Chemistry Reviewer The Periodic Table of Elements: Dmitri Mendelev – Russian Chemist who arranged the periodic table of elements in order of increasing atomic weights. Lothar Meyer- German chemist chemist who devised the classification classification of elements. his table is consisted of 56 elements. John Newlands – English chemist who proposed a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic masses. Law of Octaves Periods and Groups: Representative Elements- A block Transition Elemets- B block Inner Transition Transition Elements- located at the last part of the periodic table of elements Classification of Groups: Groups : 1. Alkali Metals Meta ls- 1A (Li, ( Li, Na, Na , K, Cs, Cs , Fr) ( these elements are soft, shiny and high ductility, low melting points and good conductors) 2. Alkaline Earth Eart h Metals - 2A (be, ( be, Mg, Ca, Sr, ba, b a, Ra) (harder and less reactive than 1A , their compounds form similar composition) 3. Trans ransit itio ion n Metal Metals s 4. Metalloi Meta lloids ds- (B, Si, S i, Ge, As, Sb, Sb , Te, Te, Po) termed either metals or non- metals 5. Non- Metals – ( H, C, N, O, P, S, Se) S e) poor conductors, dull and brittle, low densities, low densities and low boiling points. 6. Halogens Halo gens - (F, Cl, C l, Br, I, At) *hales- greek for saltxgenes meaning “salt producing” F- most reactive of all non-metals -greenish yellow gas w/ sharp imitating odor Cl- “chlores”- greenish yellow Br- “bromos” – stench, emit well I-“iodes”- violet 7. Noble Gases( He, ne, Ar, Xe, Kr, Rh) 8. Inner Transition Metals
Property group
Periodic Variations across the period (left to right)
bottom) 1. atomic atomic size(AS) size(AS) 2. metallic metallic property property(MP) (MP) 3. ionizatio ionization n energy(IE energy(IE)) 4. electron electron affinity affinity(EA) (EA) negativity( EN) 5. electron negativity(EN)
decrease decreases s decrease decreases s increas increases es increas increases es increases
Lewis Dot Diagram for Elements: depends on in its family. ex. Lithium(atomic 3) therefore therefore 3 dots for Lithium Chemical Bonding- bonding between atoms to form a compound
going down a (top to increas increases es increase increases s decrease decreases s decrease decreases s decreases
types: 1.
Covalent- between 2 nonmetals >Non-polar- equal sharing >Polar- unequal sharing
2.
Ionic- between betwe en metal+ meta l+ non-metal non -metal complete transfer of electrons 3. Metallic - exist among amon g metals such as Fe, Au, Ag, Mg, Zn or Cu - composed of a lattice of atoms of the same element where the electrons are loosely held and are freely moving. strongest bond Naming Chemical Compounds: 1. bina binary ry cpds cpds end end in –ide –ide a.) ionic= ionic= metal+nonm metal+nonmetal etal b.) b.) cova covale lent nt 2. Bina inary Acids ids 3. Tenar enary yA Aci cids ds 4. Metals Metals that that forms forms many many oxida oxidation tion states states 5. Hydrates
