Corncob (Zea Saccharata) on Its Natural State an Effective Crude Oil Adsorbent than Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Coir Fibers
Alija May P. Apego IX – Curie
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Research 2
Agusan National High School A.D. Curato St., Butuan City
Mrs. Marie Lou S. Paler
January 2016
ABSTRACT
Oil spills are currently destroying bodies of water where marine lives are at stake.
Oil spills are liquid
petroleum hydrocarbon released to different bodies of water due to unintentional and negligent release of used gasoline solvents
and
crankcase
lubricants
by
industries
and
individuals. Corncobs,
crude
oil,
and
required for the experiment.
a
saltwater
simulation
is
Crude oil is poured on the
saltwater simulation to imitate an oil spill in a body of water.
Corncobs are weighed before and after they are
dropped on the oil spill simulation, which is also done to the coir.
This process is conducted for one hour and done
three times for the researcher to know that the experiment wasn’t done by chance.
The outcome of the controlled and
experimental group was then compared and contrasted.
The
statistical tool used was T-test on the significance of the difference between correlated means. After an hour soaking in the oil spill simulation and then retrieved, the corncobs’ average additional weight is 49.30% while the coir had an average of 71.15%. 2
In both
variables, oil wasn’t completely adsorbed but both variables have the tendency to adsorb oil.
However, the controlled
variable or the coir had adsorbed more oil the experimental variable or the corncobs. Hence, there is a significant difference between the adsorption of oil by corncobs and coir.
The potential of a
corncob to adsorb oil is lesser than the coir.
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher would like to express deepest gratitude to all the persons that have become a big part of this study. The Lord Almighty, from which all knowledge and wisdom emanates. To all my friends, classmates especially to Athena Olano and Hazel Cayomo who helped the researcher to make this research study presentable. Finally, father,
brother,
to
my
family,
grandparents
especially
and
cousins
my for
mother, their
unconditional love, moral and financial support in order to finish this study and make it possible.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Page No.
TITLE PAGE
i
ABSTRACT
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION Background of the Study
1
Statement of the Problem
2
Statement of the Hypothesis
2
Significance of the Study
2
Scope and limitation of the Study
3
Conceptual framework the Study
3
5
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
5
Sampling
10
Treatment Proper
11
Data Gathering
11
Data Analysis
12
Disposal
14
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
15
18 viii
APPENDICES Appendix A
xiv
Appendix B
xviii
6
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1.0 The Weight of Each Group Before And After the
12
Experiment Began 2.0 The Average Percentage of the Increased Weight
15
of the Corncobs and Coir 3.0 Summation of the Data and Summation of the Data
xiv
Squared By Group 3.1 The Weight of Each Group Before And After the
xvii
Experiment Began In Grams
LIST OF FIGURES 1.0 Independent, Intervening and Dependent Variables
3
2.0 Increase of the Weight in Percentage of Both
16
Groups
7
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Irresponsible
waste
disposal,
unprotected
areas
of
water and the release of used oil is the main cause of oil spills. study
An environmental problem we currently have.
consists
of
the
purpose,
importance,
This
conclusion,
hypothesis, the methodology adopted and objectives of the investigation.
Background of the Study
Oil spills are environmental disasters (Dave & Ghaly, 2011)
currently
lives
are
at
destroying
stake.
Oil
bodies spills
of
water
are
where
liquid
marine
petroleum
hydrocarbon released to different bodies of water due to human activity. The unintentional or negligent release of used gasoline solvents, crankcase lubricants by industries and individuals (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015) and pipe-line vandalization
1
(Ndimele,
2010)
may
also
be
classified
as
anthropogenic sources of oil (Wang & Stout, 2010).
acute The oil
spill is a problem for the livelihoods of the population who depend on fishing and tourism (World Organization et al., 2013).
Statement of the Problem
This
study
aims
to
identify
if
corncobs
can
help
decrease oil spills in polluted bodies of water in the community. natural
It answers the question: Is a corncob, on its
state
an
effective
adsorbent
for
oil
spills
in
polluted bodies of water?
Statement of the Hypothesis
Yes, corncobs on its natural state can be an effective oil adsorbent or has potential to decrease the amount of used oil from contaminated bodies of water.
Significance of the Study
2
The outcome of the study may be an implication to help communities
whose
bodies
spilled crude oil.
of
water
are
contaminated
by
The corncobs being experimented to be as
an adsorbent may decrease current or possible oil spills from bodies of water where factories or industries are being planted on have no proper waste disposal.
It may also help
ensure the protection of public health and marine life.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The research and experiment is only limited to corncobs on its natural state an oil adsorbent. corncobs
with
floating
devices,
cooked, or without kernels.
It does not include
wrapped
in
its
husks,
Also the study is limited to
contaminated bodies of water, specifically on oil spills. To have accurate observations, the experiment was done three times with precise measurements.
Conceptual Framework Independent Variables
Intervening Variables
Corncobs Liquid
Water
Petroleum
current Amount of
Oil3 Weather
Hydrocarbon Salt Water
Dependent Variables
Corncobs
adsorbs oil Petroleum is less toxic
Figure 1.0 Independent, Intervening and Dependent Variables
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Various studies related to corncobs as an adsorbent for oil spill have been conducted so for many of which are partly similar to this study.
The Gulf Study was conducted
on June 2010 as a feedback after the explosion of the Deep Water
Horizon
drilling
Rig,
resulting
devastating oil spill in the United States.
to
the
most
The Gulf study
aims to determine both physical and mental effects (Sandler, 2010) and the long-term effects (Petri, 2015).
Both studies
are gathering information as a benefit for the public to be more aware of the dangers of health and the environment by hazardous substances when not managed properly (LaGrega et al., 2010). Similar studies had created solutions with the use of image processing and computer vision (Radhika & Padmavathi, 2011) such as the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) an image 5
segmentation which is already used for medical purposes and detects floating oil on the surface (Hess et al., 2013) to permit
effective
satellite
surveillance
environment (Bhogle & Patil, 2012).
in
the
marine
Desulphurization of
liquid fuels by adsorption with the use of mineral clays (Shakirullah et al., 2012). According to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF), the effects of an oil spill will depend on a variety of factors including the quantity and type of oil spilled, (Fingas, 2012) and how it affects the marine environment. and
The other key factors include the biological
ecological
attributes
of
the
area;
the
ecological
significance of key species and their interaction with oil pollution as well as the time of year (ITOPF, 2010). The similarities of the studies are that both have intervening variables, including the type of oil that has been spilled to the body of water and on how the chemical substance to be used interacts with the marine environment. Oceanic oil spills became a major environmental problem in the 1960’s, mainly as a result of transporting more than 500,000 metric tons of oil (Britannica, 2015).
“It
doesn’t look like it’s going to be catastrophic. But that doesn’t mean there’s not going to be a damage,” said Pete
6
Raimond of the University of California Santa Cruz (The Guardian, 2015). Corncobs have been used as oil absorbent after the wreckage of a ship, releasing 220,000 tons of heavy crude oil
in
Recovery
1978. I
Adria
Inc.,
Brown,
has
founder
developed
a
of
Brown’s
product
cold
Company, “Golden
Retriever” that is experimented to absorb oil from water (Siegel, 2010).
The development of the study is stated to
be economical for its use of dried corncobs that have gone through a process for agricultural uses and is very useful for
cleanups
since
it
is
buoyant
and
while
adsorption
occurs, it remain afloat (Harrison, 2010). Adria Brown said she has about 34,000 tons of properly dried material to help the system of waste management (Czarnik, 2010) and the oil soaked corncobs could either be burned for fuel or the oil from the corn cob is separated from the corn cob for future use (Walker, 2010). In a study where the absorbents being experimented are coconut husks and corncobs, aims to compare the absorption capability of coconut husk, grounded and ungrounded corn cob and also to discover which of the absorbents is more capable and effective at removing oil from the water.
The outcome
indicated that the surface area is a factor in absorption
7
(Omoniyi et al., 2012).
The difference of both the studies
is that the independent variable of the study is grounded and ungrounded corn cob while the researcher’s variable to be used are corncobs on their natural state. An experiment was performed with crude oil and its fraction only and a mixture of crude oil and its fraction on water.
The result of the study reveals that the synthetic
absorbent mat absorbed oil more than the corn cob and it did not absorb water while absorbing the oil while the corn cob did (Kelli et al., 2013). According to Fox News, in the latest oil spill, workers shoveled tar balls that were carried away for disposal. They
had
to
be
careful
not
to
disturb
populations
of
Westering Snowy Plovers that were in the middle of their breeding
season
(Associated
Press,
2015).
The
abundant
production of aquatic organisms in aquaculture depends on its environment but those organisms live in water and the environmental problem is water quality (Boyd & Tucker, 2012) and groundwater quality (Nwachukwu & Osuagwu, 2014). An
article
entitled
A
Novel
Sustainable
Oil
Spill
Control Technology revise oil spill control techniques, its components
and
disadvantages
chemicals,
(Al-majed
et
and al., 8
their 2012).
advantages The
study
and also
suggests natural sorbents which may also be an indicator of the level of air pollution (Sandu et al., 2012) and on soil (González et al., 2010).
The spill of crude oil affect the
factors: nutrients, soil type, humidity, temperature, pH, the
type
and
the
metabolism
of
the
microorganisms,
(Pecingină & Cîrţînă, 2013) chemical properties and plant composition (Tanee & Albert, 2015). Similarly, a study in the Philippines about a massive oil spill at the Guimaras Strait Philippines studies the effect of the oil spill on the lifestyle of the fishermen in the
coasts
(Aliren,
2013)
and
marine
mangrove expanses (AGODRAOSC, 2013).
sanctuaries
and
The coastal villages
were told to put oil spill booms made from bamboo poles and other sorbents (Burgos Jr., 2014). provides
basic
information
about
Similarly, this study the
effects
of
an
oil
spill. A report entitled Oil Spill in Entancia by the Joint United
Nations
humanitarian
Environment
response
Programme
network
(UNEP)
coordinated
by
and the
the
United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), most of the spilled oil was washed at the shores of the Estancia during the height of typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), the
containment
booms
deployed
9
are
not
sufficient
to
effectively contain all of the free phase oil in the water (UN et al., 2013).
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
Sampling
In this study, the researcher gathered adsorbent entire corncobs, crude oil and simulated saltwater.
The researcher
gathered adsorbent entire corncobs in their natural state without the need of an expensive process or costly process to turn the corncobs in granular form. gathered ten (10) dry corncobs.
The researcher
The corncobs used is the
sweet kind (Zea Saccharata or Zea Rugosa). The researcher visited a farmland where freshly-harvested sweet corn is produced labeled.
and
as
gathered,
it
is
placed
on
a
basin
and
The oil gathered is used oil or crude oil where
the researcher visited a gasoline station to get 2 liters of crude oil or used oil and then placed in a closed container.
10
The water used is salt water. The researcher made a salt water simulation.
Since water at standard conditions weighs
1000 grams/liter then we can say that sea water has 35g of salt per liter.
(OPENROV, 2014) 5 liters of water was used
in each 3 containers so, each container with 5 liters of water are mixed with 175 grams of salt.
Treatment Proper
The corncobs were labeled as corncob A, B, C ... J. The researcher
weighed
the
corncobs
on
a
weighing
scale
to
determine their current weight before the experiment will be done.
After weighing and recording the corncobs’ current
weight, the corncobs were dropped 2 feet above from the container. and C. above
The basins were also labeled as container A, B,
Three corncobs were dropped on each basin 2 feet and
observed
for
1-
recording was currently done.
3
hours.
While
observing,
After recording observations,
corncobs A, B, and C were retrieved by using plastic gloves.
Data Gathering
11
Corncobs A, B, and C were carefully weighed on the weighing scale. of
each
corn
containers.
The researcher recorded the number of grams cob
after
they
were
retrieved
from
the
The weight of the oil-adsorbed corncobs’ were
compared to their weight before the experiment was done. The researcher did experiment three times for the researcher to know that the experiment wasn’t done by chance.
Data Analysis
The researcher then compared and contrasted the outcome of the controlled and experimental group by using the table Trials
Weight of corncobs before experiment
Weight of corncobs after the experiment
Weight of coir before experiment
Weight of coir after experiment
1
W grams
X grams
Y grams
Z grams
2
W grams
X grams
Y grams
Z grams
3
W grams
X grams
Y grams
Z grams
below:
Table 1.0 The Weight of Each Group Before and After the Experiment Began
12
The researcher used T-test on the significance of the difference
between
two
correlated
means.
The
null
hypothesis was: There is no significant difference on the potential of corncobs as an oil adsorbent.
The alternative
hypothesis was: There is a significant difference in the potential
of
the
corncobs
as
an
oil
adsorbent.
The
significant level or the alpha level used is 5%, the degree of freedom used will be N – 1 which is 2 and the test used was one-tailed.
In solving the test, first done was to
compute the mean of group 1 (X1) and group 2 (X2):
x 1=
∑ X 1 147.91 = =49.30 N1 3
x 2=
∑ X 2 214.36 = =71.45 N2 3 ΣX1 and ΣX2 are the summation of the data in each group
while N symbolizes the number of trials and ¯x is the mean. The summation of the group 1 was divided by the number of trials which was also done for group 2.
Next was to compute
the standard error (S) of the difference between means:
S
x 1−x 2=
√[
[
∑ x1 − 2
][
( ∑ X 1 )2 ( ∑ X 2 )2 + ∑ x2 − N1 N2 N 1 + N 2−2 2
13
]
][
1 1 + N1 N2
]
Then compute for the t or the calculated value:
t =
( x1− x2 ) −( μ1−μ2 ) S x 1−x 2 The tabulated value the researcher used to compare the
computed value is 2.776. than
the
tabulated
If the computed value is greater
value
then
accept
the
alternative
hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. If the tabulated value is greater than the computed value, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.
Whatever
the answer computed may be, it will be written as the final answer.
Disposal
The researcher used a separating funnel to separate the oil from the water that has been used.
The oil that has
been separated from the water was used as an extra oil or oil for the car or any machinery at home.
The water that
has
plants
been
separated
researcher’s home.
was
poured
over
the
in
the
The experimented corncobs and coir are
burned for fuel or separated for future use.
14
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher conducted an experiment where corncobs and coir are being compared through their potential
of
adsorbing
oil.
The
researcher
did
the
experiment three times for the researcher to know that the experiment wasn’t done by chance.
1
Experimental (Corncobs) 50%
Controlled (Coir) 73.21%
2
47.91%
70%
3
50%
71.15%
Average: 49.30
Average: 71.45
Trials
15
Table 2.0 The Average Percentage of the Increased Weight of the Corncobs and Coir In this table, it shows the percentage of each variable and their average percentage.
Before the experimental group
or the corncobs were experimented, they weighed 125 grams and
before
the
controlled
group
or
experimented, they weighed about 75 grams.
the
coir
were
After an hour,
in the first trial for the corncobs, they weighed 250 grams, an additional of 125 grams.
In the second trial, they
weighed 240, an additional of 115 grams and on the third trial, they weighed 250 grams, an additional of 125 grams. For the controlled group, they weighed 280 grams in the first trial. the
third
250 grams on the second trial and 260 grams on
trial.
After
gathering
data,
the
additional
weight was turned into percentage and the average percentage is given.
16
Experimental (Corn Cobs)
Controlled (Coir)
Figure 2.0 Increase of the Weight in Percentage of Both Groups The figure demonstrates the increased weight of both groups in percentage, where the corncobs increased about 50% of their weight while the coir had about 70% of increased weight.
1
Experimental (Corncobs) 50%
Controlled (Coir) 73.21%
2
47.91%
70%
3
50%
71.15%
Average: 49.30
Average: 71.45
Trials
Table 2.0 The Average Percentage of the Increased Weight of the Corncobs and Coir 17
Observations
The
controlled
group
or
the
coir
have
a
larger
percentage than the experimental group or the corncobs. both variables, crude oil wasn’t completely adsorbed. variables have the tendency to adsorb crude oil.
In Both
However,
the controlled variable or the coir had adsorbed more oil than the experimental variable or the corncob.
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The results demonstrate that the controlled group or the coir had a larger percentage the experimental group or the corncobs.
Both variables didn’t completely adsorbed the 18
crude oil in the simulation but both variables have the tendency
to
adsorb
crude
oil.
However,
the
larger
percentage that the controlled group or the coir has shown that it has a bigger potential to adsorb crude oil than the experimental group or corncob. Corncobs on their natural state can adsorb crude oil disposed
by
industries
and
individuals
from
different
contaminated bodies of water. The researcher recommends to furtherly classify the aspects that have or may affect the investigation such as the measurements of the applied variables, weather, type of oil, simulations, and the efficacy of coir to adsorb.
19
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at
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APPENDICES
Appendix A
Statistical Tool T - test H0
:
There
is
no
significant
difference
between
the
between
the
adsorption of oil by corncobs and coir H1
:
There
is
a
significant
difference
adsorption of oil by corncobs and coir Level of significance: α = 0.05 X1
X12
X2
X22
50
2,500
73.21
5,359.70
47.91
2,295.37
70
4,900
50
2,500
71.15
5,062.32
∑X1 = 147.91
∑X12 = 7,295.37
∑X2 = 214.36
∑X22 = 15,322.2
Table 3.0 Summation of the Data and Summation of the Data Squared By Group
14
a.
Computing the mean of group 1 (X 1) and group 2
(X2)
x 1=
∑ X 1 147.91 = =49.30 N1 3
x 2=
∑ X 2 214.36 = =66.02 N2 3
b.
Computing the standard error of the difference
between means
S
x 1−x 2=
√[
[
∑ x1 − 2
][
( ∑ X 1 )2 ( ∑ X 2 )2 + ∑ x2 − N1 N2 N 1 + N 2−2 2
¿
√[
¿
[√ [
7,295.37−7,292.45 ] + [ 13,082.38−13,077.24 ] 2 4 3
¿
[√ [
2.92 ] + [ 5.14 ] 2 4 3
[
7,295.37−
][
21,877.36 39,231.72 + 13,082.38− 3 3 3+ 3−2
]
][
][ ]
][ ] 15
]
][
1 1 + 3 3
]
1 1 + N1 N2
]
√[ ][ ] 8.06 4
2 3
¿ √ 2.015
[]
¿
¿
2 3
√[ ][ ] 2.09 1
2 3
¿ √ 1.341 ¿ 1.158
C. Computing for t
t =
( x1− x2 ) −( μ1−μ2 ) S x 1−x 2
¿
( 49.30−66.02 ) −0 1.158
¿
16.72 1.158
¿ 14.43
Finding the critical value or the tabular value of t. 16
df = 4
α = 0.05
ttab = 2.776 Since the tcalc is greater than the ttab, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. H1
:
There
is
a
significant
difference
between
the
adsorption of oil by corncobs and coir
Raw Result
Trials
Weight of corncobs before experiment
Weight of corncobs after the experiment
Weight of coir before experiment
Weight of coir after experiment
1
125
250
75
280
2
125
240
75
250
3
125
250
75
260
Table 3.1 The Weight of Each Group Before And After the Experiment Began In Grams
17
Appendix B
Experimental
These are most of the things used to conduct the Corncobs,
experiment. salt,
water,
basin.
Salt water simulation
Crude oil
18
The
researcher
pours
crude oil.
50 mL Crude oil on the salt water simulation.
Corncobs are dropped 2 feet
away
from
the
basin.
After an hour, corncobs stay afloat.
19
Controlled
75 grams of coir
3 liters of water
75
grams
of
salt
poured to the water.
20
is
75
grams
of
salt
is
poured to the water.
After
an
hour,
stays afloat.
21
coir
