Classical Theories of International Relations

Classical Theories of International Relations (2004-05)

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Department of Politics and International Relations M.Phil. in International Relations Classical Theories of International Relations Academic Year 2004-2005

Course Providers

Dr Andrew Hurrell (Nuffield) Dr Jennifer Welsh (Somerville)

Syllabus The syllabus as specified in the Examination Decrees and Regulations states:

This option provides an advanced understanding of the history of thought on International Relations in the period of the classical European state system, with particular emphasis on the period 1750-1939. Topics will include: theories of the state and the development of the concept of sovereignty; nationalism and national self-determination; international institutions (including international law, international organization, the balance of power, and diplomacy); war and the use of force (including the evolution of strategic thought, doctrines of intervention, and ideas arising from the peace movement); liberal, Marxist and mercantilist approaches to international political economy; imperialism and the expansion of international society; revolution and its impact on international relations; theories of progress and of historical change. The works bearing on these subjects by, inter alia, Rousseau, Herder, Mill, Mazzini, Hegel, Vattel, Hume, Kant, Burke, Castlereagh, von Gentz, Oppenheim, Clausewitz, Smith, Cobden, Bentham, List, Marx, Lenin, Angell, Wilson, Nietzsche, Carr, Zimmern. Candidates will also be expected to demonstrate knowledge of the principal methodological approaches to the history of political thought. Content and Structure This course examines the evolution of thinking about international relations in the era of the classical European state system, concentrating on the period from around 1750 to 1939. Its primary aim is to consider a series of themes about international relations in this period, as seen through the lens of a wide range of pre-1939 writers. It builds on the theories and concepts studied in the core first-year M.Phil. course. But it seeks to provide (a) the opportunity for detailed analysis of some of the most important classical writers on international relations; (b) greater historical and philosophical depth to the study of international relations theory; and (c) a standpoint against which the issue of continuity and change in international relations can be better understood and assessed (in relation, for example, to claims that the system has moved ‘beyond Westphalia’). The course therefore involves close textual analysis as well as consideration of the relevant historical context. It also considers the various ways in which both individual classical theorists and traditions or patterns of thought may be studied. The course will begin with a discussion of three perennial questions. First , what should be included within the framework of ‘classical theories of international relations’? Second , what 1


problems are involved in the construction of traditions or patterns of thought in international relations, and how might these traditions be used? And, third , how should we assess the various arguments about when and how the classical European state system became established? The course then examines seven major themes: classical realism (Hobbes and Rousseau); theories of nationalism (Herder and Mill); classical understandings of international political economy (Smith, Marx and Angell); republicanism and progress (Kant); revolution and international relations (Burke); the development of international law and diplomacy (Vattel and Oppenheim); imperialism and the expansion of international society (Vitoria, Lorimer and Oppenheim, and Marx). The reading list also covers the ways in which classical theory has been used (and abused) in the construction of International Relations as an academic field of study in the period after 1918. Objectives The core objectives are: (a)

to provide an advanced understanding of the history of thought on International Relations in the period of the modern state system, with particular emphasis on the period from 1750 to 1939.

(b)

to enable students to develop critical awareness of the issues involved in the study of the history of international thought;

(c)

to understand the links between classical theories and the development of the academic study of International Relations after 1918.

Organization of Teaching During the academic year 2004-2005 the course will be taught in a series of 8 tutorials organized by Andrew Hurrell and Jennifer Welsh. These will take place during Hilary Term, but, if desired by those taking the course, some of the work may be done in Michaelmas. A meeting to discuss teaching arrangements will be held in the first half of the Michaelmas Term. Those taking the option are required to write at least four pieces of written work. Course Assessment This course is examined by means of a three-hour examination paper which forms part of the final examination of the M.Phil. at the end of the student’s second year.

PROGRAMME Those taking the course should use the summer vacation to get ahead with the reading for Weeks 1 and 2. WEEK 1:

STARTING POINTS AND STORIES

2


From their first-year work on the core papers students should be familiar with some of the conventional ways in which classical theories have been approached. One of the best known involves the English School idea of three traditions -- Hobbesian, Grotian, Kantian -- developed by Wight and Bull. In addition it has been common to use classical theories as means of structuring and debating what are taken to be perennially important issues in International Relations -- see, for example, Waltz’s classic Man, The State and War (1959) and Michael Doyle’s more recent Ways of War and Peace (1997). This class will discuss the merits of these traditional approaches and the various criticisms that have been raised against them: (a) that they misunderstand and distort the relationship between ‘international relations’ and ‘political theory’ (Walker, Brown, Rengger, Boucher); and (b) that they often involve the construction of reified ‘traditions’ that distort our understanding both of individual thinkers and of the historical evolution of international political thought (see the varieties of contextualist critique discussed in Ball and Tully, and Walker’s argument about the internal incoherence of, e.g., a ‘realist’ tradition). Two questions will be discussed in this class, the first general and the second focused on the canonical figure of Grotius. (a)

What should be included within the category of ‘classical theories of international relations’ and what are the problems associated with the construction of ‘traditions of thought in international relations’?

Core Reading Alderson, Kai, and Andrew Hurrell, Hedley Bull on International Society (2000), pp.37-46. Ball, Terence, Reappraising Political Theory (1995), pp.3-61. Boucher, David, ‘Political Theory, International Theory, and the Political Theory of International Relations’, in Andrew Vincent, ed., Political Theory. Tradition and Diversity (1997). pp.193-213. Walker, Robert, Inside/Outside: International Relations and Political Theory (1993), chapters 1 and 8. Wight, Martin, ‘Why there is no international theory’, in Herbert Butterfield, and Martin Wight eds., Martin, Diplomatic Investigations (1966); and ‘The Three Traditions of International Theory’, in International Theory. The Three Traditions ed. Gabriele Wight and Brian Porter (1991), pp. 7-24. Further Reading Beitz, Charles, Political Theory and International Relations (1979). Brown, Chris, International Relations Theory. New Normative Approaches (1992). Brown, Chris, Terry Nardin and Nicholas Rengger. International Relations in Political Thought. (2002). Donelan, Michael, Elements of International Political Theory (1990). Doyle, Michael, Ways of War and Peace (1997). Freeden, Michael, Ideologies and Political Theory (1996). Griffiths, Martin, Realism, Idealism and International Politics: A Reinterpretation (1992). Hassner, Pierre, ‘Beyond the Three Traditions: The Philosophy of War and Peace in Historical Perspective’, in Hassner, Violence and Peace (1997). Howard, Michael, War and the Liberal Conscience (1981). Kennedy, David, “The Disciplines of International Law and Policy,” Leiden Journal of International Law , 12 (9), 1999, pp. 83-101.

3


Koskenniemi, Martti, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations. The Rise and Fall of International Law, 18701960 (2001). Introduction. Knutsen, Torbjörn L., A History of International Relations Theory (1992). Meinecke, Friedrich, Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte , 1929 (trans. Douglas Scott as Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison d’état and its Place in Modern History , 1984). Rengger, Nicholas, International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order (2000). Richter, Melvin, The History of Political and Social Concepts. A Critical Introduction (1995). Schmidt, Brian, ‘Resurrecting International Political Theory’, Millennium 29, 1 (2000) [review article on Boucher and Knutsen]. Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace (1999), Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. Tully, James ed., Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (1988). Waltz, Kenneth, Man, the State and War (1959). Wolfers, Arnold and Martin, Laurence, The Anglo-American Tradition in Foreign Affairs. Readings from Thomas More to Woodrow Wilson (1956). (b)

How far has the construction of a Grotian Tradition distorted our understanding of Grotius’ writing on international relations?

Core Reading Grotius, Hugo, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625). Translation in the Carnegie Classics of International Law, especially Prolegomena and Book 1, chapter 2. Bull, Hedley, The Grotian Conception of International Society, in H. Butterfield and M. Wight eds., Diplomatic Investigations (1966) [also in Alderson and Hurrell, Hedley Bull on International Society] and ‘The Importance of Grotius in the Study of International Relations’ in Bull, Hedley, Kingsbury, Benedict and Roberts, Adam, eds., Hugo Grotius and International Relations (1990). Keene, Eddie, Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics (2002) pp. 40-59. Kingsbury, Benedict, ‘Grotius, Law and Moral Scepticism: Theory and Practice in the Thought of Hedley Bull’, in Ian Clark and Iver Neumann eds., Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace: political thought and the international order from Grotius to Kant (1999) pp. 78-108. Further Reading Best Geoffrey, ‘The Place of Grotius in the Development of International Humanitarian Law’, in Dufour, Haggenmacher and Tomin eds., Grotius et l’Ordre Juridique (1985). Borschberg, Peter, “Hugo Grotius, East India Trade and the King of Johor” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 30, 1999, pp. 225-48. Haakonssen, Knud, ‘Hugo Grotius and the History of Political Thought’, Political Theory 13 (1985). Holk, L. van, and Roelofsen, C.G. eds., Grotius Reader (1983) International Law and the Grotian Heritage , T.M.C. Asser Institute (1985). Lauterpacht, Hersch, ‘The Grotian Tradition in International Law’, British Yearbook of International Law XXIII, pp.1-53 (1946). Murphy, C.F., ‘The Grotian Vision of International Order’, American Journal of International Law 477 (1982). Nabulsi, Karma, Traditions of War: Occupation, Resistance, and the Law (1999), chapter on Grotius. 4


Tuck, Richard, Natural Rights Theories (1979); and The Rights of War and Peace (1999), chapter 3. Important Note: Related to the discussion in Week 1 is the question of the historical origins of the European state system and of European international society. Most commonly, of course, Westphalia is taken as the seminal event and one that is used to label the entire classical international order. But, for others (e.g. Wight) great weight was placed on late 14th century/early 15th century Italy; whilst for others (e.g. Hinsley) the 18th century represents a more important period of transition. A great deal hangs on what exactly is being discussed -- whether we are talking about the broad transition from the medieval world and the emergence of the modern state; or about the languages and concepts of political thought; or, as will mostly be the case in the course, about the development of the institutions and ideologies of international society. For overviews of the historical background, those taking the course should read Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (1992). Further reading would include; M.S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450-1919 (1993); Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (1955, new ed., 1988); Gordon Craig and Alexander George, Force and Statecraft (1983), pp.3-42; Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (1994); and Andreas Osiander, The States System of Europe 1640-1990. Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability (1994). For discussion of the emergence and development of the state, those taking the course should read Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History (2000), Part IV, pp. 241-343. Other works in this area include John Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (1998), part II; Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors (1994); Anthony Giddens, The NationState and Violence (1987); Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State (1999); Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped modern International Relations (2001); and Janice Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns: State-building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe. Introduction. (1994). For more specific discussion of the importance (or not) of the Peace of Westphalia, the following are very useful: Gross, Leo, ‘The Peace of Westphalia, 1848-1948’, American Journal of International Law 42 (1948). Hinsley, F.H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace (1961), chapter 8. Krasner, Stephen D., ‘Westphalia and All That’, in Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy. Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (1993) [See also his Sovereignty. Organized Hypocrisy (1999)]. Osiander, Andreas, The States System of Europe 1640-1990. Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability (1994) (see chapter 2). Osiander, Andreas, ‘Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth’, International Organization 55, 2 (Spring 2001). Philpott, Daniel, ‘Westphalia, Authority and International Society’, Political Studies 47, 3 (Special Issue, 1999). Wight, Martin, Systems of States (1977), chapters 4 and 5. These readings on the historical background (especially Watson, Buzan and Little, and Philpott) will provide a good entry-point into the first of the main themes of the course dealing with classical realism. 5


WEEK 2:

A TRADITION OF POLITICAL REALISM? (HOBBES AND ROUSSEAU)

(a)

Was Hobbes a ‘true philosopher of peace’?

(b)

In what sense, if any, can Rousseau be classified as a ‘realist’?

Primary Texts Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan (1651) [especially chapters 11, 13-15, 17-21, 22 and 24]. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Extrait de la Paix Perpétuelle; Jugement sur la Paix Perpétuelle ; L'Etat de Guerre , in C.E.Vaughan, ed., The Political Writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, vol 1. Translations are in M.G.Forsyth et.al., The Theory of International Relations (1970). Alternatively, students can find extracts in Stanley Hoffmann and David Fidler, ed., Rousseau on International Relations .(1991). Core Reading Bull, Hedley, ‘Hobbes and the International Anarchy’, Social Research 48, 4 (Winter 1981). Fidler, David, ‘Desperately Clinging to Grotian and Kantian Sheep: Rousseau’s Attempted Escape from the State of War’, in Clark and Neuman eds., Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Hoffmann, Stanley, ‘Rousseau on War and Peace’, American Political Science Review 57, 2 (Spring 1963). Malcolm, Noel, Aspects of Hobbes, (2002) Ch. 13, pp. 432-456. Walker, R.B.J., "Realism, Change and International Political Theory", International Studies Quarterly 31 (1987). Haslam, Jonathan, No Virtue like Necessity. Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli (2002), Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. Further Reading Beitz, Charles, Political Theory and International Relations (1979), part 1 Butterfield, Herbert, ‘Raison d'Etat: the Relations between Morality and Government’, British Journal of International Studies (1975). Carr, E.H., The Twenty Years' Crisis (1939) Carter, Christine Jane, Rousseau and the Problem of War (1987). Clark, Ian, Reform and Resistance in International Order (1980). Doyle, Michael, Ways of War and Peace (1997), chapters 3 and 4. Hanson, David, “Thomas Hobbes' 'Highway to Peace'”, International Organisation 38, 2 (Spring 1984). Hinsley, F.H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace , chapter 3. Johnson, Laurie M., Thucydides, Hobbes and the Interpretation of Realism, (1993). Keohane, Robert, Neorealism and its Critics (1986), chapters 9 and 10. Lebow, Richard Ned, The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders (2003). Meinecke, Friedrich, Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte , 1929 (trans. Douglas Scott as Machiavellianism , 1957). Nabulsi, Karma. Military Occupations and Civilians: Three Traditions and the Laws of War. Chapter on Rousseau. 6


Pasquino, Pascale, “Political Theory of War and Peace: Foucault and the History of Modern Political Thought”, Economy and Society 22,1 (February 1993). Roosevelt, Grace, Reading Rousseau in the Nuclear Age (1990). Schmidt, Brian, The Political Discourse of Anarchy : a Disciplinary History of International Relations , (1998) esp. Introduction. Skinner, Quentin, Rhetoric and Reason in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1996). Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace (1999), chapter 4. Vincent, John, "The Hobbesian Tradition in 20th Century Thought", Millennium 10, 2 (1981). Waltz, Kenneth, Man, the State and War , (1950), pp.171-186. Wight, Martin, Power Politics (1978). Williams, M., "Rousseau, Realism and Realpolitik", Millennium 18 (1989). Williams, Michael, 'Hobbes and International Relations: A Reconsideration', International Organization 50, 2 (Spring 1996). Wokler, Robert, Rousseau (1995).

WEEK 3:

THEORIES OF NATIONALISM (HERDER AND MILL)

(a)

How does Herder attempt to reconcile diversity with universalism? (Is he successful?) What are the implications for theories of nationalism?

(b)

‘Mill is the paradigmatic liberal nationalist.’ Discuss

Primary Texts Herder, J.G., Yet Another Philosophy of History; Ideas for a Philosophy of The History of Mankind , in F.M. Barnard, Herder on Social and Political Culture (1969). Mill, John Stuart, ‘Of Nationality’, in Considerations on Representative Government (1910 and 1972), pp. 359-366. 'A Few Words on Non-Intervention' in Essays on Politics and Culture ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (1973); or, C ollected Works of JS Mill ed J M Robson, vol XXI Essays on Equality, Law and Education, pp. 109-24. Core Reading Barnard, F.M., Herder’s Social and Political Thought. From Enlightenment to Nationalism (1965). Haas, Ernst, ‘What is nationalism and why should we study it?’ International Organization , 40, 3 (Summer 1986). Hont, Istvan, ‘The permanent crisis of a divided mankind: “Contemporary crisis of the nationstate” in historical perspective’, Political Studies, XLII (1994), Special Issue. Mayall, James . Nationalism and International Society (1990). Walzer, Michael, ‘The Reform of the International Systems’, in O. Osterud, ed., Studies in War and Peace (1987). Acton, Lord, ‘Nationality’, in Essays in the History of Liberty (1862). Further Reading Acton, Lord, ‘Nationality’, in Essays in the History of Liberty (1862). Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (revised ed. 1991), chapters 1-6. Benner, Erica, Really Existing Nationalisms: A Post-Communist View of Marx and Engels (1995). Berlin, I., Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976). 7


Berlin, I., ‘Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power’, in Against the Current (1979). Burrow, J.W., The Crisis of Reason: European Thought 1848-1914 (2000). Chirot, Daniel, ‘Herder’s Multicultural Theory of Nationalism and its Consequences’, East European Politics and Society , 10, 1 (Winter 1996). Cobban, Alfred, Nationalism and National Self-Determination (1969). Fichte, Johan Gottlieb. Addresse to the German Nation. (1806). Fox, Russell Arben, “J.G. Herder on Language and the Metaphysics of National Community,” Review of Politics, 65 (2), Spring 2003, pp. 237-262. Gellner, Ernst, Nations and Nationalism (1983). Hinsley, F.H., Nationalism and the International System (1973). Hobsbawm, E. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. (1990). Hobsbawm, E. and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition. (1992). Kamenka, E., ed., Nationalism. The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (1976). Kedourie, Elie, Nationalism (1960). Kiss, E., ‘A typology of nineteenth century concepts of nationhood’, East European Quarterly , 30, 1 (Spring 1996). Kohn, Hans, Peoples and Prophets. Studies in Nineteenth Century Nationalism (1946). Linker, Damon, “The Reluctant Pluralism of J.G. Herder,” Review of Politics , 62 (2), Spring 2000, pp. 267-293. Miller, David, On Nationality (1995). Penrose, J., and J. May, ‘Herder’s concept of nation and its relevance to Contemporary ethnic nationalism’, Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism , XVIII (1991). Renan, Ernst, ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?’, (1882) in A. Zimmern (ed.), Modern Political Doctrines (1939). Salvemini, G., Mazzini (1956). Seton-Watson, Hugh, Nations and States (1977). Smith, Anthony, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (1983). Smith, Anthony, Theories of Nationalism, 2nd edition, (1983). Snyder, Louis L., The Roots of German Nationalism: The Sources of Political and Cultural Activity (1996). Varouxakis, Georgios, Mill on Nationality (2002).

8


WEEK 4:

CLASSICAL CONCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY

(a)

To what extent do Adam Smith’s views in international society belong within a liberal tradition?

(b)

Was Marx an imperialist?

Primary Readings Avineri, Shlomo, Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (1968). Cobden, Richard, Political Writings (1867) [especially ‘England, Ireland and America’ and ‘Russia’]; Speeches (1849). List, Friedrich, The National System of Political Economy (1841, edited by J. Shield Nicholson, 1904), pp. 97-189. McLellan, David ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings (1977), pp 219-247, 388-392. Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations (1776) (especially Book IV, chapters 1, II, III and Book V, Chapter I). Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759).

Core Secondary Readings Doyle, Michael, Ways of War and Peace (1997), chapters 7, 9 and 10. Gilpin, Robert, The Political Economy of International Relations (1987), chapters 1 and 2. Sally, Razeen, Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order (1998), Part I, ‘The Foundations of Classical Liberalism’. Walter, Andrew, ‘Adam Smith and the Liberal Tradition in International Relations’, in Clark and Neumann, Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Further Reading Baldwin, David, Economic Statecraft (1985), chapter 5. Berdell, John F., “Adam Smith and the Ambiguity of Nations,” Review of Social Economy, 56 (2), Summer 1998, pp. 175-189. Berki, R.N., “On Marxian Thought and the Problem of International Relations”, World Politics 24, 1 (October 1971). Dawson, W.H., Richard Cobden and Foreign Policy (1926). Earle, Edward Mead, ‘Adam Smith, Friedrich List: The Economic Foundations of Military Power’, in Peter Paret ed., Makers of Modern Strategy (1986), chapter 8. Edsall, Nicholas, Richard Cobden: Independent Radical (1986). Forman-Barzilai, Fonna, “Adam Smith as a Globalization Theorist,” Critical Review , 14 (4), 2000, pp. 391-420. Gilbert, Alan, “Marx on Internationalism and War”, Philosophy and Public Affairs 7, 4 (Summer 1978). Griswold, Charles L., Adam Smith and the Virtues of Enlightenment (1999). Haslam, Jonathan. No Virtue Like Necessity: Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli. Ch. 3 (2002). Hall, John A., ‘States and Economic Development: Reflections on Adam Smith’, John A. Hall ed., States in History (1986). 9


Henderson, W.O., Friedrich List: Economist and Visionary 1789-1846 (1983). Hinde, Wendy, Richard Cobden: A Victorian Outsider (1987). Hirschman, Albert, The Passions and the Interests. Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph (1997 ed.), pp.3-66. Hirst, F.W., Free Trade and Other Fundamental Doctrines of the Manchester School (1968). Hobson, J.A., Richard Cobden, the International Man (1918). Howard, Michael, War and the Liberal Conscience (1981). Keohane, Robert, ‘International liberalism reconsidered’, in John Dunn ed., The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (1990). Palma, Gabriel, “Dependency and Development: A Critical Overview”, in Dudley Seers (ed.), Dependency Theory: A Critical Reassessment (1981). Raphael, David, Adam Smith (1985). Read, Donald, Cobden and Bright. A Victorian Partnership (1968), especially pp.109-149. Rosecrance, Richard, The Rise of the Trading State (1989). Rothschild, Emma, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment (2001). Sen, Amartya, On Ethics and Economics (1987), chapter one. Viner, Jacob, ‘Power vs. Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, World Politics , 1 (1948). Winch, Donald, Adam Smith’s Politics (1978). Wolfe, Patrick. “History and Imperialism: A Century of Theory from Marx to Postcolonialism,” American Historical Review , 102 (2), April 1997, pp. 388-420.

WEEK 5:

REPUBLICANISM AND PROGRESS (IMMANUEL KANT)

(a)

What are the principle elements of Kant’s critique of international society? How convincing is his alternative vision?

(b)

What do Kant’s writings tell us about the nature of progress in International Relations?

Primary Reading Kant, Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose (1784); Perpetual Peace (1795); The Metaphysics of Morals (1797); in Hans Reiss ed., Kant’s Political Writings (1991), 2nd ed., pp. 41-53, 93-130. 131-175. Core Reading Doyle, Michael, ‘Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs’ Philosophy and Public Affairs , volume 12, 3 and 4 (Summer and Fall 1983). Also his Ways of War and Peace (1997), chapter 8. Habermas, Juergen, “Human rights, international law and the global order - cosmopolitanism 200 years later: Kant's idea of perpetual peace, with the benefit of 200 years' hindsight”, in James Bohman and Matthias Lutz-Bachman, Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideas (1997). Hurrell, Andrew, ‘Kant and the Kantian Paradigm in International Relations’, Review of International Studies 16 (July 1990). Reiss, Hans, ‘Introduction’, Kant. Political Writings, pp.1-40. Wendt, Alexander, 'Why a world state is inevitable: Revisiting the logic of anarchy' European Journal of International Relations, December (2003), pp. 491-542. 10


Further Reading Clark, Ian, Reform and Resistance in the International Order , (1980) Chapter 2. Franceschet, Antonio, ‘Sovereignty and Freedom: Immanuel Kant’s Liberal Internationalist Legacy’, Review of International Studies 27/2 (2002). Friedrich, C.J., Inevitable Peace (1948). Gallie, W.B., Philosophers of War and Peace (1978), chapter 2. Hinsley, F.H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace (1961), chapter 4. Laberge, Pierre, ‘Kant on Justice and the Law of Nations’ in Mapel and Nardin, International Society (1998). Nardin, Terry, Law, Morality and the Relations of States (1983). Nisbet, R, A History of the Idea of Progress (1980). Pagden, Anthony, The Genesis of ‘Governance’ and the Enlightenment Conceptions of the Cosmopolitan World Order, (1998) pp. 7-15. Rothschild, Emma, ‘What is Security?’, Daedalus (Summer 1995). Schlereth, Thomas, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought (1979). Suganami, Hidemi, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals (1989), chapters 3 and (esp.) 4. Tuck, Richard, The Rights of War and Peace (1999), chapter 7. Williams, Howard, Kant’s Political Philosophy (1985). Williams, Howard and Ken Booth, ‘Kant: Theory Beyond Limits’, in Clark and Neumann, Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Waltz, Kenneth, ‘Kant, Liberalism and War, American Political Science Review 56 (1962). Important Note: For different views on progress, see: ‘Progress’, entry in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought (1987); Morris Ginsborg, ‘Moral Progress’, in Reason and Unreason in Society (1947); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (date?), chapter 1; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (1989), chapters 2 and 3 or Michel Foucault, ‘What is Enlightenment? In Paul Robinow ed., The Foucault Reader (1984). For reading on peace plans (including SaintPierre) see the selection from Erasmus, Penn, Saint-Pierre and Bentham in Evan Luard, Basic Texts in International Relations (1992), 400-416. For discussion of the evolution of the peace movement see Martin Ceadel, The Origins of War Prevention. The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730-1854 (Oxford, 1996), especially chapters 2 and 3 (on the evolution of attitudes to war and peace; and chapter 10 on the ‘Richard Cobden Era’. See also his Thinking about War and Peace (1987).

WEEK 6:

REVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

a)

Is it possible to read Burke as part of a ‘revolutionist’ tradition of international relations?

b)

What do the American Revolution and the early foreign policy of the United States tell us about the relationship between revolutions and international relations?

Primary Texts (a)

11


Burke, Edmund, ‘Thoughts on French Affairs’; ‘Remarks on the Policy of the Allies’; and ‘First Letter on a Regicide Peace’, in David Fidler and Jennifer Welsh, eds., Empire and Community: Edmund Burke’s Writings and Speeches on International Relations (1999). Paine, Thomas, The Rights of Man , 1969 edition.

Primary Texts (b) Federalist Papers # 2-8, 27, 29, 30, 34, 41, 42, 43, 45, 75, 80, 84 (Available online at: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm) Washington, George , Farewell Address 1795, (Available online at: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/washing.htm) McColley, Robert, Federalists, Republicans, and Foreign Entanglements, 1789-1815 , (1969). Core Reading (a) Armstrong, David, Revolution and World Order (1993). Gilbert, Felix, ‘The ‘New Diplomacy’ of the Eighteenth Century’, World Politics 4 (1951). Halliday, Fred, ‘”The Sixth Great Power”: On the Study of Revolution and International Relations’, Review of International Studies, 16 (1990). RIS Forum on Halliday, Review of International Studies 27/4 (October 2001), pp.667-699. Walt, Stephen, Revolution and War (1996). Welsh, Jennifer, Edmund Burke and International Relations (1995). Wight, Gabriele, ed., International Theory: The Three Traditions (1991). Core Reading (b) Hendrickson, David C., Peace Pact. The Lost World of the American Founding (2003). Further Reading Almond, M., ‘Burke After the Cold War: Bourgeois Triumphalist or Cassandra?’, in Edmund Burke: His Life and Legacy , ed. I. Crowe (1997). Armitage, David, “The Declaration of Independence and International Law,” William and Mary Quarterly , 59, 2002, pp. 39-64. Best, Geoffrey, ed., The Permanent Revolution: The French Revolution and its Legacy (1989). Boucher, David, ‘The Character of the History of the Philosophy of International Relations and the Case of Edmund Burke’, Review of International Studies, 17 (1991). Bukovansky, M., ‘The altered state and the state of nature - the French Revolution and international politics’, Review of International Studies , 25 (1999). Deudney, Daniel H., “The Philadelphian System: Sovereignty, Arms Control, and Balance of Power in the American States-Union, Circa 1787-1861” International Organization , 49 (2), Spring 1995, pp.191-228. Fidler, David and Jennifer Welsh, eds., Empire and Community: Edmund Burke’s Writings and Speeches on International Relations (1999), Introduction. Gilbert, Felix, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy , (1961). Halliday, Fred, Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth Great Power (1999). Harle, Vilho, ‘Burke the International Theorist – or the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness’, in European Values in International Relations , ed. V. Harle (1990). Heater, Derek, World Citizenship and Government: Cosmopolitan Ideas in the History of Western Political Thought (1986). Kaplan, Lawrence S., Entangling Alliances with None: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson , (1987). 12


Klaits, J. and M. Hatzel, M., eds., The Global Ramifications of the French Revolution (1994). Light, Margot, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (1988). Mead, Walter Russell, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How it Changed the World, 2001. Chs. 3, 4. O’Brien, C.C., The Great Melody: A Thematic Biography of Edmund Burke (1992). Palmer, R.R., ‘The World Revolution of the West: 1763-1801’, Political Science Quarterly (March 1954). Panah, Maryam H., ‘Social revolution: the elusive emergence of an agenda in International Relations’, Review of International Studies , 28 (2002). Perkins, Bradford, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: The Creation of a Republican Empire , (1993). Skocpol, Theda, States and Social Revolutions (1979). Sofka, James, “American Neutral Rights Reappraised: Identity or Interest in the Foreign Policy of the Early Republic?” Review of International Studies, 26 (4), October 2000, pp. 599 – 622. Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (1995). Thompson, M.P., ‘Ideas of Europe during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars’, Journal of the History of Ideas , 37, 3 (July 1995). Tucker, Robert W. & David C Hendrickson Empire of liberty : the Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (1990). Vincent, R.J., ‘Edmund Burke and the Theory of International Relations’, Review of International Studies , 10 (1984). White, Patrick C.T., The Critical Years: American Foreign Policy, 1793-1823 , (1970).

13


WEEK 7:

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SOCIETY (VATTEL, GENTZ, AND OPPENHEIM).

(a)

In what ways, and how successfully, do Vattel and Oppenheim reconcile state sovereignty with the idea of an international legal community?

(b)

Discuss the relationship of the balance of power to (i) the concept of Great Powers and (ii) international law.

Primary Reading Gentz, Friedrich von, Fragments on the Balance of Power (1806). Heeren, A.H.L., A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and Its Colonies (1809). Vattel, Emmerich de, The Law of Nations , 1758, translated by Joseph Chitty, (London: Stevens and Sons, 1834). Oppenheim, Lassa, International Law (1905, 8th edition, 1955 ed. by H. Lauterpacht 1955), Chapters I and II. [Worthwhile comparing with 9th edition edited by Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Arthur Watts (1997)].

Core Reading Anderson, M.S., ‘Eighteenth Century Theories of the Balance of Power’ in R. Hatton and M.S. Anderson eds., Studies in Diplomatic History (1970). Bozeman, Adda B., The Future of Law in a Multicultural World (1971). Butterfield, Herbert, ‘The Balance of Power’, in Butterfield, H., and Wight, M., (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (1966), pp.132-148. Hochstrasser, T.J., Natural Law Theories in the Early Enlightenment (2000), pp. 175-83 [on Vattel]. Hurrell, Andrew. ‘Vattel and the Limits of Pluralism’, in Clark and Neumann, Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Jervis, Robert, ‘A Political Science Perspective on the Balance of Power and the Concert’, American Historical Review 92 (1992). Kingsbury, Benedict. 'Legal Positivism as Normative Politics: International Society, Balance of Power and Lassa Oppenheim's Positive International Law.' European Journal of International Law 13 (2002), pp. 399-434. Further Reading: International Law Butler, Peter, ‘Legitimacy in a States System: Vattel’s Law of Nations’ , in Michael Donelan ed., The Reason of States (1978). Cassese, Antonio, International Law in a Divided World (1986), chapter 2. Mattingly, G., ‘International Diplomacy and International Law’, in R.B. Wernham ed., The New Cambridge Modern History , chapter 6, vol. 3 (1968). Donelan, Michael, The Reason of States (1978). Entreves, A.P.d’, Natural Law (1970). Janis, M., ‘The New Oppenheim and its Theory of International Law’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies , 16, 2 (1996). Kennedy, David, ‘Primitive Legal Scholarship, Harvard International Law Journal , 27, 1 (Winter 1986). Koskenniemi, Martti, From Apology to Utopia. The Structure of International Legal Argument (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers’ Publishing Company, 1989), chapter 2. 14


Midgeley, E.B., The Natural Law Tradition and the Theory of International Relations (1975). Nardin, Terry, ‘Legal Positivism as a Theory of International Society’, in David Mapel and Terry Nardin eds., International Society (1998). Nussbaum, A., A Concise History of the Law of Nations (1961). Ruddy, F.S., International Law in the Age of Enlightenment: The Background to Emmerich de Vattel’s Le Droit des Gens (1975). van Vollenhoven, Cornelius, The Three Stages in the Evolution of the Law of Nations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1919) Vagts, A., and Vagts, D.F., ‘The Balance of Power in International Law: A History of an Idea’, American Journal of International Law 73/4 (October 1979). For those wishing to explore the background to the development of international law between Grotius and Vattel, principle texts include Hobbes, Leviathan chapters 13 and 14; Samuel Pufendorf, ‘On the Duties of Man and Citizen’, in James Tully ed., The Political Writings of Samuel Pufendorf (1991), Book II, chapters 1 and 16; and Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace chapters 4, 5, and 6.

Further Reading: Balance of Power Brawley, Mark R., Liberal Leadership : Great Powers and Their Challengers in Peace and War, (1993). Claude, Inis, Power and International Relations (1962). Forsyth, Murray, ‘Friedrich von Gentz: An Assessment’, Studies in History and Politics 2 (1981/82). Gulick, E.V., Europe’s Classical Balance of Power (1955). Holbraad, Carsten, The Concert of Europe in German and British International Theory (1970). Holsti, K.J, The State, War, and the State of War (1996), chapter 2. Howard, Michael, Restraints on War: Studies in the Limitation of Armed Conflict (1979). Kagan, Korina, ‘The Myth of the European Concert’, Security Studies 7, 2 (Winter 1997/98). Kissinger, Henry, A World Restored (1957). Korman, Sharon The Right of Conquest. The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice (1996), chapters 3 and 4. Little, Richard, ‘Friedrich Gentz, Rationalism and the Balance of Power’, in Clark and Neumann, Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Schroeder, Paul, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (1994). Schweller, Randall L. Deadly Imbalances : Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest, (1998) Chs 1-3. Review of International Studies 15, 2 (April 1989), special issue on the balance of power. Vincent, R.J., Non-Intervention and International Order (1974). Part Two. Wight, Martin, Power Politics 1978), pp.41-53; 113-199. Wright, Moorehead, ed., Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power 1486-1914 (1975).

15


WEEK 8:

THE EXPANSION OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

(a)

Can Vitoria be seen as an early champion of the rights of non-European peoples?

(b)

Are liberals natural imperialists?

Primary Texts De Tocqueville, Alexis, Writings on empire and slavery , edited and translated by Jennifer Pitts (2004). Lorimer, James, The Institutes of the Law of Nations: A Treatise on the Jural Relations of Separate Political Communities (1883-84). Pagden, Anthony, ed., Vitoria: Political Writings (1991), pp. 233, 239-40, 249-51, 277-88, 290-92. Core Reading (a) Bull, Hedley and Adam Watson, eds., The Expansion of International Society (1984). Doyle, Michael, Empires (1986). Gong, Gerritt, The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society (1984). Neumann, Iver B. and Jennifer Welsh, ‘‘The Other’ in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society’, Review of International Studies , 17 (1991). Ortega, Martin C., ‘Vitoria and the Universal Conception of International Relations’, in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann, eds., Classical Theories of International Relations (1996). Pagden, Anthony, European Encounters with the New World (1993). Tuck, Richard, Rights of War and Peace (1999). Vincent, R.J., Human Rights and International Relations (1986), Part One. Wight, Martin, ‘Theory of mankind: ‘barbarians’’, in Gabriele Wight, ed., International Theory: The Three Traditions (1991), pp. 49-98. Core Reading (b) Mehta, Uday Singh, Liberalism and Empire: a Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought , (1999). Miller, Kenneth E., "John Stuart Mill's Theory of International Relations," Journal of the History of Ideas , 22, 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1961), pp. 493-514. Pitts, Jennifer “Legislator of the world? A rereading of Bentham on colonies,” Political Theory , 31(2), April 2004, pp. 200-234. Sullivan, Eileen P., "Liberalism and the Imperialism: J. S. Mill's Defense of the British Empire," Journal of the History of Ideas , 44, 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1983) pp. 599-617. Further Reading Arneil, Barbara, John Locke and America: The Defence of English Colonialism (1996). Blackburn, Robin, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery (1988). Burke, Edmund, ‘Speech on Fox’s East India Bill’, 1783, in David Fidler and Jennifer Welsh, eds., Empire and Community: Edmund Burke’s Writings and Speeches on International Relations (1999). Cohen, B., The Question of Imperialism (1973). Elliott, J.H., The Old World and the New (1992). Gallie, W.B., Philosophers of War and Peace (1978), Chapter 4. Howard, Michael, ‘Europe, Race and War in pre-1914 Britain’, in Hugh Lloyd Jones, ed., History and Imagination (1981). 16


Kiernan, V.G., The Lords of Human Kind (1969). Lauren, Paul Gordon, Power and Prejudice. The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (1988). Pagden, Anthony, Spanish Imperialism and the Political Imagination (1990). Scott, J.B., The Spanish Origin of International Law (1924). Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought , vol. 1 (1978). Tinker, Hugh, Race, Conflict and International Order (1977). Todorov, Tzvetan, On Human Diversity (1993).

POSTSCRIPT:

CLASSICAL THEORIES AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The purpose of this final section is to highlight the links between classical theories and the development of the academic study of international relations after 1918. Themes to be explored will include: the arguments of early liberals about the possibility of ending the ‘state of war’; the emergence of realism as an outgrowth of 19th century thinking and as a reaction to interwar ‘idealism’; and the growth of international relations as a field of study. (a)

What are the primary arguments of liberals writing in the period from 1900 to 1939 about the possibility of transforming the international system? To what extent are they a continuation of the ideas of the Enlightenment?

(b)

Compare and contrast Morgenthau and Carr as realist thinkers. To what extent are they a continuation of a classical realist tradition?

Primary Texts Angell, Norman, The Great Illusion (1933). Carr, E.H., The Twenty Years Crisis (1939) (2000 edition, edited by Michael Cox). Morgenthau, Hans, Scientific Man versus Power Politics (1946). Schmitt, Carl, The Concept of the Political , Trans. George Schwab, (1996). Wilson, Woodrow, Woodrow Wilson’s Case for the League of Nations (1923); W ar and Peace: Presidential Messages, Addresses and Public Papers, 1917 to 1924 (1927). Zimmern, Alfred E., ‘Nationalism and Internationalism’, Foreign Affairs , I, 4 (1923). Core Reading Bull, Hedley, ‘The Theory of International Politics, 1919-1969’, in Brian Porter, ed., The Aberystwyth Papers (1972). Damrosch, L.F., ‘Nationalism and internationalism: the Wilsonian legacy’, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics , 26, 3 (Spring 1994). Dunne, Tim, Inventing International Society. A History of the English School (1998). Koskenniemi, Martti, The Gentle Civiliser of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law, 1870 – 1960 (2002), chapter 6. Smith, Michael, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (1986), chapters on Weber and Morgenthau. Wilson, Peter and David Long, Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis (1995), chapters 1, 4, 5, 9 and 12.

17


Further Reading Cox, Michael, “Introduction” to E.H.Carr, The Twenty-Year Crisis (2000). Cox, Michael (ed.), E.H. Carr: A Critical Reappraisal (2000). De Wilde, Jaap, Saved from Oblivion. Interdependence Theory in the First Half of the 20th Century. Gat, Azar, Fascist and Liberal Vision of War: Fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and Other Modernists (1989). Gottfried, P., ‘Wilsonianism - the legacy that won’t die’, Journal of Libertarian Studies , 9, 2 (Fall, 1990). Haslam, Jonathan, The Vices of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892-1982 (1999). Haslam, Jonathan, No Virtue like Necessity. Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli (2002). Jones, Charles, E.H. Carr and international Relations: A Duty to Lie (1998). Keohane, Robert, Neorealism and its Critics (1986), chapters 9 and 10. Knock, T., To End all Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (1995). Markwell, D.J., ‘Alfred Zimmern: Fifty Years On’, Review of International Studies , 12 (1998). McCormick, John P., Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics As Technology, (1997), Introduction, chapters 1 and 6, Epilogue. Miller, J.D.B., Norman Angell and the Futility of War; Peace and the Public Mind (1986). Müller, Jan-Werner, A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Post-War European Thought, (2003). Navari, C., ‘The Great Illusion Revisited - The international theory of Norman Angell’, Review of International Studies , 15, (October 1989). Niebuhr, Reinhold, The Nature and Destiny of Man , The Gifford Lectures (1941). Perlmutter, A., Making the World Safe for Democracy: A Century of Wilsonianism and its Totalitarian Challengers (1997). Rengger, N.J., International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order, (2000), Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. Rossi, Christopher R., Broken Chain of Being: James Brown Scott and The Origins of Modern International Law (1998). Schmidt, Brian C., The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations (1998). Walker, R.B.J., ‘Realism, Change and International Political Theory’, International Studies Quarterly , 31 (1987). Weber, Max, ‘The Profession and Vocation of Politics’, in Peter Lassman and Ronald Speirs, Weber: Political Writings , Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (1994), pp. 309-369. Wilson, Peter, “Radicalism for a Conservative Purpose: The Peculiar Realism of E.H. Carr”, Millennium 30, 1 (2001).

30 September 2004

18

Classical Theories of International Relations

Recommend Documents