LBF^]KX 6> LAXX[^]DA@ FHKXXF]DA@ AX F@ D@KYD]FHEK ^FX] AI ]BK B[GF@ LA@MD]DA@1 D@\DOB]\ IXAG F ‒]FYD\]ALC— F^^XAFLB
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D`tramultda`
Kxfgd`d`o tbk suhjklt ai larruptda` irag f ‒]fvdstalc— systkgs psylba my`fgdl stf`mpad`t rkvkfes rkirksbd`o d`sdobts d`ta tbk d`mdvdmufe bugf` gd`m f`m fs dt ds gf`dikst d` laeekltdvk k`tkrprdsk. k`tkrprdsk. ]bds lbfptkr wdee mkslrdhk tbk la`lkpt la`lkpt ai d`tkr`fe ahjklt ta kxpefd` d`mdvdmufe f`m saldfe hkbfvdaur hy suookstd`o tbft d`tkr`fedskm
gk`tfe dgfoks ai sdo`didlf`t pkapek, kvk`ts f`m dmkfs bfvk stra`o kgatda`s f`m ikked`os fttflbkm ta tbkg tbft d`ieuk`lk dmk`tdty iargftda`, hkedki f`m vfeuk systkgs f`m d` tur` ekfm ta tbk la`strultda` ai ai fttdtumks f`m hkbfvdaurs. hkbfvdaurs. ]bds lbfptkr wdee fesa fmmrkss baw systkg psylbamy`fgdl la`lkpts lf` hk oftbkrkm f`m hau`m d`ta f saldfe tbkary ai oraup-fs-f-wbaek iu`ltda`d`o frau`m tbk suhjklt ai larruptda`. Larruptda` lf` hk mkid`km fs:
f bastdek tur`d`o fwfy irag d`tkr`fe ahjklts
kxkrldsd`o ekfmkrsbdp d` pursudt ai ai f` ahjkltdvk tbft bfs `atbd`o ta ma wdtb tbk warc tfsc
tbk krasda` ai vfeuks f`m stf`mfrms stf`mfrms tbrauob tbrauob `axdaus `axdaus pralkssks pralkssks tbft bfvk`'t hkk` iarkskk`, bfvk`'t hkk` prkmdltkm prkmdltkm ar warckm wdtb u`tde dt ds taa t aa eftk.
tbk u`mkrgd`d`o ai prd`ldpeks a` wbdlb ekofedty ds hfskm.
]ur`d`o fwfy irag d`tkr`fe ahjklts3 fttflcs a` ed`cd`o
]ur`d`o fwfy irag d`tkr`fe ahjklts d`vaevks tbk tatfe suhvkrsda` ai a`k's rkeftda` ta d`tkr`fe saurlks ai vfeuk f`m saurlks ai oaam`kss. oaam`kss. ]bk rkfsa` iar tbds psylbdl psylbdl prdgdtdvk tur`d`o fwfy ds bftrkm, (Hda`, 64;43 Oratstkd`, 6426f3 A—\bfuob`kssy, 644;) syghaedskm syghaedskm fs B, f`m f` d`taekrf`lk ai c`awekmok, c`awekmok, syghaedskm syghaedskm hy gd`us C. F
6
`m
F vkrsda` ai tbds pfpkr wfs odvk` ft tbk la`ikrk`lk : Xk/La`strultd`o Larruptda`. [`dvkrsdty ai Kfst F`oedf. 8
Gfy 8>><
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laghd`ftda` ai B f`m “C hrd`os ta gd`m tbk d`if`t tur`d`o fwfy irag tbk hrkfst, fs a`k gfy ma ft f`y pad`t d` eftkr edik, tbrauob tur`d`o fofd`st tbk u`hkfrfhek dmkf tbft a`k gfy bfvk ekfr`t sagktbd`o irag aur ‒d`tkr`fe ahjklts—, d.k. pfrk`ts, tkflbkrs, prdksts, supkrvdsars, supkrvdsars, gk`tars, ktl. A`k—s iflk ds tur`km fofd`st tbkg f`m wbft wfs wfs fltufeey ekfr`t irag tbkg ds rkvkrskm. F mkidf`t: ‒D wa`'t wa`'t ekfr` irag yau3 D wdee a`ey ekfr` irag gyskei—. Larruptda` ds f` d`vkrsda` ai rkfedty f`m tbk rkeftda`sbdp ta d`tkr`fe
ahjklts. ]bft ds wbft la`tkgparfry psylbaf`feysds (Cekd`, 64;?3 Hda`, 6448) kgpbfsdsks: tbds tur`d`o fwfy ds f` fttflc a` c`awekmok. c`awekmok. ]bk wbaek systkg ds suhvkrtkm. Xftbkr tbf` fllkptd`o fllkptd`o tbk systkg, systkg, a`k trdks ta okt fwfy wdtb wbftkvkr a`k lf` okt fwfy wdtb. Larruptda` lf` hk tbauobt ai d` tkrgs ai pkrvkrsda`s f`m tbk dmkfedsftda` ai vdaek`lk, u`trutb, prapfof`mf f`m prkjumdlk3 kxbfustd`o bdobkr ekvkes ai vfeuk f`m pragatd`o tbask tbd`os wbdlb frk tbk f`tdtbksds ai armd`fry bugf` vfeuks. ]bds ds f sbfcy mkid`dtda` hklfusk hklfusk dt mkpk`ms mkpk`ms a` bugf` vfeuks vfeuks tbft frk saldfeey la`strultkm. D` prd`ldpek, tbkrk ds `a rkfsa` wby f saldkty sbauem`'t sfy tbft tkeed`o edks ds f oaam tbd`o.
Dt mkpk`ms mkpk`ms a` a` wbktbkr wbktbkr a`k fllkpts tbft vfeuk vfeuk systkgs systkgs frk saldfeey
la`strultkm ar wbktbkr tbkrk ds sagktbd`o d``ftk d` hkd`o bugf` - wbft Irkum (6486, 648<) lfeekm `fturfe ktbdls, ktbdls tbft lagks lagks aut ai `fturk. A`k lf` suhslrdhk ta tbk vdkw tbft bugf` `fturk k`ok`mkrs f skt ai bugf` vfeuks, wbdlb frk prahfhey ifdrey tdgkekss, hfskm a` tbk d``ftk prapk`sdty ai bugf` hkd`os ta kstfhedsb bugf` rkeftda`s - wbft pragatks bugf` rkeftda`s ds ktbdlfeey oaam f`m wbft suhvkrts f`m u`mkrgd`ks bugf` rkeftda`s ds ktbdlfeey hfm. ]bkrkiark larruptda` ds sagktbd`o tbft oaks fofd`st tbk `fturk ai bugf` hkd`os, fttflcd`o trutb, ba`ksty, rkeftda`sbdps f`m flc`awekmokgk`t ai mkpk`mk`lk f`m vfeuftda` ai tbask wba suppart a`k. \uhvkrtd`o bugf` vfeuks ds mdiikrk`t irag strfdobt-iarwfrm wra`o-mad`o f`m ofd`d`o pkrsa`fe fmvf`tfok irag hrkfcd`o rueks ar efws hklfusk a`k tbd`cs dt ds passdhek ta okt fwfy wdtb dt. Larruptda` ds suhvkrsda` suhvkrsda` ai tbk iau`mftda` iau`mftda` ai fltufe ekofe systkgs. Larruptda` ai c`awekmok ds sdo`didlf`t.
]bkrk ds f pfrtdluefr qufedty fhaut aur
rkeftda`sbdp wdtb c`awekmok: tbft tbd`os lf` hk c`aw`, hut tbk vfeuk ai wbft ds c`aw` ds `at rkspkltkm. 'D c`aw tbd`os, hut tbky frk ai `a usk ta gk. D ma`'t vfeuk vfeuk c`awekmok3 D ma`'t vfeuk tbk kvdmk`lk ai ai gy aw` kyks. la`strultkm mkeusda`'.
D`stkfm, D vfeuk sagk
[`la`sldausey, [`la`sldausey, tbkrk wdee hk f rklao`dtda` f`m f`
kxpkrdk`ld`o ai wbft wbft bfs hkk` ma`k ma`k f`m ikked`os ikked`os ai oudet. Larruptda` ds tbk strftkoy 8
ai mkfed`o wdtb tbft oudet f`m wdtb tbk c`awekmok ai a`k's luepfhdedty, f`m tbft ds ta suhvkrt tbk wbaek vfeuk vfeuk ai c`awd`o tbd`os. tbd`os. Lrdgd`fes c`aw wbft wbft ds rdobt f`m wra`o, hut oa fbkfm f`ywfy f`ywfy f`m mkfe wdtb tbkdr tbkdr oudet tbrauob rkprkssda`. Dt ds mdiikrk`t irag tbask wba sfy, 'wkee, tbft gdobt hk wra`o, hut D ma`'t lfrk wbft ds rdobt f`m wra`o'. Dt ds suhvkrtd`o tbk wbaek wbaek garfe systkg. F lrdgd`fe gdobt `at suhvkrt suhvkrt tbk garfe ar ekofe ekofe systkg3 tbky gdobt oa fofd`st dt f`m tfck tbk la`skquk`lks. Bawkvkr, d` oraup ar laeekltdvk pbk`agk`f edck kla`agdl trk`ms, sagktbd`o mdiikrk`t bfppk`s. Gfrckts frk pra`k ta kpdsamdl hauts hauts ai irk`zdkm spklueftda`, spklueftda`, 'huhheks', wbdlb ekfvk id`f`ldfe rud` f`m rklrdgd`ftda` d` tbkdr wfck. ]bk matlag huhhek ai 6442-8>>> rkvkfekm tbft, iar fee tbk sapbdstdlftda` ai gamkr` id`f`ldfe systkgs, d`vkstars frk fs pra`k fs kvkr kvkr ta mkeusda`s ai ai edgdtekss wkfetb. Dra`dlfeey, tbk hkst hkst kxpef`ftda` iar sulb kpdsamks “ f`m pkrbfps kvk` tbkdr prkvk`tda` “ gfy hk dgpedldt d` tbk ef`oufok uskm d` fllau`ts ai stalc gfrckt huhheks avkr tbk lk`turdks: tbky frk mkslrdhkm fs authrkfcs ai 'gf`df', 'gfss bystkrdf', 'irk`zy' ktl. D` lkrtfd` la`mdtda`s, dt skkgs, d`vkstars oa laeekltdvkey d`sf`k, tbk prkvfded`o sk`sdhdedtdks f`m strulturks okt larruptkm, la`trae gklbf`dsgs frk u`mkrgd`km f`m ‒tbk gfrckts oa gfm—.
]ulcktt f`m ]fiiekr (8>>2) trkft tr kft stalc gfrckt d`vkstars fs d`mdvdmufes hkbfvd`o laeekltdvkey d` bkrm-typk hkbfvdaur. hkbfvdaur. ]bky mkslrdhk stalc gfrckt huhheks fs kpdsamks kpdsamks ai pfrf`adm-slbdzadm hkbfvdaur. hkbfvdaur. ]bk rklurrk`lk ai sulb kvk`ts kvk`ts ds, d` tbkdr f`feysds, k`tdrkey prkmdltfhek: d` tbk matlag ikvkr, fs d` tbk 64tb Lk`tury rfdewfy spklueftda` ar tbk '\autb \kf Huhhek', tbk mk`dfe rkgfd`s ea`o fitkr tbk irk`zy bfs suhsdmkm. ]ulcktt f`m ]fiiekr—s tbkarktdlfe irfgkwarc iar larruptkm vdsda`, kxpkltftda` f`m
hkbfvdaur ds Irkum—s (Irkum, 646?) mdvdsda` d` tbk psylbk hktwkk` tbk 'pekfsurk prd`ldpek', wbdlb skks tbk warem fs wk wauem edck dt hk, f`m tbk 'rkfedty prd`ldpek' “ aur fllkptf`lk ai f` dgpkriklt dgpkriklt f`m sagktdgks mdsforkkfhek mdsforkkfhek fltufedty. ]bk fmuet gd`m rkla`ldeks tbds la`trfmdltda` hy fmaptd`o kdtbkr f mkprkssdvk pasdtda` stftk wbdlb flc`awekmoks dgpkrikltda` f`m la`iedlt, ar f pfrf`adm-slbdzadm pasdtda`, d` wbdlb mdsforkkfhek kgatda`s sulb fs oudet f`m f`xdkty frk rkprksskm f`m prajkltkm autwfrms. ]bk cky ta tbds stftk ds tbk luetdvftda` ai 'pbf`tfsy 'pbf`tfsy ahjklts' wbdlb wbdlb tbk gd`m suhstdtutks iar f rkfedty wbdlb bfs hklagk hklagk taa mdiidluet ta hkfr. D` tbk kgkrod`o d`tkr`kt kla`agy ai 644>s, tbk `avkety f`m kxldtkgk`t ai tbk a`ed`k warem feeawkm <
husd`kss 'ourus' f`m kxldtfhek yau`o d`vkstgk`t hf`ckrs ta pkrsufmk tbkgskevks, f`m tbkdr ledk`ts, tbft tbk aem kla`agdl kla`agdl rueks `a ea`okr fppedkm. \bfrk vfeuftda`s ft tbk bkdobt ai tbk huhhek hark `a rkeftda` ta passdhek rktur`s f`m larruptda` ai tbk systkg skkgkm d`kvdtfhek. d`kvdtfhek. Fs sbfrk prdlks la`td`ukm ta safr, lfutdaus trfmkrs kdtbkr ikee d` ed`k wdtb tbk hueedsb hueedsb lrawm ar east east tbkdr jahs. ]bk d`vkstgk`t laggu`dty laggu`dty rkprksskm dts mauhts f`m f`xdktdks, prkikrrd`o ta hkedkvk d` tbk skmultdvk 'pbf`tfsy' warem ai u`kfr`km wkfetb. ]bds, fllarmd`o ta ]ulcktt f`m ]fiiekr, ds f 'pftbmkpk`mk`t' trfjkltary “ a`k tbd`o ekfms ta f`atbkr, wdtb tbk lrfsb d`kvdtfhek, a`lk tbk fllugueftda` ai f`xdkty avkrwbkegs tbk iarlks tbft frk rkprkssd`o r kprkssd`o dt. ]ulcktt f`m ]fiiekr's f`feysds qukstda`s f iu`mfgk`tfe fssugptda` ai gfd`strkfg kla`agdl gamkes “ tbft d`vkstgk`t mkldsda`s frk rftda`feey gatdvftkm g atdvftkm hy lagpktd`o, skei-d`tkrkstkm d`mdvdmufes. ]bksk gamkes ifee maw` d` u`lkrtfd` my`fgdl la`mdtda`s sulb fs tbask lrkftkm hy tbk rdsk ai `kw tklb`aeaoy, wbk` kgatda` f`m u`la`sldaus dgpuesks mrdvk mkldsda`-gfcd`o fs gulb fs f`y mry rkfmd`o ai orawtb iarklfsts. ]bky frouk tbft d` huhhek sdtuftda`s, hf`cs f`m id`f`ldfe d`stdtutda`s sbauem hk fs wfry ai 'kgatda`fe d`ieftda`', d.k. tbk larruptda` ai tbauobt f`m kgatda`, fs tbky frk ai idslfe d`ieftda`. Ikked`os f`m u`la`sldaus pbf`tfsdks pbf`tfsdks magd`ftk magd`ftk rftda`fe f`m d`tkeedok`t praikssda`fes. Fttrfltdvk d`vkstgk`ts d`vaevk oukssks oukssks fhaut f` u`lkrtfd` iuturk f`m u`lkrtfd`ty lrkftks f`xdkty. _bk` tbkrk frk kxldtd`o `kw d`vkstgk`ts wbask autlagk ds u`surk, d`vkstars lf` okt lfuobt up d` d ` tbk 'kvkryhamy kesk ds mad`o dt f`m sa sbauem D' wfvk wbdlb ekfms idrst ta u`mkrkstdgftd`o f`m tbk` fitkr pf`dl f`m tbk hurst ai f huhhek, ta avkrkstdgftd`o tbk rdscs ai f` d`vkstgk`t. D`vkstars d` huhhek sdtuftda`s la`td`uk ta tbd`c tbky frk hkbfvd`o rftda`feey, huyd`o d`ta f stary tbft feeaws tbkg ta mktflb tbkgskevks irag f`xdkty f`m eask taulb wdtb hkd`o lfutdaus. Xftda`fedskm wdsbiue tbd`cd`o rkofrmd`o praidts tbk` feeaws tbkg ta tfck a` gulb gark rdsc tbf` tbky fltufeey rkfedsk, sagktbd`o fhaut wbdlb tbky ikke fsbfgkm f`m pkrsklutkm, pkrsklutkm, hut rfrkey ok`ud`key oudety, oudety, wbk` f huhhek hursts. D` atbkr warms, f skgd-mkeusda`fe stftk ai gd`m ar larruptda`, wdee k`suk, rftbkr tbf` fmgdt rkspa`sdhdedty, ar ekfr` irag gdstfcks.
=
Laeekltdvdsd`o larruptda`
Aur la`u`mrug ds baw frk d`mdvdmufe d`trf-psylbdl larruptda` pralkssks laeekltdvdskm d`ta oraups f`m systkgs1 ]bk ]fvdstalc tatfe-systkgs fppraflb (Efwrk`lk, 6444, 8>>>3 Gdeekr, 644<3 Ahbaezkr & Xahkrts, 644=) hfskm a` tbk oraup-fs-f-wbaek tbkardks ai _deirkm Hda` (6496), mkfes wdtb tbds lrdtdlfe prahekg ai u`mkrstf`md`o baw d`mdvdmufe d`trf-psylbdl pralkssks, tbft kflb d`mdvdmufe bfs, hklagk laeekltdvdskm f`m la-laarmd`ftkm d`ta d`ta f systkg. systkg. ]brauob tbk stumy ai wbaek systkgs, tbk ]fvdstalc bfs oa`k sagk wfy ta mktkrgd`d`o baw f `ughkr ai skpfrftk gd`ms okt ta hkbfvk fs f systkg systkg ft f mdiikrk`t ekvke, d` tbds d`stf`lk, d`stf`lk, larruptey.
Ekfmkrsbdp bfs bfs f`
dgpartf`t iu`ltda` d` laeekltdvdsd`o tbk d`trf-psylbdl pralkssks ai tbk d`mdvdmufes d`ta larruptda`.
]bk ekfmkr wdee try ta lfpturk tbk feekodf`lk feekodf`lk ai d`mdvdmufes d`mdvdmufes ta sagk
pfrtdluefr dmkfe tbft ds rkprksk`tkm d` wfys tbft pfy `a fttk`tda` ta bugf` vfeuks, 'wk frk fhavk fee tbft3 tbky bfvk `a vfeuk ta us'. Hda`—s (6496) oraup-fs-f-wbaek dmkfs rkst a` tbk oftbkrd`o up ai d`mdvdmufe d`trf-
psylbdl my`fgdls my`fgdls f`m ed`cd`o tbkg ta a`k pkrsa`, pkrsa`, wbkrk tbky frk laarmd`ftkm. laarmd`ftkm. Dt ds tbk laarmd`ftda`, fs wkee fs strulturfe kekgk`ts, edck tbk tfsc ai tbk arof`dsftda` f`m tbk wfy dt efys aut dts raeks, tbft ekfms ta ta stftks ai larruptda`. larruptda`. ]bds ds f` kiidldk`t wfy wfy ai kxpefd`d`o saldfe pbk`agk`f f`m tbkdr rkeftda` ta d`mdvdmufe psylbaeaodlfe my`fgdls. _k wf`t ta fvadm `fávkey trf`spasd`o trf`spasd`o irag tbk d`mdvdmufe d`mdvdmufe psylbk ta ta tbk oraup pralkss, kspkldfeey wbk` wk ma `at u`mkrstf`m wby sa gf`y pkapek d` f oraup feeaw tbkgskevks ta hk d`vaevkm d` oraup pralkssks3 wbk` mkspdtk bfvd`o tbkdr aw` d`mdvdmufe psylbks, sa gf`y pkapek iaeeaw f ekfmkr ta mkstrultda`. A`k f`swkr gfy hk tbft kvkrya`k bfs tbk sfgk cd`m ai d`trf-psylbdl pkrsa`fedty pralkssks, hut dt ds `at `klkssfrdey `klkssfrdey tbk lfsk.
Okrgf`y, a`k ai ai tbk gast
sapbdstdlftkm `ftda`s d` tbk warem summk`ey avkr`dobt tur`km d`ta f Jkw-bftd`o, gurmkrd`o, prkjumdlkm, tatfedtfrdf` stftk wbkrk tbauobt mdsfppkfrkm f`m armd`fry pkapek wkrk lfuobt up d` tbk oraup oraup pralkss. A`k lf``at sfy tbft tbk k`tdrk Okrgf` `ftda` bfm f tatfedtfrdf` gk`tfedty, fetbauob pkapek ma sfy tbft f`m tbkrk gfy hk sagk trutb d` tbft, hut tbkrk wkrk kxtrkgkey tbauobtiue pkapek d` Okrgf`y wba lrkftkm tbk pd``flek ai pbdeasapby f`m gusdl f`m frt f`m lueturfe flbdkvkgk`t. \ummk`ey, tbauobt laeefpskm f`m tbksk gast sapbdstdlftkm pkapek hauobt d`ta f stftk ai gfm`kss. A`k bfs ta u`mkrstf`m u`mkrstf`m baw tbkrk lf` lf` hk f larruptda` larruptda` ai f` d`tkr`fe ;
warem tbrauob avkrwbkegd`o avkrwbkegd`o kxtkr`fe prkssurk. ]bds ds wbft Gk`zdks Eytb Eytb (6442, 6424) lfees ‒k`iarlkm d`trajkltda`s—, wbk` gfturk pkapek frk iarlkm ta rkorkss ta stftks ai prdgdtdvk`kss. prdgdtdvk`kss. _bk` tbky frk d` tbk systkg, d`mdvdmufes d`mdvdmufes frk pawkrekss pawkrekss ta prkvk`t ‒k`iarlkm d`trajkltda`s—. ]bk Okrgf` pkapek pkapek hklfgk f edhkrfe mkgalrftdl wkstkr` wkstkr` `ftda` wdtbd` f mklfmk. mklfmk. Dt wfs `at f `kw ok`krftda` ai pkapek3 dt wfs tbk t bk sfgk pkapek wba bfm hkk` apkrftd`o tbk @fzd systkg, suookstd`o tbft lbf`oks d` tbk d`tkr`fe feekodf`lk lf` hk vkry rfpdm f`m vkry praiau`m f`m frk `at just la`lkr`km wdtb psylbaeaodlfe mkvkeapgk`t. Larruptda` ds fhaut hk`md`o tbk gkf`s ta flbdkvk f` k`m, wbdlb ft tbk tdgk ikkes rdobt3 sagktbd`o tbft a`k gfy kvk` hkedkvk ds iar saldfe oaam. ]bds pad`ts ta tbk `kkm iar `kw pfrfmdogs ta bkep us u`mkrstf`m tbk rfpdm lbf`oks tbft lf` allur tbft rkvkrhkrftk wdtbd` saldfe my`fgdls. @frldssdsg
\usf` Ea`o (8>>2) pravdmks f uskiue mkslrdptda` ai tbk raek tbft `frldssdsg f`m d`mdvdmufedsg pefy d` tbk rfpdm orawtb ai orkkm, la`sugkrdsg, flqudsdtda` f`m kxpeadtftda`. ]bksk my`fgdls pragatk pkrvkrsda` f`m larruptda` larruptda` tbrauob tbk pralkss ai tur`d`o f hed`m kyk. (\tkd`kr, 642;, 644<3 644<3 Baooktt, 64483 Okttekr, 8>>;). ]bds fiiklts arof`dsftda`fe edik fs la`sldaus f`m u`la`sldaus pkrvkrsk my`fgdls hklagk gark kvdmk`t, kvdmk`t, ekfmd`o ta larruptda`. larruptda`. ^krvkrsda` f`m larruptda` frk aitk` ed`ckm fs d` tbask lfsks wbkrk arof`dsftda` ar of`dsftda` ekfmkrs fttkgpt ta lavkr up pkrlkdvkm ifdeurks d` f` fttkgpt ta gf`dpueftk tbk sbfrk gfrckt f`m pravdmk ekvkrfok iar f bapkm-iar rklavkry. rklavkry. ]bk mk`dfe d`vaevkm d` tur`d`o f hed`m kyk lf` hklagk f la`sldaus fttkgpt ta mdsoudsk mdsoudsk rkfedty. ―]bk psylbaeaodlfe psylbaeaodlfe my`fgdls ai larruptda` frk
gf`dikst d` orkkm, frraof`lk, f sk`sk ai pkrsa`fe k`tdtekgk`t, tbk dmkf ai vdrtuk fs pkrsa`fe eayfety, f`m tbk d`fhdedty ta mdstd`oudsb hktwkk` arof`dsftda`fe f`m pkrsa`fe k`ms‗. (Ekvd`k, 8>>;, ^o. ^o. 6?). ]bksk d`mdvdmufe lbfrfltkrdstdls lbfrfltkrdstdls frk kvk`tufeey
kxprksskm fs u`la`sldaus pkrvkrsk saldktfe my`fgdls f`m tbky ekfm ta larrupt hkbfvdaurs wdtbd` tbk systkg. Iaeeawd`o f `ughkr ai gfjar larparftk edfhdedty lfsks avkr rklk`t ykfrs, tbk efw bfs lbf`okm d` tbk mdrkltda` ai rkofrmd`o arof`dsftda`s fs k`tdtdks tbft hkfr rkspa`sdhdedty iar pravdmd`o orawtb f`m hk`kidts f`m hkfrd`o rkspa`sdhdedty iar hkd`o d`strugk`tfe 9
wbk` tbd`os oa wra`o. wra`o. ]bk dmkf ai arof`dsftda`s arof`dsftda`s hkd`o dghukm dghukm wdtb lbfrfltkr trfdts d`iargs tbk fltda`s tfck` tfck` hy arof`dsftda`fe arof`dsftda`fe ekfmkrs f`m f`m gkghkrs. _bk` lbfrfltkr trfdts frk mkstrultdvk f`m magd`ftk tbk fltda`s ai arof`dsftda`fe gkghkrs irag wdtbd` f` u`la`sldausey pkrvkrsk saldfe strulturk, tbds ds rkofrmkm fs larruptda`. ―Arof`dskm larparftk larruptda` ds f la`sldaus gf`dikstftda`, tbk dlkhkro tdp ai f`
u`la`sldaus pkrvkrsk saldktfe strulturk strulturk f`m f`m my`fgdl. my`fgdl.
Larruptda` hudems a` a` f`
u`mkreyd`o saldfe ifhrdl ai pkrvkrsdty‗ (Ea`o, 8>>2, ^o. <), f` dmkf tbft suooksts tbft f saldkty apkrftks systkgdlfeey tbrauob f my`fgdl, f stftk ai gd`m tbft fiiklts d`mdvdmufe f`m oraup hkbfvdaur.
F ‒stftk ai gd`m—, fllarmd`o fllarmd`o ta Bfrrä (642=) ds f
saldfe, `at f` d`mdvdmufe pbk`agk`a`. Hda`—s warc a` oraups (6496) f`m Eflf` (64??) mkga`strftk tbk dmkf ai gd`m fs ealftkm ealftkm d` tbk oraup. oraup. _bk` `frldssdstdl, orkkmy, orf`mdask d`mdvdmufes frk d` apkrftda`, tbk arof`dsftda`fe systkg, tbk ‒oraup—,
lf` mdspefy dtskei fs deeusary, skei-mklkptdvk, d` mk`dfe f`m kxpeadtftdvk. ]bk mkvkeapgk`t f`m rkwfrm ai `frldssdstdl lbfrfltkrdstdls ekfms kvk`tufeey ta tbk lrkftda` ai f pkrvkrsk systkg. D`if`t mkvkeapgk`t f`m larruptda`
D` bugf` mkvkeapgk`t, mkvkeapgk`t, tbk hfhy bfs bfs dts `kkms gkt prd`ldpfeey hy tbk gatbkr. ]bk hfhy d` dts prdgdtdvk u`iargkm stftk rkeftks ta gatbkr, `at fs f pkrsa`, hut fs f` ahjklt, f `kkms-sftdsiyd`o ahjklt. Irag tbk hfhy—s pkrspkltdvk, pkrspkltdvk, gatbkr sftdsidks dts pbysdlfe f`m kgatda`fe `kkms f`m d`saifr fs gatbkr maks tbft fmkquftkey, tbk hfhy odvks bkr oaam kxpkrdk`lks3 d`saifr fs gatbkr irustrftks tbk hfhy, dt odvks bkr hfm kxpkrdk`lks. \a tbk d`if`t ekfr`s tbft gatbkr bfs ta hk eaackm eaackm fitkr: 'D bfvk bfvk ta ma tbds d` armkr tbft sbk wdee ikke oaam f`m sbk wa`'t ma hfm tbd`os ta gk'. D` eftkr mkvkeapgk`tfe stfoks, tbk hfhy rkfedsks tbkrk ds f iftbkr f`m tbft t bft gatbkr f`m iftbkr bfvk f rkeftda`sbdp wbdlb sagktdgks d`leumks f`m sagktdgks kxleumks tbk hfhy. F wfy bfs ta hk iau`m ai `koatdftd`o tbft trdf`ouefr rkeftda`sbdp. Hut tbkrk frk tbrkfts paskm hy iftbkr, wbdlb wk pastueftk lagks irag f prajkltda`: 'D wf`t yau, iftbkr, ta oa fwfy, sa tbft D lf` k`jay tbds kxleusdvk rkeftda`sbdp wdtb gatbkr3 dpsa iflta, D tbd`c yau wf`t gk ta oa fwfy, sa tbft yau lf` bfvk wdtb gatbkr wbft D wf`t ta bfvk wdtb bkr, sa D'm hkttkr bdmk gy truk wdsbks—, d.k. tbk hkod``d`o ai larruptda`.
]bds slk`frda ed`cs ta pbf`tfsdks pbf`tfsdks fhaut tbk saurlks saurlks ai suppedks. Gatbkr ds tbk saurlk ai suppedks, ai oaam ikked`os, `aurdsbgk`t, survdvfe, f`m `aw tbkrk ds f`atbkr idourk ?
wba ds lagd`o d`ta d`ta tbk pdlturk, f rdvfe wba pasks pasks f tbrkft. Ykry prahfhey, tbft ds f gfjar saurlk ai larruptda`, iar tbk d`if`t wba ds gark la`lkr`km wdtb k`surd`o tbft bk rktfd`s gatbkr—s eavk hy gf`dpueftd`o bkr ta hk bds passkssda`.
D`mdvdmufe f`m larparftk orkkm
]bk gf`fokrs ai K`ra`, Ekbgf` Hratbkrs f`m atbkr arof`dsftda`s (skk Ea`o, 8>>2, iar mktfdekm mkslrdptda`s ai lfsks ai larruptda` ai K`ra` d` tbk [\F, BDB D`surf`lk d` Fustrfedf, Ea`o-]krg Lfpdtfe Gf`fokgk`t d` tbk [\F, _aremlarp d` tbk [\F, f`m ^frgfeft d` Dtfey) lf` hk sfdm ta bfvk fltkm d` tbkdr raeks, hut d` armkr ta eaac fitkr tbkgskevks a`ey.
Di wk ed`c tbft ta d`if`t mkvkeapgk`t mkvkeapgk`t - tbk hfhy bfs `at ykt
flbdkvkm tbk stfok ai la`lkr` iar atbkrs3 dt ds eaacd`o fitkr dtskei prktty wkee. ^sylbaf`feytdlfeey, tbk hfhy—s pbf`tfsdks frk ai mkvaurd`o f`m d`larparftd`o gatbkr
d` armkr ta tfck passkssda` ai bkr fs tbk ikkmd`o ahjklt sa tbft tbk d`if`t wauem `kvkr bfvk ta ikke mkpk`mk`ly mkpk`mk`ly f`m hk wdtbaut. Dt urok`tey skfrlbks iar f sk`sk ai a`k`kss a`k`kss ar iusda` wdtb tbk sftdsiyd`o ahjklt, wbdlb ds wbft lf` hk sfdm kxklutdvks ai tbksk arof`dsftda`s wkrk wkrk mad`o taa. Di a`k bfs $6>>g d`stkfm d`stkfm ai $6>g, tbk if`tfsy ai iusda` wdtb tbk u`dvkrsk ds stra`okr “ tbk if`tfsy ds ai `kvkr bfvd`o ta wf`t iar f`ytbd`o. ]bk K`ra` mdrkltars hkedkvkm hkedkvkm tbft tbky aw`km ar bfm f rdobt ta tfck tbk ga`ky. ga`ky. ]bky hkedkvkm tbky wkrk fee-c`awd`o, fee-pawkriue, fee-wdsk f`m kxkgpt irag muk pralkss. ]bky sfw pralkss fs `at fppeyd`o ta tbkg, f prdgdtdvk, d`if`tdek pbf`tfsy hfskm a` orkkm - ai sfyd`o dt fee hkea`os ta gk - dt ds fee gd`k. Fee tbk mdrkltars wkrk lefdgd`o ta bfvk ok`ud`key skk` tbk trutb f`m tbk trutb wfs tbft dt fee hkea`okm ta tbkg f`m fs ekfmkrs tbky larrupt tbk rkst wdtb ag`dpatk`t hut u`rkfedstdl f`m fgarfe fspdrftda`s. Irag tbksk ahskrvftda`s, dt ds passdhek ta sfy tbft fee bugf` systkgs bfvk hatb vdsdhek, la`sldaus pfrts f`m bdmmk`, u`la`sldaus pfrts f`m larruptda` ds d`bkrk`tey f`m patk`tdfeey pfrt ai kvkry systkg, tbft kvkrytbd`o bfs tbk skkms ai dts aw` larruptda`.
]bds tfcks us hflc ta tbk hfhy-f`m-gatbkr pfrfmdog pfrfmdog wdtb tbk hfhy
sfyd`o: ‒D wf`t tbk gatbkr f`m kvkrytbd`o sbk rkprksk`ts fee iar gk3 atbkrs lf``at
bfvk f`y ai dt, hklfusk di tbky wkrk feeawkm ta bfvk f`y ai dt, tbky wauem wf`t fee ai dt. Baw ma D, hfhy, c`aw tbft1 Hklfusk D, hfhy, c`aw c`aw tbft D wf`t wf`t dt fee taa.—
2
^rdgfry `frldssdsg, k`tkr tbk iftbkr f`m mkvkeapd`o f sk`sk ai rkfedty
_d``dlatt (64;>, 642>) wfs d`tkrkstkm d` tbk la``kltda` hktwkk` lbdem mkvkeapgk`t f`m garfedty. D`mdvdmufes ekfr` fhaut tbk hfsdls ai garfedty tbrauob la`sdstk`ly f`m la`td`udty ai lfrk f`m fttk`tda`. ]bk mkvkeapgk`t mkvkeapgk`t ai garfedty fesa d`vaevks oad`o oad`o tbrauob tbk mkprkssdvk pasdtda` (Cekd`, 64=9), d` wbdlb tbk d`if`t mkvkeaps f lfpfldty ta rklao`dsk f`m fllkpt gatbkr, `at gkrkey fs f `kkms-sftdsiyd`o ahjklt, hut fs f pkrsa` d` bkr aw` rdobt. ]bft rdobt d`leumks gatbkr bfvd`o rkeftda`sbdps wdtb atbkrs ai bkr aw` lbaasd`o. lbaasd`o. ]bds, ai laursk, d`vaevks d`vaevks tbk d`if`t rksaevd`o rksaevd`o tbk akmdpfe la`iedlt la`iedlt wdtb dts iftbkr, f prkeumk ta ekfr`d`o fhaut f`m okttd`o ta ordps wdtb rkfedty. Kgkrod`o d`ta f warem ai rkfedty, f`m lagd`o ta tkrgs wdtb dt ekfms ta tkgptftda`s ta tfck sbart luts hflc ta pkrikltda` f`m eftkr tbksk sbart-luts gfy d`leumk edks, bypalrdsdks f`m mkeusda`s. _bk` tbk gatbkr eaacs d`ta bkr hfhy—s kyks f`m sfys: ‒yau frk tbk gast mfred`o hfhy d` tbk warem—, tbds ds f` dgpartf`t kxpkrdk`lk iar tbk hfhy ta bfvk sa tbft dts `argfe
bkfetby `frldssdsg lf` mkvkeap. mkvkeap.
Hut tbk hfhy fesa fesa `kkms `kkms ta u`mkrstf`m tbds ds f
saldfe la`vk`tda` f`m f`m wbdek dt ikkes eavkey, eavkey, dt ds fesa sagkwbft sagkwbft deeusary. Di tbk hfhy fltufeey hkedkvks tbds deeusda` d` f la`sdstk`t wfy, dt ds suhjklt ta tbk gast tkrrdhek pralkssks. Kdtbkr dt hklagks sa `frldssdstdl tbft dt ds u`gf`fokfhek u`gf`fokfhek ar dt hklagks hklagks sa oueedhek tbft dt ds ft tbk gkrly ai kvkry kvkry iefttkry d` tbk warem. \a tbk d`if`t bfs ta hk fhek ta hk ‒mklkdvkm— suiidldk`tey ta bfvk tbk kxpkrdk`lk ai ikked`o eavkm f`m
wa`mkriue, wbdek ft tbk sfgk tdgk dt bfs ta rkgfd` suiidldk`tey fwfrk ai tbk deeusary prktk`lk. ]bk larruptdvk pralkss d` d`if`ly stfrts ft tbk pad`t wbkrk wbkrk tbkrk ds lefsb hktwkk` prdgfry `frldssdsg f`m tbk mfw`d`o fwfrk`kss ai atbkrs fs pkapek wdtb `kkms, f`m wbk` tbft fwfrk`kss ds avkrrdmmk` hy pkrsa`fe ag`dpatk`t, `frldssdstdl ar atbkr mksdrks. Mkvkeapgk`tfeey, Mkvkeapgk`tfeey, tbk lbdem bfs ta warc warc tbrauob f`m odvk odvk up gulb f`m rkfedsk uetdgftkey tbft dt ds a`k fga`ost gf`y f`m tbft tbk warem ds hdookr tbf` dt. Dt ds passdhek ta frouk tbft kekgk`ts ai larruptda` frk prksk`t d` tbk fttkgpts wk gfck ta rkflb hflc hflc ta wbft wk wk a`lk bfm f`m f`m wfs east. D` atbkr warms, larruptda` skkgs ta hk tbk rkiusfe ta fmjust ta rkfedty f`m/ar tbk mdsgf`ted`o ai prkvdausey flbdkvkm fmjustgk`ts fmjustgk`ts ta rkfedty. Dt ds fegast fs di d` orawd`o up, up, a`k bfs ta pefy hy tbk rueks f`m a`k fllkpts tbksk fmfptftda`s pfd`iueey fs a`k gavks ta tbk mkprkssdvk pasdtda` ai rklao`dsd`o atbkrs, f`m tbk` hkd`o taem: 'yau ma`'t bfvk ta ma tbft, yau lf` lf` mrap fee tbksk pfd`iue fmjustgk`ts'. D` Cdssd`okr's Cdssd`okr's gkgadrs (64?4) (64?4) 4
fhaut tbk efst mfys ai tbk \bfb ai Drf`, bk wrdtks baw tbk d`ieuk`lks tbft pravdmk rkfedstdl ikkmhflc f`m hkd`o d` taulb wdtb saldktfe pralkssks, mrap fwfy a`k hy a`k, u`tde id`feey a`ey f if`tfsy sdtuftda` ds ekit wbdlb ikkms f tatfe psylbatdl mkeusda`fe ag`dpatk`lk3 hkd`o tatfeey aut ai taulb f`m surrau`mkm hy sylapbf`ts wba fee sfy d` lbarus: ‒yau frk tbk gast gfrvkeeaus hfhy d` tbk warem, yau frk tbk Kgpkrar.—
Hdaeaodlfeey, bugf` hkd`os stfrt aii tbkdr kxdstk`lk d` f stftk ai iusda` wdtb gatbkr—s
hamy. Ok`krfeey, tbkrk ds `a `a `kkm ta struooek iar rksaurlks rksaurlks hklfusk tbksk ieaw d`ta dt sgaatbey f`m la`td`uausey. la`td`uausey. Irag f stftk ai ai iusda`, tbk d`if`t gavks gavks d`ta f stftk ai `a`-iusda`, wbkrk survdvfe survdvfe ds mkpk`mk`t a` f`atbkr ta pravdmk rksaurlks. rksaurlks. ]bk d`if`t bfs ta id`m wfys ai fttrfltd`o tbk hrkfst f`m flc`awekmod`o dts vfeuk f`m dgpartf`lk f`m mkht ai orftdtumk ta dt. ]bk Cekd`df` fppraflb lk`trks a` tbft struooek. Lf` yau ikke orftkiue ta yaur edik suppart systkg1 systkg1 Ar ma yau bftk dt f`m wf`t ta pravk tbft dt ds ai `a vfeuk ta yau1 yau1 D` tbft sk`sk, larruptda` f`m f`m mkvfeud`o wbft wbft ds vfeufhek, lf` hk sfdm ta ardod`ftk ardod`ftk d` d`if`ly. d`if`ly.
Larruptda` bfs f hdaeaodlfe d`kvdtfhdedty fhaut fhaut dt tbft
kgkroks irag tbk bugf` bugf` la`mdtda` ai ai mkpk`mk`ly. Hut sagkwbkrk wk wk wauem bfvk ta flc`awekmok flc`awekmok tbk d`skrtda` ai saldfedsftda` f`m saldfe saldfe vfeuks d`ta tbft pralkss.
Di
larruptda` bfs dts raats d` aur hdaeaodlfe f`m saldfe d`bkrdtf`lk, tbk` wk `kkm ta flc`awekmok larruptda`, `at fs f` fh`argfe pbk`agk`a`, hut rftbkr f` d`kvdtfhek pfrt ai fee systkgs f`m ta hk wftlbiue ai dts gf`dikstftda`s. _k bfvk ta la`leumk tbft tbkrk ds f prkmdspasdtda` tawfrms larruptda` d` d`mdvdmufes, arof`dsftda`s f`m saldkty. Di tbk rkfedty prd`ldpek ds fhaut gfcd`o fmfptftda`s f`m lagpragdsd`o, tbk` tbkrk lf` hk mdiidluetdks mdstd`oudsbd`o hktwkk` tbft tbft f`m larruptda`.
Lagpragdsk ds fhaut fhaut
hkd`o d` taulb wdtb rkfedty f`m gfcd`o gfcd`o bkfetby fmjustgk`ts. _bk` maks f bkfetby fmjustgk`t hklagk lagpragdsk f`m wbk` maks lagpragdsk hklagk larruptda`1 Irag tbk gagk`t tbk hfhy ds har`, ar kvk` hkiark, tbk hfhy ds irfgkm wdtbd` f saldfe systkg wbkrk mfdey dt ds drrfmdftkm wdtb fspklts ai tbk prkvfded`o vfeuk systkg. Dt ds mkvdftda` irag tbk vfeuk systkg tbft ds la`sdmkrkm larruptda`. Larruptda` d` arof`dsftda`s
@kw arof`dsftda`s iarg ft tdgks wbk` tbkrk ds f `kkm iar tbkg. F pfrtdluefrey oditkm pkrsa` skks tbk `kkm iar f `kw arof`dsftda` tbk` prkldpdtftks tbk `kkm ar tbk dmkf aut f`m iargs f `kw hamy. hamy. ]bk arof`dsftda` tbk` hudems dtskei ta gkkt tbft `kkm f`m gfcks usk ai tbft wbdlb ds fvfdefhek f`m lagks ta bf`m. ]bk arof`dsftda` usks 6>
pkrsa`fedtdks f`m fttdtumks ar stftks ai gd`m tbft frk frau`m, tbft tbk` iargs d`ta f` arof`dsftda` tbft idts d`ta wbftkvkr saldfe ledgftk tbkrk gfy hk, tbus iueideed`o f vkry dgpartf`t saldfe `kkm. `kkm. \aa` fitkr dts iargftda`, tbk arof`dsftda` arof`dsftda` flqudrks fllrktda`s fllrktda`s ai flaeytks f`m atbkrs, f`m irag tbk` a`, dt easks tbk vkry qufedty tbft lfuskm dt ta hk sk`sdtdvkey d` taulb wdtb saldktfe saldktfe pralkssks. ]bksk saldfe pralkssks, dts rfdsa` m—êtrk tbk` hklagk f tbrkft hklfusk hklfusk tbk arof`dsftda` arof`dsftda` bfs ta la`stf`tey fmfpt. \a tbk arof`dsftda` hklagks gark f`m gark d`stdtutda`fedskm f`m gark f`m gark mkik`mkm, f`m gark f`m gark larruptkm, hy ifeed`o d`ta mkik`sdvk stftks ai `kkmd`o ta pratklt dtskei, fs appaskm ta rkgfd`d`o apk` f`m gamdiyd`o g amdiyd`o f`m la`stf`tey rklrkftd`o dtskei. @kw gavkgk`ts f`m arof`dsftda`s stfrt wdtb bdob dmkfes. ^aedtdlfe pfrtdks wd` a` tbk hfsds ai bapk f`m kxpkltftda`, hut eftkr, rkfedty d`tkrvk`ks, tbk pfrtdks lf``at mkedvkr f`m tbky hkod` ta iumok.
Lbadlks bfvk bfvk ta hk gfmk f`m wk frk hflc ta tbk
ekfmkrsbdp qukstda`. ]bk raek raek ai ekfmkrsbdp ds ta hk d` taulb wdtb wdtb rkfedty. rkfedty. Ekfmkrs gfy kspausk bdob dmkfes, dmkfes, hut uetdgftkey tbkdr k`tkrprdsks bfvk bfvk ta hk sullkssks. ]bk trfokmy d` arof`dsftda`s ds wbk` warc ds u`mkrgd`km f`m mkldsda`s frk gfmk, `at apk`ey a` gkrdt ar ifdr`kss, i fdr`kss, hut sklrktey a` prkikrk`lks f`m ifvaurs. Larruptda`, survdvfe f`m pfrf`adm-slbdzadm pfrf`adm-slbdzadm gklbf`dsgs
]bk pfrf`adm-slbdzadm pasdtda` lbfrfltkrdsks kfrey d`if`tdek mkvkeapgk`t, prdar ta tbk a`skt ai tbk mkprkssdvk pasdtda`, sa-lfeekm hklfusk tbk prkmagd`f`t lbfrfltkrdstdl ai tbk d`if`t—s gk`tfe stftk ds a`k ai flutk f`xdkty fhaut dts survdvfe f`m `at bfvd`o f`y
mkvkeapkm gkf`s ai mkik`md`o dtskei.
^frf`adm-slbdzadm gklbf`dsgs apkrftk d` d`
arof`dsftda`s f`m frk lk`trfe lagpa`k`ts ai larruptda` d` tbft tbky rkgavk k`tdrkey tbk pralkss ai hkd`o d` taulb wdtb wdtb rkfedty f`m flc`awekmod`o flc`awekmod`o atbkrs. atbkrs. A` tbk atbkr bf`m, hkd`o d` tbk mkprkssdvk pasdtda`, dt ds passdhek ta skk tbk wbaek pdlturk hkttkr. A`k lf` tbk` hk d` pfd` fhaut fhaut wbft ta ma fhaut dt. ]bkrk lf` hk mkhftk-lugflc`awekmokgk`t-lug-tbauobtiue`kss flc`awekmokgk`t-lug-tbauobtiue`kss
fhaut
lagpekx
sdtuftda`s.
Larruptda`
rkgavks tbd`cd`o, flc`awekmokgk`t f`m d`mkhtkm`kss f`m iastkrs f rkorkssda` ta prdgdtdvk gk`tfe gklbf`dsgs. gklbf`dsgs. D` fmmdtda` ta larruptda` larruptda` hkd`o fhaut orkkm, orkkm, dt ds idrst ai fee pkrsufmd`o atbkrs ta iarokt fhaut tbk armd`fry rueks ai mklk`ly3 dt ds fhaut lefdgd`o u`dquk`kss. u`dquk`kss. ]bkrkiark, a`k ifees d`ta hkedkvd`o tbft a`k lf` lf` flt d` wfys wfys tbft f`ya`k kesk wauem rkofrm rkofrm fs u`fllkptfhek u`fllkptfhek ar dggarfe. ]bauobtiue`kss ds tbraw` fwfy f`m a`k ifees d`ta f` ag`dpatk`t, alkf`dl stftk ai a`k`kss tbft lf``at 66
mdiikrk`tdftk hktwkk` a`kskei a`kskei f`m atbkr pkapek3 yau frk tbkg f`m tbky frk yau. Di a`k ds pfrt ai f systkg tbft k`laurfoks gd`mekss`kss gd`mekss`kss f`m eflc ai mdiikrk`tdftda`, tbk` a`k ds pratkltkm irag oudet wbdlb wauem lagk irag tbd`cd`o fhaut atbkrs f`m skkd`o tbk mdiikrk`lks. Larruptda` iaeeaws f` kgatda`fe trfjkltary: kxldtkgk`t ft f `kw dmkf ekfmd`o ta pekfsurk, magd`ftda` ai tbk oraup hy tbk kxldtkgk`t, tbk` jdttkrs, pf`dl f`m hefgk. ]bk `kw dmkf lrkftks f hkedki tbft sagktbd`o rkvaeutda`fry ds bfppk`d`o. ]bds tur`s ta kupbardf f`m haag3 kgatda`s mktkrgd`k ―rkfedty‗. F pfrf`adm-slbdzadm stftk
magd`ftks f`m f`xdkty tbft gdobt spkee lfutda` ds mk`dkm. Mauhtkrs frk mdsgdsskm. _bk` tbk larruptda` ds kxpaskm pf`dl f`m rkvuesda` rksuet, tbk` t bk` f`okr f`m hefgk, hut surprdsd`oey edttek oudet ar ekfr`d`o. ]ypdlfeey, pkapek hefgk kflb atbkr iar feeawd`o tbkg ta hk lfuobt up. ]bk sk`sk ai rkfedty ds stdee pfrf`adm-slbdzadm hklfusk rkspa`sdhdedty ds mdsaw`km. ]bk idkem ai kgatda`fe id`f`lk id `f`lk rklao`dsks baw u`lkrtfd`ty u`mkrpd`s fee d`vkstgk`t fltdvdty, fetbauob tbk la`skquk`t f`xdkty, mauht f`m strkss frk aitk` supprksskm. Dt fesa kgpbfsdsks baw rkfsa` aitk` bfs edttek kiiklt a` jumogk`t. F`xdkty ds mkfet wdtb hy mkprkssdvk ar pfrf`adm-slbdzadm stftks ai gd`m. Fppedkm ta larrupt systkgs, d` f mkprkssdvk pasdtda` stftk d`bkrk`t u`prkmdltfhdedty ds rklao`dskm, d` wbdlb mkldsda`s frk gfmk trf`spfrk`tey d` tbk skrvdlk ai tbk tfsc ar tbky gfy hk bdmmk` d` armkr ta ifvaur f ikw. D` f pfrf`adm-slbdzadm pfrf`adm-slbdzadm pasdtda`, tbk pfd` ai tbk fwfrk`kss ai burtd`o atbkrs ds fvadmkm hy skpfrftd`o oaam f`m hfm ikked`os. Dmkfs tbft ikke oaam kxldtk, wbdek tbask tbft ikke hfm frk rkprksskm. ]bds feeaws pkapek ta do`ark tbk la`skquk`lks ai mkldsda`s, ar ta hefgk atbkrs iar tbkg. F pfrf`adm-slbdzadm stftk ds lbfrfltkrdskm hy mdstrust f`m la`stf`t jdttkry fltdvdty tbft frk gf`dikst d`sdmk f`m autsdmk tbk arof`dsftda`. Larruptda` dgpedldtey la`tfd`s f` fttflc a` d`tkr`fe ahjklts, (pfrk`ts, f`m futbardty idourks) tbft frk skk` skk` fs hkd`o bypalrdtdlfe. ^kapek gfy hk pkrsufmkm pkrsufmkm tbft futbardty ds skei-skrvd`o f`m larrupt f`m usks usks dts pasdtda` ft tbk kxpk`sk ai atbkrs. Futbardty lefdgs tbk lrkmdt iar atbkrs— warc. La`vkrskey, tbk if`tfsy ds k`laurfokm k`laurfokm tbft wk taa lauem bfvk oeary, hut idrst futbardty wauem bfvk ta hk avkrtbraw`, f`m tbkrkhy, k`fhed`o a`k ta ekfp gfodlfeey irag mkpk`mk`ly mkpk`mk`ly d`ta d`mkpk`mk`lk. d`mkpk`mk`lk. Hut tbk if`tfsy 68
ds hfskm a` f ifesk skt ai prd`ldpeks tbft wk lf` stap futbardty tfcd`o lrkmdt iar sagktbd`o tbft ds hkedkvkm `at ta hk tbkdrs. ]bds d`vkrsda` ds f` kxfgpek ai tbk fghdvfek`t rkeftda`sbdp tawfrms mkpk`mk`ly. mkpk`mk`ly. Oraups d` arof`dsftda`s okt d`ta stftks ai mkspfdr wbkrk tbky ikke tbkrk ds `atbd`o tbky lf` ma3 ‒ds`'t dt fee fwiue1— tbky stftk, ‒wk just bfvk ta wfdt u`tde tbk keusdvk ‒tap— ai tbk arof`dsftda` mkldmks ta pravdmk gark rksaurlks—. ]bk mkspfdr mkspfdr ekfms ta hef`ckt hef`ckt la`mkg`ftda` la`mkg`ftda` “ ‒dt—s tbk systkg.— ]bds
ekfms ta tbd`cd`o tbft tbk arof`dsftda` ds larrupt, d.k. ‒tbk arof`dsftda` ds`—t bkepd`o gk, sa wby sbauem D bkep dt, ar hkttkr stdee, D wdee tfck irag tbk arof`dsftda` ta gfck gk ikke D stdee bfvk pawkr f`m gkf`s ai la`trae.—
Di wk baem a`ta tbk `atda` ai
arof`dsftda` fs ‒d`tkr`fe ahjklt—, tbk` larruptda` d` arof`dsftda`fe skttd`os ds fhaut tur`d`o fofd`st tbk arof`dsftda`fe tfsc f`m tur`d`o fofd`st tbk ekfmkrsbdp3 bfvd`o f bftrkm ai tbk tfsc f`m f bftrkm ai ekfmkrsbdp. Larruptda` `kkms ta hk la`tfd`km d`sdmk kvkrya`k, wbkrk a`k—s aw` kxpkrdk`lks f`m ikked`os ai tbk larruptar larruptar d`sdmk a`kskei a`kskei lf` hk mkfet wdtb. wdtb. Di tbkrk ds `a ‒lurk— iar
larruptda`, tbk` dt ds buokey dgpartf`t ta flc`awekmok tbft, la`tfd` dt f`m gf`fok dt wdtbd` aur systkgs. _k `kkm ta flc`awekmok flc`awekmok larruptda` my`fgdls my`fgdls d` aurskevks f`m f`m d` aur systkgs f`m id`m wfys ai gf`fod`o f`m la`tfd`d`o tbft, hklfusk atbkrwdsk wk lf` okt lfuobt d` wbft hklagks ldrludtaus pkrsklutary vdkws tawfrms larruptars f`m tbk larruptkm. XKIKXK@LK\
Hda` _. X. (64;8). Oraup my`fgdls: F rk-vdkw. D`t. J ^sylba-f`fe., <<, 8<;-=?3 Fesa d`: G. Cekd`: @kw Mdrkltda`s d` ^sylbaf`feysds . Ea`ma`: ]fvdstalc: 64;;. Hda`, _.X. (64;4). Fttflcs a` ed`cd`o. D`: \kla`m ]bauobts. Ea`ma`: Bkd`kgf``, 649?, pp. 4<-6>4. Hda`, _.X. (6496). Kxpkrdk`lks d` Oraups. Ea`ma`. ]fvdstalc ^uhedlftda`s. Hda`, _.X. (6448). Laodtftda`s. Ea`ma`: Cfr`fl. Irkum, \. (646?). D`tramultary Eklturks, \. K., 69:<;?. Ea`ma`: Baofrtb ^rkss, 64?6. Irkum \. (6486). Oraup psylbaeaoy f`m tbk F`feysds ai tbk Koa. \. K. 62. Ea`ma`: Baofrtb ^rkss, 64?6. Irkum, \. (648<). ]bk Koa f`m tbk Dm . \. K., 64:<-;4. Ea`ma`: Baofrtb ^rkss, 64?6. Okttekr, E. (8>>;). Arof`dsftda`s Hkbfvd`o Hfmey: F Orkkc ]rfokmy ai Larparftk ^ftbaeaoy. Vukk`sef`m: _deky.
6<
Oratstkd`, J. (6426f). Hda` tbk gf`, tbk psylbaf`feyst, f`m tbk gystdl: f pkrspkltdvk a` bds edik f`m warc. D`: J. \. Oratstkd` (Km.), Ma D Mfrk Mdsturh t bk [`dvkrsk1 F Gkgardfe ta _deirkm X. Hda`. Hkvkrey Bdees: Lfksurf ^rkss, pp. 6-<9. Bfrrä, X. (642=). \aldfe Kekgk`ts fs Gd`m. Hr. J. ai Gkm ^sylbae ., ., ;?: 68?-<;. Baooktt, ^ (6448). ^frtdsf`s d` f` [`lkrtfd` _arem: tbk psylbaf`feysds ai k`ofokgk`t . Ea`ma`: Irkk Fssaldftda`s Haacs3 Ckr`hkro, A. I., (6448). Foorkssda` d` ^krsa`fedty ^krsa`fedty Mdsarmkrs Mdsarmkrs f`m ^krvkrsda`s. ^krvkrsda`s. @kw Bfvk`: Tfek [`dvkrsdty ^rkss. Cdssd`okr, B. (64?4). ]bk _bdtk Bausk Tkfrs: Gkgadrs lavkrd`o @avkghkr 6492-Jf`ufry 64?<. Hasta`: Edttek Hraw`. Cekd`, G. (64=9). "@atks a` sagk slbdzadm gklbf`dsgs". K`vy f`m orftdtumk f`m atbkr warcs 64=9-649<. Baofrtb ^rkss f`m tbk D`stdtutk ai ^sylba-F`feysds. (puhedsbkm 64?;. D\H@ 4?2>>8462==>>). Cekd` G. (64;?). K`vy f`m Orftdtumk. Ea`ma`: ]fvdstalc ^uhedlftda`s. Xkprd`tkm d` ]bk _rdtd`os ai Gkef`dk Cekd`. <, 6?9-8<; Ea`ma`: Baofrtb ^rkss, 64?;. Eflf`, J. (64??). Klrdts. Ea`ma`: ]fvdstalc ^uhedlftda`s. Efwrk`lk, _.O. (6444). Kxpeard`o D`mdvdmufe f`m Arof`dzftda`fe Hau`mfrdks: F ]fvdstalc Apk` \ystkgs Fppraflb. Ea`ma`: Cfr`fl. Efwrk`lk, _.O. (8>>>). ]a`oukm _dtb Idrk: Oraups d` Kxpkrdk`lk. Ea`ma`. Cfr`fl. Ekvd`k, M. (8>>;). ]bk Larrupt Arof`dsftda`. Bugf` Xkeftda`s. ;2 (9) ?8<-?=>. Ea`o, \., (8>>2), ]bk ^krvkrsk Arof`dsftda` f`m dts Mkfmey \d`s . Ea`ma`: Cfr`fl. Gk`zdks Eytb, D.K.^. (6424). ]bk My`fgdls ai tbk \aldfe: \kekltkm Kssfys . Ea`ma`. Cfr`fl. Gk`zdks Eytb, D.K.^. (6422). La`tfd`d`o F`xdkty d` D`stdtutda`s . Ea`ma`: Irkk Fssaldftda` Haacs. Gdeekr, K. (644<). Irag Mkpk`mk`ly ta Futa`agy: \tumdks d` Arof`dsftda`s f`m Lbf`ok . Ea`ma`. Irkk Fssaldftda` Haacs. Ahbaezkr, F., & Zfodkr Xahkrts, Y. (644=). ]bk [`la`sldaus ft _arc: D`mdvdmufe f`m Arof`dzftda`fe Arof`dzftda`fe \trkss d` tbk Bugf` \krvdlks. Ea`ma`: Xautekmok. A'\bfuob`kssy, K. (644;). Gd`us C . ^rksk`tkm ft tbk ^f`ke "Hda`'s La`trdhutda` ta ^sylbaf`feytdl ]bkary f`m ]klb`dquk" ft tbk <4tb D`tkr`ftda`fe ^sylbaf`feytdl La`ikrk`lk d` \f` Irf`ldsla, LF a` Ga`mfy, Juey <6, 644;. \t kd`k kd `k r, J. (642;). ]ur`d`o f Hed`m Hed`m Kyk: Kyk: tbk lavkr-up lavkr-up iar Akmdpus. Akmdpus. D`t. Xkv. ^sylba-f`fe. 68, 696. \tkd`kr, J. (644<). ^sylbdl Xktrkfts: ^ftbaeaodlfe Arof`dsftda`s d` psylbatdl, `kuratdl f`m harmkred`k pftdk`ts. @kw Edhrfry ai ^sylbaf`feysds.
6=
]ulcktt, M, & ]fiiekr, X. (8>>2). ^bf`tfstdl ahjklts f`m tbk id`f`ldfe gfrckt—s sk`sk ai rkfedty: F psylbaf`feytdl la`trdhutda` ta tbk u`mkrstf`md`o ai stalc gfrckt d`stfhdedty. D`t. J. ^sylbaf`fe . 24:<24 “=68. _d``dlatt, M. G. (64;>). \agk tbauobts a` tbk gkf`d`o ai tbk warm ―mkgalrfly‗. Bugf` Xkeftda`s, < (8): 6?6-62;. Xkprd`tkm d`: K. ]rdst & B. Gurrfy, ]bk k`ofokgk`t ai saldfe sldk`lk. Ea`ma`: Irkk Fssaldftda` Haacs, 644>. _d``dlatt, M. G. (642>). Bugf` @fturk: @kw Tarc, @T: \lbalck` Haacs.
Flc`awekmokgk`ts
D bfvk mdslusskm mdslusskm tbk dssuks la`tfd`km la`tfd`km d` tbds pfpkr pfpkr wdtb f `ughkr ai ai pkapek. ]bky bfvk fee gfmk bkepiue laggk`ts, wbdlb D bfvk wkdobkm f`m fegast fewfys d`larparftkm d` sagk sagk iarg. D wf`t ta tbf`c tbkg iar tbkdr laggk`ts, wbktbkr wbktbkr tbky bfvk hkk` suppartdvk ar lrdtdlfe. D ma `at wdsb ta dgpedlftk gy laggk`tftars, hut D wf`t dt c`aw` tbft D bfvk tkstkm wdmkey wbft D sfy d` tbds kssfy wdtb pkapek wbag D rkspklt fs futbardtdks d` tbds idkem: Kedft Frfg, Mfvdm Frgstra`o, tbk eftk Gfry Hfrckr, Ck` Kdsaem, Mda`k Bdees, Hah Bd`sbkewaam, Xdlbfrm Baetd, Jab``y Ckeekbkr, Aeyf Cbfekkekk, Oarma` Efwrk`lk, Jkf` @kugf``, F`ta` Ahbaezkr, tbk eftk Ck` \gdtb, ^bde \wf``, Cftby _bdtk f`m gf`y atbkrs.
6;
