Contoh Makalah Masalah Di Rumah Sakit

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 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko

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W`wxmf @oij|fkw` Fkokamfmo \}fkb Wkn`x

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 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko

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K/ W`wxmf @oij|fkw` \}fkb Wkn`x @hmkd @hmkd @hmkd hkdkf hkdkf bkd `o` khkdkb khkdkb jux`fk jux`fkdd wmw}k` wmw}k` nml}x} nml}x}bko bko |}fkb |}fkb wkn`x$ wkn`x$ wmg}|m wmg}|m hkdk hkdkf f umok umokoc ocko koko ko hkxk hkxk$$ hko hko x`hk x`hkn n fmdk fmdkfu fuk} k}`` lkxk lkxkwk wko& o&lk lkxk xkwk wko o b}n} b}n}f f @ohjo ohjomw mw`k `k// Fmox moxm|` m|` Nmw Nmwmbkx mbkxk ko "Fmo "Fmonm nmw w) Mohk Mohkoc oc \kbkp kbkp} } Wmhp Wmhpko ko`o `ocw cw`b `b fmoamdkwnko$ wxkohk| umdkpkoko `oxm|okw`jokd `x} x`hkn bkopk fmd`u}x` njoh`w` ikw`d`xkw umdkpkoko$ okf}o }xkfkopk ukhk nkukw`xkw hko n}kd`xkw |}fkb wkn`x hkdkf fmokocko` ukw`mo/ Lm|lk Lm|lkck ck`` fkgk fkgkf f wjd} wjd}w` w` xmdk xmdkb b lkop lkopkn kn h`xk h`xksk sk|nk |nko o jdmb jdmb wjix wjixsk sk|m |m bj}w bj}wm m "ymohj "ymohj|) |) }ox}n }ox}n fmocbk fmocbkohd ohdm m hko fmocjd fmocjdkb kb hkxk hkxk hko `oij|f `oij|fkw` kw` pkoc pkoc khk h` |}fkb wkn`x/ Hk|` w`wxmf pkoc gdjwm wkfuk` pkoc jumo$ hk|` w`wxmf pkoc bkopk fmocbk fmocbkohd ohdm m x|kowk x|kowknw` nw` umom|` umom|`fkk fkko o ukw`mo ukw`mo wkfuk wkfuk`` pkoc pkoc hkukx hkukx fmf`o`f fmf`o`fkd`w kd`w`| `| umocc}okko nm|xkw$ hk|` pkoc lm|bk|ck a}xkko wkfuk` kocnk pkoc xm|u`wkb x`ck x`x` x`x`n$ n$ hk|` hk|` pkoc pkoc }w }wm| m| i|`mo i|`mohdp hdp wkfu wkfuk` k` pkoc pkoc w} w}d`x d`x h`ku h`kud` d`nkw nkw`nk `nko o h` dkuk dkukoc ocko ko// Umfl}kxko w`wxmf `oij|fkw` |}fkb wkn`x hkukx h`d`bkx hk|` lm|lkck` w}h}x/ w}h}x/ L`wk h`d`bkx hk|` w}h}x khf`o`wx|kx`i pkoc fmocbkohdm hkxk&hkxk ukw`mo$ x|kowknw` hwl$ kxk} kxk} l`wk l`wk a}ck a}ck hk|` hk|` w} w}h} h}xx ukw` ukw`mo mo pkoc pkoc gmoh gmohm|} m|}oc oc nm umdk umdkpk pkok oko o nmwm nmwmbk bkxk xko o hmocko fmokflkbnko xmnojdjc` wmlkck` kdkx njf}o`nkw`opk/ Bkh`|opk xmnojdjc` 7C knko knko fmfum| fmfum|nkp nkpk k nmfkfu nmfkfu}ko }ko w`w w`wxmf xmf$$ hk|` hk|` @X "@oij| "@oij|fkx fkx`jo `jo Xmgboj Xmgbojdjc djcp) p) fmoakh` @GX "@oij|fkx`jo koh Gjff}o`gkx`jo Xmgbojdjcp)$ n`|k&n`|k j|koc l`dkoc wmum|x` `x}/

;/ Nml} Nml}x} x}bk bko o Ukw`m Ukw`mo o Bk|k Bk|kuk uko o ukw` ukw`mo mo hk|` hk|` wml} wml}kb kb umdk umdkpk pkok oko o nmwm nmwmbk bkxk xko o khkdk khkdkb b h`lm h`lm|`n |`nko koop opk k wm|y`gm pkoc gmukx hko opkfko/ X`ocnkx fjl`d`xkw ukw`mo pkoc x`occ` fmo}ox}x khko khkopk pk njf} njf}o` o`nkw nkw`` hko hko umdk umdkpk pkok oko o pkoc pkoc gmuk gmukxx koxk koxk|k |k ukw` ukw`mo mo hko hko `owx `owx`x `x}w }w`` nmwmbkxko$ pkoc nmf}h`ko koxk|k ukw`mo hmocko hjnxm|/ Bkd `o` wmlmok|opk l`wk fmoc fmocc} c}ok oknk nko o ikw` ikw`d`x d`xkw kw xmdmu xmdmujo jo$$ kxk} kxk} l`k| l`k| dml`b dml`b nm|m nm|mo$ o$ l`wk l`wk fmoc fmocc} c}ok oknk nko o xmdmgjoim|mogm/ xmdmgjoim|mogm/ X`hk X`hkn n um|d} um|d} fmoh fmohml mlkx kxnk nko o kdkx kdkx njf} njf}o` o`nkw nkw`` fkok fkok pkoc pkoc dml` dml`b b gjgjn$ pkoc xm|umox`oc khkdkb umohjn}fmoxkw`koopk/

8

 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko


7/ Nmfkfu}k Nmfkfu}ko o U`bkn U`bkn Umocmfl Umocmflkoc koc Wkfu Wkfuk` k` wkkx wkkx `o`$ `o`$ w} w}hk hkb b lkop lkopkn kn u`bk u`bkn n umocmf umocmflk lkoc oc pkoc pkoc fmok fmoksk sk|nk |nko o lm|lkck lm|lkck`` fkgkf fkgkf wjd}w` wjd}w` }ox}n }ox}n nml}x} nml}x}bko bko w`w w`wxmf xmf `oij|f `oij|fkw` kw` |}fkb |}fkb wkn`x/ wkn`x/ Hk|` um|j|kocko wkfuk` pkoc lm|fk`o h`lmdknkoc lkhko }wkbk "GY* UX)/ Nmdmfkbko umocm umocmfl flko koc c khkd khkdkb kb ‒lmd ‒lmd}f }f fmoc fmocmx mxkb kb}` }` |}fkb |}fkb wkn`x wkn`x‐‐ `x} `x} wmoh wmoh`| `|`/ `/ Nk|mo Nk|mok k nmlkop nmlkopknko knko umocmf umocmflko lkoc c khkdkb khkdkb dml`b dml`b h}d} h}d} fmoc}k fmoc}kwk` wk` njfu}x njfu}xm| m| hk|`uk hk|`ukhk hk w`wx w`wxmf mf |}fk |}fkb b wkn` wkn`x$ x$ wmb` wmb`oc occk ck um|d um|d} } khko khkopk pk umoc umocb} b}l} l}oc oc koxk koxk|k |k u`bk u`bkn n umocmflkoc hko |}fkb wkn`x/ @wx`dkb nm|moopk ‒Wpwxmf ‒ Wpwxmf Kokdpwx ‐$ ‐$ j|koc pkoc xkb} xmoxkoc |}fkb wkn`x hko w`wxmf pkoc knko h`l}kx/ L}nko lm|fknw}h `ndko$ xku` wmak}b pkoc wkpk nmxkb}`$ j|koc&j|koc |mnkf fmh`w "kukdkc` |mnkf fmh`w ]CF$ ]CF$ bkdkb) bkdkb) khkdkb khkdkb pkoc pkoc g}n}u g}n}u xkb} xkb} xmoxko xmoxkoc c khf`o` khf`o`wx| wx|kw` kw` |}fkb |}fkb wkn`x wkn`x hko wmh`n mh`n`x `x lkop lkopkn kn xkb} xkb} xmox xmoxko koc c um|& um|&nj njf fu}x u}xm|&k m|&ko/ o/ Okf}o f}o x`hk `hkn fmo}x mo}x}u }u nmf}ocn`oko hjnxm| kxk}u}o um|kskx/

8/ Lkxk Lkxkwk wko o w`wx w`wxmf mf ]ox ]ox}n fmfmx mfmxkn knko ko um|f um|fk kwkdk wkdkbk bko o hko hko fmfum mfum|w |wmf mfu` u`xx |}ko |}koc c cm|k cm|kn n um|kogkocko w`wxmf$ um|d} h`l}kx lkxkwko&lkxkwko pkoc x`hkn um|d} h`gkn}u jdmb w`wxmf w`w xmf// Dml`b Dml`b lk`n lk`n xkbkuk xkbkuko o hmwk`o hmwk`o w`w w`wxmf xmf fmfknk fmfknko o sknx} sknx} pkoc pkoc dml`b dml`b dkfk dkfk hk|`ukhk xm|akh` b}|}&bk|k nmx`nk u|jwmw umfl}kxko/ Njf}o`nkw` pkoc `oxmow`i& u}o um|d} um|d} h`a h`akck kck koxk|k koxk|k nmh}k nmh}k u`bkn/ u`bkn/ U`b U`bkn kn |}fkb |}fkb wkn`x wkn`x fmoamdk fmoamdkwnk wnko o wmgk|k wmgk|k ckfldkoc kuk pkoc fm|mnk `oc`onko hko fmflm|`nko wmgk|k hmx`d kuk pkoc fm|mnk bk|kunko/ Lkxkwko&lkxkwko&u}o um|d} h`lkbkw koxk|k nmh}kopk$ wmum|x` 1 ;) X`hk X`hkn n fmoc fmocb` b`dk dkoc ocnk nko o i}oc i}ocw` w` hko hko um|k um|ko o hjnx hjnxm| m| hko hko um|k um|ksk skxx hkdk hkdkf f fmdkn}nko umfm|`nwkko/ <) X`hkn fmoc}|koc fmoc}|koc`* `* fmocb`dkocnk fmocb`dkocnko o nm&jxmox`nko nm&jxmox`nko lm|nkw lm|nkw |mnkf fmh`w/ fmh`w/

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 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko

Fkwkdkb jxmox`nkw` um|okb fmoakh` lkbko hmlkx koxk| nmdjfujn nmx`nk h}d} n}d`kb Nku`xk Wmdmnxk/ Nmf}h`ko wkpk fmock|kbnko nm fkwkdkb wmg}|`xp w`wxmf$ lkbsk x`hkn khk w`wxmf pkoc lmok|&lmok| kfko$ bkdkb$ wjn&wjn ko/ Pkoc amdkw$ fkwkdkb fkwkdkb `o` g}n}u umox`oc fmopkocn}x fmopkocn}x i}ocw` |mnkf fmh`w h` bkhkuko bkhkuko b}n}f/ Dmflk|&dmflk| |mnkf fmh`w pkoc um|d} h`akck nm&k}xmox`nkw`&koopk koxk|k dk`o 1 • Dmflk| \FN "\`ocnkwko Fkw}n&Nmd}k|) • Dmflk| \mw}fm • Gkxkxko Um|kskx • Bkw`d Umfm|`nwkko Dkl* \kh`jdjc` • Dmflk| @oij|f Gjowmox  • Dkuj|ko Jum|kw`

;/ Nmfkfu}ko W`wxmf Wmgk| Wmgk|k k cdjl cdjlkd$ kd$ w`wx w`wxmf mf pkoc pkoc `hmk `hmkdd xmox xmox} } hkuk hkukxx fmoc fmoc}| }|ko koc` c` lmlk lmlko o nm|ak nm|ak fkw`oc&fkw`oc }o`x umdkpkoko/ Wmgk|k hmx`d "fmwn`u}o x`hkn nmwmd}|}bko)$ hkukx h`ckflk|nko wmlkck` lm|`n}x1 ;) Hkukx fmoc}|koc` lmlko nm| nm|ak w}l&lk &lkc`ko `ko |mnkf nkf fmh`w h`w hkdkf dkf ‒fmokocko`‐ lm|nkw |mnkf fmh`w/ W}l&lk W}l&lkc`ko c`ko |mnkf |mnkf fmh`w fmh`w fmfkoc fmfkoc w}l&lkc w}l&lkc`ko `ko pkoc pkoc ukd`oc ukd`oc h`|mujx h`|mujxnko nko hmocko lm|nkw |mnkf fmh`w/ Hk|` gjh`oc$ gjh`oc$ `ohmr`oc$ `ohmr`oc$ kwwmfld`oc$ kwwmfld`oc$ i`d`oc hko `oc&`oc pkoc dk`o "fkki$ w}hkb d}uk) wmf}k h`bkohdm jdmb w}l&lkc`ko `o`/ Hmocko khkopk wml}kb w`wxmf `oij|fkw`$ wmbk|}wopk ukd`oc x`hkn hkukx fmocckox`nko i}ocw` njh`oc ukhk w}l&lkc`ko |mnkf fmh`w/ Wmlkc`ko lmwk| |}fkb wkn`x h` `ohjomw`k$ fkw`b fmocc}oknko umx}ckw |mnkf |mnkf fmh`w fmh`w kxk}u} kxk}u}o o n}|`| n}|`| hkdkf hkdkf fmoh`w fmoh`wx|`l x|`l}w` }w`nko nko lm|nkw lm|nkw nm fkw`oc& fkw`oc& fkw`oc umdkpkoko/ Lmlm|kuk |}fkb wkn`x w}hkb fmocc}oknko xmnojdjc` ‒d`ix‐ wmlkck` wk|kok x|kowuj|xkw` lm|nkw nm umdkpkoko&umdkpkoko kxk}u}o nmflkd` nm xmfukx umop`fukoko "i`d`oc "i`d`oc)/ )/ <) Hkukx Hkukx fmoc}| fmoc}|koc koc`` umfknk`k umfknk`ko o nm|xkw nm|xkw " ukum|dmww)/  ukum|dmww)/ Umfknk`ko nm|xkw fkw`b lmd}f hkukx h`b`dkocnko h` @ohjomw`k wkkx `o`$ nk|mok hkxk fmh`w wkockx |moxko hmocko b}n}f hko knko fmfuj|knuj|kohknko um|hkckocko nm|xkw @ohjomw`k/ Hmoc Hmocko ko w`wx w`wxmf mf pkoc pkoc xm|nj xm|njfu fu}x }xm|` m|`wk wkw` w`$$ umfk umfknk nk`ko `ko nm|xk nm|xkw w pkoc pkoc l`wk l`wk h`ukocnkw koxk|k dk`o 1 Dmflk| k|&d &dmf mflk lk|| |mnkf |mnkf fmh` fmh`w w pkoc pkoc x`hk x`hkn n lm|b} lm|b}l} l}ck cko o hmoc hmocko ko  Dmfl fkwkdkb k}xmox`nkw` kxk} kwumn b}n}f/ Dkuj|ko o fkw`oc& fkw`oc&fkw fkw`oc `oc }o`x }o`x umdkpk umdkpkoko oko "nk|mok "nk|mok wmf}k wmf}k dkuj|k dkuj|ko o  Dkuj|k w}hkb xm|mnku jdmb w`wxmf)/  \mnku Dkuj|ko "\D) ; ‗ 9 pkoc h`n`|`f nm h`okw nmwmbkxko/ ;) Hkukx lm|njf}o lm|njf}o`nkw` `nkw` hmocko hmocko w`wxmf w`wxmf dk`o ukhk ukhk umdkpkoko umdkpkoko nmwmbkxko nmwmbkxko dk`o dk`o Sml Wm|y`gm$ n`|k&n`|k j|koc @X fmopml}xopk hmf`n`ko/ Kud`nkw` `o` wkockx lm|c}ok ukhk nkw}w |}a}nko$ moxkb h`|}a}n nm kxkw kxk} nm lkskb/ Hkdkf

9

 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko

w`wxmf fko}kd w`wxmf fko}kd$$ u|jwmh u|jwmh}| }| |}a}nko |}a}nko khkdkb khkdkb hmocko hmocko fmoc`| fmoc`|`fn `fnko ko nju`ko nju`ko dmflk dmflk|| |mw}f |mw}fm m fmh` fmh`w w ukw` ukw`mo mo$$ hko hko fmfl fmflks ksk k ; kxk} kxk} < um|ks um|kskx kx pkoc pkoc fmocko fmockoxk| xk|nko nkoopk opk// Nmw}d` Nmw}d`xko xko hkdkf hkdkf fmocku fmockud`nk d`nkw`n w`nko ko w`w w`wxmf xmf `o` khkdkb khkdkb x`hkn khkopk wxkohk|h w`wxmf `oij|fkw` |}fkb wkn`x h` @ohjomw`k/ Fkw`oc& fkw`oc fkw`oc |}fkb wkn`x hmocko um&hm opk fmd}og}|nko fmd}og}|nko w`wxmf fm|mnk pkoc lk|} hk|` ymohj| xm|nmokd$ nmf}h`ko |}fkb wkn`x dk`o `n}x&`n}xko dk}og`oc w`wxmf hmocko ymohj| pkoc dk`o/ X`hkn khkopk njf}o`nkw` koxk| ymohj| hko x`hkn khkopk nmwmuknkxko umokockoko njf}o`nkw` koxk| w`wxmf pkoc wmbk|}wopk wmbk|}wopk h`xmockb` jdmb umfm|`oxkb umfm|`oxkb hmocko hmocko fmocmd}k|nko fmocmd}k|nko u|jwmh}| wxko wxkohk hk|h |h w`wx w`wxmf mf `oij `oij|f |fkw kw`` |}fk |}fkb b wkn`x wkn`x fmoc fmockn kn`lk `lkxn xnko ko bkd bkd `o` `o` w} w}d` d`xx h`dknwkoknko/   Xkoxk Xkoxkock ocko o dk`o dk`o hkdkf hkdkf umocku umockud`nk d`nkw`k w`ko o sml wm|y`g wm|y`gm m `o` khkdkb khkdkb fkwkdk fkwkdkb b wmg}|`xp / Wkpk x`hkn knko fmskgkoknko fkwkdkb wmg}|`xp $ nk|mok lkbkwkoopk g}n}u njfudmnw/ L`wk h`d`bkx hk|` wmg}|`xp kud`nkw` wmg}|`xp  kud`nkw` fk}u}o wmg}|`xp  ak|`ockoopk/  ak|`ockoopk/ Hko xmox} Kohk dml`b xkb} knko bkd `o`/

<) Hkukx fmflm|`nko fmflm|`nko umdkpkoko umdkpkoko pkoc |mkd x`fm  Pkoc wkpk fknw}h h`w`o` khkdkb xmnojdjc` 7C/ Dkpkoko `o` f}ocn`o l`wk h`ojfj| wmn`konko h}d}$ nk|mok umfkoikkxko xmnojdjc` 7C fkw`b ak|koc h`c}oknko h` @ohjomw`k$ hko fkw`b xm|fkw}n xmnojdjc` pkoc fkbkd/ X`hkn fmo} fmo}x} x}u u nmf} nmf}oc ocn`o n`oko ko = xkb} xkb}o o fmoh fmohkx kxko koc c 7C w} w}hk hkb b fm|m fm|mwk wkbnk bnko o fkwpk|knkx$ fknw}h wkpk w}hkb fmoakh` lkc`ko hk|` nml}x}bko b`h}u$ dml`b hk|` wmnmhk| ckpk b`h}u "l`kwkopk wmum|x` `x})/ Wmlm Wmlmok ok|o |opk pk fkw` fkw`b b lkop lkopkn kn kwum kwumn n pkoc pkoc hkuk hkukxx fmoa fmoakh kh`` lkbk lkbko o hkdkf hkdkf umfl}kxko w`wxmf `oij|fkw` |}fkb wkn`x `hmkd$ moxkb `x} umflkxkwko fk}u}o nmc}kokko hko nmfkfu}ko$ h`fkok kd}| umokockoko ukw`mo hk|` umohkixk|ko$ umfm|`nwkko umfm|`nwkko$$ |kskx `oku wkfuk` wkfuk` ukw`mo ukw`mo xm|wml}x xm|wml}x fmoml}w jlkx fkw`b xm|hkukx xm|hkukx nm|kog} nm|kog}ko ko hkdkf hkdkf bkd }|}xko }|}xkoopk opk$$ `o` fmopml fmopmlkln klnko ko wm|`oc wm|`oc xm|akh xm|akh`op `opk k u|jldmf u|jldmf pkoc fmohkwk| koxk|k u`bkn |}fkb wkn`x hkdkf bkd `o` umx}ckw kxk}u}o um|kskx hmocko uk|k ukw`mo$ bkd `o` x`hkn l`wk h`koccku |mfmb fmoc`ockx |}fkb wkn`x fm|}uknko fm|}uknko wkdkb wkx} xmfukx pkoc wkockx wkockx h`l}x}bnko h`l}x}bnko fkwpk|knkx fkwpk|knkx nmx`nk `oc`o lm|jl lm|jlkx kx// Wmb` Wmb`oc occk ck nmopk nmopkfk fkok oko o iknx iknxj| j| umdk umdkpk pkok oko o khkdk khkdkb b wkdk wkdkb b wkx} wkx} pkoc pkoc xmumox`oc/

LKL @@@ 3

 X}ckw Fknkdkb Fkokamfmo Umdkpkoko Nmwmbkxko

UMO]X]U K/ Nmw`fu}dko Nmw`fu}dko Hk|` umflkbkwko pkoc xmdkb wkpk amdkwnko h` kxkw hk|` bkd xm|wml}x hkukx h` xk|`n nmw`fu}dko lkbsk1 

W`wx`f W`w x`f @oij|f @oij|fkw` kw` hkukx hkukx fmo`ocn fmo`ocnkxn kxnko ko n}kd`xk n}kd`xkw w umdkpk umdkpkoko oko xm|}xk xm|}xkfk fk hkdkf umdkpkoko |}fkb wkn`x/

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W`wx`f @oij|fkw` hkukx fmoakck wxkohk| u|knxmn fmh`w pkoc lk`n hko lmok|/

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