OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM - DXAD 4 FKZRMJXÇÏM M o`dvhfrm æ ue prmcfssfmkda quh dtud kd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh rhpdrdçïm h edkuthkçïm jh cho`djurds, kd omkchoçïm jh oÿpfds jh o`dvhs edkudaehkth edkudaehkth h he eäqufkd eäqufkdss ompfdjmrds, hxhoutd eujdkçd jh shgrhjms jh shgrhjms kd jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms, pdrd omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs pham shgrhjm, rhpmsfçï sfçïm m jh cho` cho`dj djur urds ds h ofaf ofafkj kjrm rms, s, rhouphrdçïm rhouphrdçïm jh ofafkjrms hkgrfpdjms h dbhrturds he ghrda. Hstd prhstdçïm jh shrvfçms jh shrvfçms jh dpafod d tmjms ms tfpms jh cho`djurds, shnd jm sfsthed Gmrgh, mu Vdah, jh pfkms mu gufa`mtfkds, Zhtrds, \dktmgräcfods mu euatfpmktm, omehrofdfs, rhsfjhkofdfs h jh dutms.
CHO@DJXRD_ JM _F_ZHED GMRGH (Cfgurd 4) - Omepmkhkths - Jh Gmrghs sfepahs h eþatfpads - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Zfpms jh o`dvhs - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrgh sfepahs - Oÿpfd jh o`dvhs pdrd Gmrghs eþatfpads pham sfsthed jh feprhssïm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehktds h omem utfafzä-ads.
- Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - \rfkoåpfm jh ehstrdghe - Dbhrturds, tfpms jh chrrdehktds h sud utfafzdçïm.
Cfgurd 2 2 - Cho`djurd Vdah.
OMKZHÞJM JM OXR_M Khsth oursm jh o`dvhfrm, efkfstrdjm d jfstâkofd, hstdbhahohems ue jhshkvmavfehktm grdjuda h ehtÿjfom jds mphrdçøhs jm jfd-d-jfd jm prmcfssfmkda, dtrdvæs dtrdvæs jh tdrhcds tdrhcds bäsfods, hxhoutdjds pham kmssm hxoausfvm eætmjm jh hksfkm ‑\dssm d \dssm― , quh phrefth dm daukm djqufrfr ds `dbfafjdjhs hsphoåcfods h khohssärfds dm jhshephk`m jd prmcfssïm. Omk`hofehktms Omk`hofehktms thokmaÿgfoms, thokmaÿgfoms, hsshkofdfs sïm jdjms pdrdahadehkth ìs tdrhcds prätfods, he afçøhs jfjdtfodehkth djhqudjds dm Hksfkm d Jfstâko tâkofd fd,, he afkg afkgud udgh ghe e sfep sfepah ahs, s, prmpfofdkjm dm daukm ue dprhkjfzdjm shgurm h she edfmrhs prmbaheds, jh tmjms ms fthks d shgufr rhadofmkdjms. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
ODJHDJM_ OMEXK_ H OME JF_OM_ JH _HGRHJM_ Cfgurd 4 4 - Cho`djurd Gmrgh.
CHO@DJXRD_ JM _F_ZHED _F_ZH ED VDAH (Cfgurd 2) - Omepmkhkths jd cho`djurd - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Omepmkhkths jm ofafkjrm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms - Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh ì eïm - Omkchoçïm jh oÿpfd jh o`dvh kd eäqufkd - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm 2
(Cfgurd ?) - Odjhdjm omeue - Omepmkhkths - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh trdvd sfepahs h jupad - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jm shgrhjm - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds h suds dpafodçøhs - Odjhdjms ome jfsoms jh shgrhjm, omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - _hgrhjm kueærfom - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Omem jhsombrfr m shgrhjm, h omem dbrfr odjhdjms ounm shgrhjm cmf phrjfjm. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
- Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah omeue - Ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah þkfom ome o`dvh jupad - Omkchoçïm jd o`dvh - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds utfafzdjds h omem usä-ads.
Cfgurd ? ? - Odjhdjm omeue.
CHO@DJXRD_ H_\HOFDF_ \DRD \MRZD_ JH H_ZDBHAHOFEHKZM_ OMEHROFDF_ H FKJX_ZRFD_ (Cfgurd :) - Zfpms - Jhsorfçïm jms omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jh> - Cho`djurd ohktrda jh pmrtds jh dçm9 - Odjhdjms jh o`ïm9 - Zrdvds jh shgurdkçd - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Dbhrtu Dbhrturd, rd, tæokfo tæokfods ds h chrrd chrrd-ehktds pdrd ms jfvhrsms tfpms.
CHO@DJXRD_ ZHZRD_ (Cfgurd 3) - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms - Zæokfods jh jhsemktdghe h emktdghe jh ofafkjrms thtrds - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjms - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds chrrdehktds usdjds usdjds h cmred jh usä-ads.
CHO@DJXRD HAHZRMEDGKÆZFOD, X_DJD HE \MRZHFRM_ HAHZRÚKFOM_ (Cfgurd 8)
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
(Cfgurd 7) - Zfpms jh shgrhjm jh> d) \fkms, omktrd pfkms h emafk`ds b) Gufa`mtfkd - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jms ehsems - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm - Eujd Eujdkç kçd d jh shgr shgrhj hjms ms jh debms emjhams - Dbhrturd, chrrdehktds chrrdehktds h omem usä-ads.
Cfgurd 8 8 - Cho`djurd hahtrmedgkætfod.
Cfgurd : : - Cho`djurd Vdah pdrd pmrtds jh dçm.
- Zfpms - Omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm
CHO@DJXRD \DRD EßSHF_ HE GHRDA
Cfgurd 3 3 - Cho`djurd thtrd.
?
Cfgurd 7 7 - Cho`djurd pdrd eÿvhfs he ghrda.
CHO@DJXRD_ OME OFAFKJRM_ JH O@D O@DSH_ SH_ \DKZMGRÄCFOD_ H EXAZF\MKZM (Cfgurd 0) - Zfpm jh shgrhjm - Jhsemktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Emktdghe jm ofafkjrm - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh, tfpms jh eäqufkds ompfdjmrds utfafzdjds - Omem eujdr h shgrhjm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jds ompfdjmrds pdktmgräcfods - Dbhrturd - Zæokfods h chrrdehktds hsphoåcfods FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
O@DSH_ OMJFCFODJD_ O@DSH_ \DRD DXZMEßSHF_
Cfgurd 0 0 - Cho`djurd ome ofafkjrm euatfpmktm.
CHO@DJXRD_ JH DXZMEßSHF_ (Cfgurds 6) - Odrdothråstfods jm shgrhjm jh gufa`mtfkd, sfepahs h jupam - Xkfcfodçïm jh shgrhjm - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Zfpms jh ofafkjrms jds edçdkhtds - Jhsemktdghe h emktdghe - Ofafkjrms jh fgkfçïm, omem rhtfrdr, jhsemktdr h emktdr - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvh pham shgrhjm - Dbhrturd pmr ehfm jh chrrdehktds quh dtude km fkthrfmr jd pmrtd jfrhtdehkth km ehodkfsem jds trdvds - Dbhrturd pmr chrrdehktds kmredfs jh ofafkjrms tfpm Vdah.
Cfgurd 6 6 - Cho`djurd jh dutmeÿvhfs.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
(Cfgurd 4<) - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm jm sfsthed - Hqufpdehktms pdrd omjfcfodçïm jh o`dvhs jh odrrms kdofmkdfs h fepmrtdjms - Hqufpdehktms pdrd oamkdghe jh o`dvhs ome trdkspmkjhr - \rfkoåpfm - _hgrhjm ehoâkfom - _hgrhjm hahtrúkfom - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm ehoâkfom - Oÿpfds jh o`dvhs - Dbhrturd, pmssfbfafjdjhs pmssfbfafjdjhs h chrrdehktds usdjds.
Cfgurd 4< 4< - Dpdrha`m pdrd omjfcfodr.
OMCRH_ (Cfgurd 44) - Ehodkfsem jh trdvdehktm - \rfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Omknuktm jm shgrhjm, omepmkhkths h prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm - Omem eujdr m shgrhjm jms jfsoms - Zfpms jh cho`djurds - Omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs pdrd ds cho`djurds. - Eujdkçd jh shgrhjm - Dbhrturds, tæokfods tæokfods jh dbhrtudbhrturds h chrrdehktds utfafzdjds km omknuktm jm shgrhjm h kds cho`djurds. :
Cfgurd 44 44 - Omcrh.
Fkfofdems m oursm prmcfssfmkdafprmcfssfmkdafzdkth jh o`dvhfrm, rhadofmkdkjm ds chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda h hsphoåcfods, khohssärfds pdrd d emktdghe jd mcfofkd, bhe omem m shu rhsphotfvm usm kds tdrhcds odrdothråstfods jd prmcfssïm jh o`dvhfrm.
CHRRDEHKZD_ JH X_M GHRDA • O`dvh jh chkjd chkjd • O`dvh \`faafps \`faafps •O`dvh jh bmod • O`dvh Daahk Daahk • Dafodth Xkfvhrsda Xkfvhrsda •Dafodth jh bfom •Edrthams •\ukçïm •_dod-pfkm •Drom jh shrrd •Zda`djhfrd h Bhjdeh •Afeds •Cmreïm •Grmsd •Curdjhfrd •Brmods •\fkçd • _dod vmadkth vmadkth •Hsehrfa •\dquåehtrm •Emrsd •Bdkodjd •Edo`ms h omssfkhths
CHRRDEHKZD_ H_\HOÅCFOD_ • _dod trdvd • Chrrdehktd thtrd mu jfspmsftfvm Zhtrd • Jfspmsftfvm Vdah FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
• Bhrçm pdrd ofafkjrm Vdah • Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd • Ompfdjmrds
fstm æ, pdrd quda ehjfjd jh odbhçd mu pmrod had shrvh. Hxfsthe ì vhkjd jmfs sfstheds jh ehjfjds he pmahgdjds h efaåehtrms. (Cfgurd 43).
omrrhtm
X_M JD_ CHRRDEHKZ CHRRDEHKZD_ D_ O@DSH JH CHKJD _FE\AH_ O@DSH H ORX^DJD (\@FAAF\_) Chrrde Chrrdehkt hktd d edkud edkudaa quh quh sh jhstfkd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pdrdcusms ome chkjd sfepahs mu oruzdjd (\`faafps). (Cfgurd 42).
D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd the m ehsem tdedk`m jd chkjd jm pdrdcusm. Cfgurd 43 43 - O`dvh jh bmod cfxd.
chkjd oruzdjd
Oadrm jhvh cfodr quh pdrd d mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm kïm `ä khohssfjdjh jh grdkjhs vdrfdçøhs jh ehjfjds. Æ sucfofhkth ue nmgm phquhkm (3 phçds) jh ehjfjds eæjfds. M emjm omrrhtm jh usdr d o`dvh cfxd æ emstrdjm kd cfgurd 47.
fkomrrhtm
chkjd sfepahs Cfgurd 42 42 - \drdcusms.
_ïm värfms ms tfpms jh o`dvhs jh chkjd, km hktdktm, pdrd m o`dvhfrm, bdstde ued phquhkd, ued eæjfd h ued grdkjh. (Cfgurd 4?) .
D pmktd jd o`dvh jh chkjd æ ehkmr jm quh d chkjd jm pdrdcusm. Cfgurd 4: 4: - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh chkjd.
O@DSH JH BMOD O@DSH MX CFPD _ïm chrrde chrrdehkt hktds ds utfafz utfafzdjd djdss pdrd dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pmrods mu odbhçds jh pdrdcusms jh chrcfa shxtdvdjm mu qudjrdjm. (Cfgurd 48).
Cfgurd 47 47 - Omem usdr d o`dvh jh bmod (cfxd).
O@DSH DAAHK (@hxdgmkda) Hstd chrrdehktd edkuda æ jhstfkdjd dm dphrtm h jhsdphrtm jh pdrdcusm cusmss jh odbh odbhçd çd ofaå ofaåkj kjrf rfod od ome ome shxtdvdjm fkthrkm. (Cfgurd 40).
Cfgurd 4? 4? - O`dvhs jh chkjd.
Kïm ush d o`dvh jh chkjd omem tda`djhfrd h khe pdrd prmvmodr jhsodrgds haætrfods, pmfs fstm, odusd hstrdgms he sud pmktd. D o`dvh \`faafps mu jh chkjd oruzdjd edfs utfafzdjd kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm æ d eæjfd. Shnd kd cfgurd 4:, d edkhfrd omrrhtd jh utfafzdr d o`dvh jh chkjd. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 48 48 - \mrod h pdrdcusm shxtdvdjms
_ïm cmredjds pmr juds bmods kds hxtrhefjdjhs ome ehjfjds jfchrhkths. Hads trdzhe grdvdjds prÿxfeds d hssds bmods ds suds ehjfjds, 8
Cfgurd 40 40 - O`dvh Daahk.
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm trîs ehjfjds sïm khohssärfds. Kmredaehkth hssds o`dvhs domepdk`de d eäqufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs, quh sh utfafzde jhssds chrrdehktds, shrïm khohssärfds, h sh jdrä, dpÿs d omeprd jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd jh o`dvhs. Shnd d dpafodçïm jhstd chrrdehktd kd cfgurd 46.
\drd m odsm jm o`dvhfrm pmjhems jhstdodr m dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm, ounm cukofmkdehktm æ fkvhrsm dm jms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs. Hkqudktm kms dafodths omkvhkofmkdfs dphrtdems ds `dsths pdrd ds pmktds sh cho`drhe, km jh dkæfs jh shgehktm dm dphrtdrems ds `dsths ds pmktds sh dbrhe. Hsth dafodth the pmuquåssfem usm pdrd m o`dvhfrm, km hktdktm sh cmr trdbda`dr ome ofafkjrms jh omktdtms jh pdrtfjd jh dutms, daguks emjhams pmssuhe hssh dkha haästfom, cdzhkjm-sh khohssärfm m usm jhssh dafodth. (Cfgurd 24).
Cfgurd 46 46 - Dpafodçïm jd o`dvh daahk.
ouk`d jh edjhfrd mu ehtda. Tudkjm utfafzdr m edrtham pdrd bdthr smbrh suphrcåofhs phrcåofhs dodbdjd dodbdjds, s, omamquh omamquh omem prmthçïm ue phjdçm jh ehtda ahvh mu edjhfrd. _heprh quh pmssåvha jhscfrd ms gmaphs phgdkjm d cdoh jm edrtham. Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm m edrtham æ edfs usdjm pdrd bdthr chrrdehktds omktukjhkths omem tda`djhfrds, pdrd rhemçïm jh odbhçds jh rhbfths h he pukçøhs pdrd cdzhr d edrodçïm fkfofda jh ued curdçïm
\XKÇÏM Æ ued ued chrr chrrde dehk hktd td edku edkuda da pmktfdgujd jhstfkdjd d edrodr phçds mu hchtudr phquhkds odvfjdjhs pdrd phreftfr d hxhouçïm jh curms. Kd mcfofkd jh o`dvhfrm æ edfs usdjm pdrd edrodçïm fkfofda jd curdçïm jms odkdfs jms ofafkjrms. (Cfgurd 2?).
DAFODZH_ Jmfs emjhams jh dafodths sïm khohssärfms kd mcfofkd jm o`dvhfrm> m dafodth jh bfom h m dafodth ukfvhrsda. (Cfgurd 2<). Cfgurd 24 24 - Dafodth pdrd dkæfs jh shgehktm. Dafodth Xkfvhrsda
EDRZHAM M edrtham æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jhstfkdjd d fkjuzfr jhthrefkdjd kdjd cmrçd cmrçd jh fepdot fepdotm m smbrh smbrh edthrf edthrfdfs dfs,, jhcmredkjm-ms mu jhsamodkjm-ms. M edrth edrtham am omepø omepøh-s h-sh h jh juds juds pdrth pdrths> s> odbhçd h odbm. (Cfgurd 22).
Dafodth jh Bfom
Cfgurd 2? 2? - \ukçïm.
_DOD-\FKM Chrrdehk Chrrdehktd td edkuda edkuda chftd jh dçm h, ome pmktd rhtd jhstfkdjd d sdodr pfkms mu rhbfths. \drd m o`dvhfrm hstd chrrdehktd sh tmrkd þtfa kd rhemçïm jm pfkm trdvd jm odk`ïm. (Cfgurd 2:).
Cfgurd 2< 2< - Dafodths.
Ms dafodths sïm utfafzdjms pdrd jmbrdr mu omrtdr. Ndedfs jhvhe shrvfr jh edrtham h tdepmuom omem o`dvh jh bmod cfxd pdrd dphrtdr mu smatdr pdrdcusms. Hxfsthe värfms dafodths hsphofdfs odjd ue pdrd ued cukçïm hsphoåcfod. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 22 22 - Edrthams.
D odbhçd æ jh dçm cmrndjm h thephrdjm h m odbm jh edjhfrd. D cfxdçïm jd odbhçd dm odbm æ chftd pmr 3
Cfgurd 2: 2: - _dod-pfkm
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
ZDA@DJHFRD Chrrdehktd edkuda utfafzdjd km jhsbdsth h omrth jh edthrfdfs ehtäafoms jh suphrcåofh adrgd. Zda`djhfrd Bhjdeh jhstfkdsh d dbhrturd jh odkdahtds h rdsgms. \drd m o`dvhfrm d tda`djhfrd kïm jhvh shr grdkjh, shkjm edfs usdjd pdrd rhemçïm jd odbhçd jh rhbfths, jh cho`djurds rhbftdjds he pmrtds h jh cfxdçïm jd tdepd jd odfxd jd cho`djurd. (Cfgurd 28).
Cfgurd 28 28 - Zda`djhfrd.
Kïm sh domksha`d demadr m omrth jd tda`djhfrd. Dm usdr d tda`djhfrd, `dbftuhsh d edkthr ms ma`ms vmatdjms pdrd m edthrfda d shr omrtdjm h kïm pdrd d odbhçd jd chrrdehktd.
Hxfsth Hxfsthe e shrrd shrrdss ome ome kþeh kþehrm rm jh jhkths djhqudjds dm tfpm jh edthrfda. \drd m o`dvhfrm, rhomehkjd-sh shrrd jh 40 jhkths pmr pmahgdjd, quh æ fkjfodjd pdrd shrvfçms ghrdfs. \ham o`dvhfrm æ pmuom usdjm, d kïm shr pdrd omrth jh edthrfdfs pdrd omkchoçïm jh phquhkds phçds jh rhpmsfçïm he cho`djurds h phquhkds chrrdehktds.
AFED_ D afed æ d prfkofpda chrrdehktd pdrd m o`dvhfrm, pmfs värfds sïm ds suds suds dpafod dpafodçøh çøhs> s> pdrd pdrd cdzhr cdzhr ued ued o`dv o`dvh h jh ofafkj ofafkjrm rm quh kïm kïm pmssu pmssuff o`dvh, kd eujdkçd jh shgrhjm, kd afephzd jh rhbdrbds jhfxdjds phad crhsd jd ompfdjmrd, hto. D afed æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jh jhsbdsth jm edthrfda jh ued phçd, bhe omem pdrd m shu dodbdehktm cfkda. M omeprfehktm jd afed æ ehjfjm jfjm jm mebr mebrm m jd afed afed dtæ dtæ d sud sud pmkt pmktd. d. M tfpm jh edthrfda h m tdedk`m jdär jd ärhd hd d shr shr trdb trdbda da`d `djd jdæ æ quh quh jhth jhthre refk fkd d m omeprf omeprfehktm ehktm jd afed. afed. (Cfgurd (Cfgurd 27).
DROM _HRRD
Rhjmkjm
Ehfd-odkd
Tudjrdjm Zrfdkguadr
Cdod
O`dtm
Cfgurd 20 20 - \hrcfa jd afed.
Tudktm dm tfpm jh omrth h jh jhkth æ m trdbda`m d shr hxhoutdjm jh jhsbdsth mu dodbdehktm quh jhthrefkd. (Cfgurd 26).
Bdstdrjd
Eurçd
Cfgurd 26 26 - Afeds qudktm ì rugmsfjdjh jms jhkths.
Hstd chrrdehkt chrrdehktd d edkuda edkuda rhohbh ued aâefkd jh shrrd pdrd mphrdçøhs jh omrth. \drd shrrdr emvfehkth d chrrdehktd jh cmred d usdr tmjm m omeprfehktm jd aâefkd h edkthk`d ue rftem omkstdkth. (Cfgurd 23). Cfgurd 27 27 - Afed.
M phrcfa jd afed æ jhthrefkdjm phad ärhd d shr afedjd. (Cfgurd 20). 4) Rhjmkjd> pdrd dnustdr cmreds rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds. 2) Tudjrdj Tudjrdjd> d> pdrd pdrd dnustdr dnustdr curms rhtdkguadrhs h odktms. ?) Zrfdkguadr> pdrd âkguams fkCfgurd 23 23 - Drom jh shrrd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
thrkms, omem pmr hxhepam, dcfdçïm jh jhkths jh shrrds, shrrmths, hto. :) O`dtd> pdrd usm ghrda he suphrcåofhs h omkvhxds. 8) Ehfd-odkd> the jupad cfkdafjdjh> adjm o`dtm pdrd suphrcåofhs padkds mu omkvhxds h adjm ourvm pdrd suphrcåofhs rhjmkjds mu oúkodvds.
7
Oadssf Oadssfcfo cfod-s d-sh h m pfodjm pfodjm jds afeds jh domrjm ome ds odrdothråstfods jms jhkths he> sfepahs, jupam h grmsd. (Cfgurd ?<). Omrth _fepahs - ms jhkths sïm pdrdahams h jfdgmkdfs. Ds afeds jh omrth sfepahs sïm ghrdaehkth usdjds ome ahvh prhssïm pdrd prmjuzfr suphrcåofhs ome dodbdehktm afsm mu pdrd dcfdr cdods, thsmurds, shrrds, hkxdjds h cdoøhs. pmssuf jmfs Omrth Jupam - pmssuf grupms jh jhkths jfdgmkdfs. M shgukjm grupm æ pfodjm pfodjm kd jfrhçïm jfdgmkda mpmstd h smbrh m prfehfrm grupm jh jhkths. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Ds afeds jh omrth jupam sïm usdjds ome prhssïm edfmr jm quh ds jh omrth sfepahs, ome d cfkdafjdjh jh jhsbdstdr m edthrfda. Grmsd - pmssuf ued særfh jh jhkths fkjfvfjudfs cmredkjm ue omrth dgrhss dgrhssfvm fvm shkjm shkjm usdjms usdjms prfkof prfkofpda pda-ehkth he edjhfrds, odsoms jh dkfedfs, daueåkfm h o`uebm.
s h a p e f _
m a p u J
d s m r G
Cfgurd ?< ?< - Zfpms jh afed.
\drd dtfkgfr m rhsuatdjm jhsh ndjm km trdbda`m trdbda`m,, d afed jhvh jhvh shr usdjd usdjd omrrhtdehkth. \drd odjd tfpm jh shrvfçm hxfsth ue emjham jh afed, dssfe omem d cmred jh edkhnä-ad. Bdsfodehkth sïm trîs ds cmreds jh trdbda`dr ome d afed. (Cfgurd ?4).
Afedghe rhtd - emvfehktm jh vdfvæe, amkgftujfkda. D afed æ hepurrdjd smbrh d phçd jfrhtdehkth pdrd crhkth mu afghfrdehkth kd jfdgmkda. Zrdksafedghe - ome ds eïms shgurdkjm ds hxtrhefjdjhs jd afed hepurrh-d h puxh-d smbrh d phçd quh gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kïm kïm the the dpafo dpafodç dçïm ïm km jfdjfd-dd-jf jfd d jm o`do`dvhfrm. Afedghe he tmrkm - d afed æ emvfehktdjd omktrd d phçd quh gfrd he tmrkm. Hstd cmred jh afedghe kïm the dpafodçïm km jfd-d-jfd jm o`dvhfrm. M emjm emjm jh shgu shgurd rdrr d afed afed vdrf vdrfd d he cukçïm jd omkjfçïm he quh sh hkomktrd pmsfofmkdjd d phçd. Km odsm odsm jh afedr afedr suph suphrc rcåo åofh fhss jh phçds cfxdjds kd emrsd, shgurd-sh cfreh d afed ome ds juds eïms. M odbm jhvh cfodr domemjdjm kd pdaed jd eïm, edfs prÿxfem jd bdsh jm jhjm km eåkfem. M pmahgdr jhvh shgurdr m odbm he pmsfçïm pdrdahad dm omeprfehktm jhstd. Kd omktrdeïm, d pmktd jd afed jhvh cfodr prhsd hktrh m pmahgdr h ms jhjms fkodjmr h eæjfm. _h m emvf emvfeh ehkt ktm m kïm kïm hxfg hxfgfr fr euftd prhssïm, m pmahgdr jd eïm quh shgurd pmktd pmjh cfodr kue âkguam rhtm he rhadçïm dm omeprfehktm jd afed. (Cfgurd ?2).
phçds quh hstïm prhsds d ue tmrkm mu d ued ued emrs emrsd, d, ghrd ghrdae aehk hkth th m fkjf fkjfod odjm jmrr æ omamodjm smbrh m odbm he afk`d ome d afed. (Cfgurd ??).
Cfgurd ?? ?? - Demadr ued cdod.
\drd ued afedghe padkd, ms emvfehktms jhvhe shr pdrd crhkth, kued afk`d prdtfodehkth prdtfodehkth rhtd. M ourtm jhvh shr emjfcfodjm dphkds pdrd hvftdr suaoms kd phçd. Jhvh-s Jhvh-sh h hvftdr hvftdr m emvfehk emvfehktm tm jh jh vdfvæ vdfvæe, e, pmfs pmfs hsth hsth prmjuz prmjuzfrä frä suphrc suphrcåof åofhs hs drrhjmkjdjds. M emvfehktm pdrd träs jhvh shr ahvh (she prhssïm) pdrd kïm prh nujfodr d hstruturd hstruturd jms jhkths jhkths jd afed. Shnd kd cfgurd ?: d emvfehktdçïm omrrhtd jds afeds.
Cfgurd ?: ?: - Emvfehktms omrrhtms.
Cfgurd ?2 ?2 - Afedghe/trdksafe Afedghe/trdksafedghe. dghe.
Cfgurd ?4 ?4 - Omem sh usdr ued afed.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Tudkjm dphkds ued jds eïm shgurd d afed, m quh æ chftm pdrd afedr 0
Ds afeds jhvhe shr afepds dpÿs m shu usm ome hsomvd jh dçm. Cdçd hssd afephzd jh cmred quh ms cfms jd hsomvd domepdk`he d jfrhç jfrhçïm ïm jms jhkths jhkths.. (Cfgu (Cfgurd rd ?8). ?8). Mutrm Mutrmss oufjdjms ome ds afeds jhvhe shr mbshrvdjms. Kïm jhfxh afeds he omktdtm FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
ome ds mutrds, pmfs m o`mquh hstrdgd ms shus shus jhkths jhkths.. Gudrjh Gudrjh-ds -ds sheprh sheprh he amoda shom. Jhvh shr hvftdjm m omktdtm ome d suphrcåofh pfodjd. rhtfrd-sh m odvdom ome d hsomvd jh dçm.
CMREÏM Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda jh jhsbdsth h omrth he edjhfrd. _ud utfafjdjh pdrd m prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm æ phquhkd, d kïm shr kd omkch omkchoç oçïm ïm jh dbhrt dbhrturd urd pdrd pdrd hkodfx hkodfxh h kd pmrtd. (Cfgurd ?7).
Cfgurd ?0-D ?0-D - Curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd.
hrrdjm
ohrtm
Cfgurd ?8 ?8 - _heprh cdçd d afephzd.
D gmrjurd h d uefjdjh jds eïms eïms pmjhe pmjhe prhnuj prhnujfod fodrr d ärhd ärhd jh omrth rhjuzfkjm d vfjd þtfa jd afed. Hvfth usdr d afed omem dadvdkod mu sdod-pfkms. Ds afeds utfafzdjds jds kd mcfo mcfofk fkd d jm o`dv o`dvhf hfrm rm sïm sïm d qudjrdjd h o`dtd. D o`dtd æ edfs usdjd pdrd afedr ärhds edfmrhs omem ‑omstds― ‑omstds― jh o`dvh Vdah h kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh Gmrgh. \mjh \mjh shr shr tdebæ tdebæe e utfafz utfafzdj djd d pdrd pdrd cdzhr ds odvds jd o`dvh Vdah, eds, pdrd fstm, rhomehkjdems d afed qudjrdjd. (Cfgurd ?3). Afed Tudjrdjd
Cfgurd ?7 ?7 - Cmreïm.
CXRDJHFRD D curdjhfrd æ d eäqufkd utfafzdjd pdrd prmjuzfr curms ofrouadrhs kds phçds, dtrdvæs jm emvfehktm jh rmtdçïm jh ued chrrdehktd jh omrth. Hssd chrrdehktd jh omrth æ ued brmod mu hsodrhdjmr. Hxfsthe emjhams pmrtäthfs, jh bdkodjd h jh omaukd. Km odsm jm o`dvhfrm m fjhda shrfd thr d pmrtätfa h d jh bdkodjd. Eds kd fepmssfbfafjdjh sÿ d pmrtätfa æ sucfofhkth. Shnd ms jmfs emjhams kds cfgurds ?0 h ?0D.
D curdjhfrd edkuda hxfgh quh sh cdçd prhssïm smbrh d ehsed pdrd phkhtrdçïm jd brmod. Nä km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd d prhssïm æ chftd dofmkdkjmsh d dadvdkod jh dvdkçm. He debds ds curdjhfrds d brmod mu hsodrhdjmr æ omamodjd km edkjrfa. M edkjrfa æ ue dohssÿrfm ome gdrrds jh dçm, quh sh dbrh h cho`d qudkjm dofmkdjm pmr ued o`dvh jhktdjd, omem ued phquhkd hkgrhkdghe, pdrd phreftfr m dphrtm jh brmods mu hsodrhdjmr jh jfvhrsms jfâehtrms. (Cfgurd ?6).
edkjrfa Cfgurd ?6 ?6 - Edkjrfa.
Cfgurd ?3 ?3 - O`dvh Vdah - afed qudjrdjd.
Smatdems d fksfstfr ome m daukm jh quh d afed æ d chrrdehktd edfs usdjd kd mcfofkd, pmrtdktm sdbhr usäad omrrhtdehkth æ feprhsofkjåvha pdrd ue trdbda`m hcfofhkth h prmjutfvm. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd ?0 ?0 - Curdjhfrd Edkuda.
6
Kmredaehkth ds phçds smbrh ds qudfs sh cdrïm ms curms h prfkofpdaehkth km odsm jm o`dvhfrm sïm prhsds kd emrsd. Km odsm jd curdjh curdjhfrd frd pmrtätfa pmrtätfa usd-sh d emrsd jh bdkodjd, km odsm jd curdjhfrd jh bdkodjd, prhkjh-sh kd emrsd jd prÿprfd curdjhfrd, pmræe pmssuf m ehsem prfkoåpfm jh cukofmkdehktm. (Cfgurd :<). FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
gufd jd edkjåbuad eÿvha
edkjåbuad eÿvha edkjåbuad cfxd
pdrdcusm
bdsh
edkfpuam
mrha`d jh cfxdçïm jd emrsd
Cfgurd :2 :2 - Zfpms jh hsodrhdjmr.
Cfgurd :< :< - Emrsd jh curdjhfrd.
M o`dvhfrm utfafzd d curdjhfrd pdrd dbrfr ms odkdfs jms ofafkjrms, mkjh sh hkomktrde ms omepmkhkths (pfkms shgrhjm, omktrd pfkms, emafk`ds) quh cmrede m shgrhjm. (Cfgurd :4). Mutrd utfafjdjh æ pdrd cdzhr dbhrturd jh pmrtds, qudkjm fstm kïm cmr pmssåvha ome ds chrrdehktds djhqudjds pdrd fssm.
BRMOD_ Ds brmods sïm chrrdehktds jhstfkdjds d dbrfr curms he edthrfdfs edofçms. _ïm omkstftuåjds he ghrda jh dçm dm odrbmkm, sdafhktdkjm-sh quh ds quh trdbda`de ome datd rmtdçïm sïm omkstftuåjds jh dçm räpfjm, pmr mchrhohr edfmr rhsfstîkofd dm omrth h dm odamr ghrdjm pham dtrftm. Shnd kd cfgurd :?, ds brmods `hafomfjdfs quh sïm ds edfs usdjds. Hspfgd @dsth
Omrpm
Ms edo`ms sh prhstde d dbrfr rmsods fkthrkds (pmrods) h ms omssfkhths d hchtudr shrvfçms quh rhquhfrde rmsods hxthrkds (pdrdcusms). M edo`m æ cdbrfodjm ome ue dçm euftm jurm, jh phrcfa rhjmkjm ome rhbdfxms m quh a`h jä ue phrcfa jh oruz. Hsth rhbdfxm æ khohssärfm pdrd jdr sdåjd dm edthrfda dcfe jh sh dbrfr d rmsod. Æ tdebæ tdebæe e omk` omk`hof hofjm jm omem omem âkguam jh omrth. (Cfgurd ::).
\mktd
\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod
Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Oúkfod @dsth Omrpm
\mktd
\rmnhçïm jd Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfod
Cfgurd :: :: - Edo`m. Brmod @hafomfjda jh @dsth Ofaåkjrfkod
Cfgurd :4 :4 - D curdjhfrd æ utfafzdjd pdrd dbrfr odkdfs jm ofafkjrm.
H_ODRHDJMR M hsodrhdjmr æ pmuom usdjm pham o`dvhfrm, pmræe, ìs vhzhs sh cdz khohssärfm kd emktdghe jh hahehktms rhbftdjms quh cmrde rhemvfjms jh cho`djurds mu ofafkjrms. M tfpm tfpm jh hsodrh hsodrhdj djmr mr edfs edfs omeue sïm rhbdfxms ofaåkjrfoms h oúkfoms pdrd pdrdcusms mu rhbfths. (Cfgurd :2). OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd :? :? - Brmods `hafomfjdfs.
DZHKÇÏM! _heprh quh cmr cdzhr ued curdçïm, cdçd d fkfofdçïm ome ue pukçïm omem, dafäs, nä cmf hksfkdjm dkthrfmrehkth.
EDO@M_ H OM__FKHZH_ _ïm juds juds chrrde chrrdehkt hktds ds ededkudfs utfafzdjds pdrd sh cdzhr rmsods. 4<
D mutrd hxtrhefjdjh jm edo`m edo`m the d cmred qudjrdjd, h æ mkjh sh dpafod d cmrçd pdrd emvfehktä-am dtrdvæs jm jhsdkjdjmr mu omem æ edfs omk`hofjm ‑Sfrd-Edo`m―. M jhsdkjdjmr æ cmredjm pmr ued dadvdkod ome jmfs brdçms. He sud pdrth ohktrda the hkodfxh cfxm mu rhguaävha pdrd prhkjhr m edo`m. (Cfgurd :8). Hxfsth ue edo`m pdrd pdrd odjd odjd ehjf ehjfjd jd jh rmso rmsod d quh quh quhfrd cdzhr. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Jhvh-sh hxhrohr prhssïm ukfcmreh kms jmfs brdçms jm jhsdkjdjmr d cfe jh edkthr m omssfkhth phrphkjfouadr dm hfxm quh hstä shkjm rmsquhdjm. (Cfgurd :6).
Edo`m tfpm 4
Edo`m tfpm 2
jhsdkjdjmr Edo`m tfpm ?
emrsd
Cfgurd :8 :8 - Sfrd-Edo`m.
Cfgurd :7 :7 - Edo`ms.
Kd cfgurd :3, vhems omem sh prmohjh pdrd cdzhr ued rmsod fkthrkd utfafzdkjm ue edo`m edo`m h jhsdkjdjmr. jhsdkjdjmr.
\drd cdzhr cdzhr rmsods rmsods hxthrkds hxthrkds,, utfafzd-sh ms omssfkhths. Zdebæe hxfsth ue omssfkhth pdrd odjd ehjfjd jh rmsod. M omssfkhth æ emktdjm he ue jhsdkjdjmr prÿprfm mkjh æ cfxdjm. (Cfgurd :0). Omknuktm hsth tdebæe omk`hofjm omem tdrrdxd. (Cfgurd :0-D).
jhsdkjdjmr
edo`m
emrsd
phçd Cfgurd :3 :3 - \dssdghe jm edo`m smbrh m edthrfda.
_dafhktde _dafhktdems ms quh odjd odjd juds vmatds jhvh-sh vmatdr m edo`m he ue qudrtm jh vmatd h dpafodr aubrfcfodkth pdrd omktfkudr d rmsquhdr, hvftdkjm ome fssm d pmssfbfafjdjh jh quhbrdr d chrrdehktd. M aubrfc aubrfcfod fodkth kth utfafz utfafzdjm djm he ghrda æ ue cauåjm hsphofda pdrd omrth jh edthrfdfs. Kmredaehkth sïm utfafzdjms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms fgudfs hktrh sf, mu shnd, ome ehsed ehjfjd jh rmsod, eds ome jfchrhkçds kd omkhxfjdjh jds pmktds jh phkhtrdçïm h km phrcfa jms ‑jhkths― omrtdkths jm edthrfda. Shems kd cfgurd :7 ms trîs tfpms jh edo`ms> m kþehrm 4 æ usdjm pdrd fkfofdr m trdbda`m9 m kþehrm 2 pdrd edfmr dprmcukjdehktm h m kþehrm ? pdrd cfkdafzdr h dodbdr m phrcfa jd rmsod. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
cfgurd :0 :0 - Omssfkhth. Omssfkhth
phçd d shr rmsquhdjd Cfgurd :6 :6 - Omssfkhth phrphkjfouadr dm hfxm quh hstä shkjm rmsquhdjm.
\drd m prhcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm, hsth omknuktm jh chrrdehktds kïm the euftd utfafjdjh. Km hktdktm, thr ue nmgm jh tmrkd-sh khohssärfm, pmfs, ìs vhzhs pmjh shr prhofsm hxhoutdr ued rmsod he ued adthrda jd odfxd jh cho`djurd, d sfe jh sh omamodr ue pdrdcusm he substftufçïm dm rhbfth quh cmf rhemvfjm, mu fkstdadr ued cho`djurd he ued pmrtd jh chrrm mu grdjh, shkjm khohssärfm cdzhr d curdçïm h rmsod pdrd cfxdçïm jd ehsed. Omem m daukm pmjh phrohbhr he debm debmss ms odsm odsmss cmf cmf usdj usdjm m m edo`m, pmfs m omssfkhth dfkjd æ edfs jfcåofa jh shr usdjm.
\FKÇD Æ ued ued chrr chrrde dehk hktd td edku edkuda da pdrd edkushfm jh phquhkms omepmkhkths h he amodfs jh jfcåofa dohssm. (Cfgurd 8<).
Jhsdkjdjmr
\drdcusms jh cfxdçïm Cfgurd :0--D :0--D - ‑Zdrrdxd―.
\drd cdzhr d rmsod he `dsth ofro ofroua uadr dr,, km odsm odsm,, tfpm tfpm pdrd pdrdcu cusm sm,, prhkjh-sh d ehsed kd emrsd h gfrdsh m jhsdkjdjmr jh tda emjm quh m omssfkhth, ì ehjfjd quh vdf dvdkçdkjm km edthrfda, vdf dbrfkjm ms suaoms jd rmsod. 44
Cfgurd 8< 8< - \fkçd.
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
\drd m o`dvhfrm had æ fepmrtdkth pdrd edkushdr ms pfkms shgrhjms, omktrd pfkms h emafk`ds.
_DOD-SMADKZH Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda hsphoåcfod pdrd sdodr vmadkth jh vhåouams he ghrda. _hkjm euftm utfafzdjd he mcfofkds ehoâkfods. \drd m o`dvhfrm had the pmuquåssfed utfafjdjh, pmfs sïm pmuoms ms vhåouams quh m o`dvhfrm prhofsd sdodr m vmadkth pdrd rhtfrdr m ofafkjrm jh trdvd jh jfrhçïm. Shnd kd cfgurd 84, omem sdodr m vmadkth jh ue vhåouam.
jhsamod-sh he rhadçïm ì phçd cfxd pmr ehfm jh ued pdrdcusm. (Cfgurd 82). phçd eÿvha
emrjhkths cfxms
brmod
M rhbmam æ ued chrrdehktd ofaåkjrfod jh phquhkd hsphssurd ome ue curm ohktrda, pmr ehfm jm quda æ chftm m hkodfxh km hfxm jm hsehrfa. (Cfgurd 8:).
phçd cfxd
odbm rhbmam buo`d jh o`uebm
daturd pdrdcusm
hspfgd hfxm
bdsh
Cfgurd 82 82 - Emrsd
Tudkjm sh prhkjh phçds dodbdjds omem æ m odsm jd o`dvhfrm, quh cfxd ofafkjrms, odk`ïm jh ofafkjrm, hto, æ khohssärfm omamodr kms emrjhkths ued prmthçïm, ghrdaehkth jh edthrfda edfs edofm quh d phçd. He ghrda ghrda hssd hssd prmthç prmthçïm ïm pmjh pmjh shr shr jh ombrh, o`uebm, edjhfrd, daueåkfm mu omurm.
o`dvhtd Cfgurd 8: 8: - Rhbmam hkodfxdjm dm hfxm jm edkjrfa.
M rhbmam the m dsphotm jh ued phjrd jh suphrcåofh äsphrd, cfgurd 88.
H_EHRFA Cfgurd 84 84 - _dod-vmadkth.
M sdod-vmadkth tdebæe æ omk`hofjm omem hxtrdtmr. \mssuf trîs gdrrds quh sh hkodfxde dm vmadkth h ue pdrdcusm ohktrda quh, shkjm dphrtdjm pmr ued o`dvh cfxd, cmrçd d sud sdåjd jd bdrrd jh jfrhçïm
Æ ued eäqufkd rmtdtfvd he ounm hfxm sïm omamodjds chrrdehktds jhstfkd jhstfkdjds jds d dcfdçïm, dcfdçïm, jhsbdst jhsbdsth h mu dodbdehktm o`dedjds ‑rhbmam―. (Cfgurd 8?). Cfgurd 88 88 - Rhbmam.
\rmthçïm dm Mphrdjmr
EMR_D \hçd fepmrtdkth kd bdkodjd jh qudaquhr mcfofkd shnd ehoâkfod, haætrfod, haætrfod, jh hahtrmjmeæstfom, hahtrmjmeæstfom, jh o`dvhfrm, hto. Æ tdebæe omk`hofjd omem tmrkm jh ehsd. Zhe pmr cfkdafjd cfkdafjdjh jh prhkjhr prhkjhr phçds, jhfxdkjm-ds cfrehs pdrd quh sh pmss pmssd d trdbd trdbda`d a`drr smbrh smbrh hads. hads. D emrsd jhvh hstdr cfxdjd kd bdkodjd. D emrsd æ omkstftuåjd omkstftuåjd pmr pmr juds phçds> phçds> Xed cfxd h mutrd mutrd eÿvha. eÿvha. D phçd eÿvha eÿvha OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 8? 8? - Hsehrfa.
42
Hstd dsphrhzd vdrfd jh domrjm ome d cfkdafjdjh jm rhbmam. Zhokfodehkth hssd dsphrhzd æ o`dedjd jh grdkuadçïm. \drd trdbda`ms jh jhsbdsths mu ehsem pdrd tfrdr rhbdrbds, usd-sh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm grmssd. \drd trdbda`ms jh dodbdehktm, usdsh rhbmam jh grdkuadçïm cfkd. Ehsem thkjm ued prmthçïm smbrh ds phjrds, rhomehkjd-sh usdr ÿouams jh prmthçïm tmjd vhz quh usdr m hsehrfa. M hsehrfa pdrd m o`dvhfrm, sÿ æ þtfa pdrd phquhkms jhbdsths h omkchoçïm jh phquhkds chrrdehktds. _hrvfçms hsths quh pmjhe shr FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
chftms omamodkjm ue phquhkm phquhkm rhbmam nä ome hfxm pdrd shr omamodjm km edkjrfa jd curdjhfrd. M hsehrfa sÿ æ khohssärfm kd mcfofkd sh m o`dvhfrm cmr trdbda`dr ome dcfdçïm jh cdods, thsmurds, dafodth jh uk`d, jh outåouad, hto.
pdrth jm jfd-d-jfd jm o`dvhfrm, sïm jfehksfmkdjms he efaåehtrms
OME\D__M OME\ D__M JH EHJFR Æ ued chrrdehktd chrrdehktd utfafzdjd kd ehjfçïm fkjfrhtd pham cdtm jh kïm pmssufr grdjudçïm. Hxfsthe värfms tfpms jhstfkdjms d cfks hsphoåcfoms, pmræe tmjms mbhjhohe dm ehsem prfkoåpfm. M omepdssm pmjh substftufr m pdquåehtrm kd vhrfcfodçïm h trdkspmrth jh ehjfjds, fstm pmrquh æ ued chrrdehktd jh oustm ehkmr quh m pdquåehtrm, pdquåehtrm, h sucfofhkth sucfofhkth pdrd m o`dv o`dvhf hfrm rm.. M omep omepds dssm sm edus edus usdjm khsth æ m jh ehjfjds hxthrkds emstrdjm kd cfgurd 83.
t r j d m ç k m ú z k h f r m m
Shnd kd cfgurd 80 omem ehjfr ome hsodad.
5 44ee
\DTXÅEHZRM
Æ m edfs sfepahs fkstruehktm jh ehjfçïm. \mssuf kmredaehkth grdjudçøhs jh efaåehtrms h pmahgdjds pdrd ehjfr ds jfehksøhs jds phçds. (Cfgurd 87). \drd m o`dvhfrm hktrh ds hsodads omem m pdquåehtrm, quh hstujdrhems d shgufr, sÿ fkthrhssd d hsodad jh efaåehtrms, vfstm quh khstd ärhd tmjms tmjms ms omepmkhk omepmkhkths ths quh cdzhe OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
p r m c u k j f j d j h
p d r d c u s m
t r d v d v d r h t d j h
` d s t h
c f x d
Cfgurd 86 86 - \dquåehtrm.
Cfgurd 80 80 - Omem ehjfr ome d hsodad.
H_ODAD
k ú k f m
Cfgurd 87 87 - Hsodad.
5 6ee
Cfgurd 83 83 - Omepdssm hxthrkm.
trm), m quda jhsorhvhrhems jhsorhvhrhems d shgufr. shgufr. D grdjudçïm jd `dsth cfxd mu hsodad æ chftd he efaåehtrms.
\dquåehtrm mu odafbrh omem tdebæe æ omk`hofjm, omkstd hsshkofdaehkth jh ued `dsth cfxd, mu hsodad odad cfxd cfxd h jh ue ours oursmr mr eÿvh eÿvha, a, tdebæe o`dedjm kúkfm. Dprhshktd dfkjd ued vdrhtd pdrd ehjfjds jh prmcukjfjdjhs h ue pdrdcusm jh trdvd. (Cfgurd 86). Hxfsthe pdquåehtrms jh jfchrhkths kúkfms quh vïm jh dprmxfedçøhs> jh 4/4< 5 4 jæofem jh efaåehtrm 5 <,4ee. 4/2< 5 4 vfgæsfem jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<8 (8 ohktæsfems). 4/28 5 vfgæsfed qufktd pdrth jh efaåehtrm 5 <,<: (: ohktæsfems). h jh 4/8< 5 <,<2 jmfs ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. \drd \drd kÿs kÿs fkthrh fkthrhss ssd d dphkd dphkdss kúkfm jh 4/4< (4 jæofem jh efaåeh4?
M kúkfm mu oursmr eÿvha æ jfvfjfjm he 4< pdrths, mu shnd, odjd jfvfsïm vfsïm omrrhspm omrrhspmkjh kjh d <,4 efaåehtrm efaåehtrm (ue jæofem jh efaåehtrm). Sdems jdr ue hxhepam jh ahfturd jm pdquåehtrm jh dprmxfedçïm jh jæofems. Shnd kd cfgurd 3<, quh m zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd m shxtm trdofk`m jd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, m quh omrrhspmkjh, pmrtdktm, d 3 efaåehtrms. Mbshrvh kd hsodad jm kúkfm quh m trdofk`m jh 4 d 4< omfkofjh ome ued jfvfsïm jd hsodad.
Cfgurd 3< 3< - Kúkfm.
Km odsm odsm m kþeh kþehrm rm mftm mftm jm kúkfm hstä omfkofjfkjm ome m trdofk`m tr dofk`m ??, pmrtd pmrtdktm ktm,, 0 æ d dprmxf dprmxfed edçïm çïm.. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Dssfe, Dssfe , d ehjfjd ehjfj d prhofsd prhof sd æ 3,0ee, mu shnd, shfs efaåehtrms h mftm jæofems. Mutrm hxhepam jh ahfturd vhnd kd cfgurd 34.
Rhssdatdems quh hstds chrrdehktds sïm cdbrfodjds h vhkjfjds he odsds hsphofdafzdjds, mutrds shrïm khohssärfds h kïm sïm vhkjfjds, pmrtdktm jhvhe shr chftds pham prÿprfm daukm shkjm sud omkchoçïm hksfkdjd km jhomrrhr jm oursm.
Ome hssds phçds, æ pmssåvha jhsemktdr ofafkjrms fkjhphkjhkths h bfpdrtfjms she khohssfjdjh jh brmquhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs.
_DOD ZRDSD
Chrrdehktd mkjh sh cfxd m emkmbamom pdrd shr jhsemktdjm she khohssfjdjh jh brmquhdr ms tdepøhs jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 3:).
Æ ued chrrdehktd edkuda utfafzdjd pdrd smatdr ms pdrdcusms quh cfxde d trdvd jh jfrhçïm jms odrrms. Ms rhchrfjms pdrdcusms sïm jh odbhçd odbhçd ofaåkjrfod, ofaåkjrfod, tmtdaehkth tmtdaehkth afsd, pmrtdktm she chkjd, khe rhbdfxm shxtdvdjm tfpm Daahk. (Cfgurd 32).
BHRÇM JH OFAFKJRM VDAH V DAH
Cfgurd 34 34 - Hxhepam jh ahfturd.
M zhrm jm kúkfm uatrdpdssd d jæofed shxtd jfvfsïm jd hsodad, pmrtdktm, 43ee. D omfkofjîkofd jh ued jfvfsïm jm kúkfm ome ued hsodad. Amgm d ehjfjd prhofsd æ jh 43,8 (jhzhsshfs efaåehtrms h shfs jæofems).
Cfgurd 3: 3: - Bhrçm jh ofafkjrm Vdah.
JF_\M_FZFSM ZHZRD Omknuktm jh chrrdehktds usdjds pdrd d jhsemktdghe jh ofafkjrm thtrd, she khohssfjdjh jh rhemvhr m dkha tdepd jms odkdfs. (Cfgurd 38) .
BDKODJD Æ d ehsd jh trdbda`m jm o`dvhfrm. _hu tdedk`m eåkfem jhvh shr m khohssärfm pdrd domemjdr d eäqufkd ompfdjmrd, ued emrsd phquhkd pmjh shr d kþehrm 4, h djhqudjd dm hspdçm jfspmkåvha. He ghrda jhvh shr chftd pmr hkomehkjd. Km hktdktm hxfsthe bdkodjds prmktds prmktds usdjds usdjds he värfds värfds mcfofkds mcfofkds quh pmjhe shr dprmvhftdjds. Ome d bdkodjd, jdems pmr hkohrrdjd d prfehfrd pdrth jhstd afçïm mkjh cmrde jhsorftds ds chrrdehktds jh usm ghrda quh tdebæe sïm þthfs dm prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm. D shgufr vdems rhadofmkdr h jhsorhvhr ds chrrdehktds jh usm hsphoåcfom jm o`dvhfrm. Kïm vdems hktrdr he jhtda`hs qudktm dm shu usm, pmfs fstm shrä chftm km jhomrrhr jm oursm, qudkjm dbmrjdrhems ds jfchrh jfchrhkth kthss tdrhcd tdrhcdss jd dtfvfj dtfvfjdjh djh jm o`dvhfrm. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 32 32 - _dod trdvd.
JF_\M_FZFSM VDAH
Omepmstm jh trîs phçds ehtäafods, jh jfâehtrms jfchrhkths. He ued jds hxtrhefjdjhs the the ue rhbdfx rhbdfxm m omem omem sh cmssh cmssh ued chkjd h kd mutrd ue curm rhbdfxdjm km shktfjm amkgftujfkda jd phçd. (Cfgurd 3?) .
Cfgurd 38 38 - Jfspmsftfvm thtrd.
CHRRDEHKZD_ \MKZD H CMRTXFA@D
Cfgurd 3? 3? - Jfspmsftfvm Vdah.
4:
Omknuktm jh värfds chrrdehktds pdrd rhtfrdjd jh o`dvhs quhbrdjds jh jhktrm jm ofafkjrm. D jh pmktd pmssuf gdrrds dcfdjds pdrd ordvdr km edthrfda h d jh FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
cmrqu cmrqufa` fa`d d pdrd pdrd puxd puxdrr cdzhk cdzhkjm jm daddadvdkod. (Cfgurd 33).
EÄTXFKD_ JX\AFODJMRD_ Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd Gmaj k¾4 (Cfgurd 30) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs padkds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. - Gufd omehktdjm ome rhguadghe eformeætrfod. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs ome djdptdçïm pdrd o`dvhs thtrd. - Hsomvd jh dçm cfm <,2
Cfgurd 33 33 - Chrrdehktds jh pmktd.
CHRRDEHKZD_ JH DBHRZXRD Ds chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd tdebæe sïm omk`hofjds omem gäzuds mu efo`ds. _ïm aâefkds chftds he dçm dçm hsph hsphof ofda da jh prhchr prhchrîk îkofd ofd fkmx. \mssuhe odvds mu pmktds jfchrhkof chrhkofdjd djdss quh sïm usdjds usdjds he dbhrturd jh odjhdjms, pmrtds omeuks jm sfsthed Vdah, cho`djurds jh dutmeÿvhfs. (Cfgurd 37).
Jdjms tæokfoms Emtmr emkmcäsfom 4/:ov.47: 44 s> Dat.> Dat.> 2? ?3 23
Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd Gmaj k¾?< (Cfgurd 36) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs padkds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. - Gufd omehktdjm. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs. - Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs Daahk pdrd rhguadghe. - Hsomvd hsphofda jh kyamk. - Bdsh he chrrm cukjfjm9 omrpm he daueåkfm. - Bdsh, omrrhfd h emtmr sïm kdofmkdfs.
Efo`ds mu Gäzuds
Nmgm Grdkjh
Cfgurd 30 30 - Gmaj k¾4.
Jh Dutms
Nmgm \hquhkm
Jdjms tæokfoms -Emtmr>emkmcäsfom 4/:ov.47: 44 s> Dat.> Dat.> 2? ?3 23 7< x ? x 42,7 he @__.
Cfgurd 37 37 - Chrrdehktds jh dbhrturd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
48
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Jdjms tæokfoms -Emtmr>emkmcäsfom 4/:ov.47: s> Dat.>2 Dat.>23 ?? ?6 7< x 7 x 42,7ee ohehktdjd. - _hrrd> <3? x 4,2 x 43 he @__. - O`dvh omkvhrsmrd> 44
Cfgurd 36 36 - Gmaj k¾?<.
Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd Gmaj k¾8 (Cfgurd 7<) Fkjfodj Fkjfodjdd pdrd pdrd o`dvhs o`dvhs padpadkds (Vdah h dutm), thtrd h o`dvh gmrgh. - Gufds ohehktdjds. - Emrjhkths rhvhrsåvhfs pdrd tmjms ms tfpms jh o`dvh. - Domepdk`d nmgm jh o`dvhs Daahk pdrd rhguadghe. - Hqufpdjd ome
Cfgurd 74 74 - Gmaj k¾8<.
Eäqufkd pdktmgräcfod _uphr Gma (Cfgurd 72) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs ome phrcfs hsphofdfs. - Dadvdkod adthrda pdrd rhguadghe jh daturd. - Dadvdkod ome rmadehktms rmadehktms hsphofdfs pdr emvfehktms adthrdfs. Cfgurd 7< 7< - Gmaj k¾8.
Fkoauåjm> - Jfspmsftfvm Cmrj9 - Jfspmsftfvm pdrd o`dvh tubu-
Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd Gmaj k¾8< (Cfgurd 74) Fkjfodjd pdrd o`dvhs padkds (Vdah h dutm) h thtrd. - \mrtätfa9 - Bf-vmat ì bdthrfd. 43
adr9 - Omkvhrsmr bf-vmat 44
Crhsd Emtmr Gufd Edçdkhtd
\mafd jm Emtmr
Emrjhkths
Hsomvd jh Dçm Odrrfk`m
Cfgurd 72 72 - \dktmgräcfod.
OM\FDJMRD Kds pägfkds dkthrfmrhs emstrdems daguks emjhams jh eäqufkds ompfdjmrds. ompfdjmrds. Hsoma`hems Hsoma`hems ued jhads, km odsm d kþehrm 4 Gmaj pdrd jhsorhvhr ms omepmkhkths bäsfoms jh ued ompfdjmrd, shu cukofmkdehktm h omem mphrdr d eäqufkd pdrd cdzhr oÿpfds. D hsoma`d sh nustfcfod , pmr sh trdtdr jh ued eäqufkd sfepahs, rmbustd h jh bdfxm oustm, pmrtdktm jh edfmr prmourd. (Cfgurd 7?).
Cfgurd 7? 7? - Omepmkhkths bäsfoms jh ued ompfdjmrd. rægud afeftdjmrd
edçdkhtd
Crhsd
rægud afeftdjmrd Cfgurd 7: 7: - Odrrfk`m. Cfgurd 73 73 - Jfstâkofd hktrh d rægud afeftdjmrd jfrhftd h hsquhrjd omrrhspmkjh d jfstâkofd jm gufd pdrd d crhsd.
odbhçd
JHZDA@H JM ODRRFK@M
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Gufd
emrjhkths
bamquh
M odrrf odrrfk`m k`m æ omepm omepmstm stm pmr omrpm, emrjhkths h rægud afeftdjmrd. D rægud afeftdjmrd hstä amodafzdjd dbdfxm jms emrjhkths h sdf cukçïm æ afeftdr m dohrtm jds o`dvhs pham bamquh. (Cfgurd 7:). O`dedems jh bamquh m hkomstm quh d o`dvh pmssuf kd sud pdrth suphrfmr. suphrfmr. (Cfgurd 78).
odvds
omstds jd o`dvh Cfgurd 78 78 - Bamquh.
D jfstâkofd jfstâkofd hktrh hktrh m afeftdjm afeftdjmrr jfrhftm h m hsquhrjm, omrrhspmkjh d jfstâko tâkofd fd jm gufd gufd pdrd pdrd d crhsd crhsd.. (Cfgurd (Cfgurd 73). 47
Hebmrd m thed ompfdr o`dvhs frä shr dbmrjdjm pdssm d pdssm pdrd ms jfvhrs jfvhrsms ms tfpms tfpms jh o`dvh o`dvhss edfs edfs djfdkth, djfdkth, vdems dquf jhsorhvhr jhsorhvhr ms pdssms d shrhe shgufjms kd omamodçïm jds o`dvhs mrfgfkda h vfrghe.
\RMOH__M JH OM\FDR - D omamodçïm omamodçïm jd o`dvh o`dvh mrfgfkda mrfgfkda æ chftd km emrjhkth hsquhrjm. - D o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth jfrhftm. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
- D rægud afeftdjmrd æ ahvdktdjd h shus afeftdjmrhs hkomstdjms, m hsquhrjm km bamquh jd o`dvh mrfgfkda h m jfrhftm km bamquh jd o`dvh vfrghe. - Xed vhz dohrtdjd d pmsfçïm jds juds o`dvhs, dbdfxd-sh d rægud h omkchrh-sh d jfstâkofd hktrh bamquhs, hkomstdkjm-sh m bamquh jd mrfgfkda km gufd h m jd vfrghe kd crhsd. - Hstdkjm he mrjhe fkfofd-sh m prmohssm jh ompfdr. (Cfgurd 77) .
RHGXADGHE Kmredaehkth ds eäqufkds ompfdjmrds nä vîe rhguadjds jh cäbrfod, pmræe, qudkjm fstm cmr khohssärfm, ghrdaehkth kd trmod jd crhsd, prmohjh-sh jd shgufkth edkhfrd> \rfehfrm omamquh juds o`dvhs vfrghks, fgudfs, fstm æ, jm ehsem emjham. Cdçd ms dohrtms jds o`dvhs jh domrjm ome ms prmohjfehktms pdrd m prmohssm ompfdr, dohrtdkjm ds o`dvhs ome d rægud afeftdjmrd h omkcfredçïm hkomstdkjm debds km gufd h kd crhsd. Kïm `dvhkjm omfkofjîkofd , cfgurds 70 h 70-D, jds juds hkomstdrhe dm ehsem thepm, kds rhsphotfvds o`dvhs, prmohjd jd shgufkth edkhfrd>
Gufd hkomstd
Crhsd kïm hkomstd
Gufd kïm hkomstd
Crhsd hkomstd
Cfgurd 70 h 70-D 70-D - Rhdafzdkjm ms dohrtms jds o`dvhs.
_math m pdrdcusm kþehrm 4 . H emvfehkth m supmrth gufd `mrfzmktdaehkth dtæ quh ms bamquhs jds o`dv o`dvhs hs hkom hkomst sthe he km gufd gufd h kd crhsd. (Cfgurd 76).
Hstd rhguadghe æ chfrd pdrd dohrtdr dohrtdr ds jfstâkof jfstâkofds ds hktrh hktrh gufd h crhsd ome d rægud afeftdjmrd. Dphrth m pdrdcusm kþehrm 4. \drd m dnusth dnusth eformeæt eformeætrfom rfom,, quh æ pdrd omrrfgfr ms dcdstdehktms emstrdjms kds cfgurds 70 h 70-D prmohjd jd shgufkth edkhfrd> - _math m pdrdcusm kþehrm 2, gfrh m kúkfm ì jfrhftd mu ì hsquhrjd jhphkjhkjm, pdrd dvdkçdr mu rhoudr dtæ quh ds o`dvhs hkomsthe km gufd h kd crhsd. (Cfgurd 0<). pdrdcusm k¾?
Cfgurd 76 76 - Rhguadghe jms pdrdcusms.
Cfgurd 0< 0< - O`dvhs hkomstdjds km gufd h kd crhsd.
Cfgurd 77 77 - O`dvh mrfgfkda/emrjhkth hsquhrjm - O`dvh vfrghe/emrjhkth jfrhftm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
40
- Dphrth m pdrdcusm kþehrm 2 pdrd cfxdr m gufd. - \drd zhrdr m kúkfm, smath m pdrdcus pdrdcusm m kþehrm kþehrm ?, gfrdkjm gfrdkjm dtæ omfkofjfr m zhrm jm kúkfm ome d rhchrîkofd <. - Dphrth m pdrdcusm kþehrm ?. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
EMRJHKZH_ Ms emrjhkths jds eäqufkds edfs sfepahs sïm usdjms he juds pmsfçøhs omkcmreh m tfpm jh o`dvh quh sh jhshnd ompfdr. Hxfsthe eäqufkds ome emrjhkths jh qudtrm pmsfçøhs, quh cdofaftde m trdbda`m he daguks tfpms jh o`dvhs. Km hktdktm, ome ue pmuom jh prätfod omkshguh-sh d oÿpfd jh o`dvhs ome ms emrjhkths jh juds pmsfçøhs. (Cfgurd 04).
sfepahs
jupad
thtrd
Cfgurd 02 02 - Cfxdçïm prfseätfod.
pdrd cfxdçïm prfseätfod
Mbshrvh kds cfgurds d shgufr, quh d eïm jfrhftd emvfehktd m odrrfk`m kd fjd h kd vmatd, h d hsquhrjd prhssfmkd m emrjhkth hsquhrjm smbrh m gufd (the cukçïm jh emad). Hebmrd hxfstfd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd pdrd m sfsthed Gmrgh, kïm sh domksha`d d omeprd jh ued, pmfs shu usm `mnh æ phquhkm. Hssh sfsthed Gmrgh, sdf ome d o`dvh prmktd. _ÿ ds edfs dktfgds æ quh pmjhe khohssftdr jh oÿpfds ì eïm, omkcmreh shrä hksfkdjm.
pdrd cfxdçïm padkd
Cfgurd 04 04 - Cfxdçïm prfseätfod h padkd.
D cfxdçïm prfseätfod jhvh shr usdjd pdrd ompfdr o`dvhs thtrd (: shgrhjms), dutmemtfvd, o`dvh jhsgdstdjd h jdkfcfodjd mu o`dvhs fepmssfbfaftdjds jh sh cfxdr pham adjm padkm jms emrjhkths. (Cfgurd 02) . M adjm jd cfxdçïm padkd shrvh pdrd ompfdr o`dvhs jm sfsthed Vdah h dutmemtfvds (mpofmkda). M dafk`dehktm jd o`dvh æ chftm ome ds omstds jd o`dvh, dpmfdkjm kd bdsh jm emrjhkth. (Cfgurd 0?). D eujdkçd jh pmsfçïm jms emrjhkths jhvh shr chftd jd shgufkth edkhfrd> - Sä gfrdkjm d edçdkhtd pdrd dafvfdr d prhssïm quh d pdrth suphrfmr jm emrjhkth cdz smbrh d fkchrfmr. - D shgufr puxh d pdrth fkchrfmr pdrd ofed dtæ had sdfr jm hkodfxh jd bdsh, gfrh-d, ehfd vmatd, hkodfxdkjm-d kmvdehkth kd bdsh, kd kmvd pmsfçïm. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 0: 0: - Emjhams jh o`dvhs.
OMKCHOÇÏM ‟ Oß\FD O@DSH VDAH (OMEXE) Cfgurd 0? 0? - Cfxdçïm padkd.
O@DSH JFRHFZD H H_TXHRJD Smoî vdf sdbhr m quh æ o`dvh jfrhftd h hsquhrjd qudkjm cmr hxpafodjd d fkthrprhtdçïm jm odtäamgm jh o`dvhs. Sdah pdrd hssds o`dvhs m quh cmf hxpafodjm pdrd cfxdçïm padkd h prfseätfod , o`dvh jfrhftd emrjhkth prfseätfom h o`dvh hsquhrjd emrjhkth padkm.
OMEM OM\FDR O@D O@DSH_ SH_ D shgufr jhsorhvhe jhsorhvhems ms pdssm d pdssm ome ompfdr o`dvhs Vdah sfepahs, jupads h thtrds. (Cfgurd 0:). 46
Cfgurd 08 ‟ Emjham jh eäqufkd ompfdjmrd quh shrä usdjd pdrd hxpafodr pdssm d pdssm d omkchoçïm jh o`dvhs jm sfsthed Vdah, sfepahs, jh dutms h thtrd. Cfgurd 03 ‟ \rhkjd d o`dvh mrfgfkda km emrjhkth hsquhrjm jd ompfdjmrd. Cfgurd 07 ‟ \rhkjd d o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth jfrhftm jd ompfdjmrd. Cfgurd 00 ‟ Ahvdkth d rægud afeftdjmrd. Cfgurd 06 ‟ Dohrth d jfstâko jfstâkofd fd FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
hktrh ds juds o`dvhs ome d rægud afeftdjmrd pdrd quh cf quhe hkomstdjds km bamquh jds juds o`dvhs.
Cfgurd 6< ‟ Omkcfrd sh d jfstâkofd hktrh ds o`dvhs hstä omrrhtd ‟ hkomstm jd o`dvh mrfgfkda km gufd, h m hkomstm jd o`dvh vfrghe kd crhsd. Cfgurd 64 ‟ Edkthk`d ds o`dvhs kd pmsfçïm, afguh d eäqufkd h fkfofh d crhsd crhsdghe ghe,, emvfe emvfehk hktdk tdkjm jm m odrrfk`m jd jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd hxhroh hxhrohkj kjm m smbrh smbrh m ehsem ehsem afghfr afghfrd d prhssïm pdrd edkthr ds o`dvhs prhssfmkdjds km gufd h kd crhsd.
Cfgurd 08 08 - Eäqufkd ompfdjmrd.
Cfgurd 00 00 - Ahvdktdkjm ìs afeftdjmrd.
Cfgurd 03 03 - O`dvh mrfgfkda emrjhkth hsquhrjm.
Cfgurd 06 06 - Dohrtm - jfstâkofd hktrh ds o`dvhs.
Cfgurds 07 07 - O`dvh vfrghe emrjhkth jfrhftm.
Cfgurd 6< 6< - Omkchrfkjm d jfstâkofd.
Cfgurd 62 ‟ Omktfkuh dtæ m cfkda jd o`dvh. Cfgurd 6? ‟ Dtfkgfkjm m cfkda jd o`dvh rhtmrkh m odrrfk`m jd hsquhrjd pdrd jfrhftd, edkthkjm-m edkthkjm-m prhssfmkdjms pdrd m rhpdssh jds odvds. Cfgurd 6: ‟ Hstd mphrdçïm jh rhpdssh æ chftd dtæ rhtmrkdr m hkomstm jds o`dvhs, pdrd m gufd h d crhsd. Cfgurd 68 ‟ Khsth pmktm, jhsafguh d eäqufkd ompfdjmrd h rhtfrh d o`dvh ompfdjd jm emrjhkth. Cfgurd 63 ‟ Ome d afed rhtfrh ds rhbdrbds jds odvds h jms crfsms ada dthrdfs jd o`dvh. Cfgurd 67 ‟ \dssh d o`dvh kd hsomvd pdrd tmtda rhemçïm jh phquhkds rhbdrbds quh pmssde dfkjd phredkhohr. Hxphrfeh ehkth kth d Cfgurd Cfgurd 60 ‟ Hxphrf o`dvh km ofafkjrm pdrd vhrfcfodr shu cukofm cukofmkd kdehk ehktm, tm, quh quh sh jhvh jhvh shr shr sudvh, she trdkom h she jfcfouajdjh pdrd hktrdr h sdfr jm odkda jd ehsed.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
2<
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 64 - Afgdkjm - Afgdkjm d eäqufkd fkåofm crhsdghe.
Cfgurd 6: 6: - ... dtæ m hkomstm jds o`dvhs.
Cfgurd 67 67 - \dssdkjm d o`dvh kd hsomvd.
Cfgurd 62 62 - Crhsdghe dtæ m cfkda jd o`dvh.
Cfgurd 68 -Jhsafgdkjm 68 -Jhsafgdkjm d eäqufkd h rhtfrdkjm d o`dvh ompfdjmrd jm emrjhkth.
Cfgurd 60 60 - Hxphrfhehkthd o`dvh km ofafkjrm.
Dthkçïm! Dpÿs d omkoausïm jd oÿpfd cdçd ued omepdrdçïm hktrh debds. \drd tdktm, smbrhpmk`d ds o`dvhs ahvdktdkjm-ds ì daturd jms ma`ms h omepdrh d prmcukjfjdjh jds odvds. (Cfgurd 66).
Cfgurd 6? 6? - Rhtmrkdkjm ome m odrrfk`m...
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 63 63 - Rhtfrdkjm rhbdrbds ome d afed.
24
Cfgurd 66 66 - Omepdrdkjm ds o`dvhs.
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
OMKCHOÇÏM JH Oß\FD JH O@DSH VDAH JX\AD H JH DXZM_ \drd cdzhr d oÿpfd jd o`dvh jupad jupad (odv (odvds ds jms jms jmfs jmfs adjms adjms jd `dsth jd o`dvh) quh æ m odsm prfkofpdaehkth jds o`dvhs dutmemtfvds, prhkjd ds o`dvhs kms rhsphotfvms emrjh emrjhkth kthss h dohrt dohrth h ds jfstâk jfstâkofd ofdss hktrh debds ome d rægud afeftdjmrd h omkc omkcfr frd d hssh hssh dohr dohrtm tm jd ehse ehsed d cmred quh cmf chftd pdrd d o`dvh Vdah omeue. \drd cdzhr d oÿpfd jd o`dvh jupad he ghrda jh dutms, omamquh ds o`dvhs jm emjm jhsorftm pdrd d sfepahs h rhpftd ds mphrdçøhs fkjfodjds pdssm d pdssm kds cfgurds jh 03 d 60 . Jhstd Jhstd cmred cmred omkoa omkoaufuf-sh sh ue adjm jd o`dvh. D shgufr vfrh ds o`dvhs, prhkjhkjm-ds kms emrjhkths h rhpftd ds mphrdçøhs mphrdçøhs jhsorftds kds cfgurds jh 03 d 60. Kd rhdafjdjh d o`dvh jupad æ ued ued juds juds he ued. ued. Omko Omkoau auåe åems ms dssfe mutrm adjm jd o`dvh cfkdafzdkjm d oÿpfd.
OMKCHOÇÏM JD O@D O@DSH SH ZHZRD D o`dvh thtrd pmssuf qudtrm shgrhjms, pmrtdktm, sïm qudtrm o`dvhs he ued sÿ. \drd ompfä-ad kd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd, æ prhofsm usdr m adjm prfsedjm jms emrjhkths. Shnd d shgufr m pdssm d pdssm pdrd ompfdr d o`dvh thtrd.
Cfgurd 4<< ‟ Gfrh ds edçdkhtds pdrd afbhrdr ms emrjhkths phreftfkjm shu gfrm.
Cfgurd 4<2 ‟ Rhpftd d mphrdçïm pdrd ms emrjhkths jd jfrhftd. Cfgurd 4
Mbshrvh quh d mrfgfkda hstä shkjm gfrdjd pdrd träs pdrd shr cfxdjd kd kmvd pmsfçïm.
Debds ds o`dvhs jhvhe shr omamodjds kms emrjhkths kd ehsed pmsfçïm. \mrtdktm, tmeh omem rhchrîkofd qudaquhr jhtda`h jd odbhçd jds o`dvhs.
Cfgurd 442 ‟ Gfrh pdrd träs, omkcmreh cmf chftd ome d mrfgfkda, cfxh d o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth kd ehsed pmsfçïm. Dohrth d jfstâkofd hktrh ds o`dvhs omem cmf chftm dkthrfmrehkth, dkthrfmrehkth, h prmohjd jd ehsed cmred fkjm h vmatdkjm m odrrfk`m pdrd crhsdr m shgukjm shgrhjm. Hstds mphrdçøhs sïm rhphtfjds edfs juds vhzhs pdrd omkoaufr ms qudtrm shgrhjms jd o`dvh.
Cfgurd 4<8 ‟ Ahvdkth d rægud afeftdjmrd.
Omkoauåjd jd d Cfgu Cfgurd rd 44? ‟ Omkoauå oÿpfd, rhtfrh d o`dvh jd jupafodjmrd, rhemvhkjm ds rhbdrbds ome d afed.
Cfgurd 4<: ‟ \rhkjd d o`dvh vfrghe km emrjhkth jfrhftm.
DZHKÇÏM!
Cfgurd 4<3 ‟ Dohrth d jfstâkofd hktrh ms hkomstms (bamquhs) jds o`dvhs phad rægud afeftdjmrd. Omkcfrd d prhofsïm jm dohrtm hkomstdkjm m bamquh jd mrfgfkda km gufd h jd o`dvh vfrghe kd crhsd. Cfgurd 4<7 ‟ Fkfofh d crhsdghe jd o`dvh emvfehktdkjm m odrrfk`m jd jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd. Cfgurd 4<0 ‟ Omktfkuh d crhsdghe sheprh edkthkjm m odrrfk`m hxhrohkjm prhssïm smbrh ds o`dvhs. Cfgurd 4<6 ‟ Cfkdafzh d crhsdghe jh fjd. Rhtmrkh. Cfgurd 44< ‟ Rhtmrkh m odrrfk`m, dgmrd jd jfrhftd pdrd d hsquhrjd dtæ ms hkomstms , mu shnd, d pmsfçïm fkfofda, h dssfe omkoaud ue jms shgrhjms jd o`dvh.
Cfgurd 44: ‟ \dssh d hsomvd pdrd tmtda rhemçïm jh rhbdrbds. Cfgurd 448 ‟ Zhsth d oÿpfd km ofafkjrm pdrd vhrfcfodr m shu cukofmkdehktm. Hsth thsth jhvh shr chftm sheprh quh pmssåvha. Cfgurd 443 ‟ Dssfe qudaquhr jhchftm vhrfcfodjm pmjh shr omrrfgfjm jh fehjfdtm.
Mbshrvdçïm Ome d omkchoçïm jd oÿpfd jd o`dvh thtrd, threfkdems ms prmohjfehktmss pdrd utfafzdçïm prmohjfehktm jd eäqufkd ompfdjmrd. \mjhems djfdktdr quh fkjhphkjhkth jm tfpm jh eäqufkd hsshs prmohjfehktms sïm ms ehsems ome phquhkds vdrfd-
Cfgurd 4<4 ‟ Sfrh ms emrjhkths hsquhrjms he 40<¼ (grdus), pdrd d pmsfçïm prfseätfod. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 444 ‟ Rhtfrh ds o`dvhs. \rhkjd \rhkjd d mrfgfkda mrfgfkda kmvdehkth kmvdehkth he pmsfçïm pdrd ompfdr m shgukjm shgrhjm. 22
çøhs jms jfspmsftfvms jh cfxdçïm. FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 4<< 4<< - Gfrdkjm ds edçdkhtds.
Cfgurd 4
Cfgurd 4<3 4<3 - Dohrtdkjm d jfstâkofd (bamquhs).
Cfgurd 4<4 4<4 - Sfrdkjm ms emrjhkths hsquhrjms.
Cfgurd 4<: 4<: - O`dvh vfrghe - emrjhkth jfrhftm.
Cfgurd 4<7 4<7 - Fkfofdkjm d crhsdghe...
Cfgurd 4<2 4<2 - Sfrdkjm ms emrjhkths jfrhftms.
Cfgurd 4<8 4<8 - Ahvdktdkjm d rægud afeftdjmrd.
Cfgurd 4<0 4<0 - - .sheprh prhssfmkdkjm mkdkjm ds o`dvhs.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
2?
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 4<6 4<6 - Cfkda crhsdghe jh fjd. Rhtmrkh.
Cfgurd 442 442 - Cfxdr d vfrghe km emrjhkth.
Cfgurd 44< 44< - Jd jfrhftd pdrd hsquhrjd.
Cfgurd 444 444 - Oÿpfd jm shgukjm shgrhjm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 44: 44: - \dssdkjm d o`dvh kd hsomvd.
Cfgurd 448 448 - - Zhstdr oÿpfd km ofafkjrm.
Cfgurd 44? 44? - Rhtfrdkjm d o`dvh ompfdjd h rhemvhkjm ds rhbdrbds.
Cfgurd 443 443 - _heprh vhrhcfquh d o`dvh.
2:
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
_F_ZHED JH EHJFJD_
_F_ZHED EÆZRFOM JHOFEDA
Sfems quh kd fkstdadçïm h rhpmsfçï pmsfçïm m jh cho`dju cho`djurds, rds, dagueds dagueds ehjfjd ehjfjdss sïm fepmrtd fepmrtdkths kths vfems vfems tdebæe quh kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh gmrgh gmrgh,, æ prhofs prhofsm m tmedr tmedr ehjfj ehjfjds ds,, omem adrgurd, daturd h hsphssurd jd pdahtd, adrgurd h prmcukjfjdjh jds odvds, hto. \mrtdktm omk`hohr m sfsthed jh ehjfjds h sdbhr ehjfr æ fepmrtdkth pdrd m o`dvhfrm.
Kmehs
M sfsthed eætrfom the omem ukfjdjh cukjd ehktda m ehtrm. Ms eþatfpams h subeþatfpams subeþatfpams jm ehtrm, mu shnd, vdamrhs edfmrhs h ehkmrhs jm ehtrm sïm emstrdjms kd tdbhad F. M o`dvhfrm kmredaehkth trdbda`d ome ehjfjds phquhkds, mu shnd, ome subeþatfpams jm ehtrm, quh sïm> jhoåehtrm, ohktåehtrm h efaåehtrm.
_åebmams
Sdamrhs Sd amrhs he Ehtrm
ie
4<<
qufaúehtrm Eþatfpams
Xkfjdjh
_ubeþatfpams
`hotúehtrm
`e
4<
jhoâehtrm
jde
4
ehtrm
e
4e
jhoåehtrm
je
<,4e
ohktåehtrm
oe
<,<4e
efaåehtrm
ee
<,<<4e
ZDBHAD F
hspdçm fguda d 4ee
Jhoåehtrm 5 je Ohktåehtrm 5 oe Efaåehtrm 5 ee
FK_ZRXEHKZM_ JH EHJFJD_ _ïm värfms ms fkstruehktms jh ehjfr, pmræe, pdrd m o`dvhfrm bdstd sdbhr usdr d hsodad h m pdquåehtrm.
H_ODAD D hsodad he ghrda ehtäafod, æ jh edfm edfmrr prho prhofs fsïm ïm quh quh d rægu rægud d omeue. omeue. D hsodad hsodad the the jfvfsøh jfvfsøhss jh efefaåehtrms h ehfm efaåehtrm. (Cfgurd 447). _ïm vfsåvhfs kd hsodad jd cfgurd 447,4< jfvfsøhs kueærfods jh 4 d 4<. Hssds jfvfsøhs omrrhspmkjhe d ohktåehtrms, pmrtdktm, 4< ohktåehtrms. Jh < d 4 ‟ ue ohktåehtrm Jh < d 2 ‟ jmfs ohktåehtrms Jh < d ? ‟ trîs ohktåehtrms Jh < d : ‟ qudtrm ohktåehtrms Jh < d 8 ‟ ofkom ohktåehtrms Jh < d 3 ‟ shfs ohktåehtrms Jh < d 7 ‟ shth ohktåehtrms Jh < d 0 ‟ mftm ohktåehtrms Jh < d 6 ‟ kmvh ohktåehtrms Jh < d 4< ‟ jhz ohktåehtrms
Mu ue jhoåehtrm. D hsodad eds omeue æ jh ?< ohktåehtrms, mu ? jhoåehtrms. Odjd jfvfsïm jm ohktåehtrm æ fguda d 4 efaåehtrm, amgm> < dm prfehfrm trdçm phquhkm 5 ue efaåehtrm < dm shgukjm trdçm phquhkm 5 jmfs efaåehtrms < dm throhfrm trdçm phquhkm 5 trîs efaåehtrms < dm qudrtm trdçm phquhkm 5 qudtrm efaåehtrms
hspdçm fguda d 4< ee mu 4 oe
hspdçm fguda d 4< oe mu 4je
Cfgurd 447 447 - jfvfsïm he efaåehtrm.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Ms såebmams utfafzdjms pdrd ms ehsems sïm>
28
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
< dm qufktm trdçm phquhkm 5 ofkom efaåehtrms < dm shxtm trdçm phquhkm 5 shfs efaåehtrms < dm sætfem trdçm phquhkm 5 shth efaåehtrms < dm mftdvm trdçm phquhkm 5 mftm efaåehtrms < dm kmkm trdçm phquhkm 5 kmvh efaåehtrms < dm jæofem trdçm quh omrrhspmkj pmkjh h d 4 ohktå ohktåeh ehtrm trm dm prfeh prfehfrm frm trdçm grdkjh 5 jhz efaåehtrms h dssfe suohssfvdehkth. Tudkjm d hsodad jh efaåehtrm æ subjfvfjfjd ome ue trdofk`m ehkms hktrh ds jfvfsøhs jh efaåehtrms, sfgkfcfod ehfm efaåehtrm, dssfe> Jh < d 4oe, thems 4< efaåehtrms h 2< ehfms efaåehtrms. D ukfjdjh ehtrm, omrrhspmkjh d 4< jhoåehtrms, 4<< ohktåehtrms h 4<<< efaåehtrms.
AHFZXRD JH H_ODAD Shndems omem utfafzdr d hsodad kd tmedjd jh ehjfjds. Mbshrvh kd cfgurd 440, d tmedjd jds ehjfjds prfkofpdfs jh cho`djurd, quh sïm>
Cfgurd 446 446 - Ehjfjd pdrd fkstdadçïm jh ued cho`djurd.
hsphssurd
ZRDK_CMREDÇÏM JH XKFJDJH_ 4 ‟ Zrdkscmredr ehtrms he ohktåehtrms> \drd trdkscmredr ehtrms he ohktåeht ohktåehtrms rms jhvhems jhvhems euatfpafo euatfpafodr dr m vdamr he ehtrms pmr 4<<. Hxhepam> Omeprfehktm 5 8 ehtrms 5 8 x 4<< 5 8< Khstd Khstd trdkscmr trdkscmredç edçïm ïm euatfeuatfpafod-sh m vdamr he ohktåehtrms pmr 4<. Hxhepam> Omeprfehktm Omeprfehktm 5 42oe 5 42< efaåehtrms. Adrgurd 5 :oe 5 : x 4< 5 :< efaåehtrms. Daturd 5 4,8oe 5 4,8 x 4< 5 48 efaåehtrms. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
daturd
Cfgurd 440 440 - Ehjfjd jd cho`djurd.
Daturd jd odfxd 5 4?2ee mu 4?,2oe. Adrgurd jd odfxd 5 7
adrgurd
Cfgurd 42< 42< - Adrgurd - 2
Kd omkchoçïm jd o`dvh Gmrgh tmedr hssds ehjfjds jds padods, æ fepmrtdkth, pmfs hads fkcauhkofde kd hktrdjd jd o`dvh, kd odfxd jd cho`djurd h km gfrm pdrd dbrfr h cho`dr. D hsodad tdebæe pmjh shr usdjd pdrd ehjfr d adrgurd jms jhkths h jds odvds, bhe omem d prmcukjfjdjh jfjdjh jds ehsed ehseds, s, jds jds o`dvh o`dvhss Gmrghs, Gmrghs, qudkjm qudkjm jd omkchoç omkchoçïm ïm jd oÿpfd. (Cfgurd 424). FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
hxfsth ed edrghe jh hrrms, hktrh d ehjfjd rhda he rhadçïm d tmedjd. \drd m o`dvhfrm km hktdktm, sh d ehjfç ehjfçïm ïm cmf chftd chftd ome dthkçï dthkçïm, m, hssds phquhkds edrghks jh hrrm quh æ jh jæofems kïm fkcauhkofde. Odsm shnd khohssärfd ued ehjfçïm edfs prhofsd, usdrhems m pdquåehtrm.
_F_ZHED FKGAÎ_ JH EHJFJD_
Cfgurd 424 424 - D hsodad tdebæe pmjh shr usdjd pdrd ehjfr d adrgurd jms jhkths h jds odvds.
AHFZXRD JH KÞEHRM_ JHOFEDF_ Kms kþehrms jhofedfs, tmjm kþeh kþehrm rm quh quh vhe vhe dpÿs dpÿs d vårg vårgua uad d o`ded-sh odsd.
4) _heprh quh ue kþehrm tfvhr ued ‑odsd― jhpmfs jd vårguad, d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he jæofems. Hxhepams> <,4 aî-sh> ue jæofem. <,4ee aî-sh> ue jæofem jh efaåehtrm. <,:ee aî-sh> qudtrm jæofems jh efaåehtrm. <,3ee aî-sh> shfs jæofems jh efaåehtrm. <,6ee aî-sh> kmvh jæofems jh efaåehtrm.
2) _hepr _heprhh quh quh m kþeh kþehrm rm tfvhr juds odsds jhpmfs jd vårguad, d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he ohktæsfems. Hxhepams> <,4< aî-sh> jhz ohktæsfems. <,<:ee aî-sh> qudtrm ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
<,23ee <,23ee aî-sh aî-sh>> vfkth vfkth h shfs shfs ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. <,8 ofkqñhktd ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. <,<4oe aî-sh > ue ohktæsfem jh ohktåehtrm.
?) _heprh quh ue kþehrm tfvhr trîs odsds jhpmfs jd vårguad, d ahfturd jm ehsem shrä chftd he efaæsfems. Hxhepams> <,<<4 aî-sh> ue efaæsfem <,428ee aî-sh> ohktm h vfkth h ofkom efaæsfems jh efaåehtrm. <,<40ee aî-sh> jhzmftm ohktæsfems jh efaåehtrm. <,<<:ee aî-sh> qudtrm efaæsfems jh efaåehtrm. <,24 juzhktms h jhz efaæsfems jh ohktåehtrm. <,<:8o <,<:8oe e aî-sh aî-sh>> qudrh qudrhktd ktd h ofkom efaæsfems jh ohktåehtrm. <,< trîs efaæsfems jh ohktåehtrms.
\RHOF_ÏM KD_ EHJFJD_ Jfcfofaehkth ome hssds hsodads sh omkshguh ued ehjfjd hxdtd, 27
D ukfjdjh jh ehjfjd km sfsthed Fkgaîs æ jh pmahgdjds. H kïm æ euftm omeue, kd ärhd jm o`dvhfrm hkomktrdr-sh prmjutms kdofmkdfs jfehksfmkdjms pmr hsth sfsthed jh ehjfjds. _mehkth _mehkth dague dague prmjutm prmjutm fepmrtdjm, pmrtdktm omk`hoî-am æ khohssärfm. D ukfjdjh pmahgdjds, pmahgdjds, hqufvdah km sfsthed eætrfom d 28,:< (vfkth h ofkom efaåehtrms h qudtrm jæofems). M såebmam jd pmahgdjd æ jh ‑(dspds).
D pmahgdjd pmjh shr jfvfjfjd he> ehfms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 2 qudrtm 5 jfvfsïm pmr : mftdvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 0 jhzhsshfs dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 43 trfktd h jmfs dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr ?2 shsshktd h qudtrm dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 3: ohktm h vfkth h mftm dvms 5 jfvfsïm pmr 420 Hssds jfvfsøhs sïm dprhshktdjds he cmred jd crdçïm jd shgufkth cmred> 4/2 ehfd pmahgdjd 4/: ue qudrtm jh pmahgdjd 4/0 ue mftdvm jh pmahgdjd 4/43 ue jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 4/?2 ue trfktd h jmfs dvms jh pmahgdjds FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
4/3: ue shsshktd h mftm dvms jh pmahgdjd 4/420 ue ohktm h vfkth h mftm dvms jh pmahgdjd Ds hsodads kmredfs mu ehkmrhs edfs omeuks, sïm subjfvfjfjds he 4/43. (Cfgurd 422).
Cfgurd 422
AHFZXRD JH H_ODAD HE \MAHGDJD_
fkjfodjd dssfe. 4 8/0― (Xed pmahgdjd h ofkom mftdvms). Æ fepmrtdkth kd hsodad jh pmahgdjd cdzhr d ahfturd jds crdçøhs omrrhtds, omkcmreh shguh> Shnd qudjrm dbdfxm. \drd nustfcfodr hssd mbshrvdçïm vdems hxhepafcfodr. hxhepafcfodr. Mbshrvh d cfgurd 42:, sh d hsodad kïm pmssuf d edrodçïm jds crdçøhs, eds smehkth ds jfvfsøhs quh vdamr thrfd D= :/0 mu 0/43 43/?2. Khk`ue jhahs æ m ohrtm9 ohrtm æ 4/2 pmahgdjd. Mutrm hxhepam, quh vdamr hkomktrdems he B= Xed pmahgdjd h jmfs mftdvms mu ued pmahgdjd h qudtrm jhzhsshfs dvms. Khk`ue jms jmfs, pmrquh hktrh ? h 8 jhzhsshfs dvms hstä d crdçïm 4/:. Amgm m vdamr jh B æ 4 4/:―.
_hnd pmr hxhepam hxhoutdr ds ehjfjds jd phçd jd cfgurd 42?.
ZRDK_CMREDÇÏM JH \MAHGDJD_ HE EFAÅEHZRM_ \drd trdkscmredr pmahgdjds pmahgdjds he efaåehtrms, pmjhems cdzhr usm jd tdbhad FF. _hnd pmr hxhepam jhthrefkdr ms vdamrhs he efaåehtrms jds shgufkths ehjfjds he pmahgdjds.
?― 0
4 6― 43
2
?―
:
\rfehfrm prmourd-sh kd omaukd pmahgdj pmahgdjds ds d ehjfjd ehjfjd jhshndjd jhshndjd km odsm ?/0, d jfrhftd jhssd crdçïm the m shf shf vdam vdamrr he efaå efaåeh ehtr trms ms quh quh æ 6,828ee. ee. D shguk shgukjd jd ehjfj ehjfjd d æ 4 6/43―. \rmourd\rmourd-sh sh kd omaukd omaukd pmahpmahgdjd hssd crdçïm h d shu adjm m vdamr he efaåehtrms quh æ ?6,330 ee. \drd d throhfrd quh æ 2 ?/:― prmohjhems jd ehsed edkhfrd, h hkomktrdems m vdamr he efaåehtrms quh æ 36,08
4
Omem nä sdbhems ds ehjfjds he pmahgdjds sïm kd edfmrfd jds vhzhs he crdçøhs.
Cfgurd 42:
4/43 aî-sh> ue jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 4/0 aî-sh> ue mftdvm jh pmahgdjd ?/43 aî-sh> trîs jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 4/: aî-sh> ue qudrtm jh pmahgdjd 8/43aî-sh> ofkom jhzhsshfs dvms ?/0aî-sh> trîs mftdvms jh pmahgdjd 7/43aî-sh> shth jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 4/2 aî-sh> ehfd pmahgdjd
Cfgurd 42?
Zhems pdrd d daturd, ue vdamr ehkmr quh ued pmahgdjd, mu shnd, 4/2 jh pmahgdjd. \drd d adrgurd, tdebæe ue vdamr ehkmr quh d pmahgdjd quh æ jh pmahgdjd 7/0 h pdrd m omeprfehktm edfmr quh ued pmahgdjd, pmfs pdssm jm prfehfrm kþehrm jd jfvfsïm he pmahgdjds quh æ m kþehrm 4. Dssfe thems 4 fkthfrm h 8/0 ofkom mftdvms jh pmahgdjd. Hstd ehjfjd æ OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
6/43 aî-sh> kmvh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 8/0aî-sh> ofkom mftdvms jh pmahgdjd 44/43aî-sh> mkzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd ?/:aî-sh> trîs qudrtms jh pmahgdjd 4?/43aî-sh> trhzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd 7/0aî-sh> shth mftdvms jh pmahgdjd 48/43aî-sh> qufkzh jhzhsshfs dvms jh pmahgdjd Tudjrm
20
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Kd crdçïm m kþehrm dofed jm trd trdçm æ m kuehrdjmr , m kþeh kþehrm rm dbdfxm jm trdçm æ m jhkmefkdjmr , h m kþehrm d crhkth jm trdçm d pdrth fkthfrd. Hxhepams> 8
D) 43 B) fkthfrm
kuehrdjmr jhkmefkdjmr
4?
43
\drd cdzhr d trdkscmredçï trdkscmredçïm m jh 4 ?/?2― he efaåehtrms prmohjh-sh jd shgufkth edkhfrd. Rhgrd> Jfvfjh-sh m vdamr jd pmahgdjd he efaåehtrm (28,:ee) pham jhkmefkdjmr h euatfpafod-sh pham kuehrdjmr. Khstd mphrdçïm do`dems m vdamr jd crdçïm quh smedjm dm ‑fkthfrm― jä m vdamr tmtda.
Dssfe thems> 28,: x?5(28,:>?2)x?5<,76?x?5 ?2 2,?76 + m fkthfrm quh æ 4 thems 28,: 5 2,?76 5 27,776. M fkvhrsm mu shnd, trdkscmredr efaåehtrms he pmahgdjds, æ tmtdaehkth jhskhohssärfm, nä quh æ prdtfodehkth zhrm, km jfd d jfd jm prmcfssfmkda prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm.
_F_ZHED JH CHO@DJXRD Fkstdadçïm h Rhpmsfçïm Hxfsthe jmfs tfpms jh cho`djurds> _fsthed Gmrgh, edfs omk`hofjm omehrofdaehkth omem cho`djurd pdrd
\MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_ \MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_ (‐‐) (ee) (‐‐) (ee) 4 43 4 0 ?
4,800 ?,478 :,73?
43 4 : 8 43 ? 0 7
3,?8< 7,6?0 6,828 44,44?
43 4 2 6
42,7<< 4:,200
43 8 0 44 43 ? : 4? 43 7 0 48 43
4
48,078 47,:3? 46,<8< 2<,3?0 22,228 2?,04?
28,:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
23,600
4 43
4
20,878
0
?<,43?
? 43
4
?4,78<
: 8
??,??0
43
?:,628
? 0
7
?3,84?
43
4
?0,4<<
2
6
?6,330
43
8
:4,278
0
44
:2,03?
43
?
::,:8<
:
4?
:3,
43
7
:7,328
0
48 48
:6,24?
43
8<,0
pmrtds fkthrkds, h m _fsthed Vdah pdrd pmrtds hxthrkds. (Cfgurds 428 h 428-D). Fkjhp Fkjhphk hkjh jhkt kth h jm sfsth sfsthed ed hads pmjhe shr jh hebutfr mu jh smbrhpmr h qudktm ì fkstdadçïm he (Cfgurds 423, pmrtds pmrtds h pmrtøhs pmrtøhs.. (Cfgurds 423-D h 423-B). Kïm æ omeue m prmcfssfmkda o`dvhfrm cdzhr d fkstdadçïm jh cho`djurds, km hktdktm sdbhr omem cdzî-ads æ khohssärfm, pmfs `dvhrä modsføhs he quh m prmcfssfmkda thrä quh hxhoutdr hsth tfpm jh shrvfçm, prfkofpdaehkth, cho`djurds djfofmkdfs. Shndems, pmfs omem hxhoutdr ued fkstdadçïm.
\MAHGDJD_ EFAÅEHZRM_ (‐‐) (ee)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ?
82,?00
4 43 4 0
?
8?,678 88,83?
43 4 : 8
87,48< 80,7?0
43 ? 0
3<,?28 34,64?
7 43 4 2 6 43 8 0 44
3?,8<< 38,<00 33,378 30,23?
43 ? :
4?
36,08< 74,:?0
43 7
7?,<28
0 48 43
7:,34? 73,2
Zdbhad FF
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
26
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Cfgurd 428 428 - _fsthed Gmrgh.
Cfgurd 423-B 423-B - Cho`djurd jh hebutfr.
CHO@DJXRD JH _MBRH\MR Km odsm jd cho`djurd jh smbrhpmr, kmredaehkth, thems jmfs pdrdcusms jh cfxdçïm, phad crhkth jd odfxd, quh sh pdrdcusd pdrdcusd kd thstd jd pmrtd, h jmfs mu dtæ ehsem qudtrm pdrdcusms kd tdepd jd odfxd, quh sh pdrdcusd kd cma`d jd pmrtd. (Cfgurd 423-D).
CHO@DJXRD JH HEBXZFR
Cfgurd 428-D 428-D - _fsthed Vdah.
Cfgurd 423 423 - Cho`djurd jh smbrhpmr.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 423-D 423-D - - Cho`djurd jh smbrhpmr.
?<
Dkths jd fkstdadçïm, æ prhofsm djhqudr m tfpm jh cho`djurd dm tfpm jh pmrtd. D hsphssurd jd pmrtd jhthrefkdrä d adrgurd jd cho`djurd jh hebutfr. Kmredaehkth d jfchrhkçd hktrh d hsphssurd jd pmrtd h d adrgurd jd o`dpd thstd jhvh shr he tmrkm jh 4
curm jh hktrdjd jd o`dvh km sfsthed Gmrgh h d o`dpd thstd jd cho`djurd. (Cfgurd 427).
8
8
Fkthrvdam Ofafkjrm
o`dpd thstd
Cfgurd 420 420 - Jfstâkofd jh brmod - :
hsphssurd jd pmrtd
Brmod
Cfgurd 427 427 - D jfstâkofd jd edçdkhtd frä jhphkjhr jm tdedk`m jd odfxd jd cho`djurd
Ds ehjfjds edfs usdjds pdrd brmods brmods sïm : • Brmods jh :
Cfgurd 420-D - Jfstâkofd - Jfstâkofd jh brmod - :8ee.
FK_ZDADÇÏM Kmredaehkth d daturd jd edçdkhtd cfod d 4,4< ehtrm (ue ehtrm h jhz ohktåehtrms) jm pfsm, pmrtdktm, edrodr hssd daturd kd pmrtd æ m prfehfrm pdssm. (Cfgurd 426). OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 420-B - Jfstâkofd - Jfstâkofd jh brmod - 88ee.
?4
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
Hkomsth d cho`djurd kd cma`d jd pmrtd, jh cmred quh m ohktrm jd edçdkhtd cfquh kfvhadjm, mu eha`mr ohktrdafzdjm ome d afk`d jh 4,4
hkodfxdjd h rhkth dm tmpm jd pmrtd. Chftm fstm edrquh, cdçd curms h hkodfxh pdr ds edçdkhtds h ofafkjrms, rhsphftdkjm ms jfâehtrms mu phrcfs. Dkths Dkth s jh omamodr omam odr h cfxdr cfxd r d cho`djurd, æ prhofsm vhrfcfodr sh d pmrtd æ ì jfrhftd mu ì hsquhrjd pdrd rhvhrthr m trfkom. Hstd Hstd rhvh rhvhrs rsïm ïm æ kmre kmreda da-ehkth hxpafodjd omem jhvhrä shr chftd kd hebdadghe mu fkstruçøhs jh emktdghe jd ehsed. Chftd d rhvhrsïm omamquh d cho`dju cho`djurd, rd, pdrdcu pdrdcusdk sdkjm jm d o`dpd o`dpd thstd. D shgufr omamquh ms ofafkjrm, cfxh-m ome m pdrdcusm. Omamquh, cfxh ms hspha`ms h fktrmjuzd d edçdkhtd edo`m pham adjm hxthrkm jm oúemjm. D edçdkhtd cîehd jhvhrä shr fktrmjuzfjd pham adjm fkthrkm jm oúemjm. Cfxh-d (rhbfth mu pdrdcusm). Emktdjd d cho`djurd kd pmrtd cdçd jd ehsed cmred, omem cmf chftm pdrd d o`dpd thstd, m hkodfxh jd omktrd thstd km bdthkth jd pmrtd, ome rhsphotfvms hkodfxhs, pdrd d phkhtrdçïm jd afkguhktd h jm trfkom.
Cfgurd 4?< 4?< - Ohktrm jd edçdkhtd kfvhadjm.
Cfgurd 4?4 4?4 - Rfsquh m omktmrkm jd cho`djurd.
Cfgurd 4?2 4?2 - Rfsodkjm m omktmrkm jd o`dpd thstd.
Cfgurd 426 426 - Ehçd d daturd jd edçdkhtd.
OXR_M JH O@DSHFRM ‟ DXAD 4
Cfgurd 4?? 4?? - Odfxd jd cho`djurd edrodjd.
?2
FK_ZFZXZM XKFSHR_DA BRD_FAHFRM
