CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide: Exercises, Activities, and Scenarios to Prepare for the ICND2 (200-101) Certification Exam Instructor’s Answer Key Allan Johnson
Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide: Exercises, Activities, and Scenarios to Prepare for the ICND2 (200-101) Certification Exam Instructor’s Answer Key
Publisher Paul Boger
Allan Johnson
Executive Editor Mary Beth Ray
Associate Publisher Dave Dusthimer Business Operation Manager, Cisco Press Jan Cornelssen
Copyright© 2014 Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America First Printing April 2014 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-381341-8 ISBN-10: 0-13-381341-X
Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about networking. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
Managing Editor Sandra Schroeder Senior Development Editor Christopher Cleveland Project Editor Mandie Frank Copy Editor Keith Cline Technical Editor Steve Stiles Editorial Assistant Vanessa Evans Designer Mark Shirar Composition Tricia Bronkella Proofreader Sarah Kearns
The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc.
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Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
About the Author Allan Johnson entered the academic world in 1999 after 10 years as a business owner/operator to dedicate his efforts to his passion for teaching. He holds both an MBA and an M.Ed in Occupational Training and Development. He is an information technology instructor at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas. In 2003, Allan began to commit much of his time and energy to the CCNA Instructional Support Team, providing services to Networking Academy instructors worldwide and creating training materials. He now works full time for Cisco Networking Academy as a Learning Systems Developer.
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About the Technical Reviewer Steve Stiles is a Cisco Network Academy Instructor for Rhodes State College and a Cisco Certified Instructor Trainer, having earned CCNA Security and CCNP level certifications. He was the recipient of the 2012 Outstanding Teacher of the Year by the Ohio Association of Two-Year Colleges and co-recipient for the Outstanding Faculty of the Year at Rhodes State College.
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Dedication For my wife, Becky. Without the sacrifices you made during the project, this work would not have come to fruition. Thank you providing me the comfort and resting place only you can give. —Allan Johnson
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Acknowledgments When I began to think of whom I would like to have as a technical editor for this work, Steve Stiles immediately came to mind. With his instructor and industry background, and his excellent work building activities for the new Cisco Networking Academy curriculum, he was an obvious choice. Thankfully, when Mary Beth Ray contacted him, he was willing and able to do the arduous review work necessary to make sure that you get a book that is both technically accurate and unambiguous. The Cisco Network Academy authors for the online curriculum and series of Companion Guides take the reader deeper, past the CCENT exam topics, with the ultimate goal of not only preparing the student for CCENT certification, but for more advanced college-level technology courses and degrees, as well. Thank you especially to Amy Gerrie and her team of authors— Rick Graziani, Wayne Lewis, and Bob Vachon—for their excellent treatment of the material; it is reflected throughout this book. Mary Beth Rey, Executive Editor, you amaze me with your ability to juggle multiple projects at once, steering each from beginning to end. I can always count on you to make the tough decisions. This is my seventh project with Christopher Cleveland as development editor. His dedication to perfection pays dividends in countless, unseen ways. Thank you again, Chris, for providing me with much-needed guidance and support. This book could not be a reality without your persistence.
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Contents at a Glance Introduction
xvi
Part I: Scaling Networks Chapter 1
Introduction to Scaling Networks
1
Chapter 2
LAN Redundancy
13
Chapter 3
Link Aggregation
31
Chapter 4
Wireless LANs
Chapter 5
Adjust and Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPF
Chapter 6
Multiarea OSPF
Chapter 7
EIGRP 87
Chapter 8
EIGRP Advanced Configurations and Troubleshooting
Chapter 9
IOS Images and Licensing
41 57
77
109
127
Part II: Connecting Networks
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Chapter 10
Hierarchical Network Design
137
Chapter 11
Connecting to the WAN
Chapter 12
Point-to-Point Connections
Chapter 13
Frame Relay
Chapter 14
Network Address Translation for IPv4
Chapter 15
Broadband Solutions
Chapter 16
Securing Site-to-Site Connectivity
Chapter 17
Monitoring the Network
Chapter 18
Troubleshooting the Network
147 155
171 181
193 203
213 223
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Contents Introduction
xvi
Part I: Scaling Networks Chapter 1
Introduction to Scaling Networks Implementing a Network Design
2
Hierarchical Network Design
2
Identify Scalability Terminology Selecting Network Devices
6
7
Selecting Switch Hardware
7
Selecting Router Hardware
8
Managing Devices
1
8
Basic Router Configuration Review Basic Router Verification Review
10
Basic Switch Configuration Review Basic Switch Verification Review Chapter 2
LAN Redundancy
10
11
13
Spanning-Tree Concepts
14
Draw a Redundant Topology Purpose of Spanning Tree
14
15
Spanning-Tree Operation
15
Identify the 802.1D Port Roles
17
Varieties of Spanning Tree Protocols
Comparing the STP Varieties PVST+ Operation
9
20
20
21
Rapid PVST+ Operation
22
Spanning-Tree Configuration
23
PVST+ and Rapid PVST+ Configuration First Hop Redundancy Protocols
Identify FHRP Terminology Identify the Type of FHRP
23
26
27 28
HSRP and GLBP Configuration and Verification Chapter 3
Link Aggregation
31
Link Aggregation Concepts
EtherChannel Advantages EtherChannel Operation
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32
32 32
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Link Aggregation Configuration
Configuring EtherChannel
33
34
EtherChannel Configuration Scenario 1
34
EtherChannel Configuration Scenario 1
34
EtherChannel Configuration Scenario 1
35
Verifying and Troubleshooting EtherChannel Chapter 4
Wireless LANs
41
Wireless LAN Concepts
42
Identify Wireless Technologies
42
WLANs Components and Topologies Wireless LAN Operations
45
Wireless Media Contention Associating with an AP
48
50
Channel Management Concepts Wireless LAN Security
44
45
Label the 802.11 Frame
52
53
WLAN Security Terminology
53
Identify the WLAN Security Characteristics Wireless LAN Configuration
Troubleshooting WLAN Issues
54
55
Adjust and Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPF Advanced Single-Area OSPF Configurations
58
Single-Area OSPF Configuration Review
58
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv2 Verifying Single-Area OSPFv2 Verifying Single-Area OSPFv3
57
58
59
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv3 Identify Network Types
54
54
Configuring WLAN Routers and Clients
Chapter 5
35
59
61
62
OSPF and Multi-Access Networks
63
OSPF and Multi-Access Networks Completion Exercise DR/BDR Election Exercise
65
Redistributing an OSPF Default Route Exercise OSPFv2 Default Route Redistribution
67
OSPFv3 Default Route Redistribution
68
Fine-Tuning OSPF Interfaces
67
69
Securing OSPFv2 with MD5 Authentication
69
Troubleshooting Single-Area OSPF Implementations
OSPF Adjacency Issues
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71
71
Identify OSPFv2 Troubleshooting Commands
71
Identify OSPFv3 Troubleshooting Commands
74
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Chapter 6
Multiarea OSPF
77
Multiarea OSPF Operation
78
Multiarea OSPF Terminology and Concepts Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation
79
OSPF Routing Table and Types of Routes Configuring Multiarea OSPF
78 79
80
Configuring Multiarea OSPF
80
Configuring Route Summarization for Multiarea OSPFv2 Verifying Multiarea OSPF Chapter 7
EIGRP 87 Characteristics of EIGRP
88
Describe Basic EIGRP Features
88
Identify and Describe EIGRP Packet Types
88
Identify Elements of the EIGRP Message Formats Configuring EIGRP for IPv4
Verifying EIGRP with IPv4 Operation of EIGRP
94
97
99
EIGRP Metric Concepts
99
DUAL Concepts Exercise
100
DUAL FSM Completion Exercise Configuring EIGRP for IPv6
102
104
Comparing EIGRP for IPv4 and EIGRP for IPv6 Configuring and Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
104
105
EIGRP Advanced Configurations and Troubleshooting Advanced EIGRP Configurations
Automatic Summarization Manual Summarization
110
110
IPv4 Manual Summarization
113
IPv6 Manual Summarization
115
116
Fine-Tuning EIGRP Interfaces
118
Securing EIGRP Routing Updates Troubleshoot EIGRP
109
112
Default Route Propagation
120
121
Commands for Troubleshooting EIGRP Troubleshoot EIGRP Connectivity Issues
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89
94
Configuring EIGRP with IPv4
Chapter 8
83
85
Connectivity Issue #1
122
Connectivity Issue #2
123
Connectivity Issue #3
123
121 122
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Chapter 9
IOS Images and Licensing Managing IOS System Files
127 128
IOS Families, Trains, and Naming Conventions Backing Up Cisco IOS Images IOS Licensing
128
131
132
Software Licensing
132
License Verification and Management
133
Part II: Connecting Networks Chapter 10
Hierarchical Network Design
137
Hierarchical Network Design Overview
138
Enterprise Network Campus Design
138
Hierarchical Network Design
138
Cisco Enterprise Architecture
139
Modular Network Design
139
Cisco Enterprise Architecture Model Evolving Network Architectures
144
Cisco Enterprise Architectures
144
Emerging Network Architectures Chapter 11
Connecting to the WAN
140
144
147
WAN Technologies Overview
148
Network Types and Their Evolving WAN Needs WAN Operations and Terminology Selecting a WAN Technology
149
151
Varieties of WAN Link Connections
151
Private and Public WAN Access Options Chapter 12
Point-to-Point Connections
155
Serial Point-to-Point Overview
156
Serial Communications WAN Protocols
156 158
HDLC Configuration and Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Serial Interfaces
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159
159
160
PPP Components PPP Sessions
152
158
HDLC Encapsulation
PPP Operation
148
160
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Configure PPP
165
Basic PPP Configuration with Options PPP Authentication
167
PAP Configuration
168
CHAP Configuration
168
Troubleshoot WAN Connectivity
Chapter 13
Frame Relay
165
168
171
Introduction to Frame Relay
172
Frame Relay Concepts and Terminology Frame Relay Operation Configure Frame Relay
173
176
Configure Basic Frame Relay Configure Subinterfaces Troubleshoot Connectivity
Chapter 14
176
177 178
Network Address Translation for IPv4 NAT Operation
Configuring NAT
181
183
Configuring Static NAT
183
Configuring Dynamic NAT
184
Configuring Port Address Translation A Word About Port Forwarding Configuring NAT and IPv6 Troubleshooting NAT Broadband Solutions Teleworking
181
181
NAT Characteristics
Chapter 15
172
185
189
189
190 193
194
Benefits of Teleworking Costs of Teleworking
194
194
Business Requirements for Teleworker Services Comparing Broadband Solutions
Cable DSL
195
195 197
Broadband Wireless
199
Selecting Broadband Solutions Configuring xDSL Connectivity
PPPoE Overview
200
200
200
Configuring PPPoE
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201
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Chapter 16
Securing Site-to-Site Connectivity VPNs
203
204
Fundamentals of VPNs Types of VPNs
204
204
Site-to-Site GRE Tunnels
205
Fundamentals of Generic Routing Encapsulation Configuring GRE Tunnels Introducing IPsec
206
208
Internet Protocol Security IPsec Framework Remote Access
208
208
210
Remote-Access VPN Solutions IPsec Remote-Access VPNs Chapter 17
Monitoring the Network Syslog
210
211
213
214
Syslog Operation
214
Configuring Syslog SNMP
205
215
215
SNMP Operation
215
Configuring SNMP
218
NetFlow 219
NetFlow Operation
220
Configuring NetFlow Chapter 18
220
Troubleshooting the Network
223
Troubleshooting with a Systematic Approach
Network Documentation
224
224
Troubleshooting Process and Methodologies Network Troubleshooting
230
Troubleshooting Tools
231
Network Troubleshooting and IP Connectivity
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227
232
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Icons Used in This Book DSU/CSU
Router
Bridge
Hub
DSU/CSU
Catalyst Switch
Multilayer Switch
ATM Switch
ISDN/Frame Relay Switch
Communication Server
Gateway
Access Server
Command Syntax Conventions The conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows:
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Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldface indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).
■
Italics indicate arguments for which you supply actual values.
■
Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.
■
Square brackets [ ] indicate optional elements.
■
Braces { } indicate a required choice.
■
Braces within brackets [{ }] indicate a required choice within an optional element.
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Introduction The purpose of this book is to provide you with an extra resource for studying the exam topics of the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) exam that leads to Cisco Certified Networking Associate (CCNA) certification. This book maps to the third and fourth Cisco Networking Academy courses in the CCNA Routing and Switching curricula: Scaling Networks (SN) and Connecting Networks (CN). Ideally, the reader will have completed the first two courses: Introduction to Networks (ITN) and Routing and Switching Essentials (RSE). SN continues where RSE left off, taking the student deeper into the architecture, components, and operations of routers and switches in a large and complex network. Successfully completing this course means that you should be able to configure and troubleshoot routers and switches and resolve common issues with OSPF, EIGRP, STP, and VTP in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. CN pulls everything from the first three courses together as the student learns the WAN technologies and network services required by converged applications in a complex network. Successfully completing this course means that you should be able to configure and troubleshoot network devices and resolve common WAN issues and implement IPsec and virtual private network (VPN) operations in a complex network. To learn more about CCNA Routing and Switching courses and to find an Academy near you, visit http://www.netacad.com. However, if you are not an Academy student but would like to benefit from the extensive authoring done for these courses, you can buy any or all of CCNA Routing and Switching Companion Guides (CG) and Lab Manuals (LM) of the Academy’s popular online curriculum. Although you will not have access to the Packet Tracer network simulator software, you will have access to the tireless work of an outstanding team of Cisco Academy instructors dedicated to providing students with comprehensive and engaging CCNA Routing and Switching preparation course material. The titles and ISBNs for the first two courses of the CCNA Routing and Switching CGs and LMs are as follows: ■
Scaling Networks Companion Guide (ISBN: 9781587133282)
■
Scaling Networks Lab Manual (ISBN: 9781587133251)
■
Connecting Networks Companion Guide (ISBN: 9781587133329)
■
Connecting Networks Lab Manual (ISBN: 9781587133312)
Goals and Methods The most important goal of this book is to help you pass the 200-101 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) exam, which is associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. Passing the CCNA exam means that you have the knowledge and skills required to successfully install, operate, and troubleshoot a small branch office network. You can view the detailed exam topics any time at http://learningnetwork.cisco.com. They are divided into five broad categories:
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LAN Switching Technologies
■
IP Routing Technologies
■
IP Services
■
Troubleshooting
■
WAN Technologies
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This book offers exercises that help you learn the concepts, configurations, and troubleshooting skills crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter differs slightly and includes some or all of the following types of practice: ■
Vocabulary-matching exercises
■
Concept question exercises
■
Skill-building activities and scenarios
■
Configuration scenarios
■
Troubleshooting scenarios
Audience for This Book This book’s main audience is anyone taking the CCNA Routing and Switching courses of the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum. Many Academies use this Practice Study Guide as a required tool in the course, whereas other Academies recommend the Practice Study Guide as an additional resource to prepare for class exams and the CCNA certification. The secondary audiences for this book include people taking CCNA-related classes from professional training organizations. This book can also be used for college- and university-level networking courses, and by anyone wanting to gain a detailed understanding of INCD2 routing and switching concepts.
How This Book Is Organized Because the content of the Scaling Networks Companion Guide, the Connecting Networks Companion Guide, and the online curriculum is sequential, you should work through this Practice and Study Guide in order beginning with Chapter 1. The book covers the major topic headings in the same sequence as the online curriculum. This book has 18 chapters, their names the same as the online course chapters. However, the numbering is sequential in this book, progressing from Chapter 1 to Chapter 18. The online curriculum starts over at Chapter 1 in the Connecting Networks course. Most of the configuration chapters use a single topology where appropriate. This allows for better continuity and easier understanding of routing and switching commands, operations, and outputs. However, the topology differs from the one used in the online curriculum and the Companion Guide. A different topology affords you the opportunity to practice your knowledge and skills without just simply recording the information you find in the text. Packet Tracer Activity
Note: Throughout the book, you will find references to Packet Tracer and Lab activities. These references are provided so that you can, at that point, complete those activities. The Packet Tracer activities are accessible only if you have access to the online curriculum. However, the Labs are available in the Lab Manuals previously cited.
Video Demonstration
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Part I: Scaling Networks ■
Chapter 1, “Introduction to Scaling Networks”: This chapter provides vocabulary and concept exercises to reinforce your understanding of hierarchical network design and selecting hardware. You will also practice basic router and switch configuration and verification.
■
Chapter 2, “LAN Redundancy”: The exercises in this chapter cover the concepts, operations, configuration, and verification of all the current varieties of STP.
■
Chapter 3, “Link Aggregation”: This chapter’s exercises are devoted to the concepts, configuration, verification, and troubleshooting of EtherChannel.
■
Chapter 4, “Wireless LANs”: This chapter is all about wireless connectivity technologies. You will complete exercises that focus on various types of wireless and the standards for 802.11. In addition, you will complete activities focused on WLAN components, topologies, and security.
■
Chapter 5, “Adjust and Troubleshoot Single-Area OSPF”: This chapter focuses on advanced OSPF concepts, configuration, verification, and troubleshooting.
■
Chapter 6, “Multiarea OSPF”: The CCNA exam now includes multiarea OSPF. So, this chapter includes exercises covering multiarea OSPF concepts and configuration, verification, and troubleshooting.
■
Chapter 7, “EIGRP”: The exercises in this chapter are devoted to the basic concepts and configuration of Cisco’s routing protocol, EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6.
■
Chapter 8, “EIGRP Advanced Configurations and Troubleshooting”: This chapter focuses on advanced EIGRP concepts, configuration, verification, and troubleshooting.
■
Chapter 9, “IOS Images and Licensing”: This chapter is devoted to the crucial knowledge and skills you need to manage IOS images. Exercises focus on basic IOS image concepts and management tasks.
Part II: Connecting Networks
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■
Chapter 10, “Hierarchical Network Design”: Part II, much like Part I, starts off network design. Exercises focus on the various types of network design models and architectures.
■
Chapter 11, “Connecting to the WAN”: This chapter is a survey of all the various WAN access options and technologies that are available for connecting today’s networks. The exercises focus on differentiating between all these WAN options.
■
Chapter 12, “Point-to-Point Connections”: One of the older, and still viable, WAN options is PPP. Exercises in this chapter focus on the serial interface and then the concepts, configuration, verification, and troubleshooting of PPP with PAP and CHAP authentication.
■
Chapter 13, “Frame Relay”: Although some may consider Frame Relay obsolete, it is still a viable option in depending on your location. This chapter includes exercises covering the concepts, configuration, verification, and troubleshooting of Frame Relay.
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■
Chapter 14, “Network Address Translation for IPv4”: NAT was created to provide a temporary solution to the limited address space in IPv4. Just about every router connected to the network uses NAT or forwards traffic to a NAT-enabled device for address translation. This chapter focuses on exercises to reinforce your understanding of NAT operation and characteristics. Practice activities include configuring, verifying, and troubleshooting static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT.
■
Chapter 15, “Broadband Solutions”: Working from home or away from a central office has largely been made possible by the advent of broadband technologies and VPNs. This exercises in this chapter help you distinguish between the various broadband offerings on the market.
■
Chapter 16, “Securing Site-to-Site Connectivity”: VPNs allow teleworkers and branch sites connect to the corporate network regardless of the underlying WAN access option. The exercises in this chapter are devoted to the concepts of the various VPN solutions, including IPsec and GRE configuration.
■
Chapter 17, “Monitoring the Network”: As a network administrator, you are more likely to be managing a network using a variety of tools rather than designing and building them. The exercises in this chapter cover three popular network monitoring tools: syslog, SNMP, and NetFlow.
■
Chapter 18, “Troubleshooting the Network”: Throughout your CCNA studies, you have practice troubleshooting skills in relation to specific technologies. This chapter reviews troubleshooting methodologies and the tools and commands you use to troubleshoot a network. Troubleshooting is a key skill to fine-tune now that you are close to taking your CCNA exam.
About the Cisco Press Website for This Book Cisco Press provides additional content that can be accessed by registering your individual book at the ciscopress.com website. Becoming a member and registering is free, and you then gain access to exclusive deals on other resources from Cisco Press. To register this book, go to http://www.ciscopress.com/bookstore/register.asp and enter the book’s ISBN located on the back cover of this book. You’ll then be prompted to log in or join ciscopress.com to continue registration. After you register the book, a link to the supplemental content will be listed on your My Registered Books page.
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Scaling Networks
As a business grows, so does its networking requirements. To keep pace with a business’s expansion and new emerging technologies, a network must be designed to scale. A network that scales well is not only one that can handle growing traffic demands, but also one designed with the inevitable need to expand. This short chapter sets the stage for the rest of the course. This chapter covers the hierarchical network design model, the Cisco Enterprise Architecture modules, and appropriate device selections that you can use to systematically design a highly functional network.
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Implementing a Network Design An enterprise network must be designed to support the exchange of various types of network traffic, including data files, email, IP telephony, and video applications for multiple business units.
Hierarchical Network Design Users expect enterprise networks to be up 99.999 percent of the time. To provide this kind of reliability, enterprise class equipment uses redundant power supplies and has failover capabilities. Describe what failover capability means for enterprise class equipment. Failover capability refers to the ability of a device to switch from a nonfunctioning module, service, or device to a functioning one with little or no break in service. Why should a network be organized so that traffic stays local and is not propagated unnecessarily on to other portions of the network? Keeping traffic local optimizes bandwidth. Designing a network using the three-layer hierarchical design model helps optimize the network. In Figure 1-1, label the three layers of the hierarchical design model. Figure 1-1
Hierarchical Design Model Hierarchical Design Model
Internet
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Internet
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Scaling Networks
Figure 1-1a
3
Hierarchical Design Model (answer) Hierarchical Design Model
Internet
Internet
Core Layer
Distribution Layer
Access Layer
Briefly describe each layer of the hierarchical design model. The access layer provides connectivity for the users. The distribution layer is used to forward traffic from one local network to another. Finally, the core layer represents a high-speed backbone layer between dispersed networks. The Cisco Enterprise Architecture divides the network into functional components while still maintaining the core, distribution, and access layers. The primary Cisco Enterprise Architecture modules include Enterprise Campus, Enterprise Edge, Service Provider Edge, and Remote. A well-designed network not only controls traffic but also limits the size of failure domains. Briefly describe a failure domain. A failure domain is the area of a network that is impacted when a critical device or network service experiences problems.
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Use the list of modules to label the parts of the Cisco Enterprise Architecture in Figure 1-2. Modules 1 Campus Core 2 Remote Access & VPN 3 Building Distribution 4 Internet Connectivity 5 Building Access 6 Server Farm & Data Center 7 WAN Site-to-Site VPN 8 E-Commerce Figure 1-2
Cisco Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Campus
Enterprise Edge
Service Provider Edge
Remote
Campus Infrastructure Module
Enterprise Branch ISP A
ISP B
Enterprise Teleworker
PSTN Enterprise Data Center
Network Management
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Scaling Networks
Figure 1-2a
5
Cisco Enterprise Architecture (answer)
Enterprise Campus 5
Enterprise Edge
Service Provider Edge
Enterprise Branch
Campus Infrastructure Module
8
3
1
Remote
ISP A
4 ISP B
Enterprise Teleworker
2 PSTN Enterprise Data Center
6 7 Network Management
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Identify Scalability Terminology Match the definition on the left with the term on the right. This is a one-to-one matching exercise. Definition g. Isolates routing updates and minimizes the size of routing tables c. Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol f. Allows for redundant paths by eliminating switching loops h. Technique for aggregating multiple links between equipment to increase bandwidth e. Minimizes the possibility of a single point of failure
Terms a. Modular equipment b. OSPF c. EIGRP d. Wireless LANs e. Redundancy f. Spanning Tree Protocol g. Scalable Routing Protocol h. EtherChannel
a. Supports new features and devices without requiring major equipment upgrades b. Link-state routing protocol with a two-layer hierarchical design d. Increases flexibility, reduces costs, and provides mobility to users
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Scaling Networks
7
Selecting Network Devices When designing a network, it is important to select the proper hardware to meet current network requirements and to allow for network growth. Within an enterprise network, both switches and routers play a critical role in network communication.
Selecting Switch Hardware Match the business consideration on the left with the switch feature on the right. This is a one-to-one matching exercise. Business Consideration a. Should provide continuous access to the network d. Daisy-chain switches with high-bandwidth throughput j. Refers to a switch’s ability to support the appropriate number of devices on the network h. Ability to adjust to growth of network users i. How fast the interfaces will process network data e. Important consideration in a network where there may be congested ports to servers or other areas of the network
Switch Feature a. Reliability b. Modular c. Power d. Stackable e. Frame buffers f. Cost g. Fixed configuration h. Scalability i. Port speed j. Port density
c. Provides electrical current to other device and support redundant power supplies g. Switches with preset features or options f. Depends on the number and speed of the interfaces, supported features, and expansion capability b. Switches with insertable switching line/port cards
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Packet Tracer Activity
Packet Tracer - Comparing 2960 and 3560 Switches (SN 1.2.1.7/SwN 1.1.2.5)
Selecting Router Hardware In Table 1-1, select the router category that applies to each description. Table 1-1
Identify Router Category Features
Router Description
Branch Routers
Fast performance with high security for data centers, campus, and branch networks
Network Edge Routers
Service Provider Routers
X
Simple network configuration and management for LANs and WANs
X
Optimizes services on a single platform
X
End-to-end delivery of subscriber services
X
Deliver next-generation Internet experiences across all devices and locations
X
High capacity and scalability with hierarchical quality of service Maximizes local services and ensures 24/7/365 uptime
X X
Unites campus, data center, and branch networks
X
Managing Devices A basic router or switch configuration includes the hostname for identification, passwords for security, and assignment of IP addresses to interfaces for connectivity. A router configuration also includes basic routing. In addition to configuration commands, router and switch verification commands are used to verify the operational status of the router or switch and related network functionality. Use the address scheme in Table 1-2 in the following exercises that review the most common router and switch configuration and verification commands. Table 1-2 Device
Interface
IPv4 Address
Subnet Mask
Default Gateway
R1
G0/0
172.16.1.1
255.255.255.0
N/A
S1
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Router and Switch Addressing Table
S0/0/0
172.16.3.1
255.255.255.252
N/A
S0/0/1
192.168.10.5
255.255.255.252
N/A
VLAN 1
192.168.1.5
255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1
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Basic Router Configuration Review Using Table 1-2 and the following requirements, record the commands, including the router prompt, to implement a basic router configuration: ■
Hostname is R1.
■
Console and Telnet line’s password is cisco.
■
Privileged EXEC password is class.
■
Banner message-of-the-day.
■
Interface addressing.
■
OSPF routing, including an appropriate router ID.
■
Save the configuration.
Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config)# line con 0 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# line vty 0 15 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# service password-encryption R1(config)# banner motd $ Authorized Access Only! $ R1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# interface Serial0/0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.252 R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# interface Serial0/0/1 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.252 R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# router ospf 10 R1(config-router)# router-id 1.1.1.1 R1(config-router)# network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 R1(config-router)# network 172.16.3.0 0.0.0.3 area 0 R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0 R1(config-router)# do copy run start
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Basic Router Verification Review In Table 1-3, record the verification command that will generate the described output. Table 1-3
Router Verification Commands
Command
Command Output
show ip route
Displays the routing table for known networks, including administrative distance, metric, and outbound interface
show ip protocols
Displays information about routing protocols, including process ID, router ID, and neighbors
show cdp neighbors
Displays information about directly connected Cisco devices
show ip interface brief
Displays all interfaces in an abbreviated format, including IP address and status
show ip ospf neighbor
Displays information about neighbors, including router ID, state, IP address, and local interface that learned of neighbor
show interfaces
Displays one or all interfaces, including status, bandwidth, and duplex type
Basic Switch Configuration Review Using Table 1-2 and the following requirements, record the commands, including the switch prompt, to implement a basic switch configuration: ■
Hostname is S1.
■
Console and Telnet line’s password is cisco.
■
Privileged EXEC password is class.
■
Banner message-of-the-day.
■
VLAN 1 interface addressing.
■
Save the configuration.
Switch(config)# hostname S1 S1(config)# enable secret class S1(config)# line con 0 S1(config-line)# password cisco S1(config-line)# login S1(config-line)# line vty 0 15 S1(config-line)# password cisco S1(config-line)# login S1(config-line)# service password-encryption S1(config)# banner motd $ Authorized Access Only! $ S1(config)# interface vlan 1 S1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.5 255.255.255.0 S1(config-if)# no shutdown S1(config-if)# ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1 S1(config-if)# do copy run start
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Basic Switch Verification Review In Table 1-4, record the verification command that will generate the described output. Table 1-4
Packet Tracer Challenge
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Router Verification Commands
Command
Command Output
show cdp neighbors
Displays information about directly connected Cisco devices
show port-security address
Displays all secure MAC addresses
show mac-address-table
Displays a table of learned MAC addresses, including the port number and VLAN assigned to the port
show interfaces
Displays one or all interfaces, including status, bandwidth, and duplex type
show port-security
Displays information about maximum MAC addresses allowed, current counts, security violation count, and action to be taken
Packet Tracer - Skills Integration Challenge (SN 1.3.1.2)
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CHAPTER 2
LAN Redundancy
Computer networks are inextricably linked to productivity in today’s small and medium-sized businesses. Consequently, IT administrators have to implement redundancy in their hierarchical networks. When a switch connection is lost, another link needs to quickly take its place without introducing any traffic loops. This chapter investigates how Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) logically blocks physical loops in the network and how STP has evolved into a robust protocol that rapidly calculates which ports should be blocked in a VLAN-based network. In addition, the chapter briefly explores how Layer 3 redundancy is implemented through First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRPs).
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
Spanning-Tree Concepts Redundancy increases the availability of a network topology by protecting the network from a single point of failure, such as a failed network cable or switch. STP was developed to address the issue of loops in a redundant Layer 2 design.
Draw a Redundant Topology In Figure 2-1, draw redundant links between the access, distribution, and core switches. Each access switch should have two links to the distribution layer with each link connecting to a different distribution layer switch. Each distribution layer switch should have two links to the core layer with each link connecting to a different core layer switch. Figure 2-1
Redundant Topology C1
D1
C2
D2
D3
Distribution
D4
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
PC1
PC2
PC3
PC4
PC5
PC6
Figure 2-1a
Access
Redundant Topology (answer) C1
D1
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Core
C2
D2
D3
Core
Distribution
D4
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
PC1
PC2
PC3
PC4
PC5
PC6
Access
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Chapter 2: LAN Redundancy
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Purpose of Spanning Tree STP prevents specific types of issues in a redundant topology like the one in Figure 2-1. Specifically, three potential issues would occur if STP was not implemented. Describe each of the following issues: ■
MAC database instability: Instability in the content of the MAC address table results from copies of the same frame being received on different ports of the switch. Data forwarding can be impaired when the switch consumes the resources that are coping with instability in the MAC address table.
■
Broadcast storms: Without some loop-avoidance process, each switch may flood broadcasts endlessly. This situation is commonly called a broadcast storm.
■
Multiple frame transmission: Multiple copies of unicast frames may be delivered to destination stations. Many protocols expect to receive only a single copy of each transmission. Multiple copies of the same frame can cause unrecoverable errors.
You should be prepared to use a topology like Figure 2-1 to explain exactly how these three issues would occur if STP was not implemented. Packet Tracer Activity
Packet Tracer - Examining a Redundant Design (SN 2.1.1.5/SwN 4.1.1.5)
Spanning-Tree Operation Because Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), which is documented in IEEE 802.1D-2004, supersedes the original STP documented in IEEE 802.1D-1998, all references to STP assume RSTP unless otherwise indicated. STP ensures that there is only one logical path between all destinations on the network by intentionally blocking redundant paths that could cause a loop. A switch port is considered blocked when network traffic is prevented from entering or leaving that port. STP uses the spanning-tree algorithm (STA) to determine which switch ports on a network need to be blocking to prevent loops from occurring. The STA designates a single switch as the root bridge and uses it as the reference point for all subsequent calculations. Switches participating in STP determine which switch has the lowest bridge ID (BID) on the network. This switch automatically becomes the root bridge. A bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) is a frame containing STP information exchanged by switches running STP. Each BPDU contains a BID that identifies the switch that sent the BPDU. The lowest BID value determines which switch is root. After the root bridge has been determined, the STA calculates the shortest path to the root bridge. If there is more than one path to choose from, STA chooses the path with the lowest path cost.
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CCNA Routing and Switching Practice and Study Guide
When the STA has determined the “best” paths emanating from the root bridge, it configures the switch ports into distinct port roles. The port roles describe their relation in the network to the root bridge and whether they are allowed to forward traffic: ■
Root ports: Switch ports closest to the root bridge
■
Designated ports: Nonroot ports that are still permitted to forward traffic on the network
■
Alternate and backup ports: Ports in a blocking state to prevent loops
■
Disabled port: Ports that are administratively shut down
After a switch boots, it sends BPDU frames containing the switch BID and the root ID every 2 seconds. Initially, each switch identifies itself as the root bridge after boot. How would a switch determine that another switch is now the root bridge? If the root ID in the BPDU received from another switch is lower than the root ID on the receiving switch, the receiving switch updates its cached root ID information to that of the sending switch. How does the STA determine path cost? The path information is determined by summing up the individual egress port costs along the path from the respective switch to the root bridge. Record the default port costs for various link speeds in Table 2-1. Table 2-1
Port Costs
Link Speed
Cost (Revised IEEE Specification)
Cost (Previous IEEE Specification)
10 Gbps
2
1
1 Gbps
4
1
100 Mbps
19
10
10 Mbps
100
100
Although switch ports have a default port cost associated with them, the port cost is configurable. To configure the port cost of an interface, enter the spanning-tree cost value command in interface configuration mode. The range value can be between 1 and 200,000,000. Record the commands, including the switch prompt, to configure the port cost for F0/1 as 15: S2(config)# interface f0/1 S2(config-if)# spanning-tree cost 15
To verify the port and path cost to the root bridge, enter the show spanning-tree privileged EXEC mode command, as shown here: S2# show spanning-tree
VLAN0001 Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
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Chapter 2: LAN Redundancy
Root ID
Priority
32769
Address
c025.5cd7.ef00
Cost
15
Port
1 (FastEthernet0/1)
Hello Time
Bridge ID
2 sec
Max Age 20 sec
Priority
32769
Address
c07b.bcc4.a980
Hello Time Aging Time
Interface
Forward Delay 15 sec
(priority 32768 sys-id-ext 1)
2 sec 15
17
Max Age 20 sec
Forward Delay 15 sec
sec
Role Sts Cost
Prio.Nbr Type
------------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------Fa0/1
Root FWD 15
128.1
P2p
Fa0/2
Altn BLK 19
128.2
P2p
Fa0/3
Desg LIS 19
128.3
P2p
Fa0/4
Desg LIS 19
128.4
P2p
Fa0/6
Desg FWD 19
128.6
P2p