CIVILIZATIA In acest capital sunt redate 40 de teme privind civilizatia spatiului cultural al limbii engleze.
1. United Kingdom The official name of the country we usually call England and occasionally Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The U. K. is situated on the group of islands lying just off the mainland of northwestern Europe. The British Isles include Great Britain proper, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales. The southern part of Ireland is the Republic of Eire. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel, the narrower part of which is called the Strait of Dover. The British Isles are surrounded by the shallow waters of the Irish Sea and the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the North Channel and the Atlantic Ocean. Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a country, in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found. There are wild desolate mountains in the northern Highlands of Scotland - the home of the deer and the eagle. The Pennine Range in northern England and the Cambrian Mountains in Wales are much lower. In the extreme south of England are the famous chalk hills, some of which form the Dover Cliffs. The southern and south-eastern parts of the island lie in varied lowlands. The rivers of the region are short and of no great importance as waterways. The longest of them is the "Father of London", the Thames, which is a little over 2 00 miles. Britain's principal ports are London, Liverpool, Manchester, Hull, and Glasgow. Thanks to climatic conditions, Britain in truth looks like one great well-ordered park with its old trees, green meadows and hedges.
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The capital of Great Britain is London. It's political, econom economic ic and commer commercia ciall center center of the count country. ry. Its population is about 8 million. Lond London on is divi divide ded d into into seve severa rall part parts: s: the the City City,, Westminster, the West End and the East End. The The heart heart of London London is the City, its its financ financial ial and business center. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the city to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. City. Perhap Perhaps s the most most striki striking ng of them them in St. Paul's Paul's Cathed Cathedral ral,, the greate greatest st of Britis British h church churches. es. Anothe Anotherr important monument of London is The Tower of London which was used for many purposes: as a royal palace, an observato observatory, ry, an arsenal, arsenal, a state state prison prison and it is now a museum. For many visitors the principal attraction is the Crown Jewels, Jewels, the finest precious precious stones of the nation. Westminst Westminster er is the historic, historic, the governmental governmental part of London. Westminster Abbey is a national shrine where the kings and queens are crowned and famous people are buried. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is the seat of the British Parliament. Parliament. The Clock Tower, Tower, which which contains the hour-bell called Big Ben, is known the world over. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. Trafa Trafalga lgarr Square Square is the geogra geographi phical cal center center of London London.. On the the north north side side of Trafal Trafalgar gar Square Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away away is the Britis British h Museum Museum - the biggest biggest museum museum in London. The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London. Only reach people live there. But in the same time The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. This is the place of living of the working class. . 51 So after all we can say that the UK is one of the most powerful countries with great culture and it would be very exiting to visit it.
3. Climate and Nature of Great Britain The climate climate in Great Britain is generally generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The south-western winds carry the warmth and moisture into Britain. The climate in Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and humid. British people say: "Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather." The weather in Britain changes very quickly. One day may be fine and the next day may be wet. The morning may be warm and the evening may be cool. Therefore it is natura naturall for the people people to use the compar comparis ison on "as change changeabl able e as the weather weather"" of a person person who often often change changes s his mood mood or opini opinion on about about someth something ing.. The weather is the favorite topic of conversation in Britain. Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. In the mountains there is heavier rainfall then in the plains of the south and east. The driest period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to January. The The averag average e range range of temper temperatu ature re (from (from winte winterr to summer) summer) is from 1 5 to 23 degrees degrees above zero. During During a normal summer the temperature sometimes rises above 30 degrees in the south. Winter temperatu temperatures res below 1 0 degrees are rare. It seldom snows heavily in winter, the frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldest months, July and August the warmest. Still the wind may bring winter cold in spring or summer days. Sometimes it brings the whirlwinds or hurricanes. Droughts are rare. So, we may say that the British climate climate has three main features: features: it is mild, humid humid and changeable. changeable. That means that it is never too hot or too cold. Winters are extremely extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts melts quickly. quickly. In winter the cold is humid cold, not the dry one. This humid and mild climate is good for plants. The trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring.
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Cust Custom oms s and and trad tradit itio ions ns in UK
Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The The Engli English sh are repute reputed d to be cold, cold, reserv reserved, ed, rather rather haughty people. They are steady, easy-going and fond of
sports. There are certain kinds of behavior, manners and customs which are peculiar to England. Britain is a nation of animal lovers. In Britain pets can send Christmas cards to their friends, birthday cards. Every Englishme Englishmen n spends spends his weekend weekend different different:: those who live in cities and towns like to go out of town. They may go to stay in the country to admire the bright sun and fresh air where no crowds of people, just silence and leisure are. There are some traditions concerning food. English cooking is heavy, substantial and plain. The Englishman likes likes a good breakfast. breakfast. To him a good breakfast breakfast means porr porrid idge ge with with,, fish fish,, baco bacon n and and eggs eggs,, toas toastt and and marmalade, tea or coffee. Tea is part of the prose of British life, as necessary as potatoes and bread. Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; 9 cups will put you to sleep at night. The English have a popular specialty known as fish and and chips. chips. They They are bought bought at specia speciall fish fish and chips chips shops.
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New New Ye Year's ar's Day in UK
The celebration of New Year's Day varies according to the district. district. In the south of England, England, the festival of Christmas, lasting 12 days from December 25th, runs on well well into into the the New Year. Year. The decorati decorations ons of colore colored d strea streamer mers s and holly, holly, put up round round the walls, walls, and of course course the fir-tree, fir-tree, with its candles candles or lights, lights, are not pack packed ed away away unti untill Janu Januar ary y 5th. 5th. On the the even evenin ing g of December 31st, people gather in one another's homes, in clubs, in pubs, in restaurants, and hotels, in dance halls and institutes, to "see the New Year in". On New Year's Day all English schoolchildren make New Year resolutions. They make up lists of shortcomings which they intend to correct. The children, their mothers and fathers, fathers, and their their friends friends laugh and have a good time when they read them. The children promise to keep them. In the north, and in Scotland, particularly, the Year know known n as Hogm Hogman anay ay is very very well well kept kept up. up. The The ceremonies are similar, but they have an added called "first foot". This means opening your door to anyone who knocks knocks it after after midnight, midnight, and who will then enter the house, carrying a piece of coal-or wood, or bread. The visitor is entertained with cakes and ale. Considerable quantities of good Scotch whiskey are consumed during these celebrations
6. Places of interest There are a lot of places of interest in London. They are all worth worth seeing. seeing. On the north side of Trafal Trafalgar gar Square stands one of the world's greatest art galleries. The National Gallery represents all schools of Western painting painting from the Italian Primitives Primitives to the early 20th century. Portraits by Reynolds and Gainsborough can be seen here. Since the time of William the Conqueror the Tower of London London has has served served as a fortre fortress ss,, a royal royal resid residenc ence, e, treas treasury ury,, mint mint and prison prison.. Here Here many many people people were were imprisoned and beheaded. Now it's a museum. St. St. Paul's Paul's Cathed Cathedral ral is the large largest st and the most most magnificent church of the city. The High Altar forms a memorial to those who died in the two World Wars. The Victoria and Albert Museum represents the finest examples of the applied and decorative arts of all kinds. It has colle collecti ctions ons of furni furnitur ture, e, jewell jewellery ery,, costum costumes, es, musical instruments and metalwork. The Barbican Barbican centre centre was opened by the Queen in 1982. It includes a concert hall, the home of the London Symphony Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra, two theatres theatres,, three three cinemas cinemas and an art gallery. Piccadill Piccadilly y Circus Circus is one of London's London's busiest busiest roadroad junction junctions. s. It's always always full of cars, cars, people people as there there are many theatres, shops and restaurants there. The statue of Eros is in the middle of Piccadilly. One of the beautiful beautiful things in London London is Madame Madame Tussa Tussaud' ud's s museum museum.. It repres represent ents s wax figure figures s of the famous and infamous people of the past and present. The Chamber of Horrors is of particular interest and also Company and the Royal Ballet.
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Press in Britain
Probably Probably in no other country are there there such great differences the various national daily newspapers- in the type of news they report and the way they report it.
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On the one hand, there are the "quality" newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, the Financial time times s and and the the Dail Daily y Tele Telegr grap aph. h. Thes These e conc concer ern n themselves themselves,, as far as possible, possible, with factual factual reports reports of major national and international events, with the world of political and business and with the arts and sport. On the the one hand, hand, there there are the "popu "popular lars" s" and and "tabloids", "tabloids", so-called so-called because because of their their smaller smaller size. The tabloidstabloids- the most widely read of which which are The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, the Daily Mirror, The Sun and the Daily Star- concentrate concentrate on more emotive reporting reporting of stories stories often featuring featuring sex, violence, violence, the Royal Family, film and pop stars, and sport. It is often often said that the popular popular press aims to entertai entertain n it's rather than inform them. In addition to the 12 national daily newspapers there are nine national papers which are published on Sundays. Most of the "Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily daily papers, papers, and several several of them also include "color supplemen supplements"ts"- separate separate color color magazines magazines which contain contain photographically-illustrated photographically-illustrated feature articles. The British are one of the biggest newspapers-reading nations in the world.
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Muse Museum ums s and and Art Art Gal Galle leri ries es of of Lond London on
London is very rich in museums and art galleries. If you are fond of painting painting you'll go to the Tate Gallery. Gallery. There There are about about 300 oils oils and 19000 19000 waterc watercolo olors rs and drawings. There are many works by the English painter William Turner there. There are a lot of paintings by the 16-th century English artists artists and paintings paintings by foreign foreign artists of the 19-20-th centuries, such as Pablo Picasso's paintings. There are many interesting sculptures there of Henry Moor's The British Museum is the largest and richest of its kind in the world. It comprises the national museum of archaeolo archaeology gy and ethnograp ethnography hy and the national national library. library. The present building was built in 1852. It contains books
10. Political Political syste system m of United United Kingd Kingdom om Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. It means that there is a Queen (or King) and the Parliament. The Queen has almost no power in the country. Her powers are limited limited by the Parliamen Parliament. t. Laws are made by the Parliament. The Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but does not rule. In fact everything that she does is done on the active of her ministers, who are responsible for the royal acts. acts. Thus, Thus, most most of her functi functions ons are symbolic symbolic.. The Queen's residence in London is Buckingham Palace. The British Parliament consists of two cambers: the House if Lords and the House of Commons. There are more than 1000 members in the House of Lords. Many seats are hereditary. The House of Commons has 635 members. They are elected by a general election (secret ballot). The government government is headed headed by the Prime Minister, Minister, who is the leader of the party that has won the election. In Great Britain there are three main political parties: the Conservatives, the Labour Party and the Liberals.
11. Sights Sightsee eein ing g London London The Tower of London is the most famous of all the historical buildings in London. In the past the Tower of London served both as a palace and as a state prison, but it is only a museum today. Trafalgar Square is in the centre of the West End of London. On the north side is the National Gallery; in the north-east corner is the National Portrait Gallery, and in the centre is Nelson's Column with the figure of the great seamen. Trafalgar Square is the place where mass meetings and demonstrations for peace and for working people's rights take place. "Big Ben" is the name of the great bell which strikes the the hour hour.. It is in the cloc clock k Towe Towerr of the Hous Houses es of Parliament. Westminster Abbey is the historic building in London to which every visitor sooner or later goes. Many of Great Britain's famous men are buried in Westminster Abbey. Piccadill Piccadilly y Circus Circus is a square square in the central central part of London. London's best-known theatres and cinemas and most famous restaurants are on Piccadilly Circus. Hyde Park is the largest park in the West End of London. In the 19th 19th cent centur ury y it beca became me a popu popula larr plac place e for for publ public ic meetings.
and manuscripts: manuscripts: Greek, Greek, Roman, Roman, British British and Oriental Oriental antiq antiques ues.. It has a depart departmen mentt of Ethnog Ethnograp raphy. hy. This This collection is so vast that only a very small percentage of it is on show to the public. There's also a department of prints prints and drawings drawings.. There're There're departme departments nts devoted devoted to maps, coins, medals and philately. Those who come to the British museum can see a fascinating array of clocks and watches. Cultural life of London would be impossible without the Royal Albert hall, the Royal Festival hall, the National theatre theatre and a great number number of museums: museums: the Victoria and and Albe Albert rt muse museum um,, the the Geol Geolog ogic ical al Muse Museum um,, the the Museum of Mankind, Natural history museum and others.
9. The houses of Parliament The house of Parliament in London, known also as the Palace of Westminster is the place where members of Parliament (M.P.) gather to make laws. The members of each House meet in sessions which begin begin at the end of Octobe Octoberr and last for about one hundred and sixty days. The sittings usually begin at 10 o'clock in the morning and end in the late afternoon; but if Parliament is discussing an important question sittings may go on till late at night. All the time Parliament is in session, a flag can be seen over the building, and when the House of Commons is still sitting after dark, there is a light over the face of Big Ben. The members of the House of Commons sit on two sides of the hall. The Speaker is the chairperson at all the debates in the House of Commons, and it is duty to keep order. The Speaker is elected by all the members of the House of Commons. He belongs to one of the political parties in Parliament, but he never votes are equal he votes with the government. The The chai chairp rper erso son n of the the Hous House e of Lord Lords s is Lord Lord Chancellor. He sits on the Woolsack, a large bag of wool covered with red cloth. If shows that wool made England rich The British Museum is one of the largest museums in the world. It consists of the National Library and Museum of History, Archaeology, Art and Ethnography.
12. Some facts about London London has been home of many famous Englishmen. Some were born there. Some lived there all their lives. Others lived in London only for a short time but all gave something to this great city One of the first first names names of importan importance ce is that that of Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet. He lived most of his life in London. He knew the courts of King Richard II d King Henry IV. His most famous work, 'The Canterbury Tales", opens at the Tabard Inn, in Southward. William Shakespeare also lived in London. He lived there for more than twenty years. He acted at the Globe Theatre Theatre and wrote wrote his plays in London. London. But London's London's famous men are not only writers. Sir Christopher Wren, the architec architect, t, spent spent most most of his life in London London.. He designed designed many beautiful beautiful churches, churches, including including St. Paul's Paul's Cathedral. He also designed palaces and fine houses. Music is represent represented ed by a very interesting interesting figure. This is George George Frederick Frederick Handel. Handel. He came to London from from Hanove Hanoverr in 1710Af 1710After ter some some succe success ss and some some failure he at last became famous. This happened when he composed composed "The Messiah". Messiah". "Judas Maccabeus" Maccabeus" and 'The Music for the Royal Fireworks Fireworks"" Like Chaucer and many other great artists. Handel is buried in Westminster Abbey. Another Another famous famous London London figure figure is one of England's England's greatest greatest seamen. Admiral Admiral Lord Nelson. Nelson. He has a very special memorial in Trafalgar Square. Equally famous is the general who led the army at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. This was the Duke of Wellington. His house stands at Hyde Park Comer. It is sometimes known as Number One, London. Like
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13. Stratf Stratford ord-up -uponon-Avo Avon n Stratford-upon-Avon lies at the very heart of England. It attracts attracts people not only by its history and connectio connection n with with Willi William am Shake Shakesp spear eare, e, but but also also by its wonde wonderfu rfull nature and typical English character. Stratford stands on the river Avon and is one of the oldest oldest market market towns. towns. It has still still preser preserved ved its own character and atmosphere, as you will not see modern buildings there. The houses are small and lots of them are very old. Some of them date back to Shakespeare's time. Here you can visit Shakespeare's birthplace (it is a museum now), Anna Hathaway's cottage the foundations of the New Place, Place, where where Shakes Shakespea peare re lived lived when when he retired and died in 1616. Just round the corner there is Grammar school that Shakespeare used to attend. Here in Stratford there is Holy Trinity Church where William William Shakespe Shakespeare are was buried. buried. Thousand Thousands s of people people from all parts of England and foreign visitors come here on Shakespeare's birthday (23rd April) to pay tribute to the great poet. Among Among other other sight sights s connec connected ted with with the the name name of Shakespeare there is an interesting monument with the statue of the great poet on top and with characters from his plays round it. And, of course, you should visit the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, a red-brick building standing on the the bank banks s of the the Avon Avon.. The The Roya Royall Shak Shakes espe pear are e Company, Company, which is one of the best known and largest theatre companies in the world, regularly performs here and in the Barbican Centre in London.
14. Youth organizati organizations ons in Great Great Britain Britain Youth and youth movement have become important factors in the life of the country. There are about 60 youth organizations in Great Britain. All youth organizations can be divided into three large groups: non-political organizations; organizations; youth organizations associated with political parties; rabbits, rats and mice are numerous. Deer live in some of the forests in the Highlands of Scotland and England. Some 230 kinds of birds live in Britain, and another 200 are regular visitors, many are songbirds. The most numerous numerous are blackbird blackbirds, s, sparrow sparrow and starling starling.. Robin Robin Redbreast is the national bird of Britain. The number of ducks, geese and other water fowl has diminished during recent years.
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16. Holida Holidays ys in Great Great Brit Britain ain English English are proud proud of their their tradition traditions s and carefully carefully keep them. English people celebrate celebrate Christmas Christmas on the 25th of December. It's the season of good will. It's the most beautiful time of the year - the time of love, joy and hopes. There are some traditions on New Year's Day. One of them is the old First Footing. The first man to come into the house is very important. The Englishmen believe that he brings luck.
3. youth organizations controlled by religious bodies. The two largest non-political youth organizations are the associations of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides. The Scout movement was intended for boys from 11 to 14, but in 1916 Baden Powell introduced a program for younger younger people. He called called them Wolf Cubs. They had special uniforms, badges, a special training system and the motto "Do your best!" There are some other non-political organizations: the Combined Cadet Force, Sea Cadet Corps, the Woodcraft Folk Folk,, the the Yout Youth h Host Hostel els s Asso Associ ciat atio ion, n, the the Nati Nation onal al Federation of Young Farmers Clubs, Greenpeace. Youth Youth Organi Organizat zation ion Greenp Greenpeac eace e deals deals with with most most urgent ecological problems. It protests against nuclear weapon tests, sea and soil pollution, etc. Sport clubs are characteristic youth organizations in the UK. They unite people who are interested in basebaii, football, golf, etc. Religious Religious young organizati organizations ons and groups aim at helping to elderly people or working in hospitals. Many of these organizations have done and still are doing useful work in providing leisure facilities for young English people.
15. Vegetation and wildlife Britain was originally a land of vast forests. Mainly oak and beech in the Lowlands and pine and birch In the Highlands, with great stretches of marshland and smaller areas of moors. Extensive forests remain in eastern and northern northern Scotland and in south-eas south-eastern tern and western western England. England. Oak, elm, ash, and beech are the commonest commonest trees trees in Englan England, d, while while Scotla Scotland nd has much pine pine and birch. The fauna or animal life of Britain is much like that of north-western Europe, to which it was once joined. Many larger mammals such as bear, wolf have been hunted to extinction, others are now protected by law. There are many many foxe foxes. s. Otte Otters rs are are comm common on alon along g rive rivers rs and and stre stream ams, s, and and seal seals s live live alon along g much much of the the coas coast. t. Hedgehogs, hares, Another Another best-love best-loved d holiday holiday is St.Valenti St.Valentine's ne's Day on the 14th of February - the holiday of love and affection, the day of sending and giving presents to those y ou love. In England, Easter is a church holiday. A custom is decoratin decorating g eggs for children. children. Halloween Halloween is the day or eveni evening ng before before all Saint' Saint's s Day. Day. Childr Children en dress dress up in Halloween costumes and masks over their faces. According to the Act of Parliament of 1871 there are 4 bank holidays Easter Monday, whit-Monday, Des 26th -Boxing Day. Other public holiday are Good Friday, May Day, Day, Also Also there there is a Pancak Pancake e Day, Day, April' April's s Fool Fool Day, Day, Mother's Day.
17. Education Educational al system system in Great Great Britai Britain n The educational system of Great Britain is extremely complex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalize about particular types of schools as schools differ from one to the other. Primary education takes place in infant schools for pupil's pupil's ages from 5 to 7 years old and junior junior schools schools
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(from 8 to 11 years). Some areas have different systems in which middle schools replace junior schools and take pupils ages from 9 to 11 years. Secondary education has been available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory up to the age of 16, and pupils can stay at school voluntarily up to three years longer. At the age of 16 pupils take school-leaving examinations in seve severa rall subj subjec ects ts at the the Ordi Ordina nary ry leve level. l. This This examin examinati ation on could could also also be taken taken by candi candidat dates es at a further further education education establishment establishment.. This exam was called called the Genera Generall Certif Certifica icate te of Educat Education ion (GCE). (GCE). Pupils Pupils of comprehensive school had taken the examination called the Certificate Certificate of Secondary Secondary Education Education either either with or instead of the GCE. A GCE of Advanced ("A") level was taken two years after the Ordinary level exam. The private private sector sector is running parallel parallel to the state state system of education. There are over 2500 fee-charging independ independent ent schools schools in GB. Most private private schools schools are single-sex until the age of 16. There are over 90 universities in GB. They are divided into three types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge
and and Edin Edinbu burg rgh h Univ Univer ersi siti ties es), ), in the the 19th 19th cent centur ury y universities, such as London and Manchester universities, and the new universities. Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Art or Science. Most degree degree courses courses at universities universities last three years, language language courses courses 4 years. years. Medicine Medicine and dentistry courses are longer (5-7 years). Most students live away from home, in flats of halls of residence. There are not only universities in Britain but also colleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher training, courses in technology and some professions connected with medicine. 18. Buckingham Palace Buckingham Buckingham palace is the official London residence residence of Her Majesty The Queen and as such is one of the best known and most potent symbols of the British monarchy. Yet it has been a royal residence for only just over two hundred and thirty years and a palace for much less; and its its name name,, know known n the the worl world d over over,, is owed owed not to a monarch but to an English Duke.
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enormously. Broadcasting in Britain has traditionally been based on the
Buckingham House was built for John, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and 1705. It was sold to the Crown in 1762. Although King George III modernized and enlarged the house considerable, the transformations that give give the the buildi building ng its presen presentt palati palatial al charac character ter were were carried out for King George IY by Nash, by Edward Blore for King William IY and Queen Victoria in the end, and by James Pennethoooorne. Pennethoooorne. In the reign of King Edward Yll, much of the present white and gold decoration was substituted for the richly colored colored 19th century century schemes schemes of Nash and Blare; and in the 1920s, Queen Mary used the firm of White Alum to redecorate a number of rooms. The rooms open to visitors are used principally principally for official entertainment .These include Receptions and State Banquets, and it is on such occasions, when the rooms are filled filled with flowers and thronged thronged with formally formally dressed guests and liveried servants, that the Palace is seen at its most splendid and imposing. But of course the Palace is also far more than just the London home of the Royal Royal Family and a place of lavish entertainment. It has become the administrative centre of the monarchy where, among a multitude of engagements, Her Majesty receives foreign Head Heads s of Stat State, e, Com Commonw monwea ealt lth h leade eaders rs and represent representative atives s of the Diplomati Diplomatic c Corps and conducts conducts Inve Invest stit itur ures es,, and and wher where e the the majo majori rity ty of the the Roya Royall Household, consisting of six main Departments and a staff of about three hundred people, has their offices.
19. Media in Great Britain The media play a central central role in Britain's Britain's daily daily life, life, informin informing g and educating educating,, questioni questioning ng and challengin challenging g and and of cour course se - ente entert rtai aini ning ng.. In rece recent nt year years s the the availa availabil bility ity of more more radio radio freque frequenci ncies, es, togeth together er with with satellite, cable and microwave transmissions, has already made a greater number of local, national and international services possible. The transition from analogue to digital transmis transmission sion technology technology is now expanding expanding this capacity capacity
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principle that it is a public service accountable to people. While While retaining retaining the essential essential public service service element, element, it now also embraces embraces the principles principles of competiti competition on and choice: the the BBC (Briti (British sh Broadc Broadcas astin ting g Corpor Corporati ation) on),, which which broadcasts television and radio programs; the ITC (Independ (Independent ent Televisio Television n Commissi Commission), on), which which licenses licenses and regulates regulates commercial commercial televisio television n services, services, including cable and satellite services; the the Radio Radio Author Authority ity,, which which licens licenses es and regula regulates tes commercial radio services, including cable and satellite; The three bodies work to broad requiremen requirements ts and objectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but are otherwise independent in their daily conduct of business. Cable services are delivered delivered through through undergrou underground nd cables cables and are paid for subscript subscription. ion. Cable franchis franchises es have been granted covering areas comprising 83 per cent of all homes and nearly all urban areas in Britain. In mid 1999 there were about 12.1 million homes able to receive such services, services, and 3 million million subscribing subscribing homes. homes. Digital Digital technology is being introduced which will support up to 500 television channels. Cable also has the capacity for comput computer er - based based intera interacti ctive ve servi services ces,, such such as home home shopping and email. Satellite television and cable services are funded mainly by subscription income. Televisi Television on viewing viewing is by far Britain's Britain's most popular popular leisure leisure pastime: pastime: over 97 per cent of household households s have at least one TV set. British television productions are sold world - wide
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20. European Union The establishment of the EU intended to work toward common goals of European countries. The EU was established after 2nd World War. France officially undertook the establishment of the EU proposing to create create "the first concrete concrete foundatio foundation n of a European European
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federa federati tion" on".. On May 9, 1950 1950 the EU was was create created d and initially six European countries joint to the EU: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands.
Then other countries joint to the EU and today the number of the
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member member count countrie ries s is 27. The requir requireme ements nts for the count countrie ries s willin willing g to become become member member of EU are the following: Member Member countr countries ies must must be a stable stable democr democracy acy,, resp respec ecti ting ng huma human n righ rights ts,, the the rule rule of law, law, and and the the protection of minorities; Member Member countries countries must have a functioni functioning ng market market economy; The The EU has has such such a stru struct ctur ure e that that ther there e are are 5 inst instit itut utio ions ns and and each each of them them is resp respon onsi sibl ble e for for a respective objective: European European Parliament Parliament - The main functions functions of this instit institut ution ion is to exerci exercise se the issue issues s relate related d to the legislati legislation, on, implement implementing ing foreign foreign and security security policy, policy, monitor the budget. Counci Councill of the Europea European n Union Union - This This is the most influent influential ial instituti institution on in decision decision making making process. process. The main function of this institution is to exercise the issues related related to the legislation legislation,, to suggest and monitor monitor the internati international onal agreement agreements, s, implement implementing ing foreign foreign and security policy. European European Commission Commission - It is mainly responsi responsible ble for creating creating the initial initial outline outline of legislati legislation, on, implement implementing ing the legislation to assure that law is property applied, and representi representing ng the EU in internati international onal scope and signing trade and cooperation agreements. Court Court of Justic Justice e -check -checks s whethe whetherr laws laws are in the accordance with the justice or not Court Court of Auditors Auditors - Its major major functi function on is to check check whether whether all the Union's Union's revenues and expenditu expenditures res are going in a regular manner, according to the EU budget. Today EU became driving force into the international market market for member countries. countries. Such kind of economic economic communiti communities es are needed needed to increase increase today's today's economic economic growth and make countries better off.
21. Role of the USA in the world politics It is impossible to discuss a future role of the United States of America in the world without understanding the global processes that have been taken place in the world over the last several years. September 11, without doubt, was a break break point point event event in these these processe processes. s. First, First, it showed showed people people a danger danger of an internati international onal terrorism. terrorism. Seco Second nd,, the the even eventt brou brough ghtt abou aboutt a conf confro ront ntat atio ion n between two different viewpoints on the development of world politics. On the one hand, politicians from many countries countries believe that any active actions actions to preserve preserve world order must be organized only by United Nations. On the other hand, the United States is pushing forward its aggressive aggressive unilatera unilaterall policy policy that is based based only on Washington's understanding of the current international situation. This This US strategy was clearly clearly demonstrated demonstrated in Iraq. Now, after two and a half years of the war, the question must be asked asked if this policy achieved achieved its goals. goals. Did it
bring bring a peace peace and stabili stabilizat zation ion in the post Sad am country? Yes, the military operation itself was a success. Despit Despite e the milita military ry succes successes ses,, this this strate strategy gy did not produce desirable results. The USA cannot stabilize the situation situation,, and the Iraqis Iraqis continue continue to organize organize attacks against the US and coalition forces. It is possible that the USA will not be able to continue its unilateral unilateral policy policy anymore anymore because because it goes against against obje object ctiv ive e proc proces esse ses s in the the worl world d econ econom omy y and and international relations. The political regimes in European countries countries are very close close to American, so any military military confronta confrontations tions are very unlikely unlikely at this point. point. But an economic economical al competiti competition on would would be intense. intense. It could could be said that the other war, between the euro and the dollar, is already on, and the dollar is loosing so far. There is another potential threat to the USA. Only a few years ago, a dollar was almost equivalent to gold. People and businesses all over the world tried to keep their their savings savings in dollars. dollars. Now, when a dollar dollar is getting getting cheaper, many try to get rid of it and buy euros. What would would happen if all this dollar cash came back to the USA? India, Japan, Japan, and Russia will probably probably also try to make their influence influence on the world world politics politics comparabl comparable e with their economical potential. One thing is clear, however, the future of the country directly depends on today's policy.
22. Geographical position of USA The United States of America America is the fourth largest largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It
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occu occupi pies es the the sout southe hern rn part part of Nort North h Amer Americ ica a and and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half half millio million n square square kilome kilometer ters. s. The USA border borders s on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea boarder with Russia. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska. Americ America' a's s larges largestt rivers rivers are the the Missis Mississip sippi, pi, the Missouri Missouri,, the Rio Grande Grande and the Columbia. Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border border with Canada Canada are the largest largest and deepest in the USA. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico Mexico often bring bring typhoo typhoons. ns. The USA is a highly highly developed developed industrial industrial country. It is the world's leading produ producer cer of copper copper and oil and the the world world's 's second second
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producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper. The largest cities are New York, Los A ngeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others. The United States States is a federal union of 50 states, states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the cent centra rall (fed (feder eral al)) gove govern rnme ment nt is Wash Washin ingt gton on,, DC. DC. Accord According ing to the US Consti Constitut tution ion the the powers powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the juridical. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic _______________________________________________________________________62.
23. Scotland Scotland is administrative division of the kingdom of Great Britain, occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain. As a geopolitical entity Scotland includes 186 nearby islands, a majority of which are contained in three groups—namely, the Hebrides, also known as the Wester Western n Island Islands, s, situa situated ted off the wester western n coast coast;; the Orkney Islands, situated off the northeastern coast; and the Shetland Islands, Islands, situated situated northeast northeast of the Orkney Islands. The largest of the other islands is the Island of Arran. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland as well as a major industrial area and seaport Notabl Notable e among among the the lakes, lakes, which which are especi especiall ally y numerous in the central and northern regions, are Loch Lomond Lomond (the largest), largest), Loch Ness, Loch Tay, and Loch Katrina. Katrina. The longest longest river of Scotland Scotland is the Tay; the Clyde, however, is the principal navigational stream, site of the port of Glasgow. Like the climate of the rest of Great Britain, that of Scotland is subject to the moderating influences of the surround surrounding ing seas The most common common species of trees indigenous to Scotland are oak and conifers—chiefly fir, pine, and larch. The only large indigenou indigenous s mammal mammal in Scotland Scotland is the deer. Both the red deer and the roe deer are found, but the red deer, whose habitat is the Highlands, is by far the more abundant abundant of the two species. species. Other indigenou indigenous s mammal mammals s are the hare, hare, rabbit rabbit,, otter, otter, ermin ermine, e, pine pine mart marten en,, and and wild wildca cat. t. Game Game bird birds s incl includ ude e grou grouse se,, blackcock, ptarmigan, and waterfowl. Both agriculture agriculture and industry industry are important important in the economy economy of Scotland. Scotland. The chief chief exports exports are petroleum petroleum and natural natural gas and manufactu manufactured red goods, goods, especiall especially y burlap, clothing, machinery, textiles, and whiskey. The chief imports are food and iron The most populous city in Scotland is Glasgow. Other important industrial cities are Dundee and A berdeen. Scotland Scotland is governed governed as an integral integral part of Great Britain. It is represented by 72 members in the House of Commons and by 16 Scottish peers in the House of Lords. 1Q_________________________________________________________
24. Olympic Games
The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began began in 777 BC in Greece Greece and took place every four years years for for nearly nearly twelve twelve centur centuries ies at Olympi Olympia. a. They They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestlin wrestling, g, etc. All the cities cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship. In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later. In 1894, a Frenchma Frenchman, n, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition. In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central central policy policymak making ing body body of the Olympic Olympic movement. movement. It is formed by the representa representatives tives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the the prog progra ramm mmed ed of the the game games, s, the the numb number er of the the participants and the city host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the Internati International onal Olympic Olympic Committee Committee now. Besides, each country has its National Olympic Committee. Summer Summer and Winter Winter Games Games are held held separa separatel tely. y. There There are always always severa severall cities cities wishi wishing ng to host host the Games. The most suitable is selected by the International Commit Committee tee.. After After that that the city of the Games starts starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centers. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is always an interesting cultural programmer of concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games. _______________________________________________________________________Zi
The The next next summe summerr games games will will be held held in Beijin Beijing, g, Republic of China.
25. Holidays in USA The U.S. has no national holidays. Legal holidays days on which banks, schools, or other public institutions and most places of business are closed. Memorial Day is a legal holiday, observed annually on the last Monday in May in most of the United Indepen Independen dence ce Day is an annu annual al holi holida day y commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, 1776, in Philad Philadelp elphia hia.. Althou Although gh the signi signing ng of the the Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence independence and is celebrated celebrated in all states and territories of the U.S. The Fourth of July is traditionally celebrated publicly with parades and pageants and public speeches. Thanksgiving Day, a legal holiday in the U.S., was first celebr celebrate ated d in early early coloni colonial al times times in New England. President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of
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thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a Thanksg Thanksgiving iving Day proclamat proclamation, ion, generally generally designati designating ng the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday. New Year's Year's Day is the first day of the the year, year, January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. Christmas is an annual festival, held on December celebrate ate the Nativity Nativity,, or birth birth of Christ Christ.. The 25, to celebr Christmas Christmas tree, an evergreen evergreen trimmed with lights and other decorations, is derived from the so-called paradise tree, symbolizing Eden. Saint Valentine Valentine's 's Day, a holida holiday y honori honoring ng lovers, is celebrated on February 14. There is a custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. St. Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers.
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26. Washington Washington is the capital city of the United States. It is located on the north bank of the Potomac River. It was called after George Washington, the first President of the USA, USA, Washi Washingt ngton on is one one of the most beauti beautiful ful and unusual cities in the United States. It has little industry, and only one million people. One reason reason Washingt Washington on looks different from other cities is that no building in the city city may be more more than than 40 meters meters tall. There There are no skyscrape skyscrapers, rs, because they would would hide the city's city's many monume monuments nts from view. One can easily easily find find a park, park, a square or an open area there. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. The The heart heart of Washin Washingto gton n is the the Capito Capitol, l, which which is conn connec ecte ted d with with the the Whit White e Hous House e by Penn Pennsy sylv lvan ania ia Avenue. Avenue. It dominates dominates the city of Washington. Washington. All the tourists begin sightseeing from the Capitol and see the Senate Senate Chambe Chamber, r, the the Hall Hall of Repres Represent entati atives ves,, the Statuary Hall and some others. The The Wash Washin ingt gton on Monu Monume ment nt,, the the tall talles estt ston stone e struct structure ure in the USA, is in the the Potoma Potomac c River. River. It was was opened to the public in 1888. It is 555 feet tall, is called the "Pencil" because of its shape. It is three blocks south of the White House. There is an elevator, which will carry you to 500-foot level observation windows. The Lincoln Memorial is in the west of the Washington Monument. It is designed like a Greek temple. The dominant figure is the realistic realistic figure of Abraham Abraham Lincoln seated seated in the centre centre of the open temple. temple. The Jefferson Jefferson Memorial is worth seen, too. It is situated south of the Washington monume monument nt near near the Potoma Potomac c River. River. The Librar Library y of Congress Congress contains contains millions of books books and manuscrip manuscripts. ts. The Washington Cathedral is on Massachusetts Avenue, and the Arlington Arlington National National Cemetery Cemetery is outside outside the city limits just across the Potomac River near the Pentagon in Virginia. Virginia. The famous famous Tomb of the Unknown Unknown Soldier is visited by millions of people every year. Washington is the place where mass demonstrations take take place place agains againstt unempl unemploym oyment ent and and racism racism,, for democracy and civil rights.
27. Theatres in Great Britain One peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is a follow follows: s: there there are two kinds kinds of seats seats,, which which can be booked an advanced (book able), and unbootable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the principal principal:: first first come - first first served. served. And ancient time's
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plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places. The first theatre in England "The Backfires" build in 1576, and "The Globe" build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare. Speaking about our times we should first of all mention "The English National thea theatr tre" e",, "The "The Roya Royall Shak Shakes espe pear are e Comp Compan any" y" and and "Covent Garden". The first "Covent Garden theatre" was built in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuilds exactly a year after. It opened in September 1809, with Shakespeare's "Macbeth". Since the middle of the last century "Covent Garden" became exclusively devoted to opera. Now "Covent Garden" in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet. Theat Theatres res are very very much much the same in London London as anywhe anywhere re else; else; the the chief chief theatr theatres es,, music music halls halls and cinema cinemas s are in the West End. If you are staying staying in London for a few days, you'll have no difficulty whatever in finding finding somewher somewhere e to spend spend an enjoyabl enjoyable e evening. evening. You'll find opera, ballet, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale.
28. Famous Famous peopl people e of Americ America a There are many outstanding people in United States. Americ America a produc produced ed state statesme smen, n, thinke thinkers, rs, explor explorers ers,, musicians, writers, scientists and other people who are well known around the world. known to most most Samuel Samuel Langhorne Langhorne Clemens, Clemens, is known people as Mark Twain. While he worked as a reporter he began to sign his articles "Mark Twain". From then on Clemens used Mark Twain as his pen-name. While he spent his summers on his farm, he wrote "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer", published in 1876. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", "Tom Sawyer" and "Huckleberry "Huckleberry Finn" Finn" are among the most popular popular books ever published in the United States. Among Mark Twain Twain's 's other other books books are "Joan of Arc", Arc", "Life "Life on the the Mississippi".
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Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States. Lincoln Lincoln became became president president in 1860. In 1861, there was a war between the North and the South of the United States States.. The people people in the South South wanted wanted a separa separate te government from the United States. The North wanted the United United States States to stay stay togeth together er as one country. country. Lincoln was the leader of the North. The North won the Civil War. The war ended on April 9, 1865. Six days later, President Lincoln and his wife went went to the theatre. theatre. Inside Inside the theatre theatre,, a man went behind behind the presid president ent and shot shot him him in the the head. head. The man's name was John Wilkes Booth. He was a supporter of the South. Lincoln died the next morning. Ernest Hemingway is one one of the the grea greate test st 20th20thcentury century American writers. writers. He was a brilliant brilliant writer writer of stories and novels. His most successful novels are the following: For Whom The Bells Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea and others others He was awarded awarded the Nobel Nobel Prize Prize for for literature in 1954.
29. 29. Educ Educat atio ion n in in USA USA The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year eight-year elementary elementary school, school, followed followed by a four-year four-year high school. There There are eight years of elementa elementary ry schooling schooling.. The elementary school is followed by four years of secondary school school,, or high high school school.. Often Often the last two two years years of elementary and the first years of secondary school are combined into a junior high school. Admission to the American high school is automatic on completion of the elementary school. During the fouryear high school program the student studies four or five continue the general education and specialization begins in the third year.
30. Fast Food of America Have you ever enjoyed enjoyed a hamburger hamburger,, sitting sitting on a lawn? lawn? May be you're you're against against all these these hot dogs and cheesebu cheeseburgers rgers,, because because it's a junk food. food. Anyway, Anyway, it is always interesting to find out something about the origin and history history of such trifles, which make our life more comfor comfortab table. le. They They really really make make life life more more pleasa pleasant, nt, especially outdoors, don't they? Pop Corn- It's impossible to imagine American takeaway food or snacks without popcorn. Clear as a day, it is made from corn. But what about the first part of the word "pop". Actually, when you put a kernel of corn on a
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major major subjects subjects per year, and classes classes in each of these these subjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. In addition addition,, the student student usually usually has classes classes in physical physical education, music, and art several times a week. If he fails a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entir entire e year. year. Studen Students ts must must comple complete te a certai certain n number of courses in order to receive a diploma, or a certificate of graduation. Usually there is no admission examination required by a state university for those who have finished high school within the state. Sometimes a certain pattern of high school studies is necessar necessary, y, however, however, and some state universities require a certain scholastic average, or average of high school grades. It usually takes four years to meet the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree. A Master Master of Arts Arts or Master Master of Scienc Science e degree degree may be obtained obtained in one or two additional additional years. The highest highest academic degree is the ! Doctor of Philosophy. It may take take any any numbe numberr of years years to comple complete te the the origi original nal research work necessary to obtain this degree. In genera general, l, higher higher educatio education n in the USA may be divi divide ded d into into two two broa broad d fiel fields ds:: libe libera rall arts arts and and prof profes essi sion onal al.. Each Each of thes these e fiel fields ds may may be furt furthe herr subdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels. The liberal arts program, on the undergraduate level, may be a two-year junior college course, or a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into a lower division (which may be called the junior college), consisting of the two first years, and the upper division, which is the last two years. The first two years fire, fire, the the water water inside inside makes makes the corn corn explod explode. e. This This makes a "pop" noise. That is why we call it popcorn. But in 1945 a new machine was invented that changed the history of the product. The electric machine enabled to pop corn outside the home. And soon movies started sellin selling g popcor popcorn n to make make more more money. money. The famous famous American habit of eating popcorn at the movies is wellknown. Many people like to put salt or melted butter in their their popcorn, popcorn, some peeper peeper to have it without. without. Either way Americans love their popcorn Coca Cola- Coca-Cola The world famous fresh drink Coca-Cola Coca-Cola first was an all-purpo all-purpose se medicine, medicine, made in 1886 by a druggist druggist from Atlanta, Atlanta, who made a brown syrup by mixing coca leaves and cola nuts. The syrup
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wasn't a success and then another druggist, Jacobs, had an idea of selling Coca-Cola as a soda fountain drink. He mixed mixed the syrup with soda water. water. Soon everyone everyone was going going to soda fountains fountains and asking for Coca-Cola Coca-Cola.. And the the World World War II helped helped to make make Coca-C Coca-Cola ola popular popular outside outside America, America, when the Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Company sent bottles of the drink to US soldiers fighting in Europe. It became so popular with the soldiers that the US Army asked the company to start ten factories in Europe. It's a curious thing but of 1903 coca leaves were no longer used used in the the drin drink. k. The The exac exactt ingr ingred edie ient nts s and and the the quantities are not known - the Coca-Cola Company keeps its recipe a secret
of the Senate; to minimize minimize political political influenc influences, es, their their appointm appointments ents are for life. Federal Federal courts courts decide decide cases cases involv involving ing federa federall law, law, confli conflicts cts betwee between n states states or between citizens of different states. Every American American citizen citizen is allowed allowed to vote from the age of 18.
31. Political system of USA The nation's capital, Washington, D.C., is the capital of a federal union of 50 states. Therefore, in 1789, they adopted a new Constitution establishing a federal union under a strong central government. Under Under the Constitut Constitution, ion, the federal federal governmen governmentt is divided into three branches, each chosen in a different manner, each able to check and balance the others. The Executive Executive Branch Branch is headed by the President, President, who, who, togeth together er with with the Vice Vice Presid President ent,, is chosen chosen in nation nationwid wide e electi elections ons every every four four years. years. The electi elective ve process for a U.S. President is unique. The presidential candidate needs 270 electoral votes to be elected; if no candidate has a majority, the House of Representatives make the decision. Any natural-born American who is 35 years years old or older may be elected elected to this this office office.. The President President proposes bills to Congress Congress,, enforces enforces federal federal laws, serves as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and, with the approval of the Senate makes treaties and appo appoin ints ts fede federa rall judg judges es,, amba ambass ssad ador ors s and and othe otherr members of the Executive Departments The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and and in the the even eventt of the the deat death h or disa disabi bili lity ty of the the President, assumes the Presidency for the balance of his term. The Legislative Branch is made up of two houses: the Senate Senate and the House House of Represent Representatives atives.. Each state elects elects two members members of the 100-me 100-membe mberr Senat Senate; e; a Senator's term of office is six years The Judicial Judicial Branch is made up of Federal District District Courts (at least one in every state), 11 Federal Courts of Appeals Appeals and, at the top, the Supreme Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President with the approval
32. Science in 20th century The The 20th 20th centur century y began began slowly slowly,, to the ticking ticking of grandfather clocks and the stately rhythms of progress. Thank Thanks s to scienc science, e, indus industry try and moral moral philos philosoph ophy, y, mankind's mankind's steps steps had at last been guided guided up the right path. The century of steam was about to give way to the century of oil and electricity. Charles Charles Darwin's Darwin's theory theory of evolution, evolution, only 41 years old in 1900, proposed proposed a scientifi scientific c basis basis for the notion notion that progress was gradual but inevitable, determined by natural law. And everybody thought that the development would continue in the small steps that had marked the progress of the 19th century. Inventions like the railroad or the telegraph or the typewriter had enabled people to get on with their ordinary lives a little more conveniently. No one could have guessed then that, in the century just beginning, new ideas would burst upon the world with a force and frequency that would turn this stately march of progress into a long distance, free-for-all sprint. Thrust into this race, the children of the 20th century would witness more change in their daily existence and environment than anyone else who had ever walked the planet. Assassinations in Sarajevo in 1914 lit a spark that set off an unpre unpreced cedent ented ed explos explosio ion n of destru destructi ction on and deat death. h. The The Grea Greatt War War did did more more than than deva devast stat ate e a generation of Europeans. It set the tone - the political, moral and intellectual temper - for much that followed. Before long the Great War received a new name World War I. The roaring 1920s and the Depression years of the 1930s proved to be merely a prelude to World War II. Largely hidden during that war was an awful truth that called into question progress and the notion of human nature itself. But civilization civilization was not crushed crushed by the two great wars, and the ruins provided the stimulus to build a way of life again. again. To a degree degree previously previously unheard unheard of and perhaps unimaginable, the citizens of the 20th century felt free to reinvent themselves. In that task they were
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assisted by two profound developments - psychoanalysis and the Bomb. 33. Sports in USA Americans Americans pay much attention attention to physical physical fitness. fitness. Many sports and sporting sporting activities activities are popular popular in the USA. People participat participate e in swimming swimming,, skating, skating, squash squash and badmin badminton ton,, tennis tennis,, marath marathons ons,, tracktrack-and and-fi -field eld,, bowing, archery, skiing, skating etc. But the five major American sports are hockey, volleyball, baseball, football and basketba basketball. ll. Basketbal Basketballl and volleyball volleyball have been invented in America. There is a large choice of sports in America. This can be explai explained ned by the size and varie variety ty of the countr country. y. Another reason of the popularity of sports is the people's love of competition of any kind. One more reason is that Americ Americans ans use sport sports s activi activitie ties s for teachi teaching ng social socials s values, values, such as teamwork teamwork and sportsman sportsmanship. ship. All this explains why Americans have traditionally done well in many kinds of sports. Some Americans like active games and others like quite quite games games.. I think think that that quite quite games, games, as golf golf and crocket, intend for rich elite people. Most popular games in the USA are hockey hockey,, Americ American an footb football all,, baseba baseball ll,, basketball. Opportunities for keeping fit and playing sports are numer numerous ous.. Joggin Jogging g is extrem extremel ely y popul popular, ar, perhap perhaps s because because it is the cheapest cheapest and most accessible accessible sport. Aero Aerobi bic c exer exerci cise se and and trai traini ning ng with with weig weight ht-li -lift ftin ing g machines are two activities which more and more men and women are pursuing. pursuing. Books, Books, videos, videos, and fitnessconscious movie stars that play up the glamour of fitness have heightened heightened enthusias enthusiasm m for these these exercises exercises and have have promot promoted ed the muscul muscular, ar, health healthy y body body as the American beauty ideal American sports are becoming more competitive and more more profit profit-or -orien iented ted.. As a result result,, playin playing g to win win is emphasize emphasized d more than playing playing for fun. The obsession obsession with winning winning causes causes some people to wonder wonder whether whether sports in America should be such serious business
34. The USA USA cour courtt syste system m The The cour courts ts are are the the over overse seer ers s of the the law. law. They They administe administerr it, they resolve resolve disputes under it, and they ensure ensure that it is and remains remains equal equal to and impartial impartial for everyone. In the United United States States each state is served served by the separate court systems, state and federal. Both systems are organi organized zed into into three three basic basic levels levels of courts courts-tri -trial al
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courts courts,, courts courts of appeal appeal and High High Court Court or Suprem Supreme e Court. Tri Trial al court ourts s bear ear the main main burd burden en in the administ administratio ration n of justice. justice. Cases begin begin there there and most instances are finally resolved there. The trial courts in each state include: common pleas courts, which have general civil and criminal jurisdiction and smaller smaller in importan importance ce municipal municipal courts, country country courts and mayor's courts The main job of courts of appeal is to review cases appealed from trial courts to determine if the law was correctly interpreted or applied. The Supreme Court of each state is primarily a_ court of appeal and the court of last resort. The federal court structure is similar to the structure of the state court system. The trial courts in the federal system are the United States District Courts. The United States courts of appeal are intermediate courts of appeal betwee between n the distri district ct courts courts and the United United States States Supreme Court. The USA Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation and the court of last resort. It consists of a chief justice justice and eight eight associate associate justices, justices, all of whom are appointed for life by the President with the Advice and Consent of the Senate. The duty of the Supreme Court is to decide whether laws passed by Congress agree with the Consti Constitut tution ion.. The great great legal legal issues issues facing facing the Supreme Court at present are Government involvement with religion, abortion and privacy rights, and race and sex discrimination. discrimination.
35. Sports Sports in Gre Great at Brit Britain ain Nati Nation onal al spor sports ts in Grea Greatt Brit Britai ain. n... .. It is a very very interesting question, because many kinds of sport have taken the origin in England. The Englishmen love sports, they are called sports-lover sports-lovers s in spite of the fact that some of them neither play games nor even watch them. They only like to speak about sports. Some kinds of sport are professi professional onal in England. England. Many tradition traditional al sporting sporting contests take place in England, for example, cricket. It is played from May till September. Footba Football, ll, it has got a long long histor history. y. Footba Football ll was played by the whole village teams in the middle ages in Englan England. d. Now football football is the most popula popularr game game in Britai Britain. n. It is a team team game. game. There There are some amateu amateurr teams but most of the teams are professional ones in England. Professional football is a big business. Football is played at schools too.
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Rugby is a popular game in England. There are many amateur rugby teams in this country. It is a game that is played between two teams of players using an oval ball that can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team must be the oldest or best player. There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you play there it is necessary to pay money for it. Englishmen like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this game. Wimbledon it is the centre of lawn tennis. Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing and walking. Usually the Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race takes place at the end of March or at the beginning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universities of Oxford and Cambridg Cambridge. e. It is usuall usually y held held on the Thame Thames s River. River. The first first such race race was held in 1820. 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race. There are some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing, racing, dog-racin dog-racing, g, donkey-rac donkey-racing, ing, boat-racin boat-racing, g, horsehorseracing. All kinds of racings are popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race. The runner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg. There are such competiti competitions ons as putting putting the weight, tossing the caber caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.
664. In the 9th century the Danes attacked England. It was Alfred who defeated the Danes making them sign a peace agreement. The last of the invaders to come to Britain were the Normans from France. The French language became the official language of the ruling class for the next three centu centurie ries. s. This This explai explains ns the great great numbe numberr of French French words in English. Howe Howeve verr the the fina finall unif unific icat atio ion n of Scot Scotla land nd and and England took place in 1707 when both sides agreed to form a single single parliame parliament nt in London for Great Britain, Britain, although Scotland continued to keep its own system of law, education and have an independent church. Ireland Ireland was England' England's s first first colony, colony, but even now there there are proble problems ms there there connec connected ted with with religi religion. on. Recently, there have been many waves of immigration into Britain. Now Britain is a multinational society, which benefits from the influence of different people and cultures. 37. William
36. History of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ireland is a country of great history history rich in important important events events and entertain entertaining ing legends legends connected connected with them. It's not enough to write several volumes to tell the full history of the country. That's why we'll try to answer the question where the British come from and who they are. After 800 BC the Celts arrived from Central Europe and opened up a new important page of the British history. The name «Britain» comes comes from the name name of a Celti Celtic c tribe tribe known as the Britons. Their influence was greatest in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, as they were driven to these parts by the invaders who followed them. That's why these parts of Britain Britain are very different different from England in language language,, custom customs s and tradit traditio ions. ns. Howeve Howeverr quite quite soon soon it was attacked by Germanic tribes: People began to call the new land of the Angles Angles and Saxons Saxons Englan England. d. Wales, Wales, Cornwa Cornwall, ll, the northe northern rn part part of Britai Britain n and Irelan Ireland d remained unconquered and preserved Celtic culture. An important event which contributed to the unification of the country was the adoption of Christianity in England in
Shakespeare The last half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries are known as the golden age of English literatur literature. e. It was the time of the English Renaissance Renaissance,, and some someti time mes s it is even even cal called "the "the age age of Shakespe Shakespeare". are". William William Shakespe Shakespeare, are, the greatest greatest and most most famous famous of Englis English h writer writers, s, and and probab probably ly the greatest playwright who has ever lived, was born on the 23d of April, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. In sprite of his fame we know very little about his life. At the age of six he was sent to school, but had to leave it at the age of 13. His father, father, John Shakespear Shakespeare, e, was a glove-make glove-maker, r, and when he fell fell into into debt, debt, Willia William m had to help help him .When Shakespeare was twenty-one, he went to London. We don't know why he left Stratford-on-Avon. There is a story that Shakespeare's first job in London was holding rich men's horses at the theatre door. B ut nobody can be sure that this story is true. Later, Shakespeare became an actor and a member member of a very very succe successf ssful ul acting acting company. It's highly probable that The Comedy of Errors, Romeo and Juliet and some other plays by Shakespeare were were perf perfor orme med d for for the the firs firstt time time on this this stag stage. e. Shakespeare's experience as an actor helped him greatly in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of stage and his poetical genius made his plays the most wonderful ones ever written. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays: 10 tragedies (such (such as Hamlet Hamlet,, King King Lear, Lear, Othell Othello, o, Macbet Macbeth) h),, 17 comedies (such as As You Like It, Twelfth Night, Much
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Ado About Nothing), 10 historical plays (such as Henry 4, Richard 3). He also left 7 books of poems and sonnets. Most of Shakespeare's plays were not published in his lifetime. So some of them may have been lost in the fire when the "Globe" "Globe" burned burned down in 1613. Shakespear Shakespeare e spent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he died in 1616. He was was buried buried in the church church of Stratf Stratford ord.. A monume monument nt was erected erected to the memory memory of the great playwright in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.
neighborhoods in Manhattan, such as Times Square, are busy at all hours.
38. New York New York City is the capital of USA It is the most populous city in the United States. For more than a century, it has been one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centers and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, sports, arts all contrib contribute ute to its media, fashion and the arts status as one of the major global cities. As the home of the United Nations, the city is a hub for international diplo diplomac macy. y. Reside Residents nts of the city are known known as New Yorkers. New York has five boroughs: boroughs: Manhattan, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Brooklyn, Queens Queens,, State Staten n Island Island and the Bronx. Bronx. The Bronx Bronx is famous for a zoo, which is situated there. Manhattan Manhattan is the center of New York City. Near 1 million people live here, but over than 5 million come here to work from all parts of the city every day. The main street, Broadway, is also here. And there are a lot of other famous streets which known nationwide. Wall Street Street is famous famous for finance. finance. Madison Madison Avenue means means advertising, and Fifth Avenue is famous for world-class shopping. There is a famous crossing Times Square. It famous for Theatre district, there are more than thirty theaters there, and every evening they play their plays. Most of New York's skyscrapers are located on the island island of Manhattan. Manhattan. There There are such buildings buildings as Art Deco Chrysler Building and there were twin towers of the World Trade Center. One of the famous building in the world is the Statue of Liberty. It was built in 1886. It was a prese present nt from from the people people of France France.. It repres represent ents s America's symbol of freedom! In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36 percent of its population was born outside the United States. New York is also known as "The City that Never Sleeps," not least because its subway system oper operat ates es arou around nd the the cloc clock k and and beca becaus use e many many
39. 39. Aust Austra rali lian an cult cultur ure. e. Since 1788, the primary basis of Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic, although distinctive Australian features had been evolving from the environment and indigenous culture. Over the past 50 years, Australian cultur culture e has been been strong strongly ly influe influence nced d by Americ American an popular popular culture culture (particul (particularly arly televisio television n and cinema), cinema), largelarge-sca scale le immig immigrat ration ion from from non-En non-Engli glishsh-spe speaki aking ng countries, and Australia's Asian neighbors. The vigor and originality of the arts in Australia — literature, cinema, opera, opera, music, music, painting, painting, theatre, theatre, dance, dance, and crafts — have achieved international international recognition. In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize Prize in Literatu Literature, re, the only only Austra Australia lian n to have have achie achieved ved this; this; he is recogn recognize ized d as one of the the great great Engl Englis ishh-la lang ngua uage ge writ writer ers s of the the 20th 20th cent centur ury. y. Australian Australian English English is a majo majorr vari variet ety y of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found found their their way into standard standard English. English. Sport plays an import important ant part part in Austra Australia lian n cultur culture, e, assis assisted ted by a climate that favors outdoor activities; 23.5% Australians over over the age of 15 regula regularly rly particip participate ate in organi organized zed sporting activities. At an international level, Australia has part partic icul ular arly ly stro strong ng team teams s in cricket, cricket, hockey, hockey, netba netball, ll, rugby rugby leagu league, e, rugby rugby union union,, and perf perfor orms ms well well in cycl cyclin ing, g, rowi rowing ng and and swim swimmi ming ng.. National Nationally, ly, other other popular popular sports sports include include Australian rules football, horse horse racing, racing, football (soccer) and motor .acing. Australia Australia has participated participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwe Commonwealth alth Games. Games. Austra Australia lia hosted hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 2000 Summer Summer Olympics Olympics in Sydney, and has rank ranked ed amon among g the the top top five five meda medall-ta take kers rs sinc since e 2000Televi 2000Televised sed sport sport is popular; popular; some of the highest rating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football (various codes) competitions
40. 40. Edin dinbur burgh Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It has been the capital of Scotland
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since 1437 and is the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It lies on seven hills and goes down on those hills to the sea. The highest hill is three hundred meters above the sea. From the street in the centre of the city you can see ships coming to Edinburgh from different countries of the world. Many Many great great men have lived lived and worked worked in this this beautiful beautiful city. Robert Robert Burns, Burns, the great Scottish Scottish poet published his first book of poems in Edinburgh. There is a monument to him in the city. Walter Scott, the father of the historical novel in the world literature, was borne in Edinburgh. The monument to Walter Scott is in the main street of the city. Robert Louis Stevenson, a famous English writer, was born and lived in Edinburgh. He loved the city and wrote about it his best novels. Edinburgh is well-known for the annual Edinburgh collectio tion n of offici official al and indepe independe ndent nt Festival, a collec festivals held annually over about four weeks from early August. The number of visitors attracted to Edinburgh for the Festival, is roughly equal to the settled population of the city. The most most famous famous of these these events events are the Edinburg Edinburgh h Fringe Fringe (the (the larges largestt perfor performin ming g arts arts festival in the world), the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo, and the Edinburgh International Film Festival. In fact the city is one of the most vibrant, cosmopolitan cities in Europe and is regula regularly rly voted voted as one of the most desir desirabl able e places to live in the world.This is a city that knows how to be both ancient ancient and modern. modern. And a fantastic fantastic place to live.
CREATIVITATEA Acest capitol contine 40 de teme libere inspirate de realitatea inconjuratoare, din viata de fiecare zi.
1. Problems of the youth Youth is the time when a person is trying to find his place in the world One of the problems problems is a genera generatio tion n gap. gap. Every Every generatio generation n is unique in its experience. experience. It has its own ideals and a system of values concerning every aspect of human life. Adults always complain that the young are not what what they they were. were. These These words words are repeat repeated ed from from generatio generation n to generatio generation. n. The young know what they want. want. They prefer to make their own mistakes mistakes rather than to listen to the warnings warnings of the adults. adults. The past exists to help the young to avoid unnecessary blurs. But
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they do want to have them. The young want to live their own life. They want to overcome overcome their own difficultie difficulties s without turning back. Unfortunately the life of the young is frequently determined by the adults. The adults start the war but the young die in it. And the solution to this problem problem is that both the young and adults adults should be tolerant and patient to each other. Another problem of the youth is the relationship of the young people with their friends and beloved. The problem of love is very important for the young. It is regrettable, but the young are not always ready to have stable relations. For a happy family life two people must understand understand and respect respect each other. It should should be said that the young have other problems as well. They are concerned concerned with educatio education, n, money, money, employme employment, nt, hobby, spending their free time, communication, and the like. And of course one of the most urgent problems is the accommodations problem. Few young people in our country country have their own apartmen apartments. ts. In the main they share share the apartm apartment ents s with with their their parent parents s even even after after getting married. In general all the problems of the youth are linked with the present rather then with the past or future.
2. City disadvantages cities
life-advantages of living
and in
Every now and then we ask ourselves whether it's better to live in a city our in a countryside. City life has its advantages and disadvantages. First of all, it is easier easier to find find work work in the city city than than in the country, besides, salaries are much higher and one has a larger variety of jobs to pick from. Moreover, cities are the centers of culture and social life. Living in a city one has all sorts of museums, museums, theatres, theatres, exhibiti exhibitions, ons, movie theatres, pubs, restaurants at their command. Therefore there there are a lot more free time faciliti facilities es than than in rural rural areas. Cities Cities are also centers of education education.. Many young peop people le move move to citi cities es beca becaus use e ther there e are are more more opport opportuni unitie ties s for contin continuin uing g their their educat education ion there. there. Usuall Usually y count country's ry's larges largestt and best best univer universit sities ies are located in big cities. Another advantage it better living conditions. In the city people live in more modern houses which need less work doing to them. That saves a great part of their time and effort. Among the disadvant disadvantages ages there are crime, poll pollut utio ion, n, high high pric prices es,, enor enormo mous us traf traffi fic c jams jams and and
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overcr overcrowd owded ed street streets s and subwa subway y and of course course the threat of the present - terrorism. From the point of view of ecolog ecology y cities cities are not the best place place to live live in. Garbage and sewage are two major problems of cities as well as air and water pollution. Besides it's not safe in terms of crime. For example, it is dangerous in big cities to walk back home late in the eveni evening. ng. One can either either get robbed robbed of their their purse purse,, jewel jewelry ry or mobile mobile phone or even even get attacked attacked,, for example. One has to watch out for pickpockets even in the daylight. Of course city life has a lot of advantages and disadvantages, but if you get tired of social life, it is always a great pleasure to go to a country side with a beautiful and green view The atmosphere of rural life is also great as when you get there it seems that time goes by slowly and there is no need to hurry.
3.
A que quest stio ion n of of tas taste te.. Fas Fashi hion on
Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people, who say they don't care what they wear, choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day. However, we definitely get fashion ideas from music clips, videos, books and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. For example it is known that more sunglasses sunglasses were sold in America America after after the movie Man in Black. Depending Depending on their their attitude attitude towards clothes and fashion, people can be divided in three groups: fashion slaves, spending all their money on the latest clothes even if they don't look good in them; J2Q________________________________________________________
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necessarily mean that love no longer unites people. It just means that love has different dimensions, different sides that reflect our understanding of life. But personally, I can't let myself be cynical about love. Maybe I'm too young and inexperienced, but I believe it's a great feeling. Some say that love is the true meaning of our life, that love is all it's cracked up to be. They also say that "love is the master key that opens the the gate gates s of happ happin ines ess" s".. I can' can'tt but but agre agree. e. Love Love is somethin something g that makes us tender, tender, and affectionate affectionate,, and caring... caring...It's It's when another person's person's needs needs become become more important than yours and you don't see it as a burden. It's when when you you do your your best best to make make each each othe other' r's s live lives s somewhat easier in this troublesome world...
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fashion fans, who enjoy wearing modern clothes but not obsessed by them; people that just do not care the way they look; Of course there are big companies tha< do not allow people to come at work in what they want, they have to respect the dress code, registered in the policy of each big company. According to the dress code, an employee is not allowed to wear certain items of clothing to work. For example, example, men are supposed supposed to wear ties and business business suits, and nobody nobody is allowed allowed to wear jeans, jeans, except on Fridays. Women's clothes are not supposed to be skintight, too short and too open. All of the shirts are suppos supposed ed to have have collar collars. s. Clothe Clothes s also also can't can't be too bright, bright, the colors should should correspon correspond d to the corporate corporate colors - dark blue and white.
4. Love means different things to different people The subject of love is one that has inspired poets, writers, those lucky in love and those who have been passed over by Cupid...Love has been defined as wise, silly, profound, bitter, funny...It seems as if each and one of us has a different understanding of love, or at least the attitude to love varies greatly from person to person.. It may be a surprising revelation to some of us, because love has traditionally been considered to be something that that unit unites es peop people le(( at leas leastt that that's 's what what I've I've been been taught).And yet, there's no use denying the fact that love has as many definitions as there are human beings on this planet. And it doesn't Love is a feeling that makes you stronger and helps you get through a crisis. It's something I can't imagine my life without.
5. Books in our lives Desp Despit ite e the the incr increa ease se in TV watc watchi hing ng and and the the develo developin ping g of World World Wide Wide Web, Web, readin reading g is still still very very importan important. t. So I don't don't think think books books need to be rescued. rescued. Reading both entertains and educates people. Books help us to discover new things and explore new ideas. The book is the surest way to bring nations together. It gives us an insight not only into the past, but also into the future. The book is a faithful and undemanding friend: it can be put aside and taken up again at any moment. Reading is the perfect way to relax and spend your free time. Books portray life in its richness, so they develop reader's reader's imaginati imagination on and arouse arouse curiosity curiosity,, admiratio admiration. n.
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Sometimes they even can help to solve difficult problems of life. I become become very keen on literature literature early in life. This probab probably ly happen happened ed becaus because e we had a very very good good and widely read library in home. Books stirred my imagination, expanded the boundaries of the familiar world and filled my life with great expectations of joy and happiness I'm fond of reading and I've read a lot of books of different genres. And certainly I have my favorite book. It is -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------________________91
the story story by Agatha Agatha Christie Christie - "The "The murder murder of Roger Roger Ackroyd". Some critics say that Agatha Christie introduced a novelty in this work, because the murder is a storyteller. In the "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" the main characters and environment are typical for 1920th in England. The action takes place in a country house. The author shows us its owner with his habits, relatives and neighbors. All this is presented presented vividly vividly and brightly. brightly. One of the main heroes heroes of the book Hercule Hercules s Poirot Poirot gets over a lot of problems before catching a murder. Exci Excite teme ment nt,, susp suspen ense se,, horr horro or, reve reveng nge, e, and and extraordin extraordinary ary talent, talent, astoundi astounding ng calmness calmness of Hercules Hercules Poirot fill this book. "The murder of Roger Ackroyd" has made a great impression on me. And nowadays it makes really unforgettable impressive reading.
6. Things I dislike in my school I like my school very much because I have spent the best best years years of my short life there. there. But in spite spite of it I
dislike the whole system of education. What concerns concerns my school school the pupils pupils are not free in their choice of the subjects. And they are forced to study the subjects they are not interested in and it take takes s them them too too much much time time to lear learn n the the subj subjec ects ts unnecessa unnecessary ry for their future future life. life. They could spend this time working working on the subjects subjects which will be needed for their future profession. Besides, every day we have have two breaks of 10 minutes and two breaks breaks of 15 minutes minutes at school. school. But 1 5 minutes minutes is not enough to have a lunch for the pupils. They are always in a hurry eating their lunch. It causes diseases connected with stomach. It should be mention that our lessons lessons start at 8 o'clock. But the pupils have to
come come to scho school ol ten ten minu minute tes s to 8 to do morning exercises. I think there is not necessary to do them because on the one hand some pupils do such
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exercises at home every morning and on the other hand it is not comfortable to do exercises in our school clothes. I think think too too many many pupi pupils ls stud study y in ever every y class. Most of them sit far from the blackboard. blackboard. And sometimes they can't Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straight position
11. A Ch Child A child is the charming, creature. He is the sense, of QUI life. We cannot imagine our being without him and therefore we guard him by day and by night. But who knows what vices can be grown up in this innocent soul. It's It's possib possible le him to be a great great misfor misfortu tune ne or even a disaster. There a lot of such experience No, I'm not talkin talking g about about the childr children en becomi becoming ng criminals but about the "normal" children making life with them completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout, cry, run around you don't giving even a minute for rest. The Their ir curi curios osit ity y and and play plays s coul could d caus cause e the the terr terrib ible le consequences. The electricity electricity often attracts attracts children. children. They like to shove shove fingers fingers into the socket, socket, to cut the wires, to shake shake the lustres, lustres, to twist the electrical electrical lamps, etc. "Daddy, "Daddy, Show me how computer works", - said the son shoving by screwdriver into the system block. "What have you done? It costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at the black clouds of smoke rising above the system block. "He is just a child", -explains mother her son's behavior. Everything Everything starting starting by deodoran deodorants ts and finishin finishing g by the video's remote control presents a danger in children's hands. It seems for them that everything what they see is the toys and of course want to play. But the "toys" "toys" someti sometimes mes could be by no means means harmless. For example, mentioned above deodorant can explode in the fire or just in the strong sun and cause the severe injures. By paper, by simple paper a child can cut his soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage. Because of that we have to protect them from theirs own curiosity. Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device. After all a Woman and a Child are only for which is worthy to live
12. Role Role of woma woman n in soci society ety The ongoing changes in social, political and economic sphere spheres s of the country country entail entails s not only the raise raise of women's role in society, in addition they are accompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by sex
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that had been shaping through decades. Free economic relation relations s and temcsatvrato. of. aU. sj^xejc sj^xejcea. at Ivte, cw&te $ft basis, eventu eventual al equal equal social social rights rights for for any human human being being regar regardle dless ss of six-fo six-foot ot both both of men and women. 'From a tegar potnr of view, a man ancf a woman r'n our country are equal. However, in practice, there are no real mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well as for their active participation in social life. Housework, chores and raising children are generally considered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite the fact fact that that birthr birthrate ates s in the countr country y have have been been fallin falling, g, chil childr dren en are are obst obstac acle les s in the the labo laborr mark market et.. It is under understa standa ndabl ble e that that women women decide decide to defer defer havin having g children later or do not have children at all. Along with that that,, ther there e is a lack lack of know knowle ledg dge e abou aboutt mode modem m contracep contraception tion and a correspon corresponding dingly ly large large number number of abortions. However, the number of women taking part in the country's political, economic and civic life shows that women women are are restri restricte cted d in the spheres spheres of politi politics cs and government. Women's salaries are on average lower than men's, men's, and women are likew likewise ise far more likely likely to fall fall victim to violence and unemployment So, the main goals are protection of women's rights and eliminati elimination on of discrimin discrimination ation in society; society; widening widening women's participation in policy decision-making processes on the local, local, regional regional and national national levels; levels; support support for cooper cooperati ation on betwee between n women' women's s organi organizat zation ions s on the the national national and internati international onal arenas; arenas; widening widening access access to inter internat nation ional al resour resources ces and experi experienc ence e of women' women's s organizations on an international level.
13. It is science that does us good or does it bring disaster? To answer the question whether science does us good or does it bring disaster isn't a simple task. We should take into consideration many facts. On the one hand a lot of outstandi outstanding ng discoveri discoveries es made the life of the people more more comfor comfortab table le and pleasa pleasant. nt. Witho Without ut scient scientifi ific c discoveries and inventions no progress would be possible. Thanks to Recent Recent eviden evidence ce has shown shown that that heavy heavy and even even moderate moderate drinking during during pregnancy pregnancy can cause cause serious serious dama damage ge to the the unbo unborn rn chil child: d: phys physic ical al or ment mental al retardation, or both; a rare but severe expression of this damage is known as fetal alcohol syndrome
9. Homeiessness
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Homelessness is a huge problem in the whole world. In poor countries, countries, so called called "third "third world world countries countries"" you can meet homeless people on every corner. That's why government of "third world counties" tries to solve this problem by building more homes and shelters. Ministry Ministry of Health Health encounte encountered red with many strange strange diseas diseases es caused caused by unsan unsanita itary ry condit condition ions s of living living.. Homeless Homeless people eat from dirty waste, drink from not clean clean creeks creeks or even puddles. puddles. Huge wave of sickness sickness grabbe grabbed d street streets s of India, India, Nigeri Nigeria, a, Nepal, Nepal, Somali Somali and many, many other "third world countries" Unfort Unfortun unate ately ly diseas diseases es and and virus viruses es is not only only problem problem caused caused by homeless homelessness. ness. Statistic Statistic shows shows that level of crimes is much higher higher in those countries countries and citi cities es wher where e the the majo majorr issu issue e is home homele less ssne ness ss.. So homeless people don't have places to work, government pays pays not not enou enough gh mone money y for for livi living ng.. Char Charit itie ies s and and donations also to not enough to live a good life, that's why homeless homeless people people go the wrong wrong way to get get some some money for living. People steel money from those who's richer than they are. Sometimes robberies end up with seriou serious s injuri injuries es or even even homici homicide. de. Crime Crime is anothe anotherr problem caused by homelessness and homeless people. Government has all power to help homeless people and solve the problem with homelessness. Government doesn't have to make more charities for homeless people, but it shoul should d make make more more activi activitie ties, s, which which involv involves es homeless homeless people themselve themselves. s. Build more houses houses and shelters or even temporary places of living, it'll help to solve the issue with living place. It is for sure that civil volu volunt ntee eers rs will will help help with with mone money y and and many many othe otherr activities. I don't don't know. know. But problem of homeless homelessness ness must be solved! People must not loose their conscience and help their brothers and sisters on the streets.
10. Computers and Health Within the past two years, substantial media attention has been directed directed at potentia potentiall adverse adverse health effects of long-term computer use. People that spend most of the time working at computers should pay attention at the following factors: Light and glare- Eyestrain, headaches, and impaired visio vision n are often often a produc productt of improp improper er illum illumin inati ation on resulting in glare, which is light within the field of vision that is brighter than other objects to which the eyes are adapted.
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A NIOSH study recommends 200-500 lux for general office work; other sources suggest 500-700 lux for light characters on dark monitors and somewhat more for darkon-light. If documents are not sufficiently illuminated, desk lights lights are recommended recommended in preference preference to ceiling ceiling lights, lights, which increase reflections from video screens Breaks and exercises- Working in the same position for too long long causes causes tension tension build buildup up and is though thoughtt to increase increase the risk of repetitiv repetitive e motion motion injuries, injuries, such as carpal carpal tunnel tunnel syndro syndrome. me. Remedi Remedies es includ include e chang changing ing postures frequently, performing other work interspersed with with comp comput utin ing g (som (some e stud studie ies s reco recomm mmen end d a 10 -1 5 minute break from the keyboard every hour), and doing Keep your wrists in a natural, unforced, straight position
11. A Child A child is the charming creature. He is the sense of our life. We cannot imagine our being without him and therefore we guard him by day and by night. But who knows what vices can be grown up in this innocent soul. It's It's possib possible le him to be a great great misfor misfortun tune e or even a disaster. There a lot of such experience No, I'm not talkin talking g about about the childr children en becomi becoming ng criminals but about the "normal" children making life with them completely intolerable. They bother, disturb, shout, cry, run around you don't giving even a minute for rest. The Their ir curi curios osit ity y and and play plays s coul could d caus cause e the the terr terrib ible le consequences. The electricity electricity often attracts attracts children. children. They like to shove fingers fingers into the socket, socket, to cut the wires, to shake the lustres, lustres, to twist the electrical electrical lamps, etc. "Daddy, "Daddy, Show me how computer works", - said the son shoving by screwdriver into the system block. "What have you done? It costs a small fortune", - cried poor daddy looking at the black clouds of smoke rising above the system block. "He is just a child", -explains mother her son's behavior. Everything Everything starting starting by deodoran deodorants ts and finishing finishing by the video's remote control presents a danger in children's hands. It seems for them that everything what they see is the toys and of course want to play. But the "toys" "toys" sometime sometimes s could could be by no means harmless. For example, mentioned above deodorant can explode in the fire or just in the strong sun and cause the severe injures. By paper, by simple paper a child can cut his soft flesh and cause the hemorrhage. Because of that we have to protect them from theirs own curiosity.
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exerci exercises ses such such as tight tighteni ening ng and releas releasing ing fists fists and rotating arms and hands to increase circulation. In summary we may say that we hear a lot about hazards hazards associat associated ed with working with computers, computers, and learn learn from experience experience that long hours at the keyboard can bring bring on eyestr eyestrain ain and various various aches aches and pains. pains. Fortunately, there are measures that really do work: Use the minimum force necessary to press the keys. Vary your tasks during the day to avoid sitting in one position for several hours or performing the same hand motions without interruption. Take periodic breaks. Prevent a misfortune! That should be our device. After all a Woman and a Child are only for which is worthy to live
12. Role Role of woman woman in in socie society ty The The ongo ongoin ing g chan change ges s in soci social al,, poli politi tica call and and economic economic spheres of the country entails not only the raise raise of women's role in society, society, in addition addition they are accompanied by breaking of stereotypes to treat human beings by sex that had been shaping through decades. Free Free econom economic ic relati relations ons and democr democrati atizat zation ion of all spheres of life create the basis for eventual equal social rights for any human being regardless of six-foot both of men and women. 'From a legal point of view, a man and a woman in our country are equal. However, in practice, there are no real mechanisms of women's rights fulfillment as well as for their active participation in social life. Housework, chores and raising children are generally considered to belong to a woman's domain. Despite the fact that birthrates birthrates in the country country have been falling, falling, chil childr dren en are are obst obstac acle les s in the the labo laborr mark market et.. It is unders understan tandab dable le that that women women decide decide to defer defer having having children children later or do not have children children at all. Along with that that,, ther there e is a lack lack of know knowle ledg dge e abou aboutt mode modern rn contracep contraception tion and a correspon corresponding dingly ly large large number number of abortions. However, the number of women taking part in the country's political, economic and civic life shows that women women are restrict restricted ed in the sphere spheres s of polit politics ics and governmen government. t. Women's Women's salaries salaries are on average average lower lower than men's, and women are likewise far more likely to fall victim to violence and unemployment So, the main goals are protection of women's rights and eliminat elimination ion of discrimin discrimination ation in society; society; widening widening wome women' n's s part partic icip ipat atio ion n in poli policy cy deci decisi sion on-m -mak akin ing g
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processes processes on the local, local, regional regional and national national levels; support for cooperation between women's organizations on the national and international arenas; widening access to internat international ional resources resources and experienc experience e of women's women's organizations on an international international level.
13. 13. It is scie scienc nce e that that does does us good good or does it bring disaster? To answer answer the the questi question on wheth whether er scienc science e does does us good or does it bring disaster disaster isn't isn't a simple task. We should take into consideration many facts. On the one hand a lot of outstanding discoveries made the life of the people more comfortable and pleasant. Without scientific discoveries and inventions no progress would be possible. Thanks Thanks to discovery discovery of electricity electricity we can listen listen to the radio, watch TV, see films, people learned how to produce stee steell and and meta metall allo alloys ys -now -now we use use rail railwa ways ys and and airplanes. Development of chemistry led to new synthetic fibers and people got more clothing and food. People learned to use scientifi scientific c achievemen achievements ts in curing curing incurable incurable earlier diseases. But on the other hand such outstanding discoveries of the 20th century as atom fission led to creation of the weapons of mass destruction. We should say that science has a potential for both good and evil. Alfred Nobel invented a new explosive (dynamite) to improve the peacetime industries of road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. His greatest greatest wish, however, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus between nations, and he spent much time and money working working for this cause, cause, until his death death in 1896. His famous will in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding discoveries in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. Medica Medicall men use laser laser to cure cure and investig investigate ate dise diseas ases es and and the the same same time time lase laserr can can be used used for for destruction. Achievements of biology and chemistry are also used to cause damage to people. All this shows that science can take good forms and evil forms. What form does it take depends on the way peop people le work work with with scie scienc nce. e. It is impo imposs ssib ible le to stop stop progress, to stop people to investigate and explore the world. But people should care it wouldn't be led in wrong direction.
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14. Global Warming "Glo "Globa ball warm warmin ing" g" has has been been intr introd oduc uced ed by the the scientific scientific community community and the media as the term that encompasses all potential changes in climate that result from higher average global temperatures. Hundreds of scientists from many different countries are working to unde unders rsta tand nd glob global al warm warmin ing g and and have have come come to a consensus consensus on several several importan importantt aspects. aspects. In general, general, Global warming will produce far more profound climatic changes than simply a rise in global temperature. An analysis of temperature records shows that the Earth nas warmed an average of 0.5°C over the past 100 years. For the past past 15 0 years, years, though, though, the atmos atmosphe pheric ric concen concentra tratio tions ns of these these gases, gases, partic particula ularly rly carbo carbon n dioxide, nave been rising. As a result, more heat is being trapped trapped than previousl previously, y, which which in turn is causing the global temperature to rise. Climate scientists have linked the ncreas ncreased ed levels levels of heat-t heat-trap rappin ping g gases gases in the atmosphere to luman activities, in particular the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and electricit electricity; y; gasoline gasoline for transpor transportati tation), on), deforesta deforestation, tion, cattle ranching, and rice "'arming. As the the Earth Earth's 's climat climate e is the result result of extrem extremely ely complex complex nteractio nteractions, ns, scientists scientists still cannot cannot predict predict the exact impact on the earth's climate of these rising levels of heat-t heat-trap rappin ping g gases gases over over the next next centur century. y. The curr curren entt best best esti estima mate te is that that f carb carbon on diox dioxid ide e conc concen entr trat atio ions ns doub double le over over prei preind ndus ustr tria iall leve levels ls,, acco accord rdin ing g to the the scie scient ntif ific ic poss possib ible le scen scenar ario ios, s, an atmospheric doubling of carbon dioxide could occur as early as 2050.
15. Advantages and disadvantages of TV and Advertisements We talk to various various people people from different different countries countries about their attitudes about TV and advertisement. Does TV educate or stimulate? Or it is a drug or tranquilizer used to control the population. TV is a very expensive medium and many countries don't have the technology and the money to make their own television programs. The result is that most countries are dependent on TV of Britain and America. How do people usually answer the question: "What are you going to do tonight?" or "What are you going to do at the weekend?" In other words how do people spend their free time?
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Some 20 or 30 years ago the usual answers used to be "We are going to the theatre" or "We are going to the party" or "We are having some friends round". Now you are very often hearing "We are going to stay at home and watch the television".
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Modern Modern TV offers offers viewer viewers s sever several al progra programs ms on different channels. In addition to regular newscasts you see plays and films, films, operas and ballets and watch all kinds of contests, quizzes and sporting events. You can also get a lot of useful information of the educational chan channe nels ls.. In the the conc conclu lusi sion on we may may say, say, TV most most definitely plays a very important part in people's life, but is this a good thing or a bad one? Don't we go out less often, and then we used to? Don't we read less? What are the functions of advertisements? The first one to mention is to inform. The The second second functi function on is to sell. sell. The products products are shown shown from from the best point of view view and the potent potential ial buyer, buyer, on having having entere entered d the store, store, uncons unconscio ciousl usly y chooses the advertised products. One buys this washing powder powder or this chewing chewing gum, because because the colorful colorful TV commercial commercials s convince convince him of the best qualities qualities of the product. Thu Thus s desp despit ite e our our diss dissat atis isfa fact ctio ion n when when bein being g bombarded by all the advertisers' information we must admit that they do perform a useful service to society, and advertisements the same as TV are an essential part of our everyday life.
16. Books Exce Except pt for for a livi living ng man man ther there e is noth nothin ing g more more wonderful wonderful than books. They teach us and open their hearts for us. We learn many things by reading books. They make the world much larger for us. They tell us how grea greatt and and wond wonder erfu full man man is. is. Book Books s expa expand nd the the boundaries of the familiar world for us. Some books arouse our interest, delight, feelings of curiosity and admiration, some make us think which is very important and demand great erudition on the part of the readers, some entertain, amuse us giving pleasure and delight. We can hardly read some books and stories for laughing and some dramas and romances for tears. Book Books s arou arouse se diff differ eren entt emot emotio ions ns in us; us; they they penetrate deep into our souls and hearts. We love and suffer suffer,, feel feel sympat sympathy hy or indig indignat nation ion,, cry or laugh, laugh, struggle and reach success together with the characters of the the book books. s. Book Books s have have a grea greatt impa impact ct on our our characters characters.. We are influenced influenced by good examples, examples, they add to molding of our characters and forming our moral values. Books give food for our mind and warmth for our soul. We should love books as they are the sources of knowledge and can make us strong, intelligent, and well educated. There are different kinds of books, which appeal to different kinds of readers. They are science-fiction and fantasy stories, detective and spy stories, tales and fairy tales, books about animals and nature, adventure books and Dooks Dooks about about travels, travels, humorous humorous stories, stories, historic historical al dramas, Diographies and autobiographies, essays. It's so nice to read ooems which gradually are unfolding and revealing revealing their rich inner inner self, self, as one reads reads them again and over again. Readers can be divided into some groups. The most popula popularr group group is peopl people e who who read read fantas fantastic tic storie stories. s.
Another not so popular, but a very interesting group is people who prefer romantic and detective stories. And the last group is people people who like to read non-ficti non-fiction on literature. There are many other small groups, but those three is bigger than others.
17. Smoking Smokin Smoking g is a big social social issue issue in many many countr countries ies nowadays widely discussed in newspapers, radio and TVshows. The The practi practice ce of smokin smoking g tobacc tobacco o originated among Native Native Americ Americans ans in easter eastern n North America, America, where tobacco is native. native. It was adopted adopted by many Europeans followin following g the colonizati colonization on of
the Americas. According to the World Health Organization, it is most common in East Asia, where as many as two-thirds two-thirds of all adult males males smoke tobacco. tobacco. Becaus Because e of concer concern n over over the healt health h effect effects s of tobacco smoking, the practice has rapidly declined in recent years in the United States, Canada and western Europe. However, statistics show that at least a quarter of people even in these regions continue to smoke, and there is no indication smoking will go away completely. Tobacco may be smoked in several forms, the most common being the cigarette, the cigar, and the pipe. Cigarette smoking is the most common. Pipes and cigars are
less common, and some stereotype these as exclusively for men. The hookah or water pipe is used in the Middle East. Medical Medical research research has found found that smoki smoking ng is a
major major contri contribut buting ing factor factor toward towards s many many human health problems, especiall especially y lung cancer, cancer, heart attack, and other disorders disorders.. Smoking Smoking is not supported by many people in the world, for the most part by the non-smokers. In addition addition,, in many countries countries some jurisdictions jurisdictions impose rest restri rict ctio ions ns on wher where e smok smokin ing g is allowed. Severa Severall Europe European an countr countrie ies s such such as the
Republic of Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain and Scotland have legislated against smoking in public places, often including bars and restaurants. Still, Still, many people continue continue smoking. People start start smoking for different reasons. Some say they smoke in order to relax, rest and distract from their daily stress. I think that most of the minors smoke in order to be like everybody else, to be cool and become a grown up. I am very tolerant towards smokers as long as they don't smoke in my presence and it's of no harm to me. Of course it's very harmful for them, but it's their own life and their own choice.
18. The younger generation knows best Old people are always saying that the young are not what what they they were. were. The same same commen commentt is made made from from generati generation on to generation generation and it is always always true. It has never been truer that it is today. The young are better educated. They have more money to spend and enjoy their freedom. They grow up more quickly. The old always assume that they know best from the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. The They y don' don'tt like like to feel feel that that thei theirr valu values es are are bein being g questioned or threatened. And this is precisely that the young are doing. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. Office Office hours, hours, for instance, instance, are nothing nothing more than enforced slavery. Would not people work better if they were given complete complete freedom freedom and responsib responsibility ility? ? And unflatter unflattering ing conclusion conclusions s about about your character character.. Think Think of the curfews, the martial law, the times you had to go early to bed, do as you were told, and eat disgusting stuff that was supposed to be good for you. Remember how "gentle" pressure was applied with remarks like "if you don't do as I say, I will..." and a dire warning would follow.
what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear dull grey suits and short haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, why have the older older generati generation on so often used violence violence to solve their their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their their personal personal lives, so obsessed obsessed with mean ambitious ambitious and and the the desi desire re to amas amass s more more and and more more mate materi rial al possessio possessions? ns? Can anything anything be right right with the rat-race? rat-race? Haven't the old lost touches with all that it is important in life? These These are not questions questions the older older generatio generation n can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally the young have have turned turned to their their elders elders for guida guidance nce.. Today Today the situation might be reversed. The old- if they are prepared to admi admitt it - coul could d lear learn n a thin thing g or two from from their their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjo enjoy y your your work work and and enjo enjoy y your your leis leisur ure; e; to shed shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to life in the present rather than in the past or future.
19. 19. Child hildh hood ood is cer certai tainly nly happiest time of your life
not
the
It's about time somebody somebody exploded exploded that hoary old might about childhood being the happiest period of your life. life. Childhood Childhood might certainly certainly be fairly happy, happy, but its greatest moments can't compare with the sheer joy of being an adult. Who ever asked a six- year old for an opinio opinion? n? Childr Children en don't don't have have opinio opinions, ns, or if they they do nobody notice. Adults choose the clothes their children will wear, the books they will read and the friends they will play with. Mother and father are kindly but absolute dictators. For all the nostalgic remarks you hear, which adult would honestly change places with a child? Think of the years years at school school:: the years living living in consta constant nt fear fear of examinatio examinations ns and school report. report. Every movement movement you make, make, every every though thoughtt you think is observ observed ed by some some critical adult who may draw What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regain your balance; the worlds open up before you. You are free to choose; you have your own place to live in and your your own money money to spend. spend. You You do not have have to seek constant constant approval approval for everythin everything g you do. You are no longer teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adults because you failed to come to some theoretical kind of standard.
And if on occasion you are teased, you know how to deal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell: you are on yourself.
20. TV in my life TV is very important thing in our life. We can say that TV is our eyes because TV helps us to know more about the world, about the others counties, about the events that happened in the world. TV even helps you to know more about yourself. I like to watch TV very much. I can do that all day, that's why sometimes my mother makes me turn off TV. We have a lot of TV channels, they are: NTV, MTV, ORT, TVR1, TVM, PROTV and others. I also have few KOSMOS TV's channels, for example: Cartoon network, Discovery channel, TVE, and BBC. I like some of them and hate others. So here are some words about the channels that I like. So, my favorite channel is MTV. MTV is a music channel. 24 hours a day of music, can you beli believe eve it? it? I like like to list listen en musi music c very very much much,, and and sometimes sometimes I even make myself myself the music, that is why I enjoy watching MTV. I also like NTV. I also like several foreigner channels, especially Euro sport. And you know why! Cartoon Cartoon network network is not bad, but I think that it's better for children - not for me. I think that all teenagers of my age like to watch MTV or other entertainment channels. But I have to say that I like also the channels that show news, I watch also in order to get informed with all that is happening in my country but also abroad. I think that adults usually like to watch more informational channels rather than channels with cartoons or music... Usually adults like Euro news or BBC channels, which is one of the best information's channels in the whole world. world. The Bush Bush house house is a headqu headquart arters ers of the BBC World Service. Service. Form this building building the BBC broadcas broadcasts ts radio programmers to the whole world. All news in the BBC are checked at least twice before it is broadcasting. That's why the World Service is not always popular with governments. Cause of our different tastes, sometimes my family has a problem with choosing channels. Somebody thinks that TV is bad, but I don't think so. I believe that in the future TV will be better and everyone will like it.
21. Medicines and health. You have a sound mind in a solid body, as an Old Latin saying goes. The English proverb "Sickness in the body brings sickness to the mind, expresses the similar idea, but from the different point of view. Physical exercises are good pastime. That is true that good health is better than the best medicine. If you do
early early exerci exercises ses you feel feel refres refreshed hed you have have a good good posture and that makes you felled so pay attentions to the way you stand waken sit. Here some rules for good health. Take long walks in the open air as often as you can. Keep your body clean. Keep your teeth clean. Wear clean clothes. Sleep with your window open. There is nothing more unpleasant than being taking ill. If you are running a temperatu temperature, re, have a splitting splitting headache feel dizzy or cough you go and see a doctor or send for him at once. Certainly, he or she will prescribe some medicine which you can get made up at chemists [drug-sto [drug-store] re] At chemist's chemist's shop you can get different different kinds of medicines: pulls, tablets, ointments and many othe otherr thin things gs.. I reme rememb mber er one one of my most most seri seriou ous s illnesses. It was four years ago.
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Illness started unexpectedly. Early in the morning I woke up and felt dizzy and feverish. I had a splitting headache and terrible cough. My nose was running. I was sneezing all the time. time. I could could hardly hardly recogniz recognize e my own voice. voice. Besides I was running a high temperature. The doctor asked me to strip to the waist, then sounded my lungs, felt my pulse, pulse, examined examined the throat. throat. I had phenomena phenomena and I was to be taken to the hospital. I had to stay for a mont month h ther there e and and obli oblige ged d to get get a lot lot of peni penici cill llin in injections. In the long run I recovered of course. B ut most of all I'm afraid of visiting a dentist. Toothache can't be compar compared ed with with anythi anything ng else. else. Extrac Extractin ting g a tooth tooth or having having a tooth tooth field field is quite common things but now painful.
22. Nature protection Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 2030 we are going going to have have incre increase ase of the average average temperatu temperature re between between 1,5—4,5 1,5—4,5 Degrees Degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several meters, flooding coastal areas and ruining ruining vast tracts tracts of farmland farmland.. Water Water contamina contamination tion could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth's environment. But now, at the end of the 20th century, we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature's sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside countryside to accommoda accommodate te our rubb rubbis ish h. Thes These e are the the con conseque equenc nces es of the the
development of civilization. United Nations Environment Progra Program m (UNEP) (UNEP) concen concentra trates tes its activi activitie ties s on these these issues. Acid Measures are to be taken. We have only a few years to attempt attempt to turn things things around. We must review review our wasteful, wasteful, careless careless ways, we must consume consume less, recycle more, conserve wildlife wildlife and nature, act according to the dictum «think locally, think globally, act locally». To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories and plants plants from cities, use modern modern technolo technologies, gies, redesign redesign and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances, protect and increase the greenery and broaden 10 7 ecolog ecologica icall educat education ion.. These These are are the main main practi practical cal measures, which must he taken in order to improve the ecological ecological situation. situation. Some progress progress has been already made in this direction. direction. 159 countries-memb countries-members ers of the UNO have set up environmen environmental tal protectio protection n agencies. agencies. They hold conferences discussing ecological problems, set up environmental research centers and take practical urgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe. There There are numerous public organizations organizations such as Gree Greenp npea eace ce that hat are are doin doing g much uch to pres reserve erve environmen environment. t. The 5th of June is proclaimed proclaimed the World Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated every year.
23. Traveling. Modern life is impossible without traveling. Millio Millions ns of people people all over the world world spend spend their their holidays traveling. Such people are very fond of traveling and have the sense of adventure adventure.. They travel to see other other continent continents s and countries, countries, modern modern cities cities and the ruins of ancient towns. They travel to enjoy picturesque plac places es or just just for for a chan change ge of scen scene. e. It's It's alwa always ys interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try to different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. People travel by boat, by train, by plane or on foot. All means means of travel travel have have their their advant advantage ages s and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and destinations. If we are fond of traveling we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see at home, thou though gh we may may read read abou aboutt them them in book books s and and newspapers, or on TV. Traveling by air is more popular in our days than other ways of traveling. You can see many continents and oceans, countries and rivers, cities and lakes.
I enjoy staying at a hotel. It is more comfortable to stay stay there. there. You can enjoy enjoy being being alone, alone, to take take a hot show shower er,, to slee sleep p in warm warm bed bed and and many many othe otherr advantages advantages.. Some people enjoy camping camping in tents. tents. Of course course,, the weather weather must be good good for that. There is nothing worse than camping in rain. If you want to travel, first, you must look through some advertisement. Some people like to go on one place and 108________________________________________________________
spen spend d thei theirr holi holida days ys ther there. e. The The plac place e may may be an interesti interesting ng city, a picturesqu picturesque e village village or some other attractive attractive place. Others believe in seeing seeing as much as possible in the time they have. I think that our education becomes richer when you travel travel,, meet meet new new peopl people, e, becaus because e you can see new things things which you never never seen seen in your your life life before before and besides by traveling and sightseeing we can get to know the world around us.
24. My favorite holiday Every nation has its own customs customs and long-lived long-lived tradition traditions. s. There is a great great number number of exciting exciting events which are held in every country country througho throughout ut the year. Such events of national importance unite people, make them feel proud of their nation. Each family is like a little countr country y with with its own traditio traditions. ns. So we celebr celebrate ate all holidays in a very special way and it keeps our family together in spirit. Our most favorite holiday is Christmas. We celebrate it on the 25th of December. Preparation for Christmas Christmas are always always pleasant pleasant:: buying buying gifts, gifts, sending sending Christmas Christmas cards cards and decoratin decorating g Christmas Christmas tree with small, small, bright bright-col -colore ored d lights lights and small small colore colored d glass glass ornaments. The cookies and cakes are very special not only because of the cream but also because of their form and color. For example, example, they look like Christmas-t Christmas-trees rees,, funny smiling faces, or teddy-bears. When the meal is ready ready the real Christ Christmas mas comes comes with with the big family family dinner, dinner, gifts, gifts, candles, candles, sweets and illumination illumination.. In our family family this dinner is very important, important, all the members should be present. I believe that on this day if you make a wish wish stay stayin ing g next next to the the Chri Christ stma mas s tree tree it will will undoubte undoubtedly dly come true, just because because it is Christmas. Christmas. Usually we celebrate this holiday in a family circle but sometimes we invite our relatives and close friends to the party. party. Next Next mornin morning g after after Christ Christmas mas we all are are looking looking for the sweets which the Santa puts into the Christmas stoking. I don't really believe in Santa but I believe that Christmas is a very unusual holiday when the wonders happen and all dreams may come true. My
family strongly believe in rules and traditions. All my life is filled with ___________________________ __________________________________________ _____________________________ _______________________ _________ ma.
tradit tradition ions s which which have have been been set by my grandgrand-gra grand nd parents long ago. We have traditions in fashion, in food, in behavior and in all other aspects of life
25. Ecolog Ecologica icall prob problem lems s The The Earth Earth is the only only planet planet in the solar solar system system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, lakes, high snowsnowcapped mountains, green forests and fields. But now the situation changed.. One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships ships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Many fis fish are are dyin ying in the the sea, ea, oth others ers are are getti ettin ng contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which
the new millennium. It's a symbol of the resurgence of hippie values in their culture. In the '60s, without warning, hippies turned fashion upside down and inside out. They brought a tsunami of new styles and colors into fashion like never before. From the Haight-Ashbury to London to Katmandu, the hippies took fashion on an eye-poppin eye-popping g psychedeli psychedelic c journey. journey. Many new fashions fashions emanated emanated from San Francisco Francisco and London London to some extent. extent. The fashion fashion leaders leaders were the icons of our day. Rock 'n roll stars like Jimmy Hendrix and The Beatles appeared in public and on record albums in all sorts of colorful costumes. costumes. The elements elements that went into into the hippy wardr wardrobe obe were only only limite limited d by their their psychedel psychedelic ic imaginat imaginations ions.. Bellbottom Bellbottoms s ruled ruled the day, from striped, to blue jeans to patchwork, to hip huggers, even leather pants were popular. Women wore saris from India India and sarongs from Bali and Java. Velvet, Velvet, leather, leather, batik, batik, denim, denim, Indian Indian cotton cotton and silk silk were were all popul popular ar fabrics. fabrics. Accessories Accessories included included love beads, beads, bandanna bandannas, s, leather leather vests, vests, jackets jackets with frills, and granny granny glasses. glasses. Jewelry, especially if made of silver from Mexico, India or Morocco was essential. The typical hippy vehicle was a VW bus or van or bug. Small campers and even school
may be sold in markets, and people may get sick from eating them. Another important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone ozone layer layer which which protec protects ts the Earth Earth from from the the dangerous light of the Sun. The other problem is that our fore forest sts s are are dyin dying g from from acid acid rain rains. s. Defo Defore rest stat atio ion, n, especiall especially y destructi destruction on of tropical tropical forests, forests, affects affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world. What can be done to protect nature? I believe that environment disasters can be avoided if people broaden ecological education and every person understands that the beauty of nature nature is extremely extremely fragile fragile and people must obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governments must be prepared to take action against pollution. Air pollution could be reduced if plants and factories were made made to fit fit effe effect ctiv ive e filt filter ers s on chim chimne neys ys and and car car exhausts.
26. 26. Hipp Hippie ie fas fashi hion on Today, the fashion world has once again discovered the wonderful styles from the '60s. We've come full circle and clothes clothes are not the only part part of hippie hippie Dom Dom to resurface for m buses buses were were conver converted ted into living living space for one to a dozen dozen peopl people. e. These These were were often often painte painted d .Food .Food is an important part of every culture. Hippies developed their own cuisine, cuisine, a mishmash mishmash of Indian, Indian, American, American, Middle Middle Eastern, Mexican, Italian and Asian with an emphasis on vegetarian vegetarian.. Hippies Hippies influenc influenced ed not only clothes clothes but a wide range of ideas and attitudes thus changing society in the process.
27. 27. The The phil philos osop ophy hy shou should ld meet meet the the challenge of the new millennium. Everyone lives his own life relying on some ideas, thoughts and some beliefs. Some people call such ideas "philosophy" of life. Even if a person says that he doesn't live according to some rules or ideas, he defines himself as a follower of such "never-care" philosophy. Throu Througho ghout ut the histor history y people people have have got to know know famous people, called philosophers, who "taught" people how to live. The The main main thing thing for people people became became choosi choosing ng which which "philosophy" to follow. They missed one thing: the main thing was to choose which philosophy was RIGHT. Today Today we see many differ different ent people people who live in differ different ent places places,, in diffe differen rentt cultur cultures, es, belong belonging ing to
different different groups groups followin following g different different teachings. teachings. Each of such people believes that he follows the right philosophy and those who live different differently ly are wrong. wrong. Very few of them try to understand others' philosophy of life. Most of them try to criticize criticize others' others' ideas, ideas, claiming claiming that only theirs are true. The philosophy should meet the challenge of the new millennium... The new millennium is not so much different from the old one. People People are still quarrell quarrelling, ing, killing, killing, lying lying and dying. People are still in need of the most essential thing to rely on: they are in need of LOVE, the only thing that will save the world. The philosophy must teach people to love each other. Not that love that Sigmund Freud told us about, I'm talking about REAL LOVE, when people don't even even think think about about quarre quarrelli lling ng,, deceiv deceiving ing,, killin killing g and and envying just because they love each other. People today are not aware aware of that that enormo enormous us lack lack of love in their hearts - they are too busy living their life full of hatred and rudeness. The philosophy should meet the challenge of the new millennium... There should be at least one person to start living according to "new" philosophy, one day he will be noticed and taken for example. Who is that person?
28. Identity. I am who I am. Person Personal al identi identity-i ty-itt deals deals with with questi questions ons about about ourselves qua people people (or persons). persons). The most common common question is what it takes for us to persist from one time to another. What is necessary, and what is sufficient, for some past or future being to be you? But there are other questions questions of equal equal interest interest and importan importance. ce. Many are familiar thoughts that occur to everyone at some time: What am I? When did I begin? What will happen to me when I die? Philosophical discussions of personal identity go right back to the origin of 112_____________________ 112________________________________ ________________________ _______________________ __________ the the disc discip ipli line ne,, and and most most majo majorr figu figure res s have have had had something to say about it. There is no one problem of personal identity, but a range of loosely related problems. Discussions that go by the name name of person personal al ident identity ity are most most often often about about questions like these: Who am I? - We often speak of one's "personal identity" as what makes one the person one is. Your Your identi identity ty in this this sense sense consis consists ts rough roughly ly of those those attribute attributes s that make you unique unique as an individual individual and different from others. Or it is the way you see or define yourse yourself. lf. Your Your indivi individu dual al psycho psycholog logica icall identi identity ty is a property that you might have for a while and then lose.
You could acquire a new identity, or perhaps carry on without one. Person Person hoodhood- What What is it to be a person person? ? What What is necessary, and what is sufficient, for something to count as a person, as opposed to a non-person? What would it take take for a chimpa chimpanze nzee e or a Martia Martian n or an electr electroni onic c computer to be a person, if they could ever be? What matters- What is the practical importance of facts about our identity and persistence? Imagine that surgeons are going to put your brain into my head, and that neither neither of us has any choice choice about this. Will the resulting person (who will think he is you) be responsible for my actions, or for yours? Or both? Or neither? That completes our survey. Though these questions are related, they are different, and it is important not to run them togeth together. er. What What they they have have in common common that makes them all questions questions about personal identity identity is difficult to say.
29. Tastes differ The word "taste" has several meanings. One of them is a physical sense of perception, as, for example, in "It tastes so sweet, try it!" Taste Taste may also also be defin defined ed as aesthe aesthetic tic feelin feeling g towards something or understanding, for example "she developed developed a taste taste for music" music" - which which means that she became fond of music. We often hear people say "this thing is tasteful or tasteless" or "this person has good taste" or "his taste is bad". ________________________________________________________ 111 This This means that all of us have some kind of a taste, taste, which is determined by the way we were brought up, by the time when we were growing. It also depends on the culture we are living in, on our age and on the people we are surrounded by. Moreover, it depends on the social class we belong to and even on our profession. People are so different and what we suppose is good for us, what seems beautiful and tasteful to us, may be just the contrary for other people. Therefore it is said "Tastes differ". Tastes Tastes differ even within within one country. country. Each of us perhaps perhaps remembers remembers quarreling quarreling with one of our friends friends over what tastes better: fried potatoes or macaroni with meat, chocolate or ice-cream, porridge or omelet Tast Tastes es diffe differr even even among among people people belong belonging ing to diff differ eren entt sex. sex. Rece Recent ntly ly Amer Americ ican an medi medica call jour journa nall Psychology and Behaviour published the results of a very
interesting research. They used the Web to survey 277 male and female participants in order to find out what kind of food they prefer. prefer. They found found that women women are more prone to eat comfort foods high in fat and sugar, such as cakes and ice-cream. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to turn to soups, pasta and steaks. It is obvious that every country and nation has its own taste and way of thinking but to my opinion that make makes s each each nati nation on spec specia iall and and inte intere rest stin ing g in the the meantime!
30. Learning foreign languages It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's why pupils pupils have got such subject as a foreign language language at school school.. Everyb Everybody ody knows knows his his own language language,, but it is useful useful to know know forei foreign gn langu language ages s somebo somebody dy said: said: "Engli "English sh is a langu language age that that came came from from nowher nowhere e to conquer conquer the world... world..."" These These words are really true! The most most import important ant contri contribut bution ion was made made by Willia William m Shakes Shakespea peare. re. Shakes Shakespea peare' re's s influ influenc ence e on everyd everyday ay English speech is great, people all over the world quote Shakespeare. The English language arrived in Britain on the point of a sword. That is why there are so many loans in English language. Now I would like to tell you about Standard English and Regional accents. Received
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pronunciation is the form of British English pronunciation used by many educated people in every part of Britain. It is thought of a standard form and is often used by the BBC. It is also used in teaching English in many parts of the the worl orld. Acce Accen nt is the soun ound of a pers erson's n's pronunciation of the language. It shows where a person come comes s from from and and what what clas class s he or she she belo belong ngs s to. to. Cockney Cockney is the way of speaking speaking English English and it is known as the the Lond London on dial dialec ect. t. Rhym Rhymin ing g slan slang g is a way way of speaking, ordinarily popular among cockneys in which a rhymi rhyming ng phras phrase, e, or a part part of it, is subst substitu ituted ted for a standard word. There is a standard form of the language and some dialects in our country too. To my mind, every country needs a standard form of the language because of the contact between people of this country. But there are a lot of loanwo loanwords rds in every every langu language age nowada nowadays. ys. Every day for example in advertisements we can hear and see new, incomprehen incomprehensibl sible, e, bad words, and they become widespread among the population. In conclusion I would would like to say that that now there there are more more than than 60 countries that speak English as the dominant or official language. My purpose is to show you why the English is a world language. The present day world status of English is the result result of two factors: factors: the expans expansion ion of Briti British sh colonial colonial power, which peaked towards towards the end of the 19th 19th centur century, y, and the emerge emergence nce of the US as the the leading economic power of the 20th century. English is the the chie chieff lang langua uage ge of inte intern rnat atio iona nall busi busine ness ss and and academ academic ic confer conferenc ences, es, and the the leadin leading g langu language age of internati international onal tourism. English is the main language language of popular popular music, music, advertisi advertising, ng, home computers and video video games. Most of the scientific, technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English.
31. Problems of unemployment I think that the problem of youth employment is very actual and must be solved as quickly as possible. They all go to institutes or universities and even academies, in order to get a degree and serve to the society. The most serious problem is that of finding working places for such a great number of specialists. Every year thousands of students graduate the high schools but uncertain of their future, as very few of theme do find a good paid job with good conditions .When students enter the high schools they all want for sure to become good specialist and all want to work and give the best from theme in order to help the society to become richer, better and that people be grateful to theme. But after graduating and finding a
job is very hard most of theme are very disappointed and prefer to go abroad and work instead staying here. The Federal Federal Governmen Governmentt should should do something something about this problem. Creating those places for young people is the burning question now. There must be a lot of new plants, factories, hospitals and other enterprises to give jobs to all the graduates. But there is one more problem when people people who leave one or institutions institutions are not satisfied satisfied with the working conditions and work as other specialists. As a result they have only their diplomas but they do not work according to their professions. And it is also very bad. But these students are glad to find a job and work even if it has nothing to do with the specialty they learn five years for in our country young people are still a little suppressed, they have complexes but abroad the life is quite different. Young people begin to work very early from from the poin pointt of view of age, age, get get more more and and more more experience out of their work and have more possibilities to realize themselves. I think that our state has to give more attention to educational system and the employment system if we want want to achiev achieve e better better results results and get get to be seen seen at internati international onal level. All this can be achieved only with good specialists and professionals
32. World of jobs It is certain certain the fact that every person since child drea dream m to cont contin inue ue the the stud studie ies s and and ente enterr a good good Univers University ity,, to gradua graduate te it and apply apply the knowle knowledge dge accumulat accumulated. ed. We spend great great part of our lives lives at our jobs jobs,, so choosing choosing a right right career career is one of the most most importan importantt decisions decisions you will make in your life. Many students finish high school and begin college without a clear idea of what they want to do in future. Part of the problem is the size of the job market itself. With so many kinds of jobs (2000) how can you tell which will interest you? Some of occupations are already overcrowded. In old industries there may be little need for new workers, while new and growing industries will offer jobs now and in the future. future. Therefore, Therefore, it is extremely extremely important important to explore explore your choice of occupatio occupations ns from every angle, angle, collect as much information as you can. But above all you must evaluate evaluate yourself. yourself. Find out where your interests interests and talents lie. First start with you, make a list of your interests, talents and abilities. Most people have a lot of these, but at the beginning they are undeveloped and may not seem outstanding. By concentrating on a few, or
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on one you may surprise yourself at how good you can get. Unempl Unemploym oyment ent especi especiall ally y hits hits poor poor and workin working g class families the hardest, not because this people are more likely likely to be unemploye unemployed, d, but because because they don't don't have financial resource to fall back on. Unemployment exists primarily for two reasons: first - the existence of millions of unemployed people tends to present most of those working from asking for higher wages since they can be replaced easily, second -in their search for profits, corporations are interested in finding the cheapest labor. The problem of unemployment is also connected with the economic economic crisis in our country. country. And I think think when this crisis comes to an end the problem of unemployment will not be so urgent. But on the other hand if you studied a lot during school and high school years then you will find a good, well paid job for sure as society need and will need always good specialists in every sphere of activity.
33. The importance of English language. English is a West West Germa Germanic nic langu language age originating in England, and the first language for most people in Austra Australia lia,, Canada Canada,, the Commo Commonwe nwealt alth h Carib Caribbe bean, an, Irelan Ireland, d, New New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America (also (also commonly commonly known as the Anglosphere. Modern English is sometimes described as the global global lingua franca. English English is the domi domina nant nt inte intern rnat atio iona nall lang langua uage ge in com communic unicat atio ion ns, scie scien nce, ce, busin usine ess, avia aviati tion on,, ente entert rtai ainm nmen ent, t, radi radio o and diplomacy. English English is one of six official official languages languages of the Nations. Nations. Over Over 309 millio million n people people speak speak Englis English h as their their first first language, language, as of 2005. English English today is probably probably the third third largest largest language language by number number of native native speakers, speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. The countries with the highest populations of native English speakers are, in descending order: United States , United Kingdom, Canada, Canada, Australia Australia , Ireland, South South Africa Africa ,and ,and New Zealand Countries such as Jamaica and Nigeria also have have mill illions ions of nati native ve spea speake kers rs of dialect continuums rang rangin ing g from from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. Of those nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speaker's .Following India is the People's Republic of China. Because English is so
wide widely ly spok spoken en,, it has has ofte often n been been refe referr rred ed to as a
"global "global language language", ", the lingua franca the franca of the modern era. While English is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a second" language around around the world. world. Amon Among g nonnon-En Engl glis ish h spea speaki king ng coun countr trie ies, s, a larg large e percen percentag tage e of the populati population on claime claimed d to be able able to converse in English in the Netherlands , Sweden ,
Denmark Denmark Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Finland , Slovenia Slovenia , Austria , Belgium , and Germany Norway and also have have a large large majori majority ty of compet competent ent Iceland also English-s English-speak peakers. ers. Books, Books, magazines magazines,, and newspape newspapers rs written in English are available in many countries around the world.
34. Highway to happiness Most of us want to be happy. But what is happiness? Is it something that you feel at a fleeting moment or does it has to last a certai certain n amount amount of time time before before it can officiall officially y be called called "happines "happiness"? s"? While While the thought of blazing through the sky after jumping out of a plane may spell utter bliss for some, others may shiver at the mere mention of it. What one person defines as something that keeps them smiling may be just the thing that makes another person miserable. Experts say that happiness is an emotion, and just like like any emotion, emotion, it comes comes and goes. goes. Also Also like like any emotion, some people simply seem to experience it more than others. It is even believed by some that everyone has a "happiness baseline." If this is true, then no matter what happens in our life, we will always return to our original level of happiness after a certain amount of time. Of course course,, there there are are many many other other things things that that can contri contribut bute e to our our happin happiness ess other other than than those those liste listed d above. Although this may come as a surprise to many, money money does does not accoun accountt for much when it comes comes to happiness. Once people accumulate wealth, they are not any more satisfied with their life than those who can only afford to meet their most basic needs. In the search for happiness, we often look to others to make us happy. Then when we find ourselves anything less than pleased, pleased, we play the blame game and hold them responsible for the cause of our feelings. However, only we can be held accountable for our own happiness because only we have the power to change the situation we are in.
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When it comes to achieving happiness, it's important not to forget the small stuff. By concentrating too much on being happy, you may be missing out on the "little things" that are right in front of you every day that can cause enjoyment. Simply appreciating the little things in life and learning to love, forgive, laugh, and live can lead to lifelong satisfaction. Now that we're armed with the map to happiness, we may be wondering where to start. As with anything, anything, happiness happiness does not magically magically appear overnight.
35. Importance of money in modern society. ONE: 'You shall have no other gods before Me.' This is the first commandment commandment of God's 1 0 Commandm Commandments. ents. In my opinion this would be the hardest commandment to follow in a modern society that is so enamored with money. The power of a dollar is a leading concept in a modern modern society. society. Many organizat organizations ions and business businesses es in modern society revolve around money. It's almost to the point where money can be seen as its own entity which would place itself above God in many cases. Money is something that everyone, atheists and religious leaders included, are able to see eye to eye on. The importance of money in today's society is rather large. Money finds itself everyone across society. I've personally seen many relationsh relationships ips go sour over disputes disputes involving involving money. Cash has the ability the transform even the best people into greedy savages. savages. Modernity Modernity is a society society that lusts lusts Women Women constitut constitute e half of the society society and in some societies societies the proporti proportion on exceeds exceeds that percentage, percentage, as is the case in our Yemeni society. Nevertheless, it is found even among the intellectuals that some of them do not recognize her importance other than a housewife raising chil childr dren en and and taki taking ng care care of them them and and the the enti entire re household. The family as the most important component of the society, and the most significant establishment in it, the major role in running it is upon the shoulders of the woman woman.. And the man is incap incapabl able e to have have the same patience and endurance the woman entertains in running the affairs of the family. In addition to that sacred role the the woman woman also also plays plays a recogn recognize ized d role role outsid outside e the family sphere as she proved to be successful teachers, doct doctor ors, s, engi engine neer ers s and and in othe otherr area areas s of soci social al development activities. She is the mother of the society and does more than one role; her job as a housewife and
money. Money determines many things in society. People got through many years of schooling with the hope that they will graduate making six figures. Money determines ones social position in society. The more money you have the easier life is for you. Those born in money seem to have to work less than those bom without it. We turn on the television television and wonder what celebriti celebrities es like Paris Hilton, and Nicole Ritchie do for a living. And the answer is nothing. They don't have to work because they were lucky enough to be born with money. The thought of the "easy life" ties hand in hand with the power of a dollar and people in a modern society fight for that life. So it is very very diffic fficul ultt to live live out out the the firs firstt comm comman andm dmen entt in a mode modern rn soci societ ety. y. Mone Money y is too too powerful of a tool for it not to diminish the morals and values of many Americans. It is held too high in society. In a modern society, money is the equivalent to the air we breathe. Everything depends on money. It's the one thing the majority of society will agree they couldn't live without. Money is the god that many place above God.
36. Man and Woman in the society The relationsh relationship ip between between man and woman in the societ society y has always always been been subjec subjectt to a longst longstand anding ing controversy, particularly in the society. It is the majority of the ordinary people that hold wrong ideas about the role of both man and woman in the society and those ideas ideas are the cause cause of the imbal imbalanc anced ed relati relations onship hip between man and woman in the society. her role role in the developm development ent of the society society wherea whereas s man's role is mainly outside the family sphere. Moreov Moreover er ever ever the succe successe sses s scored scored by man are impr imprin ints ts of wome women n who who help help in thei theirr idea ideas s and and enco encour urag age e them them in the the acco accomp mpli lish shme ment nt of thos those e successes. successes. And thus in many cases she is behind behind his success. Her great responsibility in providing stable and happy life inside the family is in itself an effective factor in man' man's s succ succes ess. s. She She is an indi indisp spen ensa sabl ble e ener energy gy possessing an indispensable role. Our glorious history has abundance of examples of great women successful successful in various various aspects of life; life; in politics, politics, religion religion,, education education and fighting fighting beside beside their their brother's men. The intelligent intelligentsia sia and sociologists sociologists have to do their hardest job in enlightening the society about the mutual role role played played by both both men and women women in buildi building ng an
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advanced society where both men and women are equal in importance and roles played in life.
37. The impact of migration on the society Immigration is a highly sensitive political issue in all the Member States of the European Union. Politicians and socie society ty in genera generall need need to accept accept the fact fact that that the majority of EU Member States have become immigration destinations. Large-scale migration will continue to have prof profou ound nd econ econom omic ic,, poli politi tica cal, l, soci social al and and cult cultur ural al consequences within the EU. Migration has a profound impac impactt on peopl people's e's everyd everyday ay life, life, but also also strong strongly ly influences the economical and political arena more than ever before in the modern era. Immigration will not only cont contin inue ue,, but but will will also also incr increa ease se insi inside de the the Unio Union. n. Multidimensional Multidimensional consequences in the social economic, political and cultural area of receiving societies maximize the demand for effective and comprehensive policies on immigration and integration of migrants. The progressive esta establ blis ishm hmen entt of a comm common on EU fram framew ewor ork k for for the the integ integrat ration ion of migran migrants ts has theref therefore ore become become a top priority. priority. At official official level, level, the successfu successfull integrati integration on of legall legally y resid residing ing third-c third-coun ountry try nation nationals als,, and their their descendants, is seen as a paramount goal for the benefit of EU social cohesion and economic welfare, as well as the Lisbon Strategy. At present, the nature of integration progra programs ms and the type type of integr integrati ation on measu measures res that that should be provided are heavily being debated. Another key issue is whether such measures should be mandatory or not, and if non-compl non-compliance iance might lead to legal legal and financial financial consequences, consequences, including a possible possible impact impact on the migrant's residential status. Migration is a sensitive subject among populations in general. Politicians should be very clear in explaining their ideas to the wider public and the beneficial effects that immigration brings to our societies. Migration has always remained a delicate topic. Especially in periods of economic recession migrants are an easy scapegoat. They are often seen as 'those others invading our economies, looking for our jobs'. In the past, most migrants were unskilled workers who took up rough poorly paid jobs which local workers refused to do. But this this situa situati tion on has been been compli complicat cated ed furthe furtherr by the increasing immigration of high-qualified people. People might might see this this as a threat threat to their their own situat situation ion and safety.
38. Curriculum Vitae IAVORSCHI ARINA 21.10.1990______ Ismail street 16/3 fl.14 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova Tel: (373) 069112222, (373 22) 127911 E-mail:
[email protected] STUDIES 1996 Theoretical Lyceum " Dante Alighieri", Chisinau, Moldova
ABILITIES Languages: Romani Romanian an (nativ (native), e), Russia Russian n English (fluently), French (medium).
(fluen (fluently tly), ),
Utilisatio Utilisation n PC: MS Office, Office, Internet Internet Explorer, Explorer, Microsoft Microsoft Excel. Personal experience:
200120022003Preferences: Hobby:
Olympiad at Mathematics English Language debates Olympiad at English Language
Dancing, painting, canto Jogging, reading, swimming.
Future plans: Studying in an USA high school Society problem: One of the most ardent problems of the society is unemployment. Most of the young people that graduate high schools cannot apply the knowledge as the government cannot assure a stable place of work. When When the govern governmen mentt will will solve solve this this probl problem, em, our societ society y will will stop stop fighti fighting ng agains againstt such such proble problems ms as migration, poverty, corruption. Ideal lyceum: Ideal place of study is the place where pupils go with pleasure, where the labs are provided with the necessary tools. The teachers are pleasant and ready to give give the best from from their their knowle knowledge dge to the young generation. And of course where pupils do all possible to
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study and become good citizens ready to serve to the society.
39. Violence is a part of every child Violen Violence ce is a part part of every every child' child's s life. life. Violen Violence ce orig origin inat ates es in many many plac places es-s -sel elf, f, fami family ly,, peer peers, s, the the community and the media-and violence affects children and youth at every age, even newborn. newborn. Children Children and youth youth are witnes witnesses ses and victim victims, s, and some some become become perpetrators. All are affected, though not all are affected equally. Media Violence Most children are exposed to media violence at some level on a daily basis through television, video games, or music Children Children in middle middle childhood childhood watch watch more television television and and are are ther theref efor ore, e, pres presum umab ably ly,, more more expo expose sed d to televisio television n violence violence than children children who are younger or older.47 Rates of reported physical abuse are about the same for children children in middle middle childhood childhood as for younger children. Domestic violence Many Many childr children en who who live live in househ household old are often often exposed to domestic violence. Compared with children in other other household households, s, children children who have been exposed exposed to domestic domestic violence violence often often suffer suffer from insomnia insomnia and have trouble trouble with bed-wetti bed-wetting. ng. They also are more likely to experienc experience e difficulti difficulties es in school and to score lower on assessments of verbal, motor, and cognitive skills. Also, they they are more more likel likely y than than other other childr children en to exhibi exhibitt aggressive and antisocial behaviour, to be depressed and anxious, and to have slower cognitive development. Violence at teenagers. Many people believe that violence towards children reaches its peak in the lives of teenagers. While this is true for some of the more extreme forms of violence, violence, other types of violence actually begin to recede during the teenage years. The The risk risk of bein being g a vict victim im of sexu sexual al assa assaul ult, t, aggravated assault, and robbery also increases as teens get older. In conclusion it can be said that most of the policy and data collection related to violence in children's lives tends to focus on a single type of violence (such as child abuse abuse or media media violence) violence),, a particular particular social context (such (such as the family family,, school school,, or neighb neighbour ourhoo hood), d), or a particular group (such as teens or inner-city children).
But the main respon responsib sibili ility ty it lies lies of course course on parents, the ones that are the most indicated to take care care and protec protectt their their childr children en and assure assure all good good condit condition ions s in order order to grow grow up good good and elevated elevated citizens.
40. Health care in Republic of Moldova Accord According ing to the lates latestt resear researche ches s estima estimates tes,, a person person born in the the Republ Republic ic of Moldova Moldova in 2003 2003 can expect to live 67 years on average: 71 years if female and 63 years if male. Life expectancy in the country is about about 1 1 years years lower lower than than the Europa Europa averag average e of 79 years. years. Howeve However, r, despit despite e being being the second second poores poorestt county county in the Europe European an Region Region,, the life life expect expectanc ancy y estimate is 2-5 years higher than similar estimates for a number of considerably richer regional countries. As the lengt length h of life life increa increases ses,, older older peopl people e can respond with lifestyle changes that can increase healthy years of life. Correspondingly, health care systems need to shift towards more geriatric care, the prevention and management of chronic diseases and more formal longterm care. Since people are living longer, measures to improve improve health health and prevent prevent disease need to focus on people of working age. Heal Health th outc outcom omes es of Repu Republ blic ic of Mold Moldov ova a are are influenced by various factors that operate at individual, household household and communit community y levels. levels. Obvious Obvious factors factors are, for example, diet, health behavior, access to clean water, sanitation and health services. Educat Education ion tends tends to enhanc enhance e an indivi individua dual's l's job opportunities. In so doing, it can improve income, which in turn affects health positively. Education can also give more access to knowledge about healthy behavior and increase the tendency to seek treatment when needed. A lower lower level level of educat education ion - indepe independe ndent nt of indivi individua duall income income - is correlated correlated with the inability inability to cope with stress, stress, with depression depression and hostilit hostility y and with adverse adverse effects on health. There There is an income income gradient gradient affecting affecting health: health: the poor generally suffer worse health and die younger than people with higher incomes. For instance, the latter are bett better er able able to affo afford rd the the good goods s and and serv servic ices es that that contribute to health, for example, better food and living conditions.
People are considered to be in absolute poverty if their incomes are are not not suff suffic icie ient nt to purc purcha hase se very minimal goods and services.
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In these conditions the migration increases and a lot of people go abroad to earn money in order to assu assure re the the norm normal al level level of life life.. And it is the Government's task to ensu ensure re good good life life and and heal health th
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conditions to the citizens. As long as we will will be conf confro ront nted ed with with these problems, we will have to fight fight agains againstt povert poverty, y, diseas diseases es and migration.
