GRAMMAR ANSWER KEY MOSAIC 2 (Silver Edition)
CHAPTER 6 Part 1: Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast: Concession 1 Practice (page 253) Relationship Subjects/Verbs
Structure
Punctuation
1.
Connecting Word Even though
Concession
Clause
Comma
2. 3.
In spite of Even so
Concession Concession
Phrase Clause
4.
Although
Concession
No Semicolon & comma Comma
5.
However
Concession
Child/jumps He/saw Mother/ sleeps She/wakes
Business man/ Clause worries Answer/comes Examples/could Clause only begin
Comma
2 Practice (page 253 - 254) 1. Although your eyes will record an image as it is, your brain may change the information it receives. 2. You look at an optical illusion very carefully; even so, your brain may “correct” the image to appear normal. 3. A large and a small box may be exactly the same weight; however, the large box will feel heavier. 4. Although a person wearing blue-tinted glasses sees a blue world at first, the blue effect soon disappears, and the world looks normal again. 5. The sound of the phone does not change; still, the phone appears to ring much louder when we are expecting a call. 6. Five people may witness the same accident; all the same, each person will remember the accident somewhat differently. 7. Even though the humidity level may be exactly the same on two different days, the air will seem damper on a cloudy day than on a sunny day. 8. Even though time seems to pass quickly on some days, it goes slowly on others. 9. Despite the fact that a dog’s bark seems especially loud at midnight, it may be just as loud during the day. 10. We are tired; however, we have to continue working! 3 Practice (page 255) 1. despite/ in spite of despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that 2. despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that despite/ in spite of 3. despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that despite/ in spite of 4. despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that despite/ in spite of 1
4 Practice (page 256) Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. Although (include comma after “one second”) 2. However, 3. Although/ Even though (include comma after “answered”); However, 4. Despite the fact that (include comma after “memory”); Although (include comma after “tried”); Nevertheless; In spite of the fact that (include comma after “before the operation”) 5 Practice (page 257) Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. Even though the adult brain uses up to 25 percent of the blood’s oxygen supply, it does not perform physical work. 2. The brain comprises only two percent of the body’s weight; even so, it receives 20 percent of all the blood pumped from the heart. 3. All parts of the brain receive blood; however, areas that control intellectual activity have the most blood vessels. 4. Although blood pressure often changes in other parts of the body, it stays relatively constant in the brain. 5. Great amounts of energy are consumed in the production of thought; nevertheless, the exact process is still not understood. 6. Though a loss of blood in a body part only causes numbness, a 15-second interruption in the blood flow to the brain results in unconsciousness. 7. In some traumatic situations, damage to the brain can occur despite the fact that blood flow is normal. 8. In spite of the fact that blood flows normally through the body, traumas like choking can cause brain damage. 9. The brains of humans and apes have many similarities; still, the human brain allows far greater abilities in language and reasoning than apes will ever have. 10. Tall people tend to have larger brain than short people; however, there is very little correlation between the size of the brain and intelligence. 6 Practice (page 258) Answers will vary. Part 2: Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast: Opposition 1 Practice (page 262 - 263) 1. and 2. Differences in punctuation: some of the words in Activity 1 of Part 1 use semicolons instead of commas. Connecting word Whereas
Subjects/Verbs Right hemisphere/controls Left hemisphere/directs
2
Structure Clause
Punctuation Comma
While On the other hand But Where
Hemispheres/can perform each/tends Hemisphere/ is It/appears Hemisphere/is right/is
Clause
Comma
Clause Clause Clause
Comma Comma Comma
3. Second sentence: The right hemisphere mainly controls the left side of the body Last sentence: the right is more holistic and relational. 2 Practice (page 263) 1. While an adult brain is more specialized, a child’s brain has large areas that are uncommitted. Focus: a child’s brain An adult brain is more specialized while a child’s brain has large areas that are uncommitted. Focus: an adult brain 2. Children can learn many things easily; in contrast, adults often have a much harder time. Focus: each clause has equal focus 3. Whereas few adults can learn to use a new language without mistakes or accent, children frequently become completely fluent in new languages. Focus: children Few adults can learn to use a new language without mistakes or accent whereas children frequently become completely fluent in new languages. Focus: adults 4. Most children do not favor either hand until they are about five years old; in contrast, most adults are either right-handed or left-handed. Focus: each clause has equal focus 5. Some functions, such as smell, are located in specific areas in the brain; on the other hand, others are handled throughout the brain. Focus: each clause has equal focus 6. While considerable research is being done on the “geography” of the brain, only a few areas have actually been “mapped.” Focus: a few areas Considerable research is being done on the “geography” of the brain while only a few areas have actually been “mapped.” Focus: research 3 Practice (page 264) 1. , on the other hand, 2. where (add comma after “complex”) 3
3.
, in contrast, , on the other hand,
4. 5. whereas (add comma after “existence”) 4 Practice (page 264) 1. Unlike a brain, which is capable of emotions and dreams, a computer only processes information. Instead of being capable of emotions and dreams like a brain, a computer only processes information. 2. Unlike a computer, which may weigh hundreds of pounds, a brain weighs only about three pounds. Instead of weighing hundreds of pounds like a computer, a brain weighs only about three pounds. 3. Unlike a computer, which can cover a desk, a brain fits neatly into the top of the skull. Instead of covering a desk like a computer, a brain fits neatly into the top of the skull. 4. Unlike a brain, which is aware of its own existence, a computer has no such sense of “being.” Instead of being aware of its own existence like a brain, a computer has no such sense of “being.” 5 Practice (page 265) 1. On the contrary, 3. On the other hand, 5. On the other hand,
2. On the other hand, 4. On the contrary, 6. On the contrary,
6 Practice (page 265) Answers will vary. 7 Practice (page 266) Answers will vary. 8 Practice (page 266) Answers will vary. 9 Error Analysis (page 267) 1. Whereas the right brain processes information sequentially, the left brain handles information simultaneously. / The right brain processes information sequentially; on the other hand, the left brain handles information simultaneously. 2. Keesia studied left-brain functions last semester; in contrast, Miki focused on the right. 3. Unlike the left brain, which is responsible for language, the right brain specializes in recognition of faces. 4. While I love studying the brain, Shirley thinks it is fascinating.
4
5. Though I have spent nine months in China, I still cannot communicate in Chinese. 6. Even though Chinese is very difficult, it is possible to learn it. 7. Artists tend to use the right side of the brain more. On the other hand, accountants rely more on the left. 8. Although migraine headaches are associated with women, millions of men have the same problem. 9. Despite the fact that Mary has taken four aspirin, she still has a terrible headache. 10. In spite of the fact that Mary has seen several doctors, none has been able to help her. Part 3: Clauses and Phrases of Purpose 1 Practice (Page 269 – 270) 1. Both university and drug researchers are studying AD in order that they can understand the disease. 2. Tests are being developed so that we can diagnose AD easily. 3. Drugs are being tested in order that these drugs can slow down the development of the disease. 4. Researchers are working on a vaccine so that they can eliminate the disease. 5. Mice were used in experiments in order that researchers could see how effective the vaccine was. 6. Information on the research is posted on websites so that people can/will know the latest development. 7. The disease was name Alzheimer’s so that everyone could/would recognize who discovered it. 8. I hope the vaccine is successful so that Alzheimer’s disease will disappear. 2 Practice (Page 270 - 271) 1. In the 1970s, Western scientists began traveling to India in order to study the “powers” that yogis were rumored to have. 2. The scientists used electronic instruments in order to test yogis’ ability to control “involuntary” body functions such as heartbeat and reaction to pain. 3. In one experiment, a yogi pushed a rusty needle completely through his arm in order to demonstrate his ability to block all pain. 4. He used meditation in order to ignore this pain. 5. Yogis undergo years of training in order to control their bodily functions through meditation. 6. Now some patients in the West are using biofeedback in order to control their involuntary nervous system like yogis. 7. The patients use machines in order to “see” and “hear” a problem and then consciously solve it. 8. Other people practice Transcendental Meditation in order to control their nervous system without the help of machines. 3 Practice (Page 271) Answers will vary.
5
Part 4: Clauses and Related Structures of Comparison 1 Practice (Page 275) 1. taller, the tallest 2. stockier, the stockiest 3. more quickly, the most quickly 4. less interesting, the least interesting 5. bigger, the biggest 6. more slowly, the most slowly 7. worse, the worst 8. better, the best 9. less tired, the least tired 10. more handsome, the most handsome 11. more fascinating, the most fascinating 12. less studious, the least studious 13. more lovely, the most lovely 14. less, the least 15. less exhausted, the least exhausted 16. more boring, the most boring 17. farther/further, the farthest/the furthest 18. less angrily, the least angrily 19. better, the best 20. dimmer, the dimmest 21. deeper, the deepest 2 Practice (Page 276) Answers will vary. 3 Practice (Page 277) 1. more developed 4. smaller 7. the most advanced
2. the higher 5. smoother 8. larger
4 Practice (Page 278 - 279) 1. ; likewise, 2. the same age as 3. ; similarly, 4. Both Anne and Harry 5. ; likewise, 6. as developed 7. Both crabs and lobsters 8. Similar to 5 Practice (Page 279) 1. fast, faster, the fastest 2. far, farther, the farthest
6
3. the most primitive 6. higher 9. greatest
3. well, better, the best 4. tall, taller, the tallest 6 Practice (Page 280) Answers will vary. 7 Error Analysis (Page 280) (corrections in italics) 1. Humans are not stronger than most other animals the same size. 2. We cannot run as quickly as dogs or deer can. 3. We seem to be more clumsy than most creatures. 4. Horses are herbivores; likewise, cows eat only vegetation. 5. Many animals are less clever than chimpanzees. 6. Orangutans eat a mixed diet of seeds, nuts, fruit, and a little meat. In contrast, tigers are carnivores. 7. To some people, the coat of a leopard looks the same as the coat of a tiger. 8. Both sheep and deer provide meat to predators, including humans. Part 5: Clauses of Result 1 Review (Page 283 - 284) 1. many, much, many, much, many 2. much, many, many 3. much, much, many 4. many, much, many, many 5. much, many, many, many 6. much, much, many 2 Practice (Page 284 - 285) 1. so, such 3. such a, so 5. such a, so
2. so, such 4. so, such an 6. so, such an
3 Practice (Page 285 - 286) (Sentence completions will vary.) 1. so many 2. such a 3. so _____ 4. so _____ 5. so much 6. such 7. so _____ 8. so many 9. such 10. such 11. so
7
12. such a 4 Review (Page 286 - 287) Answers will vary. 5 Error Analysis (Page 287 - 288) Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. Despite the fact that he had been unknown in the French capital, Mesmer soon became a celebrity. 2. Thousands flocked to his salon in order to be cured of every illness imaginable. 3. In fact, so many patients came for help that Mesmer had to turn large numbers of them away. 4. Mesmer’s treatment gained so much popularity that crowds gathered outside his salon demanding treatment. 5. At one point, the crowds became so uncontrollable that he devised a special treatment. 6. Mesmer “magnetized” a tree and had these people hang from ropes in order to cure them. 7. Dr. Mesmer developed a large group of supporters; however, others were more skeptical of the doctor and his treatments. 8. In particular, government officials in Paris were unimpressed by animal magnetism. In spite of Mesmer’s loyal followers, a French Royal Commission declared animal magnetism dangerous. 9. This was such an important judgment that Mesmer was forced to leave Paris in disgrace. 10. Mesmer was discredited. However, hypnotism eventually became a respected treatment.
8
