Realism Classical Realism
Neorealism
Liberalism Liberalism
Neoliberalism
Constructivism
English School
Marxism
Individual level
Global system
Some individual
Global system
Individual level in
State level,
(human nature)
[Mansbach and
(e.g. John Stuart
level
transmission of
emphasizing
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
Mill) and some on
[Mansbach and
ideas and
dominant
Level of
Rafferty 2008, p.
41]
state level (e. g.
Rafferty 2008, p.
identities
economic system
analysis
41]
Immanuel Kant)
41]
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
41]
41]
41] Sovereign states
International
States,
Individuals, states,
Individuals,
[e.g. Kegley and
system
international
non-state actors
nongovernmental
Wittkopf 2011, p.
institutions,
organizations,
32]
global
transnational
corporations.
networks.
[Kegley and
[Kegley and
Wittkopf 2011, p.
Wittkopf 2011, p.
47]
47]
Aggressive and
Benign,
Malleable,
Benign and
selfish, cannot be
perfectible,
changes behavior
perfectible under
improved, cannot
harmony of
to reflect
socialism, greed
Human
be perfect.
interest is
changing norms
and selfishness
nature
[Mansbach and
possible.
in society.
without socialism.
Rafferty 2008, p.
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
41]
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
41]
41]
41]
Key actor(s)
Primary state
Various.
Survival, for both
objective
[Kegley and
offensive and
Wittkopf 2011, p.
defensive realism.
35]
[Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 35] Don’t matter
A big problem,
much, may be
and can be
preferable.
reformed through
[Kegley and
strong
consequences
Wittkopf 2011, p.
international
of anarchy
43]
institution.
Nature and
[Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 43]
World view
Pessimistic, war
Optimistic, wars
Indeterminate,
Optimistic: wars
can be managed
can be prevented
depends upon the
are the result of
but not
by reforms, e.g.
ideas that take
class conflict, and
eliminated.
free trade,
root and attract
can be eliminated
Policies should
economic
widespread
by the end of
enhance power.
development,
support.
capitalism and
[Mansbach and
welfare, and
[Mansbach and
introduction of
Rafferty 2008, p.
democracy.
Rafferty 2008, p.
classless society.
41]
Policies should
41]
Policies should
enhance justice.
enhance equality.
[Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]
Change
Key features of
Key features of
Key features of
Key features of
global politics are
global politics are
global politics are
global politics are
permanent, evils
mutable, moving
mutable though
mutable.
such as war and
to a positive
change is
[Mansbach and
poverty cannot be
direction.
impeded by
Rafferty 2008, p.
eliminated.
[Mansbach and
material factors,
41]
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
only evolution of
Rafferty 2008, p.
41]
ideas and
41]
resulting change in identities and interests can modify material factors. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 41]
Cooperation
Public opinion
Individuals are
International
Individuals and
Possible, because
Indeterminate,
Socialist and
naturally
cooperation is
states can
international
depending on
capitalist states
competitive.
possible, but will
cooperate to
cooperation will
which ideas
cannot cooperate.
[Mansbach and
be difficult to
overcome
reduce
become dominant
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
sustain.
collective
selfishness.
and the response
Rafferty 2008, p.
42]
[Kegley and
problems.
[Kegley and
to such ideas.
42]
Wittkopf 2011, p.
[Mansbach and
Wittkopf 2011, p.
[Mansbach and
43]
Rafferty 2008, p.
43]
Rafferty 2008, p.
42]
42]
Elitist, diplomacy
Public diplomacy,
Crucial in forming
Public opinion
should be
applauds public
intersubjective
reflects class
conducted in
opinion as an
consensus
perceptions and
secrecy by
obstacle to war.
regarding norms
interests,
professional
[Mansbach and
and ideas, to
dominant
diplomats. Public
Rafferty 2008, p.
create collective
economic class in
opinion is ill-
42]
identity.
society.
formed and
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
short-sighted.
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
[Mansbach and
42]
42]
Rafferty 2008, p. 42]
National interest
Leaders serve the
States exist to
National interest
States serve the
interests of the
serve the interests
is based on
interests of the
state. Focus is
of individuals.
national identity,
dominant
mainly on great
Free trade and
what states make
economic class in
powers.
human rights are
of it.
the society.
International
key regardless of
[Mansbach and
Economic
institutions are
state interests.
Rafferty 2008, p.
imperialism and
suspect as they
[Mansbach and
42]
dominance over
may pursue
Rafferty 2008, p.
the ‘periphery’
interests other
42]
of poor states.
than those of the
[Mansbach and
states.
Rafferty 2008, p.
[Mansbach and
42]
Rafferty 2008, p. 42]
International institutions and organizations
States must be
International
Support
Institutions are
Indeterminate.
Support
independent,
organizations are
international
important and will
[Mansbach and
transnational
autonomous, and
arenas for states
organizations as
change patters of
Rafferty 2008, p.
institutions
free to act
to compete for
encouraging
international
42]
created by
without limits of
influence.
peace to
politics.
socialist societies.
sovereignty.
[Kegley and
overcome
[Kegley and
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
Wittkopf 2011, p.
collective
Wittkopf 2011, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
43]
dilemmas.
43]
42]
42]
[Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 42]
Society
Tend to ignore
Focus on society
Intense focus on
Focus on society,
the role of
and relations
society as the
especially on
society.
among people
source of ideas
relations between
[Mansbach and
rather than state
and identities.
classes rather
Rafferty 2008, p.
bureaucracies.
[Mansbach and
than on
43]
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
government.
Rafferty 2008, p.
43]
[Mansbach and
43]
Rafferty 2008, p. 43]
Actors do and
There are areas
Indeterminate.
Focus on relative
should seek
where
[Mansbach and
gains of socialists
relative gain
participants can
Rafferty 2008, p.
compared to
rather than the
all profit or lose
43]
capitalists.
absolute gain.
(variable-sum
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
games) and there
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
are others in
43]
43]
which the gain made by one
Relative and
actor is equivalent
absolute gain
to the loss of other (zero-sum
game). Actors are more concerned about absolute gains. [Mansbach and Rafferty 2008, p. 43]
Security
Military and
Security is the
Human security
Security is less
Indeterminate.
Human security
economic security
primary issue.
consists of far
important than
[Mansbach and
consists of far
are the principle
[Kegley and
more than
economic welfare.
Rafferty 2008, p.
more than
issues, support
Wittkopf 2011, p.
military security.
[Kegley and
43]
for large defense
43]
[Mansbach and
Wittkopf 2011, p.
should involve
budgets and
Rafferty 2008, p.
43]
economic equality
opposition to free
43]
and fulfillment of
trade which can
basic material
render countries
needs.
less independent.
[Mansbach and
[Mansbach and
Rafferty 2008, p.
Rafferty 2008, p.
43]
43]
Approach to peace
Protect sovereign
Institutional
Activists who
autonomy and
reforms through
promote
deter rivals
democratization,
progressive ideas
through military
open markets,
and encourage
preparedness and
and international
states to adhere
alliances.
law and
to norms for
[Kegley and
organization.
appropriate
Wittkopf 2011, p.
[Kegley and
behavior.
47]
Wittkopf 2011, p.
[Kegley and
47]
Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]
Central concepts
military security,
Anarchy, self-
Collective
Ideas, images,
help, national
security,
shared
interest, relative
reciprocity,
knowledge,
gains, balance of
international
identities,
power
regimes, complex
discourses, and
[Kegley and
interdependence,
persuasion
Wittkopf 2011, p.
transnational
leading to new
47]
relations
understandings
[Kegley and
and normative
Wittkopf 2011, p.
change
47]
[Kegley and Wittkopf 2011, p. 47]
