Chap11 Steel Frame Construction

Jabusiw 22 Zsiil Nwbdi Jfkzswyjs`fk

Zsiil Nwbd`ko Jabwbjsiw`zs`jz Bc~bksboiz L`oas

`k uwfufws`fk sf `sz zswikosa

Zswfko Ry`jh

. Zs`nn  !Zubk, ^iws`jbl sfiwz) sf iwijs

Uwij`zi

. uwic`jsbgli dbsiw`bl

Wijpjlbgli

C`zbc~bksboiz Sikcikjp A`oa

sf jfwwfci $ ciuikc`ko fk sai ik~`wfkdiks

Siduiwbsywiz !n`wiz)

Lfzz fn zswikosa&cinfwdbs`fk

Jbzs . _wfyoas @wfk

⇗

Zsiil

Jbzs @wfk !s`ll d`c 2155z) N`wzs

zswyjsywi lbsi 2?55z !Gw`coi `k Ikolbkc $ zs`ll `k yzi) y zi)

Gw`ssli,

c`nn`jyls sf fwh `sa

D`c 2155z $ dbkynbjsyw`ko

 uwfcyji zsiil

uwfjizziz ci~ilfuic sf `kiquikz`~ilp

I`nnil Sfiw Jfdulisic 2110

‧21,555 u`ijiz fn wfyoas `wfk !“zsiil owbci—) ‧7,955,555 w`~isz 3 dik sf `kzsbll b w`~is8 fki sf aibs sai w`~is, fki sf aflc `s, fki sf zabui sai aibc, fki & zlicoiabddiw 

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0&23&211 1

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:&27&2110

Zsiil Bkp

wbkoi fn bllfpz fw `wfk `sa lizz sabk 7 jbwgfk

Jbwgfk

jfksiks !sff dyja $ gw`ssli J@8 sff l`ssli $ zfns)

Fwc`kbwp

zswyjsywbl zsiil !d`lc zsiil) <2

Zswikosa 

P`ilc zswikosa

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UZ@

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Spu`jbllp $ :>,555uz` sf >9,555uz` (

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fn Dibzywi $ Sfkz

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Zsiil ubzziz sawfyoa b ziw`iz fn wflliwz

 @+I+

Jys

Afs Wfllic

sf Likosa . Jfflic

 Kydiwfyz

Zsbkcbwc zabuiz !z`}iz)

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95= 95,555 uz` p`ilc zswikosa

A`oaiw zswikosaz !gijfd`ko dfwi jfddfk) _ibsaiw`ko Zsiilz _ibsaiwz Ub`ks`ko

nfwd`ko b uwfsijs`~i jfbs`ko

& uwfsijs`~i jfbs`ko kfs wiry`wic

Obl~bk`}ic Zsiilz !uwfsijs`~i jfbs`ko)

Zswyjsywbl Zabuiz _`ci Nlbkoi Z`}i Wbkoi Ciusa8 _i`oas8

3— sf 35— 0*&ns sf ?:5*&ns

Yziz $ Gibdz . Jflydkz Uwfufws`fkz $ Zabui Sbll 

.Kbwwf $ Gibdz

Zrybwi $ Jflydkz . U`liz

Gibdz Sbll . Kbwwf

U`liz Zrybwi

_`ci Nlbkoi Ciz`okbs`fkz _ 27 Q 7> _ 4 _`ci Nlbkoi Ciz`okbs`fk 27 4 Kfd`kbl Ciusa !`kjaiz) 7> 4 _i`oas !lgz+) uiw nffs _27q7> $ 27‐$5— lfko i`oasz= 27‐ q 7>*&ln 4 :27*

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Zsiil Bkoliz YZIZ Zafws gibdz zyuufws`ko l`oas lfbcz

IQ $ L`ksilz Jfkkijsfwz ^ikiiw & Zh`k Zyuufws Icoi zyuufws !icoi bkoli) C`bofkbl gwbj`ko

Zsiil Bkoli Ciz`okbs`fkz L 3 Q 3 Q 2&7

Sa`jhkizz

L 4 Bkoli Ciz`okbs`fk 3 Q 3 4 Z`}i fn sai lioz !`kjaiz) 2&7 4 Sa`jhkizz fn sai lioz !`kjaiz)  KFSI= Lioz jbk gi irybl fw ykirybl

Z`}i

Jabkkilz !J Zabuic) Yziz Swyzz

didgiwz, gwbj`ko, l`ksilz, isj+

Ciz`okbs`fkz J 0 Q 2:+3

J 4 Jabkkil Ciz`okbs`fk 0 4 Kfd`kbl Ciusa !`kjaiz) 2:+3 4 _i`oas & ns+ !lgz+)

     a      s      u       i       C

Fuik _ig Zsiil Mf`zsz Dbzz uwfcyjic zsiil swyzziz Jfddfk Yziz Nlffw

Zyuufws

Wffn

Zyuufws

Mf`zs Zubj`ko Ciuikcz fk8 Lfbc Zubk

jbubg`l`sp fn cijh 

Spu`jbllp

7 sf 25 niis

Mf`zs yzic nfw nlffw zyuufws

Mf`zs “Zibs—

Gfssfd Jafwc Bkjafwic

Mf`zs

Mf`zs Gw`co`ko

Zsiil Swyzziz Aib~`iw Didgiwz Jbk Jbwwp Lbwoiw Lfbcz . Zubk Owibsiw C`zsbkjiz Spu`jbllp Zuij`bllp Nbgw`jbsic

Swyzz sf Zubk b Afsil Bsw`yd

Jflc Nfwdic Zsiil Nfwdic gp wfll`ko fw gikc`ko zaiis zsiil L`oas

Zsiil Nwbd`ko8 J$Zabuic $ Dfzs Jfddfk8 Nwiryikslp yzic nfw ubws`s`fk . iqsiw`fw bll nwbd`ko

Mf`k`ko Zsiil Didgiwz W`~is

Gfls

_ilc

W`~isz @kzsbllbs`fk Uwfjizz ‧Aibs W`~is ‧@kziws `k Afli ‧“Abddiw— sf uwfcyji b zijfkc aibc ‧Jffl $ Iqubkcz sf nfwd b s`oas mf`ks

Zilcfd Yzic bkp dfwi ‧Lbgfw @ksikz`~i ‧Lizz Iquikz`~i Blsiwkbs`~iz

Gflsz Spuiz= Jbwgfk

Zsiil Gflsz

 Z`d`lbw  Lfiw

A`oa

sf fwc`kbwp dbja`ki gflsz

Zswikosa, lf lfbc&zaibw jfkkijsfwz

Zswikosa Gflsz

 Aibs

swibsic nfw owibsiw zswikosa

 A`oaiw

zaibw wiz`zsbkji

 Jbk

blzf gi yzic `k Nw`js`fk Jfkkijs`fkz

 Jbk

gi yzic `sa fw `safys bzaiwz

@kzsbllbs`fk $ Gflsz Cw`ns u`kz Sidufwbwp Gflsz S`oasik Gflsz

A`oa Zswikosa Gflsz Nw`js`fk Jfkkijs`fkz

Lfbc swbkzniwwic gisiik didgiwz gp nw`js`fk Didgiwz jlbduic sfoisaiw  Dyzs gi S`oasikic jfkz`zsikslp bkc wil`bglp

^iw`n`jbs`fk fn Wiry`wic Sikz`fk Sywk fn sai Kys Disafc  S`oasikic

yks`l zkyo, saik sywkic bk bcc`s`fkbl nwbjs`fk fn b sywk

Sikz`fk Jfkswfl Gflsz  Jfwwijs

sikz`fk `z wibjaic aik ikc gwibhz fnn 

Lfbc @kc`jbsfw _bzaiwz fw  C`wijs Sikz`fk @kc`jbsfwz

Sikz`fk Jfkswfl Gflsz _wikja ow`uz gfsa sai kys . gfls _aik wiry`wic sfwja wibjaic Ikc

s`zsz fnn 

Ibzi

fn `kzsbllbs`fk . jfkz`zsikjp

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Uwfswyz`fkz nlbssik bz Gfls `z s`oasikic ^`zybllp `kzuijsic sf ikzywi sabs uwfswyz`fkz

Lfbc @kc`jbsfw _bzaiwz

Lfbc @kc`jbsfw _bzaiwz `sa b ^`z`gli Cpi sabs zry`wsz fys aik sai bzaiw abz zynn`j`ikslp nlbssikic

_ilc`ko _ilc`ko

_ilc`ko ~z Gfls`ko !Gfsa jbk bja`i~i z`d`lbw uiwnfwdbkji) ‧_ilc`ko lbgfw `ksikz`~i !izuij`bllp `k sai n`ilc) Wiry`wiz b a`oalp zh`llic&jiws`n`ic jwbnszdbk ^iw`n`jbs`fk fn @kzsbllic Rybl`sp $ `kzuijs`fk, Q$wbp, isj

‧Gfls`ko $ Ry`jh, ibzp, bkc lizz lbgfw `ksikz`~i . zh`ll wir‐c ‧Kfs ykjfddfk sf zii gfsa _ilcic nbgw`jbs`fkz `k sai zafu Gflsic `k sai n`ilc

Zsiil Nwbd`ko Jfkkijs`fkz Nwbdic Jfkkijs`fkz  Gflsz

fklp `k ig, kfs sai nlbkoiz  Swbkzd`sz fklp zaibw   Kfs gikc`ko dfdiks  Bjjfdul`zaic & 

jl`u bkoliz . gflsz&ilcz

Dfdiks Jfkkijs`fkz  Swbkzd`s

zaibw . dfdiks  Nlbkoiz dyzs gi jfkkijsic  Gfls&_ilc Nlbkoiz  Dbp wiry`wi jflydk zs`nnikiwz

Nwbdic Jfkkijs`fk Jl`u bkoliz ilcic sf jflydk, gflsic sf gibd

Gflsic Jfkkijs`fk

Gflsic Jflydk Zul`ji Dfdiks Jfkkijs`fk

Lbsiwbl Zsbg`l`sp & Wiz`zsbkji

C`bofkbl Gwbj`ko

Zaibw Ubkilz

Dfdiks Jfkkijs`fkz

Fus`fkz nfw Gy`lc`ko “Zswyjsywi— Lbsiwbl Wiz`zsbkji ‧C`bofkbl Gwbj`ko !fw ijjiksw`j gwbj`ko) ‧Zaibw Ubkilz !_bllz) ‧Dfdiks Jfkkijs`fkz ‧Jfdg`kbs`fk !jfddfk) Dfzs Jfddfk Gwbj`ko bkc&fw Zaibw Ubkilz `sa

Zsb`will Zaibw Ubkilz

Nlffw$sf$Ji`l`ko Swyzz !blsiwkbs`ko ibja nlffw)

C`bofkbl Gwbj`ko

Jfkzswyjs`fk Uwfjizz S`dil`ki Uwiubwbs`fk fn Zswyjsywbl Cwb`koz Uwiubwbs`fk fn Zafu Cwb`koz Cisb`lic Cisb`lz

!Zswyjsywbl Ikow+)

!nbgw`jbsfw)

nbgw`jbs`fk . iwijs`fk cwb`koz

ibja u`iji bkc jfkkijs`fkz

Zygd`zz`fk . Buuwf~bl Fwciw “zsfjh— likosaz Nbgw`jbsi ibja u`iji !bnsiw Zafu Cwb`ko Buuwf~bl) Za`u sf Mfgz`si Iwijs`fk

Zswyjsywbl Zsiil Iwijs`fk Iwijs 2zs S`iw Jflydkz

Jflydk Gbzi Ulbsi ‧C`zsw`gysi Lfbcz ‧Bssbjadiks sf Nck+ ‧Fnsik Zafu _ilcic ‧Afliz dyzs dbsja bkjafw gflsz `k nso+

Jflydk Zis sf Uwfuiw Ili~bs`fk Fus`fkz Li~il`ko Ulbsi zis

`k owfys uw`fw sf jflydk iwijs`fk

Li~il`ko Kysz kysz

zis sf ili~bs`fk  uw`fw sf zsiil iwijs`fk

Za`dz disbl

za`dz zis sf  uwfuiw ili~bs`fk

Bkjafw Gflsz `sa Li~il`ko Kysz

Iwijs`fk Ziryikji Iwijs Jflydkz @kzsbll gibdz bkc o`wciwz Ulydg zswyjsywi Jfdulisi !ilc fw s`oasik) bll jfkkijs`fkz $ `kjlyc`ko c`bofkbl gwbj`ko Owfys jflydk gbzi ulbsiz @kzsbll icoi bkoliz . cijh`ko !fw kiss`ko&ulbkh) Zsbws kiqs s`iw 

Jflydk Gbzi Ulbsi Owfysic

Sidufwbwp jbgliz yzic sf ulydg sai zswyjsywi

Icoi Bkoliz ‧Nfwdz sai Zlbg—Icoi— ‧Bkjafwboi fn iqsiw`fw “zh`k—

Sf Zsfwp Zswyjsywbl Nwbdi

Sfiw  Jwbki

ZZ Nwbdi & Wffn Mf`zsz Disbl Cijh & zaibw zsycz Icoi bkoliz

Gibd Jfu`ko

Disbl Cijh`ko B zaiis fn zsiil sabs abz giik jfwwyobsic sf `kjwibzi `sz zs`nnkizz Zubk jbubg`l`sp uw`dbw`lp gbzic fk8  Sa`jhkizz

 Ciusa

!obyoi) fn sai zaiis za iis

. zubj`ko fn sai jfwwyobs`fkz

Disbl Cijh`ko

Jflc Wfllic Zaiisz fn  Disbl

Disbl Cijh`ko $ Yziz Uiwdbkiks Nfwdfwh nfw Jfkjwisi Nlffwz Wffnz

Wffn Cijh 

Disbl Cijh Yziz Wffn Zyuufws

Bsw`yd Wffn  “Jyw~ic—

Disbl Cijh`ko Bssbjadiks Dijabk`jbl nbzsikiw !ziln$sbuu`ko zjwiz) _ilc`ko !jfddfk nfw nlffw cijh)

_ilcz

Jfdufz`si Disbl Cijh`ko _fwhz `k jfdg`kbs`fk & jfkjwisi n`ll Gfkcz

sf sai jfkjwisi

Ziw~iz

bz sikz`li wi`knfwj`ko

Jfdufz`si Disbl Cijh`ko Fnsik `k jfdg`kbs`fk & Zaibw Zsycz Jwibsiz

b zaibw jfkkijs`fk gisiik cijh . nwbdi @kjwibziz jbwwp`ko jbubj`sp Uwfcyjiz l`oasiw, zs`nniw, . lizz jfzslp nwbdi

Cijh`ko & Zaibw Zsycz

N`wiuwffn`ko Jfciz L`d`s sai Yzi fn Iqufzic Zsiil AF_6 $ Ai`oas . Bwib l`d`sbs`fkz _AP6 $ N`wi&aibs wicyjiz p`ilc zswikosa

Zswyjsywbl Zsiil iqufzic sf N`wi & Aibs

Zswyjsywbl Zsiil N`wiuwffn`ko Disafcz

Ikjbzidiks `sa b n`wi wiz`zsbks dbsiw`bl Jfkjwisi 

fw Dbzfkwp

Bccz cibc i`oas

Ulbzsiw  

Jfzslp&lbgfw `ksikz`~i



Iqsiw`fw fw ayd`c buul`jbs`fkz

Cwpbll 

Blzf ziw~iz bz n`k`za dbs‐l

Zuwbp$fk

N`wiuwffn`ko

Jfdg`kbs`fk

Zuwbp$fk N`wiuwffn`ko D`qsywi Jidiks`s`fyz fw n`giw . g`kciw d`qsywi Zuwbpic sf sai wiry`wic sa`jhkizz Owibsiw sa`jhkizz 4 owibsiw Wiz`zsbkji

“Gbooic— N`wiuwffn`ko Dbsiw`bl . Uydu

Fnsik sai disbl cijh`ko cfiz kfs wiry`wi bcc`s`fkbl n`wi uwfsijs`fk

 Kfsi$ Jfdufz`si cijh 

Uwfsijs`fk cyw`ko N`wiuwffn`ko fuiwbs`fkz

Lfkoiw Zubkz

Lfkoiw Zubkz

Swyzziz Bkoli Sygylbw

Yk`~iwz`sp fn  Afyzsfk

Jbzsillbsic Gibd

Fuwplbkc Afsil  Kbza~`lli, SK

Bwjaiz

Wfjh $‐k‐$ Wfll Dyziyd Zibssli Nwbkh F+ Oiawp . Bzzfj+ !NFOB) Bwja`sijs “nwii$nfwd “nwii$n fwd jyw~`l`kibw zswyjsywi— IKW 7&71&55

Wfjh $‐k‐$ Wfll Dyziyd bz ziik nwfd sai Zubji Kiicli

Nbgw`j Zswyjsywiz Sikz`li . Ukiydbs`j

^bkjfy~iw Jfk~iks`fk Jiksiw Sikz`li Zswyjsywi Dbzsz, bkc jbgli

YK@ Cfdi Ukiydbs`j Zswyjsywi !b`w zyuufwsic) Gy`ls 20?9 Nb`lic : s`diz Dijabk`jbl nb`lywi

Yk`~iwz`sp fn @fb

Yk`~iwz`sp fn @fb B`w Cfdi

Z`ci Bkjafwboi fn Kiss`ko

Yk`~iwz`sp fn @fb B`w Cfdi Iqsiw`fw Zsiil Wizswb`ks

Yk`~iwz`sp fn @fb B`w Cfdi

Zsiil . sai Gy`lc`ko Jfciz _`safys N`wi Uwfsijs`fk= Gy`lc`ko

ai`oasz . bwibz zi~iwilp l`d`sic

_`sa Uwfuiw N`wi Uwfsijs`fk= Ykl`d`sic

Gy`lc`ko Ai`oasz . Bwibz Uiwd`ssic nfw dfzs fjjyubkjp owfyuz