“WHAT IS IN A NAME ?” DISLOCATION,RELOCATION, DIASPORA IN
T HE NAMESAKE
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.
W. Shakespeare
SHAKESPEARE. Romeo SHAKESPEARE. Romeo and Juliet , p. 107.
The aim of the paper is to t o bring forth the way in which Jhumpa Lahiri, a Pulitzer prize winner novelist explores the dilemma of name and immigrant's sense of identity and belongingness in the novel The Namesake. The paper discloses the term 'Diaspora: and their role in the present day world, the major issues of multiculturalisms, struggle for name, identity and belongingness belongingness suffered by the characters in 1 the novel.
In the story line, it was briefly found that,”The immigrant experience is complicated as a sensitive
immigrant finds himself or herself perpetually at a transit station fraught with memories of the original home which are struggling with the realities of the new world" . This constant struggle is portrayed in The Namesake, as first generation immigrants and their c hildren struggle to find their places in society. As the Ganguli parents struggle with adapting to a different culture than they are used to, their children (Gogol and Sonia) struggle w ith trying to respect their the ir roots while adapting to American society. At the beginning of The Namesake, the issue of names and identity is presented. As Ashima's water breaks, she calls out to Ashoke, her husband. However, she does not use his name because this would not be proper. According to Ashima, "It's not the type of thing Bengali wives do. . .a husband's name is something intimate and therefore unspoken, cleverly patched over " . From this statement we are shown how important privacy to Bengali families. Bengali children are given two names: one that is a pet name, used only by family and close friends, and one that is used by the rest of society. At birth, Gogol is given a pet name as his official name because his official name, sent in a letter from his grandmother in India , gets lost in t he mail. Upon entering kindergarten, Gogol is told by his family that he is to be called Nikhil, a good name, by teachers and t he other children at school. Gogol rejects his proper name and wants to be called Gogol by society as well as his family. This decision made on the first day of kindergarten causes him years of distress as it was also his first attempt to reject a dual identity. The importance of a namesake and identity is brought up throughout the story and becomes a concept that is central to the t he novel. 1
Mahesh Bharatkumar Bhatt
An earlier version of this paper was presented in the 20'h Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA), held in New Delhi on November 14-17,2008. The author owes his intellectual debt to Prof. Binod Khadria, JNU, New Delhi; Dr. Indira Nityanadam, M.C.Shah Arts College, Ahmedabad; Dr . . M.A.Said, formerly at Government Commerce Coll ege, Gandhinagar; his colleagues and scholars whose books/articles he has r eferred.
Throughout his life Gogol suffers from the uniqueness of his name. In Bengali families ". . Individual names are sacred, inviolable. They are not meant to be inherited or shared" . However, Gogol spends his life living in the United States where children are often ashamed of t heir differences from others. During adolescence, Gogol desires t o blend in and to live unnoticed. Other Americans never view him as an Americ an, however, even though he is a native born citizen. This presents a struggle between two cultures. The Ganguli's wish is to raise Gogol and his sister with Bengali culture and values. But, Gogol and Sonia grow up r elating mostly to their peers and the surrounding culture in the United States . It is only much later in their lives that they begin to truly value their Bengali heritage and that Gogol finds the importance in his name.
When he leaves for college, Gogol G ogol rejects his identity completely and becomes Nikhil (his long lost proper name that he rejected reje cted as a child). He dreads his visits home and his return to a life where he is known as Gogol. Gogol is not just a name to him; it signifies all his discomfort to fit into two different cultures as he grew up. His father named him Gogol due to the circumstances of his survival of a train wreck during which he was reading the work of the Russian writer Nikolai Gogol. Being away from home at college makes it easy for Gogol to live as Nikhil in an American culture. He does so happily for many years, detaching himself from his roots and his family as much as possible. Gogol finally learns that the answer is not to fully abandon or attempt to diminish either culture, but to mesh the two together. to gether. Gogol is not fully in tune with his identity until he realizes that it is embellished by both cultures. He does not have to be one or the other; he does not have to choose. He is made up of both, and instead of weakening his pride is strengthened by t his. Though the novel wraps up with more downfalls occurring in Gogol's life, he is able to stand on his feet . He is no longer ashamed of himself or the w ay he has lived. He is proud of who he is and where he 2
comes from. Most important, he is proud of his name and all that it means.
2
"Gogol. " New Yorker 79.16 (2003): 170.
Chakrabarti, Basudeb, and Angana Chakrabarti. "Context: "Context: A Comparative Study of Jhumpa Lahiri's A Temporary Matter and Shubodh Ghosh's Jatugriha. " Journal of Indian Writing in English 30.1 (2002): 23-9. Tsering, Lisa. "The Essence of Identity; Jhumpa Lahiri Lahiri Straddles Two Worlds in 'The Namesake'. " India - West Sept. 12 2003 : B1.
Therefore, when we consider the memory memor y of the subject, it is necessary to bear in mind that his/her memory of the home country countr y may not reflect something real, but that memories may be fictions inspired by the physical ph ysical distance. In tune with these lines, it is possible to observe that some of Lahiri’s characters have a romanticized view of India and that their views represent what Rushdie calls an “imaginary ho meland.” As far as memories and relocation are concerned, Carmen Wickramagamage states that “most people envision relocation as a painful choice between assimilation (betrayal) and 3
nativism (loyalty)”. Thus, the relocation process for Ashima and Ahoke is painful as they often feel they are not faithful to their the ir Bengali culture. Besides, their relocation process will affect Gogol as the choice of his name will directly influence his identity construction, and will be a symbol of his hybrid condition.
In this context we can say society is a dynamic one, and family is a universal institution by which Gogol’s social identity was established.
Moreover we can say Ashima and Ashoke moved to Massachusetts in 1968 from Calcutta, Bengal struggling to cop up with the fast-forward life of America. Ashima struggles through language and cultural barriers as well as her own fears as she delivers her first child alone. Indians may appear to be a homogeneous mass of people, but in reality India is the world's oldest melting pot where the population can be classified and broken down by religion, caste, language and sex. Because of these divisions, ironically, every Indian belongs to a minority group. From the day an Indian is born he/ she has to assimilate, thrive and succ eed in this environment. When one goes to the U.S. it is an extension of being able to assimilate and succeed in a different world.
3
HALL. Cultural identity and diaspora, p. 222-226 RUSHDIE. Imaginary RUSHDIE. Imaginary homelands: homelands : essays and criticism, p. 10.
The following are the major issues in real life that are discussed by the diaspora wr iters. The children of the immigrants are called "ABCD" - American Born Born Confused Desi (usually used as something of an insult). This "in- between’s" can leave them with uncertainty about their own role in society - neither Indian nor American. As the NRIs m ay adopt foreign culture, it may be a threat to our own Indian culture. Identity is lost as they are treated as Indian on the foreign land and as foreigner on their motherland. They used to postpone returning t o India every year, i.e. NRI syndrome. Again, they talk ill about India and Indians. Those who return to India after some stay abroad have to face public criticism of leaving the land of opportunity without thinking about any adjustment on that land. The immigrant novelist is a teacher who wishes to educate his fellow natives about the actual nature of colonialism. He wishes to inculcate in them, a deference for their indigenous value system. He is the spokesman who tries to de-mystify his natives about the glorified white race at the same time suggest to adopt what is best in them like discipline, cleanliness etc. Dr. M.F. Salat rightly says: "The diaspora as belonging to everywhere and nowhere at the t he same time, just like an "unanchored Soul" (pal, 2004). Regarding the diasporic experience, Adesh Pal says, "The fIrst generation has strong attachment with the country of their origin. From the second generation onwards ties with the homeland gradually gets replaced by those w ith the adopted country.
4
Ashoke Ganguli, whose name is “a legacy of o f the British, an anglicized way of pronouncing his real surname, Gangopadhyay” was born in India. After a train accident that
nearly took his life and left him in bed for over a year, he decides after his recovery to change his life plans and be as far as possible “from the place in which he was born and in which he had nearly died”.Then, after graduating as an engineer, he goes to the US to continue his
studies. At the time he is studying to earn a PhD, he goes back to India in order to find a wife, 4
Struggle to Acculturate in the Namesake: A Comment on Jhumpa Lahiri's Work as Diaspora Literature
and he has his marriage arranged with a young woman, Ashima. After the wedding, when t hey happen to look at each other for the first time, they travel to Boston where they are to live several years. The beginning is hard for Ashima as she not only m isses her relatives, but also has trouble adapting to the new culture. Things get worse when she gets pregnant as it accentuates her fears and afflictions: But nothing feels normal to Ashima. For the past eighteen months, ever since she's arrived in Cambridge, nothing has felt normal at all .... But she is terrified to raise a child in a country where she is related to no one, where 5
she knows so little, where life seems so tentative and spare.
When the baby is born, Ahoke and A shima have different feelings about having a child in a foreign country. When the baby receives books as presents in the hospital, Ashoke analyzes this fact as a benefit of being born in the US: “'lucky boy,’ Ashoke remarks (…). ‘Only hours old and already the owner of books.’ What a difference, he thinks, from the childhood he has known.” However, Ashima only sees the negative aspects, showing once
more how she feels about living far from India: Without a single grandparent or parent or uncle or aunt at her side, the baby’s birth, like most everything else in America, feels somehow haphazard, only half true. As she strokes and suckles and studies her son, she can’t help but
pity him. She has never known of a person entering the world so alone, so deprived. Ashima’s memories of her homeland are constantly present, and they are a source of
5
LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 5-6.
suffering as nothing seems to compare to t he life she had before. Therefore, it is possible to observe that Ashima is the representation repre sentation of a displaced subject who feels she does not belong to the place she lives, and who is still strongly connected to her homeland through her memories. The baby’s name is another source of distress for the Gangulis. As it is a c ustom for
Bengalis, the baby is supposed to have both a public/good name and a private/pet name. A letter from Ashima’s grandmother, who has the honor to give their son his good name, has not
arrived from India yet. However, when they are to leave the hospital with the baby, they discover that differently from India, they can not leave without his birth certificate, which requires a name. Thus, they see themselves forced to choose the baby a name. T hey decide to choose a pet name to put on the certificate so that they could wait for the letter. Ashoke, then, remembers the train accident he had had. At the moment of the accident he was still awake reading his favorite author, the Russian Nikolai Gogol, a fact which had saved his life: The door shuts, which is when, with a slight quiver of recognition, as if he’d
known it all along, the perfect pet name for his son occurs to Ashoke. He remembers the page crumpled tightly in his fingers, the sudden shock of t he lantern's glare in his eyes. But for the first time he thinks of the moment not with terror, but with gratitude. He decides to call the baby Gogol, which Ashima immediately approves as she is 6
aware “that the name stands not only for her son’s life, but her husband’s.” They leave the hospital and wait for the letter that never comes. Meanwhile, Ashima’s grandmother falls ill
and is unable to send another name for the boy. However, the Gangulis only have to seriously think about Gogol’s good name when he is about to enter kindergarten. At this t ime, Ashoke
considers he has found the perfect name, Nikhil, as it has a meaning in Bengali and it also 6
LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 28.
resembles Nikolai, the first name of the Russian writer. Gogol is concerned about his parents' decision of giving him a different name: “he is 7
afraid to be Nikhil, someone he doesn't know. Who doesn't know him.” His parents' explanation that “they each have two names, too , as do all their Bengali friends in America, and all their relatives in Calcutta. It's a part of growing up, part of being a Bengali” does not
convince him of the necessity to have a new name. Consequently, Gogol refuses to answer by his new name at school and the name Nikhil is crossed out from his records. As a consequence, Ashoke and Ashima have a feeling that they have failed to follow an important tradition of their culture. For them, the refusal of the hospital to let t hem leave without a proper name for their son, having a son whose pet name t urned into a good name, as well as the decision of the school to ignore their wish to call t heir son Nikhil are examples that, in the new country, they were unable to perpetuate their culture. As a result, when their second child is born, they decide that she will only have a good name to avoid the tr ouble they had with Gogol: “ for their daughter, good name and pet name are one and the same: 8
Sonali, meaning 'she who is golden.” Contrary to Gogol, Sonali will not face any problems with her name as they soon start st art calling her Sonia: “at home they beg in to call her Sonu, then
Sona, and finally Sonia. Sonia makes her a c itizen of the world.” When Gogol is young he does not mind his name: “it all seems perfectly normal. It
doesn’t bother him that his name is never an option on key chains or metal pins or refrigerator magnets.” However, when he is at high school, his name becomes a concern:
For by now, he's come to hate questions pertaining to his name, hates having constantly to explain. He hates having to tell people that it doesn't mean
7 8
LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 57.. LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 62.
anything in Indian… He hates that his name is both absurd and obscure, that 9
it has nothing to do with who he is, that is neither Indian or American but of all things Russian. Thus, although his name seems Indian, it lacks authenticity as it is a Russian name. Additionally, the name is alien to him as it is linked to a part of Ashoke’s past that no o ne has
ever mentioned to him. Furthermore, it is possible to say from his statement that he feels his name has nothing to do with who he is as it is not linked to his identity, and his emphasis that his name is neither Indian nor American may symbolize that he feels he does not belong to any of the two countries he thinks he should be attached to, India or The United States. However, as his father questions him once when G ogol says that no one takes him seriously because of his name, Gogol is force d to admit to himself that he has not been through any distressing situation because of his name: begins to namesake…
Therefore, it is possible to say that the distress about his na me may be as a result of an identity issue related to his hybrid condition. Having a Russian name only makes it clear to him that he does doe s not share it with any Indian or American. Rather, it is as if his name stands for the hyphen and the third space discussed by Mishra earlier in this text, a fact which makes it unbearable.
Then, at a party at a university when he was still at high school, he went to another floor to get away from the noise and met a girl, Kim. They start talking, but Gogol is afraid to tell her his name, “Aren’t you going to introduce yourself to me?” “Oh” he says. “Yeah.” But he doesn’t want to tell Kim his name. He doesn’t want to endure her reaction, to watch her lovely blue eyes grow wide. He wished there were another name 9
LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 75-76.
he could use, just this once, to get him through the evening.
10
In an impulse he says, “I’m Nikhil”, and that seems to give him confidence enough to go on talking to h er, and there he spends the evening kissing a girl for the first time in his life. When he tells his friends what he had done and they are amazed by the fact, Gogol who is also perplexed thinks, “'It wasn’t me,’ he nearly says. But he doesn’t tell them that it hadn’t been Gogol who’d kissed Kim. That Gogol had nothing to do with it.”This it.” This passage is another evidence that for him changing his name is like becoming another person, and that, for him, his new name is linked to his identity. One day while he is waiting for an appointment, he reads in a magazine that any American citizen can change his/her name given that they undergo a simple legal process. After talking his parents into accepting his decision, Gogol goes before a judge that officially changes his name to Nikhil. When he is walking on the street for the first time with his new identity he considers, “he “he wonders if this is how it feels for an obese o bese person to become thin, for a prisoner to walk free”.
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With his new name, Gogol becomes a confident young man. He goes to university where no one knows him as Gogol, and his name becomes a symbol of a successful process of relocation. Now that he has a new name and he is far from home, he begins to behave like any other American boy of his age. In addition, his relation with his family slightly changes as “now that he is Nikhil it’s easier to ignore his pa rents, to tune out their concerns and pleas”.41 However, he feels his name does not deny his heritage, but it fits him in two important spaces:
10 11
LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 96. LAHIRI. The namesake, namesake , p. 102.
at home and at university. It is a fluid name that allows him, like the Mobiüs Strip, to go from one side to the other, showing different d ifferent parts of himself according to different contexts. Likewise, it is a flexible name that allows him to perform his identity in accordance to the space he is. Furthermore, the change of names from Gogol to Nikhil can also be related to Rushdie’s idea of a “translated man,”
12
In Indian perception good names represent dignified and enlightened qualities. Pet names are sometimes meaningless and silly. The title The Namesake reflects the struggle Gogol Ganguli goes through to identify with his unusual name. About the controversy of name of Gogol, Lahiri says in an interview, "But I think that for the child of immigrant, the existence of two names kind of speaks so strongly for the very predicament of many children of immigrants. immigrants. On the other hand, the problem for the children of immigrants - those with strong ties to their country of origin - is that they feel neither one thing nor the other.” other. ”13
Moreover, it is important to notice that when Gogol decides to change his name, he could have chosen any name, but he chooses an ambivalent name that can be related to both nationalities he feels he belongs to. His choice is an act of assuming his double belonging, the plurality of his identity, and therefore it can be related to Stephen Greenblatt’s concept of self fashioning which is explained by Jürgen Pieters: “ever y act of self -fashioning -fashioning not only
12
RUSHDIE. Imaginary RUSHDIE. Imaginary homelands: homelands : essays and criticism, p. 17. PIETERS. Moments PIETERS. Moments of negotiation: negotiation: the historicism of Stephen Greenblatt, p. 57. BHABHA. The location of culture, culture , p. 86. 13
presupposes the concomitant production of another against which the self can be defined.” Today's fiction celebrates hybridity. The social upheavals and the terrible delusions of modem times have been presented in nearly all novels that are being written today. These novels have a universal appeal cutting across barriers of culture and time. We are all socialized differently because we come from different cultural backgrounds and we grow up in different communities. But at the core of every culture remains the uploading of basic human values. A globalised culture culture has now evolved evolved and it must combat combat with the world of heterogeneous heterogeneous societies who who do not wish to leave aside aside their historical historical particulars particulars which give give them them uniqueness. Certain elements constitute markers of identity - food, clothes, language retention, religion, music, dance, myths, legends, customs, individual community, rites of passage and others. others. These These are retained, retained, discarded discarded or or adopted differently differently at different different times times and places; but a feeling of oneness, oneness, a tug of the roots roots persists even after after several several years and sometimes centuries. centuries.
Hence, Gogol’s decision of changing his name is a part of a process p rocess of defining who is, a process of acceptance and of constructing his fluid dual identity.
Whether Kim is responsible for this or the society?
As far as Gogol is concerned, naming is a metaphor for his feeling of a dislocated issue and, his new name a metaphor for the acceptance of his identity as a hybrid subject. Accordingly, it is possible to say that the name Gogol stands for his personality. Just like he d oes not see himself as neither American nor Indian, hi s name is also neither American or Indian. However, when he changes it to Nikhil, he feels it reflects better his hyphenated self as it is a Bengali name that can also be shortened to an American nickname, Nick. Therefore, it is a hybrid, ambivalent name and with it he is able to deal better with his h is private and public life,
14
and he can easily deal with both ends of his hyphenated identity within a name.
14
AGNEW, Vijay. Diaspora, Vijay. Diaspora, memory and identity: identity: a search for an identity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; London: Buffalo, 2005.
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