrics to monitor progress. Include input metrics, such as average time in each stage, as well as output metrics that measure the value of launched products, percentage of new product sales and other figures that provide valuable feedback. It is important for an organization to be in agreement for these criteria and metrics. At this stage, your new product developments have gone mainstream, consumers are purchasing your good or service, and technical support is consistently monitoring progress. progress. Keeping your distribution pipelines loaded with products is an integral part of this process too, as one prefers not to give physical (or perpetual) shelf space to competition. Refreshing advertisements during this stage will keep your product’s name firmly supplanted into the minds of those in the contemplation stages of purchase. Justification
We recommend the company to maintain stability through innovation of their existing products for them to cope up the changing business environment. Organizations who see & act upon the opportunities and possibilities for change through innovation in the current volatile and uncertain, business environment will not only survive; they will successfully compete and even flourish in the face of the range of emerging adverse and fluctuating business and economic conditions. Doing this will ensure that their people develop the creative confidence; the selfassurance and belief and the ability to come up with creative ideas and the courage to try them out, and collaborate to affect the desired changes in the world around them. This is based on Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model.
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Porter's Five Forces is a model of analysis that helps to explain why different industries are able to sustain different levels of profitability. This model was originally published in Porter's book, "Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors" in 1980. The model is widely used, worldwide, to analyze the industry structure of a company as well as its corporate strategy. Porter identified five undeniable forces that play a part in shaping every market and industry in the world. The forces are frequently used to measure competition intensity, attractiveness and profitability of an industry or market. Competition in the Industry
The importance of this force is the number of competitors and their ability to threaten a company. The larger the number of competitors, along with the number of equivalent products and services they offer, dictates the power of a company. Suppliers and buyers seek out a company's competition if they are unable to receive a suitable deal. Potential of New Entrants Into an Industry
A company's power is also affected by the force of new entrants into its market. The less money and time it costs for a competitor to enter a company's market and be an effective competitor, the more a company's position may be significantly weakened. Power of Suppliers
This force addresses how easily suppliers can drive up the price of goods and services. It is affected by the number of suppliers of key aspects of a good or service, how unique these aspects are and how much it would cost a company to switch from one supplier to another. The fewer number of suppliers, and the more a company depends upon a supplier, the more power a supplier holds. Power of Customers
This specifically deals with the ability customers have to drive prices down. It is affected by how many buyers, or customers, a company has, how significant each eac h customer is and how much it would cost a customer to switch from one company to another. The smaller and more powerful a client base, the more power it holds. Threat of Substitutes
Competitor substitutions that can be used in place of a company's products or services pose a threat. For example, if customers rely on a company to provide a tool or service that can be substituted with another tool or service or by performing the task manually and this substitution is fairly easy and of low cost, a company's power can be weakened.
3. Strengthen research and development
Johnson and Johnson should invest in research and development (R&D) to create new and innovative products and add features to old products. R&D also connects various parts of a company's strategy, such as marketing and cost reduction. Specifically, companies should invest 15
in R&D due to increased market participation, cost management benefits, advancements in marketing abilities and trend matching abilities. Market participation refers to a company's ability to attract new customers, win customer interest and increase its market share. R&D allows a company to come up with innovative new products or features that increase market share by giving customers something they've never seen before. R&D strategies let companies create highly effective marketing strategies around releasing a new product or an existing product with new features. If a company has a strong marketing department, it can create innovative marketing campaigns that match the innovative development and increase market participation. R&D can help a company follow or stay ahead of market trends and keep the company relevant. If a trend is already happening or is bound to happen, a company's R&D department can help it take advantage of that new trend. Implementation Implementing the Recommended Solution, which may involve communicating decisions at various levels inside and outside the company (Johnson and Johnson), developing budgets and schedules, obtaining resources, and assigning responsibilities. Note that for information security, implementation means much more than instituting the R&D program. The real goal, of course, is to ensure that solutions are implemented in the surface of planning for new products , not just to develop technologies and processes for their own sake. Thus implementing the R&D plan will have to include ensuring the implementation of R&D results.
Accomplishing that goal will require commitment by high-level management, incorporation of R&D results into ongoing agency programs, and user acceptance of the technologies and processes developed. It will also depend on raising the transportation community's awareness of how new approaches and techniques can improve security. Both toplevel officials and by program managers throughout the department will be essential for R&D investments to be made wisely and their results widely disseminated. Finally, and perhaps most important, success will depend on ensuring that transportation system owners and operators endorse and help shape R&D program. The surface transportation system and its security needs are so wide ranging and diverse that creating and maintaining a balanced, systematic R&D strategy will be a continuing challenge. The approach taken should be dynamic and able to evolve over time as the situation changes. Its perspective should encompass the surface transportation system as a whole, not transportation modes individually. The strategy should include both near-term and long-term efforts and should address both point vulnerabilities and system-wide strategic vulnerabilities. Justification
As a direct result of the fall in new approvals, patents expiring on existing products are not being replaced by new patented products with comparable commercial prospects. In addition, the return from each new drug has declined. To meet the global health needs of tomorrow, it is critical to invest in research and development today so the most effective health solutions are available when we need them. Here are five reasons why you should strengthen R&D: a. Competitive Advantage. Those with constant R&D investments are at a higher chance in succeeding in the global market. And to attain the best professional advantage, R&D investments demand to come hand in hand with relevant investments, like market development as well as brand new business processes. b. Tax Credits. Qualified R&D projects allow you to defray costs relevant with that project with the help of the Research and Development Relief for Corporation Tax. This option grants your business’s tax bill a significant reduction or, if you own a small to medium size business, you will get a tax credit in cash disbursed by HM Revenue and Customs. 16
Sales. There is an undeniably solid relationship between the amount of effort put c. Growth in Sales. There into research and development, and the way a company performs. Corporations that use R&D investment as the main driver for progress are inclined to achieve better outcomes for investors. d. Innovation. It is and always will be recognized as an important factor in economic growth and balance. Emerging with fresh ideas can c an work as a tool for an entire period of new ne w products produ cts and services that transform the economic system, improving its power and vitality. Innovation does not happen without Research and Development. R&D can easily lead to highly valued technologies, strategies and designs for your company that could be the origin of potential value when considering sustaining a competitive advantage. e. Promoting Your Mission. Be firm about what you plan to accomplish with your business. Think about this, if you are just presenting the same product or service with absolutely no interest in flourishing, your business become stagnant and definitely be left behind. The most successful businesses are always innovating; they are always finding new ways to build that competitive advantage. R&D is necessary in boosting your business’s vision and objectives. It might seem overwhelming at first, but when you utilize the help of experts, you can go miles away from a simple business idea. Never be reluctant to just take action toward innovation and prosperity.
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