LESSON2. INSTALL EQUIPMENT / DEVICES and SYSTEMS
This lesson is designed to give you the proper procedures used in installing devices and operating system of a personal computer, alongside with it is the basic computer configuration set up. At the end of this lesson you should be able to: a) Apply OHS procedures in installing devices, systems, networking devices, and peripherals; b) Comply with the requirements in installing devices,/systems, networking devices, and peripherals; c) Install computer systems, networking devices and peripherals in accordance with job requirements; d) Perform variations in installing devices and systems in accordance with customer/client‟s requirements;
e) Obtain approval from appropriate personnel before implementing contingency procedures; f) Respond to unplanned events or conditions in accordance to established procedures; and g) Check the quality of the work undertaken in accordance with the established procedures.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Personal Protective Equipment - It refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other gear designed to protect the wearer's body or clothing from injury by
electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health purposes. PPE can also be used to protect the working environment frompesticide
application, pollution or infection from the worker (for example in a microchipfactory). It is important that students and teachers during their laboratory period should be required to use personal protective equipment. Some of these are:
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Goggles A large spectacles, with shields around the rims, for protecting
the eyes from dust, excessive light, wind, etc. Rubber Sole A special type of shoes
used to prevent electrical shock and for waterproofing and insulating purposes.
Apron A garment worn over the front of the body as a protection for one‟s
cloth.
Face Mask A covering for the face to prevent the inhaling or absorbing dust
and other chemicals
Gloves The covering material with a separate sheath for each finger used
for hand protection.
Anti-Static and Safety Precautions
The little shock you experience while you are walking across a carpeted floor or when you touched a door knob, table, counter or even another person is a result of static electricity. Static electricity is the discharge of electricity between two
objects with different electrical potential. Humans can't feel a static shock until it is
several thousand volts strong, but it takes less than 30 volts to fry a sensitive
computer component, such as a stick of RAM or a processor. That's why computer technicians and home computer builders have to guard their computers against the deadly ravages of static electricity, as well as take steps to avoid injury.
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Safety and Anti-Static Rules
Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when working on monitors) Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered peripherals while you are working on it. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you touch anything inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static
wristband. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic)
edge. Don't touch the pins or other connectors. Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a computer's motherboard or to a dummy test load. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power
Supply that incorporates surge and spike protection. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
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SYSTEM’S SPECIFICATION
Whenever you purchase software or hardware for your computer, you should first make sure your computer supports the system requirements. These are the
necessary specifications your computer must have in order to use the software or hardware. For example, a computer game may require your computer to have
Windows XP or later, a 2.0 GHz processor, 512 MB of RAM, a 64 MB graphics card, and 500 MB or hard drive space. If your computer does not meet all of these
requirements, the game will not run very well or might not run at all. It is just as important to check system requirements for hardware devices. For example, if you buy a printer, it may require either Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or later. It may also require a USB port and 80 MB of available hard drive space. If your computer does not have any USB ports, you will not be able to physically connect the printer. If your machine does not have Windows XP or Mac OS X 10.3 or later, the printer drivers may be incompatible with your operating system. This means your computer will be unable to recognize the printer. Most hardware and software products have the system requirements printed on the side or bottom of the product packaging. When you are shopping for computer software or hardware, it is them a good ideaontoafirst findofout exactly your system's specifications are and write down piece paper. Thewhat important information to record includes: 1. Operating System (i.e. Windows XP, SP 2 or Mac OS X 10.3.8) 2. Processor Speed (i.e. Pentium 4, 3.2 GHz or Power PC G5, 2.0 GHz) 3. Memory, a.k.a. RAM (i.e. 512 MB) 4. Graphics Card (i.e. ATI Radeon 9800 w/ 256 MB video memory) 5. Hard Disk Space (i.e. 80 GB available) 6. I/O Ports (i.e. USB, Firewire, Serial, Parallel, SCSI, VGA, DVI ports) By recording these specifications from your computer, you will be able to make sure your computer supports the products you are buying. In terms of installation, systems‟ specification is a big consideration in order for a computer to
run and work properly for the most efficient way it could be. In broad terms, the performance of a computer depends on four factors: the speed and architecture of its processor or "central processing unit" (CPU), how much random access memory (RAM) it has, its graphics system, and its internal hard drive speed and capacity. Also of importance to most users will be the specification of
its Internet connection. Most computer users and in particular those working with a lot of photographs, music files or videos should also think about the most suitable storage devices they will need in order to keep and back-up all of their
valuable data. 69
Processor speed and architecture The speed of a computer's processor chip (technically known as its clock " speed ") in measured in gigahertz (GHz), with the fastest modern processors
currently running at up to 4.7GHz. However, for most computing tasks, including web browsing, sending e-mails, word processing and spreadsheet work any processor running at 1GHz or more remains perfectly sufficient. For applications such as video editing, 3D graphics work and (for the majority of "power users") playing computer games, higher processor speeds is highly
required. CPU performance is now determined by far more than raw speed alone. Intel made this very clear when it introduced its system of processor numbers. These provide an indication of a processor's "architecture", "cache" and "front side bus
(FSB) speed" in addition to its clock speed. The architecture of a processor is the most important factor to determine its performance, and refers to its basic design and complexity. Some processors are simply more sophisticated than others, with Intel (for example) producing "basic" processors called Celerons and Pentiums, as well as more powerful processors under its "Core" processor family. The later include the Core 2, Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7, with the last of these being the most powerful. In addition to clock speed and architecture, a processor's cache and front side bus (FSB) speed also determine a computer's overall power. C ache is a form of very fast memory integrated into the processor chip, and used to store up instructions (work for the processor) so that it has to slow down as little as possible between
tasks. Cache is measured in megabytes (MB), with (for example) low-end Celeron processors having as little as 0.25MB of cache (256KB), and high-end Itaniums
having up to 24MB. The simple message is, the more cache the better- though high levels of cache still come at a very significant price. Front side bus (FSB) speed is a measure of how fast a microprocessor communicates with the computer's main circuit board (or "motherboard") into which it is physically connected. Again, the higher the measure the better for overall performance, with FSB speeds currently ranging from 533MHz (still perfectly sufficient for the vast majority of applications) up to 1600 MHz. RAM
To a large extent, the more RAM a computer has the faster and more effectively it will operate. Computers with little RAM have to keep moving data to and from their hard disks in order to keep running. This tends to make them not just slow in general, but more annoyingly intermittently sluggish.
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RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB), as detailed on
the storage page. Just how much RAM a computer needs depends on the software it is required to run effectively. A computer running Windows XP will usually function quite happily with 1GB of RAM, whereas twice this amount (ie 2GB) is the realistic minimum for computers running Windows 7. Graphics system A computer's graphics system determines how well it can work with visual
output. Graphics systems can either be integrated into a computer's motherboard, or plugged into the motherboard as a separate "video card". Graphics systems integrated into the motherboard (also known as "onboard graphics") are now quite powerful, and sufficient for handling the requirements of most software applications aside from games playing, 3D modeling, and some forms of video editing. Any form of modern computer graphics system can now display highresolution color images on a standard-sized display screen (ie any monitor up to about 19" in size). The more sophisticated graphics cards now determines how well a computer can handle the playback of high definition video, as well as the speed and quality at which 3D scenes can be rendered. Another key feature of separate graphics cards is that most of them now allow more than one display screen to be connected to a computer. Others also permit the recording of video. As a basic rule, unless a computer is going to be used to handle 3D graphics or to undertake a significant volume of video editing or recording, today there is little point in opting for anything other than onboard graphics (not least because separate graphics cards consume quite a lot of electricity and create quite a lot of heat and
noise). Adding a new graphics card to a computer with onboard graphics is also a very easy upgrade if required in the future. Hard Drive Speed and Capacity Today 40GB is an absolute minimum hard drive size for a new computer
running Windows 7, with a far larger capacity being recommended in any situation where more than office software is going to be installed. Where a computer will
frequently be used to edit video, a second internal hard disk dedicated only to video storage is highly recommended for stable operation. Indeed, for professional video editing using a program like Premiere Pro CS5, Adobe now recommend that a PC has at least three internal hard disks (one for the operating system and programs, one for video project files, and one for video media). Two key factors determine the speed of traditional, spinning hard disks. The first is the rotational velocity of the physical disk itself. This can currently be 4200,
5400, 7200, 10000 or 15000 rpm (revolutions per minute). The faster the disk spins, 71
the quicker data can be read from or written to it, hence the faster the disk the better (although faster disks consumer more power, make more noise, and generate more heat). Most desktop hard disks run at either 5400 or 7200 rpm, whilst most laptop
hard disks run at 4200 or 5400. The second key factor that determines performance of a traditional, internal hard disk is the interface used to connect it to the computer's motherboard. Three types of interface exist: Serial Advance Technology Attachment (SATA), which is the most modern and now pretty much the norm on new PCs;Integrated Device
Electronics (IDE) (also known as UDMA), which is a slower and older form of interface, and finally SCSI , which happens to be the oldest but in it most modern variant is still the fastest disk interface standard.
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INSTALLATION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND OTHER PERIPHERALS
One of the basic skills that you must acquire in computer hardware servicing is to independently assemble and disassemble a personal computer or simply setting up a PC. After familiarizing with all the tools, devices, peripherals and safety precautions I believe that you are now ready to gain another experience in CHS by going through this lesson. Personal Computer Disassembly Before starting computer disassembly, make sure you have the tools you
need and they're all close by and handy and be sure to have a container to keep the screws in so you have them when you want to put things back together. Step1. Unplugging - The first thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged
in to your computer. That includes the cables such as Power, USB, Mouse, Keyboard, Internet, Ethernet, Modem, AM\FM Antenna, Cable TV, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety purposes. Now that your computer is fully unplugged, move your PC to a clean work
space. Step2.Opening the Outer Shell/Case - First, unscrew the four screws at the back of the computer. On most computer cases, there will be large knobs that you can
unscrew by hand or by screw driver on the back-right side of the computer. The left side has small screws because on that side you can't access much on the inside.
Figure 32. Screw at the back of computer chasis Once the screws are removed, you can remove the side panels. On most
computers, they just slide off. Start with the left side panel (the side that once had the knobs), slide it towards the back of the computer. Now you can remove the left panel. Just like the other side, slide it towards the back of the computer. 73
Side SIDE PANNEL s\PSan
Figure 33. Removing the side panel NOTICE:
If you are working on a carpet, about every five minutes touch something that is grounded (Sink faucet / pipe, wire coming from the ground part of a wall outlet). This is done so you do not shock your motherboard or other parts. Step3. Removing the System Fan - First, unplug the fan from the motherboard. You can find the plug by following the wire from the fan. It should be labeled
"SYS_FAN1". Next, you will have to unscrew the fan from the outside. You should now be able to lift the fan out of the PC.
System Fan
Figure 34. Removing the system fan Step4. Removing the CPU Fan- The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU
heat sink, which is a large piece of metal with fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into the motherboard in an awkward place, that is hard to access. But just follow the
wires and you should easily find it. It is labeled "CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from the heat sink, remove the four screws securing it in place.
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CPU Fan
Figure 35. Removing the CPU fan Step5. Power Supply - The first thing to do is unplug every wire coming from the power supply. You must disconnect the motherboard (very large connector/plug), CD/DVD drive(s) power, internal hard drive power and portable hard drive slot
power. Once everything is unplugged, unscrew the four screws holding the power supply in place, on the back of the computer. Next, push the power supply
from the outside, and then lift it out.
Figure36. Unscrew the power supply Step6. CD/ DVD Drive(s)- First, unplug the ribbon from the back of the drive. Once
that is completed, pull on the tab securing the drive in place, then
push it out from the inside.
CD / DVD CD/DVD Drive Drive
Figure 37. Location of CD / DVD Drive
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Step7. Hard Drive - First, unplug the connector at the back of the slot, and unplug
the other end from the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from the motherboard and the hard drive. The portable hard drive slot is secured the same way the CD/DVD drive is, with a tab. Pull on the tab, then slide the slot out.
Figure 38. Unplugging the Hard Drive connector
To remove the hard drive from the side of the slot, unscrew the four screws securing it in place. You must be very careful not to drop the hard drive, since it is very
delicate!
Figure 39. Removing the hard drive from the side of the slot Step8. Memory (RAM) - To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the
RAM in place, which are located at both ends of the RAM.
Figure 40. Removing the Memory
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Step9. Motherboard - The motherboard has seven screws holding it to the frame,
which are indicated by large white circles around them. Remove them and then lift the motherboard out of the frame.
Figure 41. Removing the Motherboard Personal Computer Assembly
Now that you have the skills in disassembling a personal computer, Ibelieve that you are ready to take another step of this module which is assembling a personal computer. All you need to do is to follow the step by step procedures provided in this module. Step 1. Prepare your workplace
1. Take Inventory: Before you start, take an inventory of your parts. Do not begin assembling
your computer if you don't have everything you need. Begin the step-by-step process once you are ready with everything you need.
Figure 42. Take inventory of the Different Computer Parts
2. Make Space, Make Time: 77
Building a PC takes up space - about a dining room table worth. So make sure you have plenty of working room and a few hours to proceed with minimal
interruption. Work on a flat, stable table top surface, or bare floor, where you have room to layout all of the items. 3. Prepare Grounding Protection: Use an inexpensive antistatic wrist strap. Make sure you are wearing your
antistatic wrist strap correctly (it does you no good at all if you do not wear it!), and you are ready to proceed. Look at Figure 43 for details.
Figure 43. Wearing the Anti- static Wrist Strap Correctly
4. Have the Drivers Ready: youvendors' have another internet PC, download driversAssuming from the websites forconnected each component you the willlatest be installing. Sometimes drivers are updated between the time the component was manufactured and the time you are installing it. It is always best to have the
latest. Copy them to a CD for easy access. Step 2. Prepare the Motherboard
1. Great care should be taken when installing the motherboard. First, take the board out of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic bag it came in (see
Figure 45). Remember, you always want to safeguard your components from potentially hazardous static electricity (wear your strap).
Figure 44. Motherboard in an Antistatic Bag 2. Before you secure the motherboard onto the PC case/chassis, inspect it
carefully for any visible defects. 78
3. Next, review the m otherboard manual, to make sure you are fa miliar with the motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are
extremely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations. Below you can find instructions on how to install the processor, the heat sink and the
memory modules on the motherboard. You should not place the motherboard in the computer case until you are told to do so. Step 3. Install the CPU 1. Use the unlocking mechanism to
open the CPU socket which is usually a lever. 2. Carefully line up the pins and place the chip in its socket; it will fit only when oriented the proper
way. An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the chip will show
3.
you how to line things up. Align Triangular CPU and socket key marks as shown in Figure 46.
4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU
into place. Figure 45. Install CPU Step 4. Install the CPU Heat Sink 1. Follow the manufacturer's directions toinstall the heat sink and the fan that
will cool the processor. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink, you may need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the heat sink over the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat (some heat sinks
come with this grease already applied).
Figure 46. Install CPU Heat Sink
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3. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place keeping in mind that it may
require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you
can visit the manufacturer's website for more information. 4. Plug the CPU fan's power connector into the proper connector on the motherboard. Step 5. Install Memory (RAM Modules) In order to install the memory modules, insert them into the proper sockets (Figure 48) and push down
firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into place. If your motherboard supports dualchannel memory, consult the user manual to determine which pairs of
RAM sockets you should use. The motherboard and the CPU are the brain and nerve center of your PC, so selecting these components is the
most important decision you'll make. Figure 47. Install RAM Memory Step 6. Place the motherboard into the case
1. Some PC cases have a removable motherboard tray. If yours does, remove the screws holding it in place and pull it out of the case (Figure 49).
Figure 48. Remove Motherboard Tray
2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard (Figure 50), and screw brass standoffs into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations
(ALWAYS check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).
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Figure 49. Screw Brass Standoffs Into the Motherboard
3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard, and confirm that the ports on your motherboard's back panel match the holes on the case's Input/Output (I/O) shield that is installed in your case. If necessary, remove the old I/O shield by tapping it firmly a few times with the butt-end of a screwdriver, and then replace it
with the shield that came with the new motherboard. 4. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs (Figure 51), line up all the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the motherboard. If you are using a removable tray in your system, slide the tray and
motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray.
Figure 50. Case‟s I /O Shield
Figure 51. Mount the Motherboard
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Step 7. Connect the Power Supply
Making the proper connections is crucial to successfully assembling your PC system. Fortunately, manufacturers provide color-coded power cables and unique connector shapes to make the job easy. 1. First, plug the large ATX power connector (Figure 53) from your power supply into the matching port on your motherboard. Look Figure X for details. 2. Locate the smaller, square processor power connector (Figure 54) (you cannot miss it - it is the one sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the motherboard. Note: your connector is usually located near the processor. As always, refer to your motherboard's manual for the exact locations. 3. Use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front-panel
connectors.
Figure 52. Connect the ATX Power in the Motherboard
Figure 53. Square Processor Power Connector
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NOTE:
You are going to be doing work that requires attention to detail and can be quite frustrating if you do not go into it with the right attitude. 4. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches (Figure 56), the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and FireWire ports to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful for manipulating small pieces.
Figure 54. Connect the different Leads Step 8. Install Graphics / Video Cards 1. Begin by removing the backplane cover from the AGP or PCI Express X16
slot (the metal piece where the monitor connector will emerge) (Figure 55).
Figure 55. Remove the backplane cover
2. Install the graphics board in that slot, and then secure the card with a screw (Figure 56).
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Figure 56. Install the Graphics Board Step 9. Install Internal Drives
Now it is time to install your drives. This is an easy process, but it requires attention to detail. 1. Make any necessary changes to jumpers on the drives before mounting them in the case. A two-drive system (one or two SATA ( Serial ATA- is a standard hardware interface for connecting hard drives and CD/DVD drives to a computer) hard drives, plus one parallel ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) optical drive, for example) is easy to set up; the SATA drives are jumper less, and the optical drive can be set as master on its own parallel ATA channel. Many cases have removable drive
rails or cages to house drives. 2. Use the included screws to attach your drives to the rails or cage, and slide them into the case. For externally accessible drives such as a DVD recorder, you can save time by installing one drive rail and sliding the drive in for a test fitting to make sure that its front is flush with the case (Figure 57). 3. When the drives are installed, connect power and data cables to each one.
Parallel ATA drives use wide, flat data cables that can be installed only in the correct way. Floppy drives use a similar but smaller cable; SATA drives use a thin, 1cm-wide data cable. SATA drives use a new type of power connector that many power supplies don't come with. Fortunately, many motherboards ship with adapters for converting a standard four-pin power connector to a
SATA power connector (Figure 57).
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Figure 57. Attach your devices
Figure 58. Connect Power Connector Step 10. Install the Add- in Cards
1. For each add-in card, you must choose a free PCI slot. 1. Remove its backplane cover to allow access from the rear of the case. 3. Carefully position the card above the slot, and press down firmly to seat the card (Figure 59). 4. Secure the card with a screw.
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Figure 59. Add- in Cards Many motherboards have additional sound connectors or ports housed on
small add-in boards. Some of these plug into slots on the motherboard; others screw into the back of the case in place of slot covers. Usually the additional ports are not essential to your PC's operation. For example, if you install a sound card, you do not need connectors to the motherboard's built-in sound chip. Check your motherboard manual to determine what each of these boards does. Connecting Peripherals of a Personal Computer
When attaching hardware and peripherals of the computer, ensure that they are connected to the correct locations or ports. For example, some mouse and
keyboard cables use the same type of PS/2 connector. So, you must know first the different ports that can be found in the back panel of the computer. Keep in mind:
1. When attaching cables, never force a connection. 2. Plug in the power cable after you have connected all other
Steps in Connecting Peripherals of a PC Step 1.Attach the monitor cable to the video port. Step 2.Secure the cable by tightening the screws on the connector. Step 3.Plug the keyboard cable into the PS/2 keyboard port. Step 4.Plug the mouse cable into the PS/2 mouse port. Step 5.Plug the USB cable into a USB port. Step 6.Plug the network cable into the network port. Step 7.Plug the power cable into the power supply.
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Figure 60. Steps in Connecting Peripherals of a PC
After connecting all the cables into their proper places, the picture in the next page should be the appearance of the back panel of your PC.
Figure 61. Appearance of the PC‟s Back Panel
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Unplug
all
the
INSTALLING OPERATINFG SYSTEM
Before the installation process undertake, a technician must be aware of the minimum requirements of a computer hardware that is compatible with the operating system to be installed. Following the systems‟ requirements means an efficient
computer system. The list below shows the windows XP minimum requirements for installation: Pentium 233 Mhz or compatible processor or faster; 300MHZ or faster
recommended 64MB of RAM minimum; 128MB or more recommended 4.3GB hard hard disk space or more CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Super VGA (800X600) or higher-resolution monitor Keyboard and mouse Windows XP Installation
1.
Insert the Windows XP CD-ROM and reboot the computer
If you see a message about press any key to boot the CD, do so now. Otherwise, you will see a message about Setup inspecting your system.
Figure 62. Boot from CD 91
2.
MS-DOS portion of Setup begins
In the first stage of setup; you will see a series of blue and gray MS-DOSbased screens. In the first step, you will be asked to press F6 if you need to install any thirdparty or RAID drivers.
Figure 63. Windows Set-up
3. Welcome to Setup Finally, Setup begins. In this step, you can set up XP, launch the Recovery Console (another, more complicated system recovery tool), or quit. Press ENTER to continue Setup, and it will examine your hard drives and
removable disks.
Figure 64. Welcome to Set-up 92
4. Read the license agreement Next, you'll have to agree to Microsoft's complex licensing agreement. Among the highlights: You don't actually own Windows XP and you can only install it on one PC. Hit F8 to continue.
Figure 65. License and Agreement
5. Choose an installation partition This crucial step lets you choose where to install XP. On a clean install, you will typically install to the C: drive, but you might have other ideas, especially if you plan to dual-boot with 9x. Setup will show you all of your available disks (in this case, just one) and let you create and delete partitions as needed. So, for example, if you have one disk, but would like to create two partitions, one for XP and one for your data, you can do that here.
Figure 66. Choose an Installation Partition 93
6. Select the file system
If you created a new partition, or wish to change the file system of an existing partition, you can do so in the next step. NTFS (New Technology File System) file system is more secured than FAT (File Allocation System). Regardless of which file system you choose, be sure to select one of the
"quick" format options (the top two choices), if you do need to format, since these will work much more quickly than a full format.
Figure 67. Select the File System 7. Optionally format the partition If you did choose to change or format the file system, this will occur next.
First, you'll be asked to verify the format. If you're installing XP on a system with more than one partition, especially one that still holds your data on one of the partitions, be sure you're formatting the correct partition. Hit F to continue, and a yellow progress bar will indicate the status of the format. When this is complete, Setup will again examine your disks, and
create a list of files to copy.
Figure 68. Optionally Format the Partition 94
8. Setup folder copy phase and reboot Setup will now copy system files to the system/boot partition(s) you just
created. This will allow the PC to boot from the C: drive and continue Setup in GUI mode. When the file copy is complete, Setup will initialize and save your XP configuration. It will then reboot your PC.When the system reboots, you will probably see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message again. If this happens, do not press a key: Setup will now boot from your C: drive. In the event that you cannot
prevent the CD-based Setup from reloading, eject t he CD and reboot. Setup will ask for the CD when needed.
Figure 69. Setup Folder Copy Phase 9. GUI Setup begins
Once the system reboots, you will be presented with the GUI Setup phase, which is much more attractive than the DOS-mode phase. As you progress through GUI Setup, you can read promotional information on the right side of the screen about XP. Next, your hardware devices are detected. This could take several minutes.
Figure 70. GUI Setup
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10. Regional and language Options
In the first interactive portion of GUI Setup, you can choose to customize the regional and language settings that will be used by XP, as well as the text
input language you'd like. Users in the United States will not normally need to change anything here. Click Next to continue.
Figure 71. Regional and Language Options 11. Personalize your software
Now, enter your name and your company. The name you enter is not the same as your user name, incidentally, so you should enter your real name here (i.e. Rosalie Lujero or whatever). Click Next to continue.
Figure 72. Software Personalization 96
12. Enter your product key Now you must enter the 25-character product key that is located on the
orange sticker found on the back of the CD holder that came with Windows XP. You cannot install XP without a valid product key. Later on, you will be
asked to activate and optionally register your copy of Windows XP. A product key can be used to install XP on only one PC. Click Next to continue.
Figure 73. Enter Product Key 13. Enter a computer name and administrator password
In the next phase of Setup, you can create a name for your computer (which is used to identify it on a network) and, optionally in Pro Edition only, a
password for the system Administrator, the person who controls the PC (this will generally be you, of course).
Figure 74. Enter Computer Name and Administrator Password 97
14. Supply your date and time settings
Next, you can supply the date and time, which are auto-set based on information in your BIOS, and the time zone, which is irritatingly set to PST, which is where Microsoft is. Change these as appropriate. Click Next to continue.
Figure 75. Enter Date and Time Settings 15. Network setup If you have a networking card or modem, Setup now install the networking components, which include the client for Microsoft networks, File and Print Sharing, the Quality of Service (QoS) Packet Scheduler, and the TCP/IP
networking protocol by default.
Figure 76. Network Set-Up 98
16a. Choose networking settings
In this phase, you can choose to keep the default settings (recommended) or enter custom settings. Note that XP doesn't include the legacy NetBEUI protocol out of the box.
If you want to use this protocol, you will need to install it later from the XP Click Next to continue.
Figure 77. Choose Networking Settings Windows XP Professional only: 16b. Enter workgroup or domain information
In Windows XP Professional only, you will be able to select a workgroup or domain name next. Home Edition doesn't work with Windows domains, however, and Setup will automatically supply the workgroup name MSHOME, which you can change later. The default workgroup name in XP Pro is, imaginatively, WORKGROUP. Click Next to continue.
Figure 78. Enter Workgroup or Domain Information 99
17. Set-up completion
From this point on, Setup will continue to completion without any further need for interaction. Setup will now copy files, complete installation, install your Start Menu items, register system components, save settings, remove any
temporary files needed by Setup, and then reboot. Again, you will probably see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message on reboot. If this happens, do not press a key, a nd your new XP install will boot up. You can remove the XP Setup CD now.
Figure 79. Set- Up Completion 18. First boot You‟ll be greeted by the XP splash screen on first boot (this actually appears briefly when you rebooted into GUI Setup as well).The splash screens for XP Pro and Home are subtly different.
Figure 80. First Boot
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19. Change display settings Users with CRT monitors and some LCDs (such as laptops and flat panel
displays) will see a Display Settings dialog appear, which asks whether you'd like XP to automatically set the resolution. This will generally change the resolution from 800 x 600 to 1024 x 768 on a CRT monitor, or to the native
resolution of an LCD display. Click OK and let XP change the resolution. Then, accept the settings if the screen display changes and can be read. If you can't see the display, it will
time out after 30 seconds and return to the sub-optimal 800 x 600 resolution. Click OK to accept the screen resolution change.
Figure 81. Change Display Settings 20. Welcome to Microsoft Windows
Now, you are presented with XP's "Out of Box Experience," or OOBE, which presents a silly wizard to guide you through the final set up of your PC. Click Next to continue.
Figure 82. Welcome to Microsoft Windows
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21. Network setup
In the opening OOBE phase, you are asked to set up your network/Internet connection, which is required for activation and registration. If you selected the default networking configuration during Setup and know it will work
(because you're connected directly to a cable modem, perhaps, or are on a local area network), then select Yes (the default). Otherwise, you can select No and then Skip. We'll assume that your network is up and running and select Yes. Click Next to continue.
Figure 83. Network Set- up 22. Optionally activate and register Windows If you selected Yes in the previous step, you are asked if you'd like to activate Windows XP. This will tie your copy of XP to the current PC semipermanently. Activation requires a connection to the Internet, but you can perform this step later if you want (and don't worry, XP will annoyingly
remind you of this fact every time you boot the machine until you do so).
Figure 84. Windows Activation 102
23. Set up users
Now, you can set up the user names of the people who will be using the PC. You will want at least one user (for you), since you shouldn't be logging on as Administrator. Curiously, each user you do create here has administrative
privileges, however, and no password. You should set up your users correctly with passwords as soon as possible. This phase lets you create up to five users. You can create more later, or
manage users, using the User Accounts tool in Control Panel. Click Finish when done creating users. At this point, OOBE ends and you're reading to go. Click Finish again.
Figure 85. Set-up Users 24. Logon to Windows XP for the first time
Click your name, that account will logon and you'll be presented with the XP desktop. After you create passwords, however, you'll be asked to enter a
password before you can logon.
Figure 86. Set-up Users
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Windows 7 Installation
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As a technician you must be able to know the variations or options in installing an operating system that is compatible with the hardware requirement of a personal computer. Another operating system available in the market now is the Windows 7 version. Now, take a tour through the procedures in installing a Windows 7 operating system. I believe, the procedures will be very easy for you.
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1. Turn your computer on then press Del or F2 (depend on your computer‟s
mainboard) to enter the system BIOS. 2. Go to Boot menu and choose Boot from CD/DVD.
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Figure 87. Boot Menu
3. Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.
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Figure 88. Save configuration settings 107
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4. Insert Windows 7 DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer,
Windows 7 will be loading files.
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Figure 89. Windows 7 loading files and Start up
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5. Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and click Next.
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Figure 90. Language, Time and Currency Set- up
6. Click Install now.
Figure 91. Install Now 108
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7. Check I accept the license terms and click Next.
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Figure 92. License Terms Agreement
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8. Click Upgradeif you already have a previous Windows
version
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or Custom (advanced) if you don‟t have a previous Windows version or want
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to install a fresh copy of Windows 7.
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Figure 93. Windows 7 Options for Installation
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9. (Skip this step if you chose Upgrade and have only one partition) Select
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the drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next . If you want to
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make any partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and
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then click Next.
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Figure 94. Drive Options
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Windows Windows 10. files It will) now installing . The first (i.e. Copying was start already done when you 7 booted thestep, it will Windows 7 DVD so
complete instantly.
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Figure 95. Windows 7 Starts Installation
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11. After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it has been copied.
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Figure 96. Expanding Windows Files
12. The third and fourth step will also complete instantly like the first step.
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Figure 97. Installing Features and Updates
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13. After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup. You can also click Restart now to restart without any delays.
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Figure 98. Restart to Continue Installation
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14. After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step so it will take the most time than the previous steps.
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Figure 99.Completing Installation
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15. It will now automatically restart again and continue the setup. You can click Restart now to restart without any delays.
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Figure 100.First Start Up
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16. Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will
automatically fill up the computer name.
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Figure 101.Software Personalization
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17. If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next.
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Figure 102.Password Set- up
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18. Type your product key in the text -box and click Next. You can also skip this
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step and simply click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows will run only for 30 days if you do that.
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Figure 103.Type Windows Product Key
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19. Select your desired option for Windows Updates
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Figure 104. Windows Update
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20. Select your time and clickNext.
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Figure 105. Time and Date Settings
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21. If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the network‟s
location.
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Figure 106. Windows 7 Set- up Complete
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Figure 107. Preparing Desktop 116
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Hands- on Activity:
You are tasked to reformat / install an operating system particular ly Windows
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7, however, during the process of installation a problem occurred the machine /
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computer did not boot from CD. What do you think might be the reason for this
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unplanned incident? Your task now is to demonstrate the correct procedures to solve
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and respond to this unplanned event in accordance to the established procedures.
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You will work in quartet or triads (depending on the number of computers) to solve this problem. Your output will be rated according to the following criteria: SKILLS SCORE CARD
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CRITERIA
PERCENTAGE
SCORE
50 %
Accuracy
(Adherence to the correct procedure) 30 %
Workmanship
(Adherence to OHS policy, neatness and organization of materials used) Speed PERFORMANCE RATING
20 % 100%
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. 295 296 297
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BASIC COMPUTER CONFIGURATION SETUP
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Configuration is the way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that make up the system. Configuration can refer to
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either hardware or software, or the combination of both.
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Basic Input / Output System (BIOS)
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The Basic Input Output System, usually referred to as BIOS, is software
stored on a small memory chip on the motherboard. BIOS instruct the computer on how to perform a number of basic functions
such as booting and keyboard control. BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a computer such as the hard drive, optical drive, CPU, memory, etc.
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Figure 108. BIOS Set- up
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The BIOS is accessed and configured through the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS Setup Utility is, for all reasonable purposes, the BIOS itself. All available
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options in BIOS are configurable via the BIOS Setup Utility. The BIOS Setup Utility is accessed in various ways depending on your computer or motherboard make and model. 119
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BIOS access and configuration on PC systems is independent of any operating systembecause the BIOS is part of the motherboard hardware. It doesn't matter if a computer is running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP,
Linux, Unix, or no operating system at all - BIOS functions outside of the operating system environment and is no way dependent upon it. BIOS contain a number of hardware configuration options that can be changed through the setup utility. Saving these changes and restarting the computer applies the changes to the BIOS and alters the way BIOS instructs the hardware to function. The following list shows the things you can do in most BIOS systems:
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Change the Boot Order Load BIOS Setup Defaults Remove a BIOS Password Create a BIOS Password Change the Date and Time Change Floppy Drive Settings Change Hard Drive Settings Change CD/DVD/BD Drive Settings View Amount of Memory Installed Change the Boot Up NumLock Status 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364
Enable or Disable the Computer Logo Enable or Disable the Quick Power On Self Test (POST) Enable or Disable the CPU Internal Cache Enable or Disable the Caching of BIOS Change CPU Settings Change Memory Settings Change System Voltages
Device Drivers Now that you successfully installed the operating system, you‟ll need to
configure the devices such as Video Cards, Network Interface Cards, Sound Cards , etc by installing the device drivers of each. In many cases, if Windows recognizes the device, drivers will be installed automatically. In some cases, generic drivers are installed so that the devices will work properly. Drivers are small software programs that help the operating system use or “drive” the device. Whenever a device doesn‟t work properly, ask if the proper driver
has been installed. The procedures listed below describe how to obtain and install drivers for
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hardware devices on a Microsoft Windows 2000-based computer.
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Step 1: Determine the Hardware Manufacturer
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If you do not know the manufacturer of the device for which you want to install the
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driver, follow these steps to determine the manufacturer:
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1. On the desktop, right-click My Computer, and then click Manage.
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Figure 109. Manage My Computer
2. Under System Tools, click Device Manager.
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The devices that are installed on the computer are listed in the right pane.
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Figure 110. Device Manager
Device Manager
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3. In the right pane, expand the category of the device that you want to configure. For example, expand Display adapters. NOTE: The device may be listed under other devices.
Expanded Expanded Device Device Category Category
Figure 111. Expanded Device Category
4. Right-click the .device for which you want to install the driver, and then click Properties NOTE : The device may appear as Unknown device or as a generic device.
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Figure 112. Device Properties
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5. Click the General tab. Make a note of the manufacturer and model of the
device.
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Figure 113. General Tab
6. Click Cancel, and then quit Computer Management. NOTE: If the device is not displayed in Device Manager, or the device is listed as an "Unknown device," contact the computer or device manufacturer to obtain more information about the device.
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Step 2: Obtain the Driver
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To obtain the latest driver, use the following list of possible sources for the driver, in the order in which they are presented.
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Original Computer Manufacturer If the device was installed by your computer manufacturer, contact the
manufacturer of your computer to find out how to obtain, download, and install the latest drivers for the device. Device Manufacturer Contact the manufacturer of the device to inquire about how to obtain,
download, and install the latest drivers for the device.
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Chipset Manufacturer
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Contact the chipset manufacturer of the device to find out how to obtain, download, and install the latest drivers for the device. It is best to first contact the manufacturer of the device for the drivers before you contact the chipset
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manufacturer.
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For example, if your display adapter uses a NVIDIA chipset, first contact the manufacturer of the display adapter. If you cannot contact the display adapter
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manufacturer or if the manufacturer does not have a driver, contact NVIDIA.
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Some examples of chipset manufacturers (and their Web sites) include: NVIDIA (display adapters) PCTEL, Inc. (modems)
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Installation CD or Floppy Disks
If you have the srcinal driver CD or floppy disks that were included with the computer or device, and if no other source for the drivers is available, use the srcinal driver that is included with the computer or device.
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NOTE: Whenever possible, try to first contact the Original Equipment Manufacturer
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(OEM), device manufacturer , or chipset manufacturer to obtain the latest version of the driver.
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Step 3: Install the Driver The driver files that you download from the OEM, device manufacturer, or
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chipset manufacturer differ depending on how the driver is packaged by the manufacturer. If the file is an executable program, run the program to extract the files. If the file is in .zip format, you can use a third -party utility such as WinZip to extract
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the files. For more information about how to extract the driver files, see the
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instructions that are provided by the manufacturer of the driver.
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The driver may use a setup program. The driver package may contain raw
driver files, or it may contain only raw driver files. Some examples include .inf files, and .sys files. To install the driver, use one of the following methods as appropriate to your situation.
Driver with a Setup or Installation Program
If the driver uses a setup or installation program, run the program to install the driver. For more information about how to do this, see the documentation or contact the driver manufacturer.
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Device Is Displayed in Device Manager
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1. On the desktop, right-click My Computer, and then click Manage. 2. Under System Tools, click Device Manager. The devices that are installed on the computer are listed in the right pane. 3. Expand the category of the device that you want to configure. For example, expand Modems. NOTE: The device may be listed under Other devices. 4. Right-click the device for which you want to install the driver, and then click Properties.
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NOTE: The device may be displayed as Unknown device, or as a generic
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device. 5. Click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver. The Upgrade Device Driver wizard starts. 6. Click Next. 7. Do one of the following: Click Search for a suitable driver for my device (recommended), and then click Next. -orClick Display a list of the known devices for this device so that I can choose a specific driver, and then clickNext. Click Have Disk, click Browse, locate the .inf files that you downloaded in Step 2: Obtain the Driver, click an .inf file, and then click Open.
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o
o
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8. Follow the wizard instructions to install the driver. 9. Restart the computer. Device Is Not Displayed in Device Manager
Use the Add New Hardware wizard in Control Panel to install drivers for nonPlug and Play devices. You may have to use this method to install certain modems, serial ports, or printer ports. 1. Click Start, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel. 2. Double-click Add/Remove Hardware. 3. Click Next. 4. Click Add/Troubleshoot a device, and then click Next. 5. Do one of the following: o
Click Yes, search
for new hardw are , and then click Next . -orClick No, I want to select the hardware from a list , and then click Next. 6. Follow the wizard instructions to install the driver. 7. Restart the computer. o
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Installing Device Drivers
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Material: Installation CD Direction: Given an installation CD, perform installation of a device driver. Check the quality of your work undertaken in accordance with the established
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procedures thru the Performance Score Card below.
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PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
Performance Criteria
Criteria
1. The system is correctly started.
20%
2. The Installation CD is properly inserted.
20%
3. Handling and safekeeping of installation CD is observed.
20%
4. The instructions how to install device drivers are accurately followed.
20%
5. The device drivers are successfully installed
20%
Grade
PERFORMANCE RATIING 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 126
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Lesson3. CONDUCT TEST ON THE INSTALLED COMPUTER SYSTEM
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In the previous lesson, you were introduced with all the necessary knowledge
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and skills on installation of computer devices and operating system. Now, after
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executing the correct procedures I am sure that installation is a very easy task for
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you. Those skills will be very essential for the next lesson.
In the next phase of your learning it will focus in conducting test on the
installed computer compon ents. After reading all the required topics and performing the essential skills you must be able to: Follow OHS policies and procedures in conducting tests; Check circuits and systems being isolated using specified testing procedures; Test devices, systems and/or installation to determine its conformity with the
requirements;
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Undertake final inspections on the installed devices, systems to ensure
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conformity with the requirements; Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted; and Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel and/or authority on the test conducted.
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TESTING INSTALLED EQUIPMENT / DEVICES (COMPONENTS)
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As computer technician you will need a good understanding of the health and
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safety regulations from early on in your career, so that you understand the good
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practices demanded by law. In particular, you need to: report any accidents
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take reasonable care of your own health and safety when moving
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heavy components not cause any electrical hazards make sure that workstations meet safety requirements. You need to adhere to health and safety regulations as they will help to protect you
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and others and will avoid any unnecessary legal action for reckless and unsafe
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working practices. If you identify any health and safety problems, you should tell your line manager or the health and safety representative immediately.
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The most basic test is to switch the system on to check it starts without errors. ICT professionals are also likely to use tools and utilities to check that all is well with the system after an installation.
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The Use of Diagnostic Tools in testing installed hardware components and other peripherals Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose equipment. Diagnostic tools
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include the following:
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Digital multimeter is a device that can take many types of measurements. It tests the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer
components. A digital multimeter displays the information on an LCD or LED.
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A loopback adapter, also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of computer ports. The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
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The toner probe , is a two-part tool. The toner part is connected to a cable at one end using specific adapters, such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips. The toner generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The probe part traces the cable. When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the toner is attached, the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.
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Figure 114. Diagnostic Tools
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Software Tools
Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to
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help technicians pinpoi nt and troubleshoot problems. Many of these tools are free and several come with the Windows operating system.
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Disk Management Tools
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Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and determine which computer device is not functioning correctly. A technician must be able to use a range of software tools to diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and protect the
data stored on a computer. 128
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You must be able to identify which software to use in different situations. Disk management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data
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storage, and remove unwanted files.
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The following are some disk management tools:
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FDISK: A command-line tool that creates and deletes partitions on a hard
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drive. The FDISK tool is not available in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. It has been replaced with the Disk Management tool.
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partitions.
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Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats
Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information. ScanDisk or CHKDSK: Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard drive by scanning the file system. These tools might also check the disk
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surface for physical errors. Defrag: Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs and data. Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that can be safely deleted. System File Checker (SFC) : A command-line tool that scans the operating system critical files and replaces files that are corrupted.
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Use the Windows 7 boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files. The Windows 7 boot disk repairs Windows system files, restores damaged or lost files, and reinstalls the operating system.
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Test
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procedures
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A test procedure is a set of steps to guide you through what needs to be done to thoroughly test the installation. It is designed to help you work more effectively and to make sure you test everything that needs testing.
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Test procedures are created in-house and could include these steps: 1. Gathering test information . The first step is to run the tests required by the procedure and find out what happens. You should record all the results of your tests in a log so that you know which pass and which fail, thereby requiring further action.
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Validating test information 2. . The next is to check you the gathered from the teststhe to make sure it is correct. Thisstep is usually donethe by data running tests
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again. 3. Responding to test information . This step is important because you need to be able to recognize when a test shows problems or is successful. For example, if ping
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is used to test a network connection then „Request timed out‟ shows the test was not
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successful.
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4. Checking specification . The final step is an important end to testing. You need to check the specification for the installation to make sure that it has been met. For example, if a user requested an upgrade to make their display run at 1920 x 1200, then the ICT professionalshould check that the graphics card and screen can do this.
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External Visual Inspection
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The external visual inspection consists of a quick inspection of the exterior of the computer, the monitor, the keyboard, any peripherals, and cables. While performing the visual inspection, make any necessary correctio ns. To perform the
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external visual inspection, perform the following steps:
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1. Turn off the computer, the monitor, and all peripherals.
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2. Verify that all power cables are properly connected to the computer, the
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monitor and peripherals, and their power sources. 3. Verify that the keyboard and mouse interface cables are firmly attached to the proper connectors on the back of the computer. For a PS/2-compatible mouse, the keyboard and mouse interface cable connectors are identical except for their labels. For a serial mouse, the mouse interface cable must be firmly attached
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to one of the serial port connectors, and its captive screws must be
secure enough to ensure a firm connection. 4. Verify that network cables (if present) are properly attached. 5. Verify that any dev ices attached to the se rial and parallel port co nnectors are properly connected.
Each of the serial and parallel port interface cables must be firmly
attached to an appropriate connector on the back of the computer as well as to the interface connector on the device. The captive screws that secure these connectors at each end of the interface cable must be secure enough to ensure a firm connection. 6. Verify that the video interface c able is firmly attached to the video connector on the back panel or to a video expansion card, and also to the connect or on the back of the monitor. For proper connection of the video monitor, see the documentation for the monitor. 7. Inspect all external monitor controls for any obvious damage or improper settings. For proper settings of the video monitor controls, see the
documentation for the monitor. 8. Inspect the keyboard to ensure that no keys are sticking. If one or more keys are sticking, it may be necessary to replace the keyboard. 9. Inspect the exterior of the computer, including all controls and indicators, and all user-accessible data storage devices for any signs of physical damage.
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Does the inspection reveal any problems?
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Yes. Proceed to the appropriate procedure in "Removing and Replacing
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Parts." 130
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No. Proceed to "Observing the Boot Routine."
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Observing the Boot Routine After you have performed an external visual inspection as described in the
previous section, you should boot the system and, while the boot routine is observe the system for any indications of problems.
running,
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NOTE: Most of the steps in this procedure require observation of system
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functions and indications, some of which can occur simultaneously. It may be necessary to reboot the system several times to complete all of these steps.
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To observe problem indications during the boot routine, perform the following steps:
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1. If the system is off, turn on all peripherals and the computer. 2. Check the power supply fan. Does the fan run normally? o Yes. Proceed to step 3. No. Troubleshoot the system power supply. o
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3. Watch the , , and indicators on the
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upper-right corner of the keyboard. After all three indicators flash momentarily, and following a long pause (approximately 30 seconds), the Num Lock
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indicator should light up and remain on (unless theNum Lock option is set
into Off
the
System
Setup
program).
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Do these indicators flash on and off within approximately 10 seconds after the boot routine starts? Yes. Proceed to step 4. o o
No. Troubleshoot the system power supply. If the troubleshooting
procedure indicates that the system power supply is operational, troubleshoot the memory. 4. During the boot routine, observe the system for any of the following
indications: o
Beep codes — A beep code is a series of beeps that indicates an error
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condition. System error messages — these messages can indicate problems or provide status information.
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— These indicators light up in response to data being transferred to or from the
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drives. If either of these indicators fai ls to light up during the boot
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Diskette-drive and hard-disk drive access indicators
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routine, troubleshoot the diskette drive or hard-disk drive subsystem, as appropriate. 5. Observe the monitor screen for the Diagnostics menu. Internal Visual Inspection NOTICE : Before you proceed with the internal visual inspectio n described in this section, ensure that the user has saved all open files and exited all open
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A simple visual inspection of a computer‟s interior hardware can often lead to the source of a problem, such as a loose expansion card, cable connector, or mounting screw. To perform the internal visual inspection, perform the following steps: 1. Turn off the system, including any attached peripherals, and disconnect all the AC power cables from electrical outlets. CAUTION: Before beginning to work inside the computer, disconnect the power supply from the power source and the power supply cables from the power supply.
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2. Remove the computer‟s right side cover. CAUTION: The heat sink assembly can get extremely hot during system operations. Be sure that it has had sufficient time to cool before touching it. CAUTION: When handling the heat sink assembly, take care to avoid sharp edges on the heat sink.
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3. Verify that the chips, expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and heat sink
assembly or assemblies are fully seated in their sockets or connectors. 4. To ensure that the chips are fully seated in their sockets, pres s firmly on the top of each chip. 5. all jumpers are set correctly. 6. Verify Checkthat all cable connectors inside the computer to verify tha t they are firmly attached to their appropriate connectors. 7. Reinstall the computer cover. 8. Reconnect the computer and any attached peripherals to their power sources, and turn them on.
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Suppose that you are in the workshop carrying out hardware installations, the
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owner are very impressed with you. There has been a lot of telephone time spent
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recently explaining to custome rs how to test installed componen ts of their computer systems. The shop has decided to create their own video that will be uploaded to the
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website and YouTube. You have been asked to create this video.
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1. Create a video to demonstrate how to install the hardware components.
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Make sure you include everything you need to do to work safely.
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2. Show how to configure any device installed in the computer.
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3. Create another video on the following:
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a. Undertake final inspection on the assembled computer system for functionality. This will be to test that the newly installed hardware components work without problems; b. Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted; and c. Follow procedures in forwarding documentation to appropriate personnel or authority
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SKILLS TEST Direction: Listed below are some of the most important skills that you must gain in order to render quality service when you enter the real world of Computer Hardware Servicing. Read the skills carefully. Write “YES” if you are familiar with the skill and “NO” if
not. Feel free to answer each skill. Write your answers in your notebook. Skills in Computer Hardware Servicing
YES
NO
I can open a computer case. I can connect the mouse. I can connect the keyboard. I can connect the monitor. I can apply occupational health and safety precautions while working. I can remove the system fan. I can detach the power supply from the system unit. I know how to remove the RAM from the motherboard. I can remove the hard drive from the system unit. I can install the power supply. I know how to install the motherboard. I can install the internal drives in a system unit. I know how to attach RAM in the memory socket. I can install CD / DVD drives. I know how to install an operating system I know how to configure a hardware components I know the procedures in inspecting operating systems and software components
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adapters - These are printed-circuit boards that enables the computer to use a peripheral device for which it does not have the necessary connections or circuit boards. Analog Computers- It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and
utilizes mechanical or electrical energy. Bridge is a device filters data traffic at a network boundary Digital Computers- They use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two
states, namely bits 0 and 1 Digital multimeter is a device that can take many types of measurements. It tests the integrity Drivers- are small software programs that help the operating system use or “drive”
the device Ethernet switch is a device that gathers the signals from devices that are connected
to it hard disk drive- Is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. hardware- These are the tangible component of a computer system. hazard- Is a situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the health and
safety of people or to damage plant and equipment. Hub- is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together Hybrid Computers- a combination of both digital and analog computers Loopback adapter- is also called a loopback plug, tests the basic functionality of
computer ports Mainframe Computers- these are computers have the capacities to host multiple
operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can substitute for several small servers Microcomputers- A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit
it is known as a microcomputer Minicomputers- are also called mid-range systems or workstations 139
motherboard- The main circuit board of a computer containing all the essential parts
of a PC. Network firewall - protects a computer network from unauthorized access Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)- is a handheld computer and popularly known
as a palmtop smart board - Type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel
covering the screen. static electricity - An accumulation of electric charge on an insulated body. Servers- They are computers designed to provide services to client machines in a
computer network
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ATA- Advance Technology Attachment BIOS- Basic Input Output System CD- Compact Disc CHS- Computer Hardware Servicing CRT- Cathode Ray Tube ESD- Electro Static Discharge DVD- Digital Versatile Disc FAT- File Allocation Table GB- Giga Byte HDD- Hard Disk Drive LAN- Local Area Networking LCD- Liquid Crystal Display LED- Light Emitting Diode MB- Mega Byte NTFS- New Technology File System OHS- Occupational Health and Safety OS- Operating System PDA- Personal Digital Assistant PPE- Personal Protective Equipment RAM- Random Access Memory 141
ROM- Read Only Memory SATA- Serial Advance Technology Attachment USB- Universal Serial Bus WAN- Wide Area Network VGA- Video Graphic Array
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Books and Articles and Printed Materials: 1. Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, a. Desktop Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint
b. Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256 2. Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 a. Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256 3. Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, Desktop a. Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, b. IN 46256 4. K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum- Technology and Livelihood Education a. Learning Module -Computer Hardware Serviciing- RONALDO V. RAMILO and b. DEOVER M. PASCO 5. Technology and Livelihood Education- Information and Communications Technology Learners Manual - Grade 7 & 8 - Marigen N. Leosala, Bobby
P. Caoagdan, Ronaldo V. Ramilo, and Rosalie P. Lujero Electronic Resources: 1. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html Computer Memory Types
2. http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm Measurements for Memory & Storage
3. http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1 Fundamentals of PC repair
4.
http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf Occupational Health and Safet y Precautions
5. http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp Puzzles for Activities 143
6.
http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_ v40_Chapter2.pdf Occupational Safety Precautions
7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0wComputer Hardware Basics
8. http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-HardwareHow to install Computer Hardware
9. http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.htmlHow to install Computer components
10. http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20 10/ProperToolSelection.pdf Tool Selection
11. http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html 12. htt p://www.instructables.com/id/Disassemble-a-Computer/- Computer Basics 13. www.professormesser.com- PC Hardware, Networking ,Operating Systems and Troubleshooting
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Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education
Content Standard
Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of the underlying concepts and principles on diagnosing and troubleshooting of computer systems.
The learner independently diagnoses and troubleshoots computer systems as prescribed
in
the
TESDA
Training
Regulation.
MODULE 4:
DIAGNOSE AND TROUBLESHOOT COMPUTER SYSTEMS (DT) Number of Sessions (Time Allotment): 60 hrs 144
Welcome to the next level of your modular training in Computer Hardware
Servicing (CHS) under the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Course. In this module you will have a great deal of diagnosing and troubleshooting computer system. At the end of this module you will be able to plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer system errors, configure, inspect and test computer system networks and errors. Those skills are essential for you to reach the door of National Certification II in Computer Hardware Servicing. In this module, topics will be introduced progressively lesson by lesson for
easy understanding. After carefully answering the diagnostic assessment, reading all the lessons, answering all the guide questions, masterfully performing all the activities, showing evidences of learning and finally answering the summative test, then you will have a considerable knowledge and skills in diagnosing and
troubleshooting computer system essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career option in ICT. Reminder! Just follow the instructions given in this module. Now let us start exploring new things in this module.
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In this module, there will be four (4) major topics that you will encounter: (1) be plan and prepare diagnosis of computer system errors; (2) diagnose and configure computer systems and networks ; (3) inspect and test the configured
computer systems and networks ; and (4) test systems and networks. The four major diagnose and to troubleshoot topics contains sub-topics which allwhat leadstotoKNOW, systems. This module contains what PROCESS,computer what to
REFLECT and UNDERSTAND as well as what to TRANSFER. The competencies for this module are: LO 1. Plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors
Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems errors Determine the computer systems errors using manual and software diagnosis LO 2. Diagnose and configure computer systems and networks
Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems and network errors Identify the diagnosed computer systems and network errors based on the job requirements Configure computer systems and networks LO 3. Inspect and test the configured computer systems and networks
Follow OHS procedures in inspecting and testing configured computer systems and networks Inspect configured computer systems and networks Replace defective components Reinstall defective computer systems Identify networks errors Repair networks errors based on standard procedures Test the configured computer systems and networks LO 4. Test Systems and Networks
Follow OHS procedures in testing systems and networks Test computer systems and networks in accordance with the job requirements Accomplish technical reports on the tests conducted In order to master the above listed competencies, you must be knowledgeable of the topics under what to KNOW, perform activities required under what to PROCESS, accomplish additional meaningful tasks under what to REFLECT and UNDERSTAND and finally show some evidences of your learning by transferring what you have learned in a different context under what to TRANSFER.
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You will be challenged to dig deeper into your prior knowledge and previous experiences about computer hardware servicing.
Instruction: Read of the statements the left-handyour column of the chart. Place each a check on the column in that indicates answers. Knowledge able
Have a little Knowledge
No Knowledg e at All
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health
and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to on form with job requirements Interpret work instructions according to job requirements Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its location prior to installation Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job requirements Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to determine the conformity to job requirements. Check computer systems and networks for configuration in accordance with specifications and requirements Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP) Configure the identified systems and networks based on specifications and job requirements Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer systems and networks in accordance with job requirements Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with manufacturer's requirements Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established procedures, when necessary Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in accordance with company SOP
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LESSON 1: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS ERRORS
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Personal Protective Equipment
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make sure that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace. Gather all the components you‟ll be using and unpack them at the same time.
Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer technician. Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices 2. Power surge protectors 3. Personal equipment Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
nti - static wrist strap
nti- static
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nti- static bag nti-static spray Power surge protectors
Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent power sources. Examples: 1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
Personal Equipment
Small paint brush
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Screw drivers
Pliers and tweezers
Compressed air
Handheld vacuum
Directions: Perform the activity below.
Choose a partner Do a simulation exercise o One will act out the role of a computer teacher. o
The other will be the student
Situation: Computer teacher will show/demonstrate to the students the Personal Protective Devices, what they are and how they are used. The Student keeps on asking about the Personal Protective Devices/Equipment and how they can be maintained in good condition of PC.
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Answer the following questions in your own answer/test notebook 1. For somebody who always works (do troubleshooting) with computers, what personal protective devices do you usually use? How often do you use them? 2. Computers should b e protected from static el ectricity to preven t component malfunction. What anti-static devices can you utilize to avoid such
malfunction?
TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM ERROR
There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you reach the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no error). Here's a list of computer error. 1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color. 2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your
monitor is in steady orange color. 3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the motherboard brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system
restart over and over again. 4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots but when the operating system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're going to wait for it to load. 5 Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you try disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected.
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try
installing the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again. 7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list of files in Command prompt style. 151
8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode,
when you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart and the worst part is it will delete a file at random. 9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading
sound and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard. 10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you open a program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a
program applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart. Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different
Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories, such as: 1. System errors - These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by
malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules, etc. 2. Runtime errors - Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malf unctioning system files or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the
application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious runtime errors may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to reach for the Reset button. 3. Stop errors - Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be difficult to resolve at times. 4. Device Manager Errors - These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the problem is usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the drivers. However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware
components. 5. POST code errors - POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning
hardware components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you press the power button to turn onbe your PC.. at any point of time. As the name 6. Application errors - These can caused suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. These
are usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These are usually resolved by updating the program to its latest version. 7. Browser Status Codes - These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web
pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection problems. For 152
instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a
webpage that does not exist in the specified location.
DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS PC Diagnosing
Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into are startup problems, where your computer won‟t boot. Equally
annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your computer‟s startup process. In this module you will be given a few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common
problems that happen right after your computer is turned on. Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting. Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the
component or not. Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables and
make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine. Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the
device manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly. Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred. Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning messages associated with any faulty hardware or software. Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes
including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it. Common PC Problems and solutions
You are working away at your computer when suddenly, up comes an error message - or worse, your computer comes to a screeching halt. Here are the
common computer problems and solutions that can help you.
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Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also
display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full capacity during operation. 2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system) . A longer than usual load
time may indicate errors in the hard drive. 3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded . Reduced graphics
may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards. 4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way of judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes,
and can sometimes repair choppy audio. 5. Check any newly installed hardware . Many operating systems, especially Windows, can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may
conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that are causing a problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange the properties of hardware. 6. Check any newly installed software . Software may require more resources than the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts, the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be
caused by software that starts automatically on boot. 7. Check RAM and CPU consumption . A common problem is a choppy or sluggish system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming more resources than the computer can provide. An easy way to check this is to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager , and click the Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the
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percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates how much memory a process is consuming. 8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises, shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive . Listen to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity. 9. Run a virus and malware scan . Performance problems can be caused by
malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus) 10. Check for the problem in safe mode . To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly
during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame. Common Trouble shooting for Computer Units
1. Double check the power connections. 2. Voltage Regulator and power supply could cause power failure in the computer unit. 3. Check the power cords and cable connectors in your computer unit. 4. Unseated card. Loose cards could cause
malfunction. 5. Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic Input
/Output Unit) setup. Diagnosing Network Connection
Things to look for if a PC is connected to the internet or network: First check the cable connecting to the network card into the network hub. Check the back of the computer to see if the network card light is on Check the network cable ( use cable tester) Check the network HUB (use multi-tester)
Network HUB
Network Network
card
cable
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LESSON 2. DI AGNOSE AND CONFIGURE C OMPUTER SYS TEMS AND NETWORKS SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies, procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all
people at the workplace. Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices should be learned early and always adhered when working with any electrical device including personal computers and peripherals. Personal safety while working with PC’s
The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with any computer devices: Before doing anything, listen to your teacher‟s instruction to prevent accidents
or any unwanted events that may occur on your workplace. Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get
electrocuted. Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on. Avoid playing or running while inside the room. Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap, etc. Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer devices. Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary to avoid certain damages. The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal appearance and to practice safe working procedures at all time with appropriate
equipment.
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Basic Concepts of Electricity
This lesson will introduce us to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will enable student to be equip with the basic knowledge in electricity.
Basic Electrical Terms Electricity
is define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transform into other form of energy like heat light and
mechanical. Electron
is the negatively charge component of an atom. It
has the ability to flow. Proton
is the positively charge component of an atom. It had the ability to attract electron.
Matter
is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
Atom
Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and
electrons. Current
Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere (I).
Voltage
the amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow.
Also
known
as
potential
difference
or
EMF(electromotive force). The amount of voltage
can be measured in volt (V). Resistance
define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measure in ohms (Ω).
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Conductors and Insulators Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow.
Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow.
Examples; rubber, plastic, paper Types of Current 1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This is the type of electricity is produced bybatteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is
created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the current flows directly, in one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage ( this is oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs. ) When you use a flashlight, pocket radio, portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or batterypowered device, you are using direct current. Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.
Figure 1. Direct Current An ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is measured relative to ground or the zero-potential default state of the earth. Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their appearance is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from
power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells also generate DC power. 2. AC Alternating Current
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In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial power that we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC current can be reduced through the use of power transformer to suite for its
application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz. Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other. They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120
volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times per second. In Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.
Figure2. Alternating Current Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alt ernating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic of AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the
companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner, by transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the resistance in the transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct current. PC’s use only direct current, which means that the alternating current provided by your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is the primary function of your power supply.
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AC POWER
PC’s PSU
DC POWER
MOTHERBOARD DRIVES COOLING FANS
Figure 3. Simplified block diagram of a PC power supply
Electric Circuit Electric circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow. Components of Circuit
Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that consumes electricity. Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.
Load
Supply Switch
Figure4. A simple circuit
Types of Circuit
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current cannot flow in open circuit.
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Load
-
+
Supply
Switch
Figure5. An open circuit The switch is said to be “OPEN” the current can’t flow into the circuit and the bulb is “OFF”
2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It
means that current can flow in a closed circuit.
Load -
+
Supply
Switch Figure 6. A closed circuit The switch is said to be “CLOSED” the current can’t flow into the circuit and the bulb is “ON”
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I. Identification: Direction: Identify the following statement. _________1. Define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of
energy that can be transform into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical. _________2. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow. _________3.
Define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measure in ohms (Ω).
_________4.
The positively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to attract electron.
_________5.
Anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
_________6.
Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons.
_________7.
Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere (I).
_________8. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (V). _________9.
Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow.
_________10. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high
resistance to current flow. _________11. A computer power supply converts AC to ___________________. _________12. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow.
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_________13. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a bulb or any
electrical component that consumes electricity. _________14. A component of a circuit that is commonly represented by a cell or a
battery. _________15. An electrical device that opens or closed a circuit. _________16. A type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that
current can flow in this circuit. _________17. A type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that
current cannot flow in this circuit. _________18. A circuit connection has only one path of current flow. In this circuit
connection the current remain constant. _________19. A circuit connection that has 2 or more path of current. In this circuit the
voltage remains constant. _________20. An invisible form of energy.
Techniques for diagnosing computer systems Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the problem may be intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed each time, can be of help. Rules in Diagnosing Computer System 1. Know the facts
Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer parts. Continuous learning on computer technology. 2. Use your common sense 3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units
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Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or sub assembly. 4. Proper assembly and disassembly 5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects People ware
Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC. Firmware
Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted. Software
Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail.
Hardware
Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction. Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance. ESD (Electro Static Discharge) Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your
computer. Electricity
Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage computer units. Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally and record any information as you proceed. The information you will be able to
gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the
sounds, and error codes. Component Isolation This section will aid in determining components in your system which are failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and
printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate major components which are failing to operate. Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure
1. Determine whether or not the power comes on.
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2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting. 3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to
the motherboard. 4. Replace the power supply unit if defective. ATX Version 1.2 - 20 wire motherboard connector
Pin 1
Pin 2
Pin 3
Pin 4
Pin 5
Pin 6
3.3V
3.3V
Gnd
5V
Gnd
5V
Oran
Oran
Blk
Red
Blk
Oran
Blue
Blk
Green
3.3V
-12V
Gnd
Pin 11
Pin 12
Pin 13
Pin 7
Pin 8
Pin 9
Pin 10
Gnd
P_OK
5VSB
12V
Red
Blk
Gray
Purp
Yell
Blk
Blk
Blk
White
Red
Red
P_ON
Gnd
Gnd
Gnd
-5V
5V
5V
Pin 14
Pin 15
Pin 16
Pin 17
Pin 18
Pin 19
Pin 20
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Flowchart for ATX Power Supply Repair Warning! You must unplug your ATX power supply from the wall before working inside the case.
ATX Diagnostic chart
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Things to Consider There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your
computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a solution: Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in
the cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems is to check all related cables and connections. Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem,
only make one change at a time.
Figure 7. An error message
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages , be sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic
troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information. Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't
repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've taken. Simple Solutions to Common Problems Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting
techniques, such as closing and re-opening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can then try other troubleshooting techniques, such as reinstalling the
software.
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Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right
If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you should try is closing the program and re-opening it. You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this. Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.
Figure 8. Checking for updates Program is Completely Unresponsive
If a program has become completely unresponsive , you can press (and hold) Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac, you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
Figure 8. The Task Manager
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Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer Power Button Will Not Start Computer
Figure 9. Resetting a surge protector
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power outlet. If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will require you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it is receiving power. If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on. If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and then try again. "Non-System Disk or Disk Error" Message
If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive , or floppy disk in your computer, which is interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive and restart the computer.
Figure 10. The Non-System Disk or Disk Error Message
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Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this
happens, the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on your screen. To finish shutting down the computer,press and hold the power
button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Figure 11. The Windows shutdown screen Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing
Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm that there is good air flow around the computer. Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.
Figure 12. Virus Scanning
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Problems with the Monitor and Speakers No Picture on the Monitor
Confirm the computer is turnedon. Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and make sure it is not set too low. Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the surge protector is turned on.
Figure 13. Cable plugged into monitor Monitor Goes Blank Periodically
You may have the screensaver enabled. If the screen saver is enabled, just move your mouse back and forth and your srcinal screen will appear. You can
change the screensaver settings by going to your Control Panel (or your System Preferences if you're using a Mac).
Figure 14. Opening the Control Panel 173
No Sound
Figure 15. Adjusting the sound volume on a Mac
Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or in System Preferences. Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a volume control, which will need to be turned up. Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers. Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be green.
Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible from the headphones. Searching the web for a solution If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask
someone else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family
member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you. Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling
programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's possible that you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a professional if you think a drastic solution is needed.
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Task. Examining the Motherboard in Detail
1. Look at the back of your computer. Without opening the case, list the ports that you believe come directly from the motherboard. 2. slots. Remove the cover of the case. List which the different expansion cards in the expansion Was your guess correct about ports come from the motherboard? 3. To expose the motherboard so you can identify its parts, remove all the expansion cards. 4. Draw a diagram of the motherboard and label these parts: Processor (Include the prominent label on the processor housing.) a) RAM (each DIMM slot) b) CMOS battery c) Expansion slots (Identify the slots as PCI, PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16,
and AGP.) Each port coming directly from the motherboard Power supply connections, SATA or IDE drive connectors and floppy drive connector 5. Draw a rectangle on the diagram to represent each bank of jumpers on the
board. 6. What is the brand and model of the motherboard? 7. Locate the manufacture r‟s Web site. If you ca n find the motherboard manual on
the site, download it. 8. You can complete the following activity only if you have the documentation for the motherboard:
What do you do if a program on a PC is completely unresponsive? What about a program on a Mac? What should you do if you've tried everything and the problem still isn't fixed?
Diagnosing Power Supply Failure 175
Directions: Divide the class into five (5) groups. Choose a leader for each group. The group will prepares a chart and perform the tasks required by the Diagnostics Procedure of ATX Power Supply Failure. After the activity they will be graded
through the given Performance Score Card below: PERFORMANCE SCORE CARD
Performance Criteria
Passed
Failed
1. The students clearly identified the problem and applied the possible solution correctly. 2. The students utilized actual tools/device in performing the actual usage of each tools and OHS was observed. 3. The students applied safety precautions during the Activity. 4. The activity gave students more critical thinking on the personal protective equipment. 5. The students cooperatively performed the activity.
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Tools for Testing Computer System Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user
determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network. Tools used to test hardware problems:
1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit.
Figure 16. Screw Drivers
2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit.
Figure17. Pliers and Tweezers 3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and
circuit board with the use of a soldering lead.
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Figure18. Soldering iron 4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic
discharge in the work area.
Figure19. Anti- static wrist strap, mat and spray
5. Lens cleaner - a device used for cleaning optical media, such as DVD-ROMS and CD-writers.
Figure20. Lens Cleaner
6. Thermal paste-is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor.
Figure21. Thermal Paste
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Network Troubleshooting Tools 1. LAN Tester - is a device used for testing the network connection.
Figure22. LAN Tester
2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable.
Figure23. Crimping Tool
1.
.
2.
a.
3. 4. 5. 6.
b.
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Troubleshooting computer system network Causes of Network Trouble
If a computer is unable to connect to a network or see other computers on a network, it may be necessary to troubleshoot the network. A network may not work because of any of the reasons below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Network card not properly connected. Bad network card drivers or software settings. Firewall preventing computers from seeing each other. Connection related issues. Bad network hardware.
Solution Because of the large variety of network configurations, operating systems,
setup, etc... Not all of the below information may apply to your network or operating system. If your computer is connected to a company or large network, or you are not the administrator of the network, it is recommended that if you are unable to resolve your issues after followingrepresentative. the below recommendations that you contact the network administrator or company Verify connections / LEDs
Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the computer. In addition, when checking the connection of the network cable, ensure that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network card with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or receiving a signal.
If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is possible that either the card is bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the
card is not receiving a signal from the network. If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a hub or switch, verify that the cables are properly connected and that the hub or
switch has power.
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Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that the card's resources are properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the
computer. Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using the ping command. Windows / MS-DOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell. To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an error or if the transmission failed, it is likely that either the network card is
not
physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad. Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks today will utilize TCP/IP, but may also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI. When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer assigns the IPX address, the user must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below. 1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel 2. Double-click the Network icon 3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not click on the PPP or Dial-Up adapter, click on the network card adapter. 4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab 5. Select the option to specify an IP address 6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an address could be: IP Address: 102.55.92.1 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 7. When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the same Subnet Mask and have a different IP Address. For example, when using the above values on one computer you would want to use an IP address of 102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask. Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are open. If possible, close the firewall software program or disconnect the computer
from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem. 181
Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see the network. If after booting the computer you are unable to see the network, give the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users may also want to try pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network connections and possibly detect the network Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to connect or see the network, attempt one or more of the below recommendations. If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another computer's IP address to verify if the computer is able to send and receive data. To do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux / Unix variant
users must open or be at a shell. Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to
ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type: ping 102.55.92.2 If you receive a response back from this address
(and it is a different computer), this demonstrates that the computer is communicating over the network. If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that other issues may be present. Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command if you are a MS-DOS or Windows user or the trace route command if you are a Linux / Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the command prompt or
shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2 This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network devices. When the connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by reviewing the trace route listing.
Networking with DHCP Task: Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server provides all the information your computer needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will check
network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
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Procedure Getting connected 1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating
system is running on your computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this activity. 2. Next, open a terminal window Applications>Accessories->Terminal.
on
your
computer
by
clicking
on
3. In the terminal window, type ipconfig and press Enter. a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your worksheet. b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your IP address (es) in your worksheet. 4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a
light on the switch? Record the port number you connected to in your worksheet. 5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the router, any switches or hubs, and all connected PCs. 6. Run ifconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet. 7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what
happens. Checking your connection
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1 and press Enter. Record the times listed in the last column of the output. What was the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to the router and back? 2. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. Run ping as shown above, substituting the new IP address for the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the average round trip time (rtt)? 3. When you have completed the activity, shut down your computer and return to
your seat.
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Title: Networking with Static IPs Purpose: While setting up a network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) server is very convenient, it is sometimes preferable to use static IP addresses. In this activity, you will join the network using an IP address and netmask provided by your instructor. Once connected, you will check network connectivity with at least one other peer on the network. Procedure Getting connected 1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the windows Operating
system is running on your computer. 2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network
switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light? What port number did you connect to on the switch? 3. Draw a diagram of the entire network in the space below. 4. To configure your network settings, click System->Administration->Network. 5. In the Network settings window, make sure the Connections tab is selected. 6. Click on Wired connection, and then click the Properties button. 7. In the Interface properties window, change the Configuration setting to Static IP address. 8. Enter the IP address provided by your instructor in the IP address field. 9. Enter 10.0.1.0 in the Gateway address field. 10. Finally, enter 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask field. Click OK to close the
Interface properties window. 11. Click OK to close the Network settings window.
Checking your connection
1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking Applications->Accessories->Terminal. 2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the steps 4-11 in the previous section
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3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's
computer with ping. For example, ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the average round trip time? 4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's
computer with ping. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the average round trip time? Evaluation: CRITERIA Passed
Failed
1. Sequence of steps in diagnosing is followed. 2. Safety precaution are observed. 3. Appropriate tools are used in diagnosing. 4. Diagnostic plan for troubleshooting is created. Remarks
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Computer System and Network Configurations Computer Networks Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as
well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other. The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A LAN connects computers within a single geographical location, such as one office building, office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span different cities or even countries, using phone lines or satellite links. Network System Configuration
All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout, configuration, and management. Designing Your Network
Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days, depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is. Here are the key tasks: Settle on a peer-to-peer network or a client/server network. Pick you network system software. Pick a network language. Figure out what hardware you need. Decide on what degree of information security you need. Choose software and hardware solutions to handle day-to-day management chores. Rolling Out Your Network
Rolling out your network requires the following steps: Run and test network cables. 186
Install the server or servers if you‟re setting up a client/server network. (If you are
setting up a peer-to-peer network, you typically don‟t have to worry about any dedicated servers.) Set up the workstation hardware. Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs - these connect the network to the LAN). Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable). Install printers. Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your network is a client/server type. Install the workstation software. Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to dial into the network). Install the programs you want to run (application software). Configuring Your Network
Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use. Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups). Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files. Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless everyone runs programs from their own computer). Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers). Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your network. Managing Your Network
The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you huge amounts of time in the coming months. Mapping your network for easier management and troubleshooting. Setting up appropriate security measures to protect against accidental and intentional harm. Tuning up your LAN so that you get the best possible speed from it. Creating company standards for adding hardware and software, so you don‟t
have nagging compatibility problems later. Putting backup systems in place so that you have copies of data and programs if your hardware fails. Installing some monitoring and diagnostic software so that you can check on your network‟s health and get an early warning of impleading problems.
Figuring out how you plan to handle troubleshooting - educating your LAN administrator, setting up a support contract with a software vendor, and so on. 187
Smooth Setup
One key advantage of a peer-to- peer network is that it‟s easy to setup. With the simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up - even less if you have computers that have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do these days. For Windows XP and Windows 7, the basic steps to setting up a peer-to-peer network are as follows: (Review for Cabling) UTP Cable
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they usually use.
Preparation You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter
Figure24. Materials for Cabling
Making Cable
Follow the steps below.
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1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side A-side). 2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement
table). Don't remove the shield of each metal line. 3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire
arrangement. 4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly. 5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way. 6. After you made it, y ou don't need to tak e care of the direction of the c able. (Any cable in this page is directionless --- that means you can set either end of the
cable to either device.) How to see the wire arrangement
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right hand. Hold the RJ45 connector in the way you can see the contact metal face of the RJ45 connector.
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of
green/green-white, orange/orange-white, blue/blue-white, brown/brown-white twisted pairs. 10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP category-5 cable for both modes. (You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.) A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to
connect 2 hubs in the case one of the hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the other hub).
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Pin ID side A
side B
1
orange-white orange-white
2
orange
3
green-white green-white
4
blue
blue
5
blue-white
blue-white
6
green
green
7
brown-white brown-white
8
brown
orange
brown
10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers
directly (with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also used when you connect 2 hubs with a normal port on both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a rare case.) Pin ID side A
side B
1
orange-white green-white
2
orange
3
green-white orange-white
4
blue
blue
5
blue-white
blue-white
6
green
orange
7 8
brown-white brown-white brown brown
green
To create a peer network, you must have the following components:
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• A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The
same manufacturer and model of network card is preferred. • Cabling that is supported by the network cards. • Windows XP or 7 drivers for the network cards. • A common network protocol. • A unique computer name for each computer.
Task. Creating Peer to Peer Network To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the
network: 1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for each computer. NOTE: For
information about how to configure your network adapters and physically
connect your computers, consult the documentation included with your network adapters or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network card and install the drivers when you start the computer. If the network card drivers are not included with Windows, follow the manufacturer's instructions about how to install the network drivers. 3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow
these steps: a. Click Start, point to Settings , click Control Panel, and then double-click Network. b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add. c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate client in the Network Clients box, and then click OK.
d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.
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e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate protocol in the Network Protocol box, and then click OK. 4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer
Sharing can act as a server. To configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing, use the following steps: a. Click Start, point to Settings , click Control Panel, and then double-click Network. b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers, click OK, and then click OK again. c. Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer. 1. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps: a. Click Start, point to Settings , click Control Panel, and then double-click Network. b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box. c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer. NOTE: The computer name must be unique for each computer on the network and
should be no more than 15 characters in length. In small networks, the workgroup name should be the same for each computer so that all computers are visible in the same workgroup when browsing. You should not use spaces or the following
characters in computer and workgroup names
Task. Setting Windows Network Connection Equipment, Tools and Materials Required:
- UTP cables - 4 Computer units - 1 hub
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Given the following materials, set-up a network connection on four computers. CRITERIA
1
2
3
4
5
Safety Precautions are observed. All the UTP are properly connected to the computer and hub. Computers are properly connected and seen in the network. Proper boot-up and shutdown of the computer is observed. Total:
Task 2. Using the Internet for Research
In this project, you will learn how useful the Internet can be for a PC support technician. 1. Using your own or a lab computer pretend that the motherboard manual is not
available and you need to replace a faulty processor. Identify the manufacturer and model of the mother board by looking for the manufacturer name and model number stamped on the board. Research the Web site for that manufacturer. Print the list of processors the board can support. 2 .Research the Web site for your motherboard and print the instructions for flashing BIOS. 3.Research the Abit Web site
(www.abit.com.tw)and print a photograph of a
motherboard that has a riser slot. Also print the photograph of the riser card that fits this slot. What is the function of the riser card?
More Security for Remote Desktop Task. Analyze the situations below and answer the questions that follows. When Jacob travels on company business, he finds it‟s a great help to be able to access his office computer from anywhere on the road using Remote Desktop.
However, he wants to make sure his office computer as well as the entire corporate network is as safe as possible. One way you can help Jacob add more security is to 193
change the port that Remote Desktop uses. Knowledgeable hackers know that
Remote Desktop uses port 3389, but if you change this port to a secret port, hackers are less likely to find the open port. Search the Microsoft Knowledge Base articles (support.microsoft.com) for a way to change the port that Remote Desktop uses.
Practice implementing this change by doing the following: 1. Set up Remote Desktop on a computer to be the host computer. Use another
computer (the client computer) to create a Remote Desktop session to the host computer. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions. 2. Next, change the port that Remote Desktop uses on the host computer to a secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the change. Use the
client computer to create a Remote Desktop session to the host comput er using the secret port. Print a screen shot showing how you made the connection using the secret port. Verify the session works by transferring files in both directions. 3. What secret port did you use?
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Lesson 3. INSPECT AND TEST THE CONFIGURED COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
General Safety Tips and Reminders
Observe good housekeeping in the area of the machines during and after maintenance. Place removed covers and other parts in a safe place, away from all personnel, while you are servicing the machine.
Dress for the Job
Keep your tool case away from walk areas so that other people will not trip over it. Do not wear loose clothing that can be trapped in the moving parts of a machine. Ensure that your sleeves are fastened or rolled up above your elbows. If your hair is long, use hair net or hair cap. Insert the ends of your necktie or scarf inside clothing or fasten it with a nonconductive clip, approximately three (3) inches from the end. Do not wear jewelry, chains, metal-frame eyeglasses, or metal fasteners. Remember: Metal objects are good conductors
After service, reinstall all safety shields, guards, labels, and ground wires. Replace any safety device that is worn out or defective. Finally, reinstall all covers correctly before returning the unit to the customers. Electrical safety Electric current from power, telephone, and communication cables can be
hazardous. To avoid personal injury or equipment damage, disconnect the attached power cords, telecommunications systems, networks and modems before you open
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the server/workstation covers, unless instructed otherwise in the installation and
configuration procedure. Precautions
Disconnect all power before: Performing a mechanical inspection Working near power supplies Removing or installing main units Before starting work on thehas machine, unplug the power Never assume that power been disconnected fromcord. a circuit. First, check that it has been powered-off. Always look carefully for possible hazards in your work Moist floors Non-grounded power extension cables Power surges. If an electrical accident occurs: Switch off power Send another person to get medical aid Safety Inspection Guide
1. These steps will help you identify potentially unsafe conditions on electrical products: Check exterior covers for damage (loose, broken, or sharp edges) Power-off computer. Disconnect the power cord. The power cord should be the appropriate type. Insulation on the power cord must not be frayed or worn out. Remove the cover. Check for any obvious alteration. Use good judgment as to the safety of any alterations. Check for worn out, frayed or pinched cables. Check that the power-supply cover fasteners (screws or rivets) have not been removed or tampered with. Accident Reporting Policy and Procedure
There must be a process put in place to report accidents, incidents or near misses for immediate action and to help track causes. The organization needs to identify what needs to be reported, to whom it is to be reported, and how to report it, then put this
process into a written procedure. For example: Any accident, incident, or "near miss," no matter how slight the injury or damage, must be reported to the department supervisor immediately for appropriate action.
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The supervisor is responsible for taking appropriate follow-up action, including getting medical attention for the injured, completing an investigation report and recommending or implementing appropriate corrective actions.
The primary purpose of the accident investigation is to identify the cause(s) of the accident, incident or "near miss" and take action to prevent a similar occurrence in the
future. In some instances, an employee's or volunteer's failure to follow recognized safety procedures requires disciplinary action to protect co-workers. Remember: One person's actions can jeopardize the safety of others in the workplace. Accident Reporting Policy Sample
Approved by Chairman: Date: 1. Purpose [complies with legislation, ensure the necessary action to prevent any recurrence and to enable the organization to maintain proper records. 2. Scope [accident, incident, near-miss; employee, volunteer, anyone on site or involved in organization-sponsored activities] 3. Definitions [of terms] 4. Accident Reporting [timeline, to whom, how (phone, e-mail, fax) •\ OSHA, NIOSH?] 5. Absence resulting from an accident [who to report to, Return-to work] 6. Accident Investigation [who investigates, what to do with resulting recommendations] 7. Forms [Names, where to find them] 8. Reportable Diseases [communicable diseases listed where?] Accident Investigation Procedures
The senior staff member available at the accident scene or the first member notified should complete the appropriate investigation reporting form (accident, incident, near miss). The completed form should be given to the organization's safety committee, which will forward a copy of the report to the safety coordinator for review. When an employee or volunteer is injured: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Get the person professional medical attention. Protect others. Minimize property damage. Stabilize the situation. 197
5. Conduct an investigation. General guidelines for investigating accidents:
Go to the scene of the accident while the facts are fresh. Inspect and record any changed physical characteristics or conditions of the accident site Preserve any physical evidence, such as potentially defective equipment. Take photos to help preserve the scene (i.e., puddles on the floor, overturned storage shelves and spilled contents). Talk to the injured person, if possible. Talk to any eyewitnesses. Ask simple open-ended questions, one question at a time, and attempt to have events related chronologically to ensure thorough coverage. Distinguish a person's actual knowledge from hearsay. Ask when, where, who, how, and what was said or done. Avoid opinions, judgments or conclusions and be as objective as possible. Avoid commenting on the information gathered except to confirm your understanding or to clarify. Stress getting the facts. Do not comment on liability or fault during the investigation. Listen for clues in the conversation around you. Unsolicited comments often have merit. Review and finalize any notes immediately upon completion of your inspection and any interview or other communication with those involved. Fill out the appropriate accident, incident or near-miss form, giving an accurate account of the facts. Send the form to the safety coordinator and safety committee for their review. Accident reports Forms are used to give specific details with regards to the accidents
happened in the laboratory during experiments. Accident reports contain the following details: Name of the person injured Date of and time of the accident Type injury First aid given Action taken to prevent further accidents
198
Task. Accomplish the sample Accident report sample form
Date: Form No:
Accident Report Form
Rm. No: Name:
Type of Injury
Yr/Sec:
Cause of Injury
Remedy
199
Replacing different Components Computer Parts Replacement Whenfactors: replacing computer parts and peripherals, you need to consider the following
1. Compatibility of the component or part 2. Consider the component specification 3. Components form factor Compatibility of the Component
When replacing computer parts you should check if it is compatible with your unit. Double check on your computer manual if the component you are replacing is compatible or not with the unit because this may lead to system crash. Component Specification focuses on the specification of the component. Check if the voltage rating, This current rating, memory size and frequency matches your computer unit. Form factor The components‟ manufacturer should be considered. Check if the unit you
are trying to repair or upgrade is generic or branded units. Branded units have their own set of components compatible only to their units, while genetic types can be
used only to generic type of units. List of Components Commonly Replaced in a Computer System Note: Please refer to the Video for Proper Replacement of the components or parts
of the computer. Memory -is technically any form of electronic storage; it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage. It is commonly
called RAM (Random Access Memory).
Figure25. Memory 200
Video Cards-also referred to as a graphics accelerator, is an item of personal computer hardware whose function is to generate and output images to a display.
Figure26. Video Card
Network Interface Card - is also known as LAN card. A PC interface to network cabling. It is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer
network
Figure27. LAN Card
Hard disk drive - is a fixed computer storage
medium
Figure27. LAN Card
Motherboard - is also known as the mainboard. It
contains circuits that perform various functions.
Figure28. Motherboard Processor - is also known as CPU or the Central
Processing unit Figure28. CPU
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CMOS Battery-Refers to a small memory on PC motherboards
that is used to store BIOS settings.
Figure29. CMOS Battery
CD/DVD Drive - A DVDis an optical disc storage media
format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic in 1995
Figure30. CD/DVD
Sound card - is an internal computer expansion card that facilitates
the input
and output of audio signals
Figure31. Sound Card
Directions: Write your answer on your notebook
1. Give the functions of each component. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Memory Video card NIC Motherboard
5. HDD 2. Factors to consider when replacing a component. 1._____________________ 2._____________________ 3._____________________
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Upgrading Your Computer Components To upgrade means to change some parts with faster and better performing ones.
These parts may even cost less and more powerful. Commonly Upgraded Computer Parts 1. Monitors- replace old CRT monitors to new LCD or LED monitors.
2. Optical drives - old CD-ROMs drives are commonly replaced with DVD-ROM and
DVD writers.
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Hard Drives - small capacity hard drives are replaced with faster and high capacity
hard drives.
Keyboards and mouse- keyboards and mouse are commonly replaced with optical
mouse and wireless keyboards.
RAM (Random Access Memory)- upgrading the computer‟s memory or RAM speeds up the performance of the computer
204
Video cards- upgrade computer‟s graphics card to improve the computer
performance in terms of graphics and games.
Processors- replacing the processors increase the data processing speed.
Modem- installing a modem enables your computer to connect to the internet.
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How to Speed up the Computer
1. Defragmenter utility: Automatically analyzes the empty disk space on the hard disk and defrag all scattered files.
Figure31. Defragmenter Utility
2. Shutdown Unnecessary programs : Close all unwanted programs at the Windows start up and this will automatically increase the windows loading time and speed of the computer will also be increased. 3. Increased memory: Increasing the memory in the system will result to exceptional speed of your computer.
Figure32. Increasing the memory
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4. Disk Cleanup: You can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.
Figure33. Disk Cleanup
5. Empty Recycle Bin: Delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you will get the space of C drive for reusability.
Figure34. Emptying the recycle bin Memory Upgrade To make your computer faster, you can upgrade its memory. Here are the steps in upgrading your computer‟s memory
1. Remove the memory modules from the slot.
Figure34. Removing memory module from the slot
207
2. In Fig 35 the notches we have marked as A are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot. The notches we have marked as B are used to align the memory module with the DIMM slot key C as shown in Figure 36.
Figure 35. Notch A
In Figure 36 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Figure 36 this allows the memory to be inserted. Figure 36. DIMM Slot
3. Now you are ready to install the module,
ensuring the notches line up with the keys gently but firmly push the memory into the slot until it is seated fully(see Fig 37 the ejector clips should rise to the vertical position as shown in Fig 38).
Figure 37. Ejector clips
4. Now your memory is installed. Be sure you have not loosened any cables while working and also ensure that the memory module is fully seated and the ejector clips are in the vertical position. Figure 38. Ejector clips in vertical position
Video card Upgrade Installing the video card Next, take the video card (hold it by the edges) and line it up with the slot
paying careful attention to the alignment notch. When it is aligned correctly, press gently but firmly until the card is seated fully and evenly into the slot (see fig 39).
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Figure39. Video card seated fully and evenly on a slot
When you are happy that the card is firmly in place, insert the fixing screw (fig 40) and check to make sure you have not loosened anything during installation. Replace the case cover and reconnect the mains power.
Figure40. Inserting fixing screw
When you reboot your machine Windows (or other OS) should find the card automatically, it may then ask you to insert the disk/CD that came with your video card, insert the CD and follow the on-screen instructions to install the video card
driver. Hard Drive Upgrade
The first thing to do (after removing the case covers) is to locate the drive bay where the hard drive will go (see fig 41 below).
Figure41. Locate the drive bay
209
The next step is to attach the IDE and power cables.
In figure 42 below you can see a standard IDE Cable, note there are three (3) connections (notice the difference in distance between the connectors). Connection A plugs into the motherboard and then the slave and master connections are used for IDE devices such as hard drives, if you are only installing one drive or the new drive is to be the master then use the master connector, if the drive is to be the slave then use the slave connector. The IDE cable will be marked down one side with a red or black strip, this
denotes Pin 1, match this with the Pin 1 indicator on the back of the hard drive. The power cable you will find in your case is attached to your power supply; you can see an example below in figure 43.
Figure42. Standard IDE Cable
Figure43. Power Cable
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Basic Network Errors If your network connection is not configured properly or suffers a technical failure, you will often see some error message generated and displayed on your
screen. These messages give helpful clues to the nature of the issue. Use this list of the common network-related error messages to help troubleshoot and fix networking problems.
Network Problem error Messages Network problem error message 1 Read the message in the box. Box running software 14.8 and above:
Box running software 14.7 and below:
No network adapter. (N01)
A network adapter was not detected. (N01)
Please make sure that your network adapter is securely plugged into a USB port on the back of the box.
Please make sure that your network adapter is securely plugged into a USB port on the back of the box.
Possible solution for error message 1 Quick Steps
1. If you have a TiVo Wireless G or N Adapter: Remove the adapter from the TiVo box for 15 - 60 seconds and reconnect. Then force a connection to the TiVo service. 2. Try another USB port (when applicable). 3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps below for additional assistance.
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Network problem error message 2 Read the message in the box. Box running software 14.8 and above: Box running software 14.7 and below: Problem with router. (N03)
It might be temporarily out of IP addresses. Wait a few minutes, and then try connecting again. If the DHCP server is part of your home network, try increasing the number of IP addresses it can assign.
The DHCP server was unable to supply an IP address.(N03)
It might be temporarily out of IP addresses. Wait a few minutes, and then try connecting again. If the DHCP server is part of your home network, try increasing the number of IP addresses it can assign.
Possible solution for error message 2
s p te S k ic u Q
1. Power cycle your network, then force a connection to the TiVo service. 2. Renew the DHCP lease on your router. NOTE: Please contact your router manufacturer if you are unsure how to do this. 3. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps below for additional assistance.
Network problem error message 3 Read the message in the box:
Box running software 14.8 and above:
Box running software 14.7 and below:
Problem with network settings. (N05)
The specified IP address () is already in use by another device on the network. (N05)
Change your network settings to use a different (and unused) IP address.
Change your network settings to use a different (and unused) IP address.
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Possible solution for error message 3
s p e t S k c i u Q
1. If the box is using a static IP address, then it will need to be changed. See How to configure network settings on your TiVo box for instructions. 2. Power cycle your network devices, then force a connection to the TiVo service. 3. Renew the DHCP lease on your router. NOTE: Please contact your router manufacturer if you are unsure how to do this.
Network problem error message 4
Read the message in the box: Box running software 14.8 and above: Wireless Network Not Found. (N06)
Box running software 14.7 and below: Could not connect to the wireless network (). (N06)
Possible solution for error message 4
s p te S k ic u Q
1. Verify your TiVo box has the latestsoftware version to support the encryption used by your router. 2. Make sure your wireless network is operational and you have sufficient signal strength where the box is located. See How to configure network settings on your TiVo box for instructions. 3. Verify you entered the correct the correct name of your network and/or the correct encryption key or password. 4. Check for possible interference sources nearby, such as microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc. 5. Power cycle your network devices, then force a connection to the TiVo service. 6. Move your wireless adapter to improve signal strength. 7. Contact your router manufacturer to determine whether you need to update your router firmware. 8. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps below for additional assistance.
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Network problem error message 8
Read the message in the box: Box running software 14.8 and above:
Box running software 14.7 and below:
Adapter not set up. (N08)
Your network adapter has not been set up for use with the box. (N08)
Select Change network settings to begin setting up your network adapter. Select Change network settings to begin setting up your network adapter.
Possible solution for error message 8
s p e t S k c i u Q
1. TiVo Wireless N adapter: Verify that your adapter has been set up properly. Please see TiVo Wireless N Adapter Setupfor instructions. 2. Verify you entered the correct name of your network and/or the correct encryption key or password. 3. Verify your wireless adapter is compatible with your TiVo box. 4. Try another USB port (when applicable). 5. If these steps have not resolved your issue, see Detailed Steps below for additional assistance.
Common Network Errors and Solutions Network Errors
Network problem is not accessible
Message: " ... is not accessible. You may not have permission to use this network resource. Contact the administrator of this server to find out if you have access permissions. The semaphore timeout period has expired."
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Possible Solutions
Make sure no any firewall running. Make sure you have created the same workgroup, and the same username for logging on a remote computer. Check user's rights. You may want to enable guest account on windows. if you are using simple file sharing, you may try to disable it and re-share the drive manually. If it is mixed OS network, enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP. Make sure the Computer Browser service is
started if all computers are w2k/xp. Stop Computer Browser service on wwin9x, ME and NT if this is a mixed OS network. Cache credential by using net use \\computername\share /user:username command (it is better to have the username
10.
logon shared computer). If you have tried enabling netbios over tcp/ip but doesn't work, you may try to load netbeui
11.
(loading netbeui may slow your network). Make sure the server service is running. 214
12.
Still need help, contact consultant at http://hidev.com/contactus.asp for the tech support.
Network problem not available. The server is not configured for transactions"
1. Type command "net share" on the shared computer. If there is not a share named "IPC$" in the share list, use the command "net share ipc$" to create it.
An extended error has
1. This issue may occur if the workstation doesn't
occurred" or "Access Denied" Symptoms: When
mapping
synchronize the time with the server. After verifying that basic network connectivity exists, you can force time synchronization on the client computer
a
network drive using net use or using the net view command to view a different computer in the domain, you may
manually. To do this, run net time /domain /set
command. 2. Make sure you have granted enough licenses for
clients accessing.
receive: "An extended error has occurred" or "Access Denied" error messages. “Computer name is not
accessible. No permission to access the resources"
"Multiple connections to
the server or shared resource are not allowed"
1. Are you sure the logon user has permission to the shared folder? 2. Have you tried to logon using the same user name and password of the accessed computer? 3. The last and risky one, if you enable guest account in computer, can you access now? 1. Try using net use /d from a command to clear all
your mapped connections before joining the domain. You can also disconnect the mapped drive in Windows Explorer by right-click the mapped drive and select disconnection.
Symptom: when attempting to join a domain, you may receive "Multiple connections to the server or shared resource are not allowed. Please disconnect all previous connections to the server or shared resource and try again."
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"Network path not found" in a domain network 1
1. This issue may occur if the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service is not running on the client computer. To start the TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service, go to
SYMPTOMS:
MMS>Services, double-click TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper Service.
When trying to join a
domain by using he NetBIOS domain name, you are successful but not the FQDN and you may receive one of the
following messages:
error
1) The following error occurred attempting to join domain "example.com": The network location cannot be reached.
For information about network troubleshooting, see Windows Help. 2) Network path not found. "Network path not found" in a domain network 2
1. You can find some computer browser errors on the DNS server. Disable one of two NICs will work. More resolutions can be found in browser Issue page.
"Network path not found" in a workgroup network - error 53
1. Make sure that File and Printer Sharing is enabled on the shared computer. Make sure that shared machine has something shared. 2. Make sure that you have created the same workgroup and logon the same username Make sure that you have enabled NetBIOS over TCP/IP if this is a mixed OS network.
"Not accessible. You may not have permission to use this network resource"
1. Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP on one or more computers in the workgroup. To do that, go to properties of Local Area Connection>properties of Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)>General> Advanced>WINS, check Ena
Symptom:Your peer-
to-peer
network, may
receive the following
ble NetBIOS over TCP/IP ( If you have a DHCPassigned IP address, select Use NetBIOS setting from the DHCP server ). 216
error when you doubleclick My Network Places/Computers Near Me: is not accessible. You may
2. Make sure the Computer Browser service is started.
not have permission to
use this resource.
"Not
network
enough
server
storage is available to process this command." error. SYMPTOMS: When accessing shares on a
server from a client, you may
receive
"Not
enough server storage is available to process
this command." error. You may receive this
message and Event ID: 2011 after you install Norton Antivirus for
1. The registry value IRPstackSize may be not explicitly present. To increase the value of the parameter, go to the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentContro lSet\Services\ LanmanServer\Parameters. If the key is not present, choose Add Value in the Registry Editor. The Value Name should be IRPStackSize and the Data Type is REG_DWORD. 2. Remove any unnecessary entries from this value in the registry, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlS et\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters\NullSession Pipes. 3. Disable Norton antivirus to see if that will fix the problem.
Windows. "No logon server available" Symptoms: you can
ping the server by ip and name but can't map the shared drive by using net use \\ip or \\servern ame. If you try, you may receive the "No
This sounds like cache credential issue.
1. Make sure the computers in the same network, the same workgroup/domain and have created the same username. 2. Use net use \\servername\sharename password /user: username to cache the credential.
logon server available".
Still need help, contact consultant at http://hide v.com/contactus.asp for the tech support.
1. Disable ICF if you don't need it. 2. Open port # (UDP and TCP) from 135 through 139 and/or 445. to do this, go to the properties of the connection>Advanced>ICF>Settings>Services. For Microsoft file sharing SMB: add (UDP and TCP) 217
"System error 6118 has occurred. The list of servers for this workgroup is not currently available." Symptoms: When using the net view \\computername comm
ports from 135 through 139. For direct-hosted SMB traffic without network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) uses port (TCP and UDP) 445. Note: the external and internal port numbers should be identical.
and, you receive the following error message: System error 6118 has occurred. The list of servers for this workgroup is not currently available. "The password incorrect. Try again"
is
1. You need to setup every user that needs access to the shared folder on every computer they have to connect to. Then give the proper user proper permission to the shared folder. 2. Logon the same user and password. 3. As always, you can try to enable a guest account on the accessed machine.
"There are no entries on the list"
1. If there are no file or print shares on the computer,
Symptom : when using
are file or print shares on the computer. Or to use net share command to check sharing status. 2. Make sure no firewall running because the firewall may block sharing.
net view \\remotecomputer command,
you
may
the net view command displays a "There are no entries in the list" message. So, make sure there
receive "There are no entries on the list". And you may have a problem to access the
remote computer.
"Unable
to
access
Computers near Me" or "Workgroup is not accessible" errors
1. NetBIOS over TCP/IP. To do that, go to the properties of TCP/IP>Advanced>WINS. If you are using a static Internet Protocol (IP) address, click 2. Enable NetBIOS over TCP/IP. If you have a DHCPassigned IP address, click Use NetBIOS setting from the DHCP server. No Master Browser or too many browsers may cause this issue. Check Browser issue.
218
"Unable to Browse Network" Symptom: When you
attempt to browse your network by opening Entire Network in My Network Places/Network Neighborhood, you may receive the following error message: Unable
1. 2. 3. 4.
Have you loaded the NIC or is it working? Have you loaded common protocol, TCP/IP? Does the Computer browser work? Have you enable file and printer sharing in the accessed computer? 5. Is the workstation service running?
to Browse Network.
219
Award BIOS / CMOS Setup This is the BIOS setup for Award BIOS v6.00PG. If you have a different
version of the Award BIOS there would be a lot of similarities. If your BIOS are AMI or Phoenix then the common BIOS features would have some similarities. Whatever BIOS you have, this setup guide should give you an idea about how to setup BIOS. Please note that setting up BIOS incorrectly could cause system malfunction, therefore it is recommended that you also follow the BIOS guide provided on your motherboard manual. If you decide to make changes to certain options it is safer to make a note of what you have changed. Then restart the system to see how it performs. If the system behaves abnormally or becomes unstable you can revert
back to your previous settings. Soft menu III
Soft menu III is where you can setup up the CPU without setting jumpers on the motherboard. You can setup the CPU simply by selecting the speed i.e. Pentium III 750 from the list. This ensures that the CPU bus, multiplier, voltage etc, is correctly set for that particular CPU. However you can manually setup each feature if
required. Once you have finished with the setup press ESC to return the previous
menu.
Figure44. BIOS CMOS Setup Utility
220
Standard CMOS Features
Here you can setup the basic BIOS features such as date, time, type of floppy etc. Use the arrow keys to move around and press enter to select the required
option. You can specify what IDE devices you have such as Hard drive, CD-ROM, ZIP drive etc. The easiest way to setup the IDE devices is by leaving it set to auto. This allows the BIOS to detect the devices automatically so you don't have to do it manually. At the bottom, it also displays the total memory in your system.
Figure45. Standard CMOS Feature Advanced BIOS Features
As you can see from figure 3, there are numerous advance settings which you can select if required. For most cases leaving the default setting should be adequate. As you can see the first boot device is set to floppy. This ensures that the floppy disk is read first when the system boots, and therefore can boot from windows boot disk. The second boot device is the Hard disk and third is set to LS120. If you want to boot from a bootable CD then you can set the third boot device to CD/DVD-ROM.
221
Figure46. Advance Bios Feature Advanced Chipset Features
Here you can setup the contents of the chipset buffers. It is closely related to the hardware and is therefore recommended that you leave the default setting unless you know what you are doing. Having an incorrect setting can make your system unstable. If you know that your SDRAM can handle CAS 2, then making changes can speed up the memory timing. If you have 128MB SDRAM then the maximum
amount of memory the AGP card can use is 128MB.
Figure47. Advance Bios Chipset
222
Integrated Peripherals
This menu allows you to change the various I/O devices such as IDE controllers, serial ports, parallel port, keyboard etc. You can make changes as necessary.
Figure48. Integrated Peripherals Power Management Setup
The power management allows you to setup various power saving features, when the PC is in standby or suspend mode.
Figure49. Power Management setup
223
PnP/PCI Configurations
This menu allows you to configure your PCI slots. You can assign IRQ's for various PCI slots. It is recommended that you leave the default settings as it can get a bit complicated messing around with IRQ's
Figure50. Pnp /PCI Configurations PC Health Status This menu displays the current CPU temperature, the fan speeds, voltages etc. You can set the warning temperature which will trigger an alarm if the CPU
exceeds the specified temperature.
Figure51. PC Health Status 224
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
If you made changes to the BIOS and your system becomes unstable as a result, you can change it back to default. However if you made many changes and don't know which one is causing the problem, your best bet is to choose the option "Load Fail Safe Mode Defaults" from the BIOS menu. This uses a minimal performance setting, but the system would run in a stable way. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by enter to load Fail-Safe Defaults.
Figure52. Load fail-safe defaults
Load Optimized Defaults Like the Fail-Safe mode above, this option loads the BIOS default settings, but runs the system at optimal performance. From the dialog box Choose "Y"
followed by enter to load Optimized Defaults.
Figure53. Load optimized Set Password
To password protect your BIOS you can specify a password. Make sure you don't forget the password or you cannot access the BIOS. The only way you can
access the BIOS is by resetting it using the reset jumper on the motherboard.
Figure54. Load optimized
225
Save and Exit Setup
To save any changes you made to the BIOS you must choose this option. From the dialog box choose "Y".
Figure55. Save to CMOS and EXIT Exit without Saving
If you don't want to save changes made to the BIOS, choose "N" from the dialog box.
Figure56. Quit Without Saving
226
Task 1. The BIOS settings in the CMOS memory have become corrupted or damaged Task: Check the CMOS battery and replace if needed. Procedure:
1. Power on your desktop pc and wait for the POST 2. Read the Power on self-test report and do the necessary procedure to solve the problem. 3. Boot up your pc into BIOS setup. 4. Look for incorrect or changing time settings. A noticeable symptom is an invalid time showing within the operating system. This symptom is confirmed if time sets after the computer system is restarted. Under these circumstances, the CMOS battery should be replaced. Procedure: On how to replace the CMOS Battery.
1. Locate your CMOS battery 2. Obtain battery information 3. Removing the battery 4. Insert the new battery 5. Enter CMOS values You will be assessed using the following criteria Evaluation CRITERIA Passed
Failed
1. Sequence of steps in CMOS diagnosing procedure is followed. 2. Sequence of steps for replacing CMOS battery is followed carefully. 3. Safety precaution is observed.
Remarks
227
Practicing TCP/IP Networking Skills While connected to the Internet or another TCP/IP network, answer these
questions: 1. What is your current IP address? 2. Release and renew your IP address. Now what is your IP address? 3. Are you using dynamic or static IP addressing? How do you know? 4. What is your adapter address for this connection? 5. What is your default gateway IP address? 6. What response do you get when you ping the default gateway?
Task 2. Investigating Verizon FiOS Verizon (www.verizon.com) is currently offering an alternative to DSL and
cable modem for broadband Internet access. FiOS is a fiber-optic Internet service that uses fiber-optic cable all the way to your house for both your residential telephone service and Internet access. Search the Web for answers to these
questions about FiOS: 1. Give a brief description of FiOS and how it is used for Internet access. 2. What downstream and upstream speeds can FiOS support? 3. When using FiOS, does your telephone voice communication share the fiber-optic cable with Internet data? 4. What does Verizon say about FiOS cabling used for television? 5.Is FiOS available in your area?
228
Hardware Upgrade Tool, Materials, and Equipment Tools
Philip Screw Deriver Anti-static wrist strap Anti-static mat Equipment
Network Card Network Card Upgrade
Given the tools and materials, upgrade your computer by installing a network card.
You will be assessed using the following criteria Evaluation CRITERIA Passed
Failed
1. Safety precautions are observed. 2. Appropriate tools are used in upgrading
3. Necessary improvement and adjustment are done in terms up upgrading. Remarks
229
LESSON 4: TEST SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Testing Computer System Is your PC healthy? Don't be too sure. Think back to when you heard a kerklunk sound coming from the hard drive. Or maybe you remember the last time
your Internet connection was down. The best way to find out what's wrong is to take a proactive approach: Check under your PC's hood with the following mostly free diagnostic tools, and see if
anything is amiss--before disaster strikes. Three Major Components of Computer System:
Hardware Software Firmware Test Your Hardware
Checking your computer hardware and its peripherals 1. Computer Monitor and its peripherals
Monitor and interface cables Video card Monitor power cable
Interface cables
230
Video cards
Monitor power cable
2. Keyboard and Mouse
Keyboard connector Mouse Connector
Keyboard connecter
Mouse connector
3. I/O port and devices Connection between the I/O port and the peripheral device A faulty cable between the I/O port and the peripheral device A faulty peripheral device Incorrect settings in the System Setup program Incorrect settings in the system's configuration files Faulty I/O port logic on the system board
231
I/O circuit board
Parallell ports
4. Power supply
Power cord Fuse
Fuse
Power plug
Power supply
232
Testing Your Software
Check the different software installed in the computer. 1. Operating system
Run live updates for your operating systems to get the latest patches and protection for your OS. Run registry scanners to check the OS registry configuration
2. Application Software
Check for live updates
233
3. Anti-virus software
Run anti-virus program Check for virus signature updates Check for spyware updates
Test Your Firmware
Firmware- is a combination of hardware and software integrated on a chip. To test the firmware Check for the correct configuration can accomplish this by configuring the
BIOS in the computer
234
Sample Accomplishment Report Form
Task to be accomplished Hardware component testing
Status Working properly
Software testing
Not working properly
Status Working properly
Not working properly
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Error Beep codes
When a PC is first switched on or reset it performs a special diagnostic test called a POST (Power-On Self Test), to check all components in the PC, the POST program sends out a signal to each device initializing each device's built-in self test procedure. The POST test is a two stage process: 1. First, it will check all the basic components including among other things the
system clock, the processor, RAM, the keyboard controller and the Video 2. After the video has been tested the BIOS will then indicate any errors encountered by displaying either a
numeric code or a text message on the screen. When a device fails the first part of the POST, the BIOS will send a series of beeps from the PC's speaker (internal) to inform the PC user that there is a problem these beeps are coded allowing the user to diagnose the troublesome component. When the POST has been completed successfully, the PC will make a short beep to let the user know everything is as it should be. Three (3) major brands of BIOS chip
1. AWARD BIOS 2. Phoenix BIOS 3. AMI BIOS
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Each type of BIOS chip has it own error code AMI BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Indicator
Error message
Solution
Check memory 1 Beep
Memory refresh failure Memory parity error Check memory
2 Beeps
Memory read/write error
3 Beeps
Motherboard timer not functioning
Check memory
Processor error 4Beeps
5Beeps
6 Beeps
Gate A20/keyboard controller failure
Processor exception interrupt
Display memory read/write failure
Replace motherboard Replace processor
Replace motherboard
Replace processor
ROM checksum error
Replace video card
CMOS shutdown read/write error
Replace BIOS
7 Beeps
8 Beeps
Bad cache memory 9 Beeps 10 Beeps
chip/Motherboard Replace BIOS chip/Motherboard Replace cache memory
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Phoenix BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES Phoenix BIOS beep codes are a series of beeps separated by a pause, for
example: beep --- beep beep --- beep --- beep beep would be 1-2-1-2
Indicator
1-1-4-1
Error message
Cache error
Solution
Check cache memory Check BIOS ROM
1-2-2-3
BIOS ROM Checksum
DRAM test rate
Check DRAM
Keyboard controller test
Check keyboard controller
RAM failure
Check memory
1-3-1-1
1-3-1-3
Check memory
1-3-4-1 RAM failure data bits of low memory bus
1-3-4-3
RAM failure data bits of high memory bus
1-4-1-1
ROM copyright notice
2-1-2-3
Test for unexpected interrupt
Check memory
Check ROM
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AWARD BIOS ERROR BEEP CODES
Indicator
One long beep and two short beeps
Two short beeps
Error message
Solution
Video error
Replace video card
Non-fatal error
Reset RAM, Check other components.
Directions : Answer the following questions and place your answers on your
answer sheet.
1. What does the acronym POST stand for? 2. What are the Three Major Brand of BIOS chips 3. Identify the following error codes:
1-2-2-3 1-3-4-1 2-1-2-3 1-1-4-1 1-3-1-1
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Directions:
Test I. Identify the tools presented below and write your answer in separate paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Directions: Test II. List down at list Five (5) common problem and solution. Use a separate
sheet of paper if needed.
Task 1.Understanding Hardware Documentation
Obtain the manual for the motherboard for your PC. (If you cannot find the manual, trydownloading it from the motherboard manufacturer‟s Web site.) Answer these
questions: 1.What processors does the board support? 2.What type of RAM does the board support? 3.What is the maximum RAM the board can hold? 4.If the board has a PCIe slot, what version of PCIe does the board use? 5.What chipset does the board use?
Task 2. Teaching Yourself About Windows Meeting Space Using the Windows Help and Support window, Search for information on
Windows Meeting Space. Describe the tool. When would you want to use it? What can you do with Windows Meeting Space? Set up and test the tool with a friend on a network connection.
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Task 1. Testing a Computer Unit Equipment, Tools, and Materials: Tools
Multi-tester Screw driver Equipment
Computer
unit
Monitor Keyboard and mouse Power cables
Materials
Bond paper Ruler and Pencil Hardware Testing and Documentation Directions: Test the following computer peripherals and equipment with the use of
the tools provider. Document your testing with the use of an accomplishment form.
Assigned Task Hardware component testing
Condition Working
Not working
properly
properly
Computer monitor Power supply
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Keyboard
Mouse
You will be assessed using the following criteria
CRITERIA
Rating
1. Sequence of steps in testing is followed.
20%
2. Safety precautions are observed.
20%
3. Appropriate tools are used in testing.
30%
4. An accomplishment report is created.
30%
Total
100%
Task 2.Identify Error codes Equipment, Tools, and Materials: Tools
Screw drivers Anti-static wrist strap Equipment
Computer unit Memory Error Codes
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Given the tools and equipment, identify the memory error code by removing the module in the computer unit You will be assessed using the following criteria Evaluation: CRITERIA
Rating
1. Observance of safety precautions.
30%
2. Appropriate tools are used in testing.
30%
3. Identifying the error code.
40% 100%
Total
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Instruction: Read each of the questions in the left-hand column of the chart. Place a check on the column that indicate your answers I Can
YES
NO
Plan and prepare work to ensure occupational health and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to on form with job requirements Interpret work instructions according to job requirements Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its location prior to installation Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with job requirements Check/Test devices/systems and/or installations to determine the conformity to job requirements. Check computer systems and networks for configuration in accordance with specifications and requirements Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks in line with standard operating procedures (SOP) Configure the identified systems and networks based on specifications and job requirements Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual Correct/Adjust components or parts of computer systems and networks in accordance with job requirements Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation Perform scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with manufacturer's requirements Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established procedures, when necessary Document tasks undertaken in accordance with SOP Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in accordance with company SOP
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250
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Computer System - The complete computer made up of the CPU, memory and
related electronics (main cabinet), all the peripheral devices connected to it and its operating system. Computer systems fall into two broad divisions: clients and servers. Client machines fall into three categories from low to high end: laptop,
desktop and workstation. Servers range from small to large: low -end servers, midrange servers and mainframes. Configuration - The makeup of a system. To "configure" is to choose options in
order to create a custom system. "Configurability" is a system's ability to be changed or customized. Connector - Any plug and socket that links two devices together. Although taken for
granted and rarely in the limelight, connectors are a huge industry, and the quality of these components is more critical than most people would imagine. When not designed or constructed properly, they often become the weakest element in an
electronic system. Display Adapter - A plug-in card in a desktop computer that converts the images
created in the computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It determines the maximum resolution, refresh rate and number of colors that can be displayed, which the monitor must also be able to support. On many PC
motherboards, the display adapter circuits are built into the chipset, and an AGP or PCI card is not required. ESD (Electro Static Discharge)- A small amount of static electricity that can destroy small parts of your computer. Expansion Board - A printed circuit board that plugs into an expansion slot and extends the computer's capability to control a peripheral device. All the boards (cards) that plug into a computer's bus are expansion boards, such as display
adapters, disk controllers, network adapters and sound cards. Expansion Bus - An input/output bus typically comprised of a series of slots on the
motherboard. Expansion boards (cards) are plugged into the bus. ISA and PCI are the common expansion buses in a PC. Graphical User Interface - A graphics-based user interface that incorporates movable windows, icons and a mouse. The ability to resize application windows and change style and size of fonts are the significant advantages of a GUI vs. a character-based interface. GUIs have become the standard way users interact with a
computer, and the major GUIs are the Windows and Mac interfaces along with Motif for Unix and the GNOME and KDE interfaces for Linux. Motherboard - Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit board in an electronic device, which contains sockets that accept additional boards. In a
desktop computer, the motherboard contains the CPU, chipset, PCI bus slots, AGP slot, memory sockets and controller circuits for the keyboard, mouse, disks and
printer. It may also have built-in controllers for modem, sound, display and network, 252
obviating the need to plug in a card. A laptop motherboard typically has all peripheral controllers built in. Operating System - The master control program that runs the computer. The first
program loaded when the computer is turned on, its main part, the "kernel," resides in memory at all times. The operating system sets the standards for all application programs that run in the computer. The applications "talk to" the operating system for all user interface and file management operations. Also called an "executive" or
"supervisor," an operating system performs the following functions. Peripheral - Any hardware device connected to a computer, such as a monitor, keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse Server - A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users. Servers come in all sizes from x86-based PCs to IBM mainframes. A server may have a keyboard, monitor and mouse directly attached, or one keyboard, monitor and mouse may connect to any number of servers via a KVM switch. Servers may be
also be accessed only through a network connection as well. Sound Card - Also called a "sound board" or "audio adapter," it is a computer expansion board that records and plays back sound, providing inputs f rom a microphone or other sound source and outputs to speakers or an external amplifier. The de facto standard for sound card compatibility in PCs is Creative Labs' Sound Blaster. User Interface - All graphics based today, the user interface includes the windows,
menus and method of interaction between you and the computer. Prior to the Mac, Windows and Motif (Unix) interfaces, all interaction was based on commands
entered by the user. Operating systems may support optional interfaces and allow a new shell, or skin, to be used instead. Virus - Software used to infect a computer. After the virus code is written, it is buried within an existing program. Once that program is executed, the virus code is activated and attaches copies of itself to other programs in the system. Infected
programs copy the virus to other programs.
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REFERENCES
Books and Articles and Printed Materials: Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, Desktop Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256 Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256 Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible, Desktop Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256 Ronaldo V. Ramilo and Deover M. Pasco , K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum- Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module -
Computer Hardware Servicing Jethro Campos , et.al , Competency - Based Learning Materials for Strengthening Technical Vocational Education Program Electronic Resources:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-memory-types.html Computer Memory Types
http://www.athropolis.com/popup/c-comp2.htm Measurements for Memory & Storage
http://www.ustudy.in/ce/hard/u1 Fundamentals of PC repair
http://danreb.com/sites/default/files/CHS-NC2%20Reviewer%20%20With%20Oral%20Questioning_0.pdf Occupational Health and Safet y Precautions
http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/CrissCrossSetupForm.asp Puzzles for Activities
http://info.psu.edu.sa/psu/cis/kalmustafa/CISCO/Lecture%20Slides/ITE_PC_v 40_Chapter2.pdf Occupational Safety Precautions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfKe8PPI2zs&feature=related Conversion of Decimal N umber to Binary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7M6_VeDhJE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6N7bqBsFL0w-
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Computer Hardware Basics
http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Computer-HardwareHow to install Computer Hardware
http://www.directron.com/howtoupsys.htmlHow to install Computer components
en.wikipedia.org http://www.bechtel.com/assets/files/Environmental/ToolboxSafetyTopics/20 10/ProperToolSelection.pdf Tool Selection http://www.iml.uts.edu.au/assessment-futures/designing/assembling.html http://www.instructables.com/id/Disassemble-a-Computer/- Computer Basics
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