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(h grfihtf!rh"h `"queah ac h`th c7ghgeh f $e!$ pcrfrihngc `equea g$rfihtf!rhp$# =+4(2/ cs un tepf ac grfihtf!rh"h cn gf`uinh ute`ezhah rcgucntcicntc cn mefqu"iegh # qu"iegh hnh`"tegh. Qhimeån sc `h acnfienh h vcgcs grfihtf!rh"h `"queah ac h`th prcse÷n f grfihtf!rh"h `"queah ac h`th rcsf`uge÷n =+4(2/, hunquc csth tcrienf`f!"h sc gfnseacrh hnte!uh # cstè cn acsusf. C` +4(2 cs unh tågnegh ute`ezhah phrh scphrhr `fs gfipfncntcs ac unh iczg`h mhsènafsc cn aecrcntcs tepfs ac entcrhggefncs qu"ieghs cntrc `hs susthngehs hnh`ezhahs # `h gf`uinh grfihtf!rè7gh. Cn `h +4(2 esfgrètegh c` gfipucstf phsh pfr `h gf`uinh grfihtf!rè7gh h trhvås ac `h hsc csthgefnhreh =nfrih`icntc, un ge`enarf gfn pcquc&hs phrt"gu`hs rcafnachahs gfn gecrths ghrhgtcr"steghs qu"ieghs cn su supcr7gec/ icaehntc c` mfimcf ac `"queaf =hsc i÷ve`/ h h`th prcse÷n h trhvås ac `h gf`uinh. (h iucstrh h hnh`ezhr cs entrfaugeah cn pcquc&hs ghnteahacs # sus gfipfncntcs sc rctrhshn aecrcngeh`icntc acpcnaecnaf ac `hs entcrhggefncs qu"ieghs f "seghs gfn `h hsc csthgefnhreh h icaeah quc hac`hnthn pfr `h gf`uinh. C` !rhaf ac rctcnge÷n ac `fs gfipfncntcs ac `h iucstrh acpcnac ac `h nhturh`czh ac` gfipucstf, ac `h gfipfsege÷n ac `h hsc csthgefnhreh # ac `h hsc i÷ve`. C` tecipf quc thrah un gfipucstf h scr c`ueaf ac `h gf`uinh sc acnfienh tecipf ac rctcnge÷n # sc gfnseacrh unh prfpecaha eacnte7ghtevh ghrhgtcr"stegh ac un gfipucstf cn unh actcrienhah hsc i÷ve` # csthgefnhreh. (h ute`ezhge÷n ac prcse÷n cn cstc tepf ac grfihtf!rh"hs engrcicnth `h vc`fgeaha `ench` ac `fs gfipucstfs acntrf ac `h gf`uinh # rcaugc hs" su aeuse÷n acntrf ac `h gf`uinh icfrhnaf `h rcsf`uge÷n ac `h grfihtf!rh"h. (fs aesf`vcntcs iès ute`ezhafs sfn c` h!uh, c` icthnf` # c` hgctfnetre`f. C` h!uh pucac gfntcncr thipfncs, sh`cs, f gfipucstfs gfif c` ègeaf tre-ufrfhgåtegf, quc h#uahn h `h scphrhge÷n ac `fs gfipucstfs. :nh icfrh entrfaugeah h `h tågnegh ac +4(2 acsgreth cs `h vhrehge÷n cn `h gfipfsege÷n ac `h hsc i÷ve` aurhntc c` hnè`eses, gfnfgeah gfif c`uge÷n cn !rhaecntc. :n !rhaecntc nfrih` cn unh grfihtf!rh"h ac hsc rcvcrsh pucac cipczhr h un < ac hgctfnetre`f # prf!rcshr ac frih `ench` $hsth un ?< cn ; ienutfs. C` !rhaecntc ute`ezhaf vhr"h cn unge÷n ac `h $earffmegeaha ac` gfipucstf. C` !rhaecntc scphrh `fs gfipfncntcs ac `h iucstrh gfif unh unge÷n ac `h h7neaha ac` gfipucstf pfr `h hsc i÷ve` ute`ezhah rcspcgtf h `h
h7neaha pfr `h hsc csthgefnhreh. Cn c` ccip`f, ute`ezhnaf un !rhaecntc h!uh0hgctfnetre`f `fs gfipucstfs iès $earf"`egfs c`uerèn h ih#fr gfngcntrhge÷n ac h!uh, iecntrhs quc `fs gfipucstfs iès $earf÷megfs c`uerèn h gfngcntrhgefncs c`cvhahs ac hgctfnetre`f. 3 icnuaf, $hgc h`th rch`ezhr unh screc ac prucmhs prcvehs gfn th` ac fpteiezhr c` !rhaecntc ac frih quc pcrieth unh mucnh scphrhge÷n ac `fs gfipucstfs.
2(39>6>232>OH C (3 2MI3QMG36A3 C (A:>M9 +4(2 2MI3QMG36A3 C 639C HMI3( (h grfihtf!rh"h ac hsc nfrih` f nfrih` p$hsc +4(2 =H41+4(2/ uc c` preicr tepf ac sestcih +4(2 ute`ezhaf cn c` ghipf ac `h qu"iegh, # sc ghrhgtcrezh pfr scphrhr `fs gfipucstfs cn mhsc h su pf`hreaha. Csth tågnegh ute`ezh unh hsc csthgefnhreh pf`hr # unh hsc i÷ve` hpf`hr, # sc ute`ezh guhnaf c` gfipucstf ac entcrås cs mhsthntc pf`hr. C` gfipucstf pf`hr sc hsfgeh # cs rctcneaf pfr `h hsc csthgefnhreh. (h ucrzh ac hasfrge÷n huicnth h icaeah quc huicnth `h pf`hreaha ac` gfipucstf # `h entcrhgge÷n cntrc c` gfipucstf pf`hr # `h hsc csthgefnhreh pf`hr =cn gfiphrhge÷n h `h hsc i÷ve`/ huicnth c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n. (h ucrzh ac entcrhgge÷n nf s÷`f acpcnac ac `fs !rupfs ungefnh`cs ac` gfipucstf ac entcrås, senf thimeån cn hgtfrcs cståregfs ac frih quc `fs es÷icrfs cstrugturh`cs h icnuaf sc pucacn aecrcngehr c` unf ac` ftrf. (h ute`ezhge÷n ac aesf`vcntcs iès pf`hrcs cn `h hsc i÷ve` aesienu#c c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n ac `fs gfipucstfs iecntrhs quc `fs aesf`vcntcs iès $earf÷megfs tecnacn h huicnthr c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n. (h H41+4(2 gh#÷ cn acsusf h `fs h&fs sctcnth gfn c` acshrrf``f ac` +4(2 ac hsc rcvcrsh f rcvcrsca1p$hsc +4(2 acmeaf h `h h`th ac rcprfaugteme`eaha ac `fs tecipfs ac rctcnge÷n pucstf quc `fs aesf`vcntcs pr÷tegfs ghimehmhn c` csthaf ac $earhthge÷n ac `h se`egh f h`ienh ac `h grfihtf!rh"h.
2MI3QMG36A3 C 639C CDC93 (h +4(2 ac hsc rcvcrsh =41+4(2/ gfnsestc cn unh hsc csthgefnhreh hpf`hr # unh hsc i÷ve` ac pf`hreaha ifacrhah. :nh ac `hs hscs csthgefnhrehs iès gfiuncs ac cstc tepf ac grfihtf!rh"h cs `h se`egh trhthah gfn Ic;9e2`, afnac `h cs unh ghacnh h`que` th` gfif 28B+%J f 2B+8J. C` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n cs ih#fr phrh `hs if`ågu`hs ac nhturh`czh hpf`hr, iecntrhs quc `hs if`ågu`hs ac ghrègtcr pf`hr c`u#cn iès rèpeahicntc.
C` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n huicnth gfn `h haege÷n ac aesf`vcntc pf`hr h `h hsc i÷ve` # aesienu#c gfn `h entrfaugge÷n ac aesf`vcntcs iès $earf÷megfs. (h grfihtf!rh"h ac hsc rcvcrsh cs thn ute`ezhah quc h icnuaf sc `f acnfienh +4(2 sen nen!unh cspcge7ghge÷n haegefnh`. (h grfihtf!rh"h ac hsc rcvcrsh sc mhsh cn c` prengepef ac `hs entcrhggefncs $earf÷meghs quc rcsu`thn ac `hs ucrzhs ac rcpu`se÷n cntrc un aesf`vcntc rc`htevhicntc pf`hr, un gfipucstf rc`htevhicntc hpf`hr, # unh hsc csthgefnhreh hpf`hr. (h ucrzh gfnaugtfrh cn `h une÷n ac` gfipucstf h `h hsc csthgefnhreh cs `h aesienuge÷n ac` èrch ac` sc!icntf hpf`hr ac` hnh`etf c*pucstf h` aesf`vcntc. Cstc ccgtf $earf÷megf cstè afienhaf pfr c` huicntf ac `h cntrfp"h, # `h gfnscgucntc aesienuge÷n ac `h cncr!"h `emrc, hsfgehah gfn `h ieneiezhge÷n ac `h entcrhsc gfipucstf1 aesf`vcntc pf`hr. C` ccgtf $earf÷megf aesienu#c gfn `h haege÷n ac aesf`vcntc hpf`hr h `h hsc i÷ve`. Cstf ifae7gh c` gfc7gecntc ac phrtege÷n ac frih quc c` gfipucstf sc iucvc pfr `h gf`uinh # c`u#c. (hs ghrhgtcr"steghs ac` gfipucstf ac entcrås uc!hn un phpc` iu# eipfrthntc cn `h rctcnge÷n. Cn !cncrh`, un gfipucstf gfn unh ghacnh h`que` `hr!h sc hsfgeh gfn un tecipf ac rctcnge÷n ih#fr pfrquc huicnth `h $earffmegeaha ac `h if`ågu`h. 3un hs", `hs if`ågu`hs iu# !rhnacs pucacn vcr rcaugeah `h entcrhgge÷n cntrc `h supcr7gec ac` gfipucstf # `h hsc csthgefnhreh. C` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n huicnth gfn c` èrch ac supcr7gec $earf÷megh quc suc`c scr envcrshicntc prfpfrgefnh` h` thih&f ac` gfipucstf. (fs gfipucstfs rhie7ghafs suc`cn c`uer iès rèpeahicntc quc sus es÷icrfs `ench`cs pucstf quc `h supcr7gec tfth` sc vc rcaugeah. 3phrtc ac `h $earffmegeaha ac `h hsc eni÷ve`, ftrhs ifae7ghgefncs ac `h hsc i÷ve` pucacn hcgthr `h rctcnge÷n ac` gfipucstf) pfr ccip`f, `h haege÷n ac sh`cs enfr!èneghs prfvfgh un huicntf `ench` cn `h tcnse÷n supcr7geh`, # gfif quc `h cntrfp"h ac `h entcrhsc gfipucstf1aesf`vcntc cstè gfntrf`hah prcgeshicntc pfr `h tcnse÷n supcr7geh`, `h haege÷n ac sh`cs tecnac h huicnthr c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n. Mtrh vhrehm`c eipfrthntc cs c` p+ pucstf quc pucac ghimehr `h $earffmegeaha ac` gfipucstf. 4fr cstc iftevf, `h ih#fr"h ac iåtfafs ute`ezhn un thip÷n gfif c` fshtf ac sfaef phrh gfntrf`hr c` vh`fr ac` p+. Cstfs thipfncs gfntrf`hn c` p+, pcrf thimeån ncutrh`ezhn `h ghr!h f guh`quecrh rcstf ac se`egh ac `h hsc csthgefnhreh quc $h#h qucahaf c*pucsth # hgthn gfif gfntrhefncs quc ncutrh`ezhn `h ghr!h ac` gfipucstf. C` ccgtf ac `fs thipfncs sfmrc `h grfihtf!rh"h pucac vhrehr, pcrf cn !cncrh` icfrhn `h scphrhge÷n grfihtf!rè7gh. (hs gf`uinhs ac hsc rcvcrsh sc cg$hn h pcracr gfn icnfr hge`eaha quc `hs gf`uinhs ac se`egh nfrih`cs. 3un hs", iug$hs gf`uinhs ac hsc rcvcrsh cstèn frihahs pfr se`egh ifae7ghah gfn ghacnhs h`que` # nf sc acmcn ute`ezhr nungh
gfn mhscs cn icaef hgufsf pucstf quc åsths pfar"hn ah&hr c` csquc`ctf ac se`egh sum#hgcntc. (hs gf`uinhs sc pucacn ute`ezhr cn ègeafs cn icaef hgufsf pcrf nf acmcr"hn csthr c*pucsths acihsehaf tecipf h` ègeaf pfrquc pucac gfrrfcr `hs phrtcs ictè`eghs ac` hphrhtf ac +4(2.
2MI3QMG36A3 C CE2(:9>OH IM(C2:(3 (h grfihtf!rh"h ac c*g`use÷n if`cgu`hr, thimeån gfnfgeah gfif grfihtf!rh"h pfr 7`trhge÷n cn !c`, scphrh `hs phrt"gu`hs ac `h iucstrh cn unge÷n ac su thih&f. Gcncrh`icntc sc trhth ac unh grfihtf!rh"h ac mhh rcsf`uge÷n ac frih quc sc suc`c ute`ezhr cn `fs phsfs 7nh`cs ac` prfgcsf ac pure7ghge÷n. Qhimeån cs iu# te` phrh `h actcrienhge÷n ac `hcstrugturh tcrgehreh # `h cstrugturh guhtcrnhreh ac `hs prftc"nhs pure7ghahs. (h grfihtf!rh"h ac 7`trhge÷n if`cgu`hr cs un iåtfaf ac grfihtf!rh"h cn gf`uinh pfr c` guh` `hs if`ågu`hs sc scphrhn cn sf`uge÷n sc!n su pcsf if`cgu`hr, f iès prcgeshicntc, sc!n su rhaef ac 9tfLcs. Cn csth grfihtf!rh"h, `h hsc csthgefnhreh gfnsestc cn `hr!fs pf`"icrfs cntrcgruzhafs quc frihn unh rca treaeicnsefnh` pfrfsh. 3 `fs 7ncs prègtegfs, `h gf`uinhs sc ciphqucthn gfn pcquc&hs phrt"gu`hs cscrfeah`cs frihahs pfr csfs pf`"icrfs cntrcgruzhafs. Cn gfnscgucngeh, csths phrt"gu`hs sfn pfrfshs, # c` thih&f ac `fs pfrfs cs th` quc h`!unhs if`ågu`hs =`hs acihsehaf !rhnacs/ nf pfarèn en!rcshr h csfs pfrfs, cn thntf quc ftrhs =`hs su7gecntcicntc pcquc&hs/ pfarèn phshr `emrcicntc. (fs pfrfs qucahn gfncgthafs frihnaf unh ih``h f rca, `f guh` actcrienh unh screc ac ghienfs h scr rcgfrreafs pfr `hs if`ågu`hs quc hggcacn h` entcrefr ac csth.
2MI3QMG36A3 C >HQC23IK>M >OH>2M Cn `h grfihtf!rh"h ac entcrghimef e÷negf, `h rctcnge÷n sc mhsh cn `h htrhgge÷n c`cgtrfstètegh cntrc `fs efncs cn sf`uge÷n # `hs ghr!hs enifve`ezhahs h `h hsc csthgefnhreh. (fs efncs ac `h iesih ghr!h sfn c*g`ueafs iecntrhs quc `fs ac ghr!h fpucsth sfn rctcneafs pfr `h gf`uinh. 3`!unfs tepfs ac entcrghimehafrcs e÷negfs sfn@ e/ csenhs ac pf`ecstercnf, ee/ entcrghimehafrcs e÷negfs ac gc`u`fsh # ac*trhnfs =!c`cs/ # eee/ 9e`egh pfrfsh f vearef ac thih&f ac pfrf gfntrf`haf. Cn !cncrh` `fs entcrghimehafrcs e÷negfs hvfrcgcn `h une÷n ac efncs c`cvhah ghr!h # rhaef pcquc&f. :n engrcicntf cn `h gfngcntrhge÷n ac` gfntrhe÷n =rcspcgtf h `fs !rupfs ungefnh`cs ac `h rcsenh/ rcaugc c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n. :n engrcicntf cn c` p+ rcaugc c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n cn `hs grfihtf!rh"hs ac entcrghimef ghte÷negf iecntrhs quc unh aesienuge÷n ac` p+ rcaugc c` tecipf ac rctcnge÷n cn `hs grfihtf!rh"hs ac entcrghimef hne÷negf. Cstc tepf ac grfihtf!rh"h cs hip`ehicntc ute`ezhaf cn `hs se!uecntcs hp`eghgefncs@ pure7ghge÷n ac h!uh, gfngcntrhge÷n ac gfipfncntcs trhzh, (e!hna1c*g$hn!c g$rfihtf!rhp$#, >fn1c*g$hn!c g$rfihtf!rhp$# f prftcens, +e!$1p+ hnefn1 c*g$hn!c g$rfihtf!rhp$# f ghrmf$#arhtcs hna f`e!fshgg$hreacs, ctg.
2MI3QMG36A3 K3933 CH K>M36>H>3 Cstc tepf ac grfihtf!rh"h sc mhsh cn `h ghphgeaha ac `hs susthngehs mef`÷!eghicntc hgtevhs ac frihr gfip`cfs csthm`cs, cspcg"7gfs # rcvcrsem`cs. (h frihge÷n ac cstfs gfip`cfs eip`egh `h phrtegephge÷n ac ucrzhs if`cgu`hrcs gfif `hs entcrhggefncs ac Dhn acr hh`s, entcrhggefncs c`cgtrfstèteghs, entcrhggefncs aepf`f1aepf`f, entcrhggefncs $earf÷meghs # pucntcs ac $ear÷!cnf cntrc `hs phrt"gu`hs ac `h iucstrh # `h hsc csthgefnhreh.
2MI3QMG36A3 (A:>3 C 3(Q3 C6>232>3 2MH>2>MHC9 C9H3Q:3(>N3HQC9 =+4(2/
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9c trhth ac un iåtfaf quc sc cip`ch phrh c` rhstrcf ac iuthgefncs =#h ghse tfth`icntc cn acsusf acmeaf h` hu!c ac `h scgucngehge÷n/, quc pcrietc actcgthr `h prcscngeh ac vhrehgefncs cn c` 3H hunquc nf sc actcrienhn cspcg"7ghicntc guè`cs. Cn cstc ghsf, sc ute`ezh `h tågnegh grfihtf!rè7gh phrh `h actcgge÷n ac $ctcrfap`c* ac 3H, cn `u!hr ac ute`ezhr un !c` phrh gfrrcr `hs if`ågu`hs ac ègeafs nug`cegfs. C` prfgcaeiecntf gfnsestc cn acsnhturh`ezhr =huicnthnaf `h tcipcrhturh nfrih`icntc/ unh iucstrh quc gfntcn!h thntf c` 3H prfm`cih gfif un 3H gfntrf`, quc nf cs iès quc c` iesif 3H prfm`cih pcrf cn su vcrse÷n se`vcstrc f nfrih` =sen iuthgefncs/. (uc!f sc prfgcac h rcnhturh`ezhr =aesienu#cnaf `h tcipcrhturh/, ac ihncrh quc hquc``hs ghacnhs ac 3H quc vuc`vhn h unersc gfn sus rcspcgtevhs gfip`cicnthrehs =ghacnh FhF se`vcstrc gfn ghacnh FmF se`vcstrc) f mecn ghacnh FhF iuthntc gfn ghacnh FmF iuthntc/ nf prcscnthrèn aecrcngeh gfn c` csthaf fre!enh`) sen cimhr!f, se pfr ccip`f unh ghacnh FhF
se`vcstrc $"mreah gfn unh ghacnh FmF iuthntc, hquc``h rc!e÷n =iès f icnfs hip`eh/ cn `h quc c*esth iuthge÷n nf gfip`cicnthrè, friènafsc un mug`c u $frque``h, cs acger, unh rc!e÷n cn `h quc `hs mhscs netrf!cnhahs nf sfn gfip`cicnthrehs # nf csthm`cgcn `hs unefncs ghrhgtcr"steghs pfr pucntcs ac $ear÷!cnf cn `h afm`c $å`egc ac 3H. eg$hs cstrugturhs sfn `fs acnfienhafs $ctcrfap`c* =ap`c* ac 3H $"mreafs/. Cstfs $ctcrfap`c* ie!rhn ac frih aecrcntc h `fs $fifap`c* cn `h gf`uinh ac grfihtf!rh"h ac hsc rcvcrsh=h` e!uh` quc `f $hgcn cn un !c` ac h!hrfsh f hgre`hieah/. (h scphrhge÷n sc rch`ezh cn gfnaegefncs acsnhturh`ezhntcs vhrehm`cs, actcgtènafsc `hs if`ågu`hs ac 3H ieaecnaf `h hmsfrmhngeh h ;_? ni. Cstf fre!enh un pegf ac c`uge÷n h un tecipf ghrhgtcr"stegf. 3 icaeah quc sc engrcicnthn `hs gfnaegefncs acsnhturh`ezhntcs `fs $ctcrfap`c* ie!rhn pfr ac`hntc ac `fs $fifap`c*, hphrcgecnaf `fs pegfs gfrrcspfnaecntcs h $ctcrfap`c* hntcs cn c` !rè7gf rcsu`thntc, c` grfihtf!rhih. c csth ihncrh, gfif `fs $ctcrfap`c* sc acsnhturh`ezhn h tcipcrhturhs aestenths h `fs $fifap`c*, himhs if`ågu`hs ahn `u!hr h pegfs ac c`uge÷n aestentfs. 4rcvef h` prfgcsf enegeh` ac acsnhturh`ezhge÷n sc suc`c ``cvhr h ghmf unh 42 phrh `h hip`e7ghge÷n ac` 3H if`ac cn rh!icntfs ac unhs 8?1X? pm. 2fn cstc sestcih pucacn actcgthrsc ège`icntc sustetugefncs ac unh mhsc, enscrgefncs f ac`cgefncs, gfn un gfstc rcaugeaf # ac ihncrh rèpeah =hprf*eihahicntc 8_ ienutfs/.8
43]ICQM9 >]ICQM >HQCHM C` aeèictrf entcrnf ac unh gf`uinh ac +4(2 cs un hspcgtf gr"tegf quc actcrienh `h ghnteaha ac iucstrh quc sc pucac ghr!hr h `h gf`uinh # thimeån en-u#c cn su scnseme`eaha. (hs gf`uinhs ac aeèictrf entcrnf iès !rhnac =W8?ii/ sc ute`ezhn nfrih`icntc cn `h pure7ghge÷n ac gfipucstfs phrh su ute`ezhge÷n pfstcrefr. Cn ghimef, `hs gf`uinhs ac aeèictrf entcrnf icnfr =X1 ii/ sc ute`ezhn cn c` hnè`eses guhntethtevf ac `hs iucstrhs, # sc ghrhgtcrezhn pfr c` huicntf `h scnseme`eaha # `h ieneiezhge÷n ac` gfnsuif ac aesf`vcntcs quc gfn``cvhn. Csths gf`uinhs sc suc`cn acnfienhr gf`uinhs ac rhn!f hnh`"tegf # nfrih`icntc cstèn hsfgehahs h un actcgtfr :D1D>9. 3phrtc, c*estcn ftrfs tepfs ac gf`uinhs, gfif `hs ac tepf ghpe`hr, gfn un aeèictrf encrefr h ?.% ii, ute`ezhahs prengeph`icntc cn cspcgtrfictr"h ac ihshs.
IC>3 C (39 43QA2:(39 (h ih#fr"h ac +4(2 trhaegefnh`cs sc rch`ezhn gfn unh hsc csthgefnhreh uneah h` c*tcrefr ac phrt"gu`hs csåreghs ac se`egh. Csths phrt"gu`hs pucacn tcncr
aecrcntcs icaeahs, secnaf `hs ac iui ac aeèictrf `hs iès ute`ezhahs. 4hrt"gu`hs iès pcquc&hs frcgcn unh ih#fr supcr7gec # unh icfr scphrhge÷n, pcrf `h prcse÷n quc sc rcquecrc pfr fmtcncr unh vc`fgeaha `ench` ÷pteih huicnth ac frih envcrshicntc prfpfrgefnh` h` gumf ac` aeèictrf ac `h phrt"gu`h. Cstf se!ne7gh quc aesienuer `h icaeah ac `hs phrt"gu`hs h `h ietha, huicnthr"h `h rcsf`uge÷n ac `h gf`uinh, pcrf h `h vcz, huicnthr"h `h prcse÷n ncgcshreh cn un hgtfr ac fg$f.
Q3I3SM C 4MM Iug$hs hscs csthgefnhrehs sfn pfrfshs phrh prfpfrgefnhr unh ih#fr supcr7gec. (fs pfrfs pcquc&fs prfpfrgefnhn unh ih#fr supcr7gec iecntrhs quc `fs pfrfs ac ih#fr icaeah prfpfrgefnhn unh genåtegh icfr, cspcgeh`icntc phrh `fs gfipucstfs ac thih&f iès !rhnac) pfr ccip`f, unh prftc"nh quc sch `e!crhicntc iès pcquc&h quc c` thih&f ac `fs pfrfs pucac cntrhr, pcrf ae"ge`icntc sh`arè gfn hge`eaha.
4C9>OH C( 9>9QCI3 (h prcse÷n ac `hs mfimhs cs vhrehm`c sc!n c` ifac`f # hmreghntc, pcrf su rcnaeiecntf sc ieac cn su $hme`eaha phrh !cncrhr un -uf gfnsthntc # rcprfaugem`c. (h prcse÷npucac `f!rhr vh`frcs ac $hsth X? I4h =f unhs X?? hti÷scrhs/. (fs hphrhtfs iès ifacrnfs ac +4(2 engfrpfrhn icfrhs phrh pfacr trhmhhr h prcsefncs iès h`ths #, pfr `f thntf, pfacr ute`ezhr phrt"gu`hs ac thih&f iès pcquc&f cn `hs gf`uinhs =T ; iegr÷ictrfs/. Cstfs nucvfs hphrhtfs, acnfienhafs u`trh pcrfrihngc `equea g$rfihtf!rhp$#=:4(2/ pucacn trhmhhr gfn vh`frcs ac $hsth 8?? I4h ac prcse÷n =unhs 8??? hti÷scrhs/. =+h# quc tcncr cn gucnth quc `hs se!`hs :4(2 sfn unh ihrgh rc!estrhah ac htcrs 2frpfrhtefn hunquc h vcgcs sc ute`ezhn ac frih !cncrh` phrh acse!nhr cstc tepf ac hphrhtfs/.
>H9Q:ICHQ32>OH 9e mecn cs gecrtf quc phrh rch`ezhr unh grfihtf!rh"h `"queah thn sf`f cs ncgcshref aespfncr ac `hs afs hscs eip`eghahs cn c` prfgcsf # ac `h gf`uinh, `h ifacrnh grfihtf!rh"h ac `"queafs ac h`th c7ghgeh, acmeaf h` pcquc&f aeèictrf ac `hs phrt"gu`hs ac hsc csthgefnhreh quc sc ute`ezhn, rcquecrc ac `h ute`ezhge÷n ac unfs aespfsetevfs quc gfnstetu#cn c` grfiht÷!rhf. (fs gfipfncntcs mèsegfs ac un grfiht÷!rhf ac `"queafs sfn@ f
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espfsetevf ac suienestrf ac c`u#cntcs =mfimh # aespfsetevf ac iczg`haf ac c`u#cntcs/. espfsetevf ac en#cgge÷n.
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2fnauggefncs # gfnc*efncs. ctcgtfr # rc!estrhafr. 2f`uinh. (fs gfipfncntcs mèsegfs ac un grfiht÷!rhf sc iucstrhn cn `h 7!urh
3aciès ac `fs aespfsetevfs hntcrefricntc icngefnhafs sc pucacn engfrpfrhr cn c` sestcih ftrfs quc pucacn seip`e7ghr c` trhmhf f mecn icfrhr h`!n hspcgtf gfngrctf ac `h tågnegh grfihtf!rè7gh, gfif pucacn scr@ f f f f
>n#cgtfrcs hutfiètegfs. 2f`cgtfrcs ac rhggefncs. +frnfs tcrifsthtezhafs phrh `hs gf`uinhs 9estcihs ac trhthiecntf ac ahtfs.
43QC9 6:H3ICHQ3(C9 CH (39 :C 9C 2MI4MHC :H +4(2. (3 KMIK3 (h iese÷n ac `h mfimh cs `h ac suienestrhr un ghuah` gfnsthntc # `emrc ac pu`sfs ac `h hsc i÷ve` h trhvås ac `h gf`uinh, sen quc c` -uf sch en-ueaf pfr `h prcse÷n cn ghmczh ac gf`uinh, #h quc åsth pucac vhrehr pfr fmstrugge÷n ac `hs `"nchs ac gfnaugge÷n, ac` 7`trf ac `h ghmczh ac `h gf`uinh, ctg. :n sestcih ac ghrhgtcr"steghs@
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1 Csthr gfnstrueaf gfn ihtcreh`cs qu"ieghicntc encrtcs rcntc h `h hsc i÷ve`. 1 9cr ghphz ac trhmhhr h prcsefncs c`cvhahs. 1 4rfpfrgefnhr un -uf `emrc ac pu`shgefncs f ``cvhr hsfgehaf un hifrte!uhafr ac åsths, #h quc `hs pu`shgefncs, hunquc nf hcgthn h `h scphrhge÷n cn s", pucacn gfntremuer h` rueaf ac fnaf ac` actcgtfr # pfr `f thntf aesienuer `h scnseme`eaha. 1 9uienestrhr -ufs hacguhafs phrh `fs aecrcntcs tepfs ac gf`uinhs. C` rhn!f ac ghuah`cs phrh `hs gf`uinhs quc sc ute`ezhn $hmetuh`icntc vhr"h acsac `fs 8? @`0ien $hsth `fs 8? i`0ien =gf`uinhs iegrfmfrc, hnh`"teghs # scieprcphrhtevhs/. 1 C` ghuah` quc suienestrhn acmc scr gfnsthntc h `f `hr!f ac` tecipf, #h quc ac å` acpcnac `h rcprfaugeme`eaha ac `fs tecipfs ac rctcnge÷n.
9>9QCI39 C >HRC22>OH
C` iåtfaf ac entrfaugge÷n ac `h iucstrh cn 2(3C, cs ac eipfrthngeh ghpeth`, pucs un ih` sestcih ac en#cgge÷n pucac ahr `u!hr h cnshng$hiecntfs ac `h mhnah grfihtf!rè7gh quc actcrefrcn `h c7ghgeh ac` sestcih grfihtf!rè7gf. :n en#cgtfr each` acmc tcncr `hs se!uecntcs ghrhgtcr"steghs@ 1 >ntrfauger `h iucstrh cn `h gf`uinh gfif unh mhnah `f iès cstrcg$h pfsem`c. 1 9cr ac ège` ihncf. 1 hr `u!hr h rcsu`thafs rcprfaugem`cs, thntf cn `h ghnteaha ac iucstrh en#cgthah gfif cn c` cnshng$hiecntf quc fre!enh cn `h mhnah grfihtf!rè7gh. 1 9cr ghphz ac trhmhhr h prcsefncs c`cvhahs. 6unahicnth`icntc c*estcn afs tepfs ac en#cgtfrcs ihnuh`cs@ `fs ac cren!h # `fs ac vè`vu`h.
>n#cgtfrcs ac cren!h Cn cstc tepf ac en#cgtfrcs, `h entrfaugge÷n ac `h iucstrh cn `h gf`uinh sc rch`ezh pfr icaef ac unh cren!h gu#h h!uh cntrh cn c` sestcih grfihtf!rè7gf h trhvås ac unh icimrhnh =FscptuiF/, `f quc pcrietc acpfsethr `h iucstrh cn `h ghmczh ac `h gf`uinh (hs vcnthhs ac cstc tepf ac en#cgtfr, rhaeghn cn su hge`eaha ac gfnstrugge÷n # cn quc pcrietcn shghr tfaf c` phrteaf h `h c7ghgeh frcgeah pfr `h gf`uinh) pfr c` gfntrhref, sfn en#cgtfrcs quc prcscnthn unh !rhn h`th ac rcprfaugeme`eaha, tecncn unh prcse÷n ac trhmhf `eiethah # sfn ac !rhn ae7gu`tha ac ihncf.
>n#cgtfrcs ac vè`vu`h Cstc sestcih ac en#cgge÷n gfnsestc cn unh vè`vu`h ac sces v"hs, afs ac `hs guh`cs cstèn gfncgthahs cntrc s" pfr icaef ac unh csperh =F`ffpF/. Csth csperh cs un tumf ac vf`uicn gfnfgeaf, gu#h iese÷n cs `h ac gfntcncr `h iucstrh hntcs ac ccgtuhrsc `h en#cgge÷n. (h entrfaugge÷n ac `h iucstrh cn `h gf`uinh sc ``cvh h ghmf cn afs cthphs) `h preicrh sc rch`ezh h prcse÷n htifsåregh, # gfnsestc cn ghr!hr `h iucstrh cn `h csperh gfn h#uah ac unh cren!h) cn `h sc!unah, icaehntc un !erf ac `h vè`vu`h, sc $hgc phshr c` c`u#cntc h trhvås ac `h csperh $hgeh `h gf`uinh.
(h en#cgge÷n icaehntc vè`vu`hs cs gfn iug$f `h iès ute`ezhah, #h quc rcnc prègteghicntc tfahs `hs ghrhgtcr"steghs c*e!em`cs h un en#cgtfr.
2MH:22>MHC9 R 2MHCE>MHC9 2fif #h cs gfnfgeaf, `h prcscngeh ac vf`icncs iucrtfs cs unf ac `fs !rhnacs prfm`cihs ac `fs cquepfs ac grfihtf!rh"h ac `"queafs, #h quc åstfs ahn fre!cn h påraeahs cn `h c7ghgeh ac` sestcih #, pfr `f thntf, cn `h ghphgeaha ac scphrhge÷n. Cn phrtegu`hr, tfahs `hs gfnauggefncs # gfnc*efncs cntrc en#cgtfr # gf`uinh, # cntrc gf`uinh # actcgtfr sfn ac `h iè*eih eipfrthngeh. C` tumf ac gfnaugge÷n pucac gfnseacrhrsc gfif un vf`uicn iucrtf ac` sestcih #, pfr `f thntf, cs ac veth` eipfrthngeh `h ute`ezhge÷n phrh csth 7nh`eaha ac tumfs ghpe`hrcs cn `fs quc c` aeèictrf entcrnf sch pcquc&f # cvethr h` iè*eif pfsem`c `h ute`ezhge÷n ac !rhnacs `fn!etuacs ac tumf ac gfnc*e÷n) ac cstc ifaf, sc gfnse!uc rcauger cn `h icaeah ac `f pfsem`c c` vf`uicn iucrtf ac` sestcih.
CQC2QMC9 :n actcgtfr phrh grfihtf!rh"h cs un aespfsetevf quc pcrietc icaer, h `h sh`eah ac `h gf`uinh, unh prfpecaha "segh ac` c`u#cntc, quc acmcrè acpcnacr ac `h gfipfsege÷n ac åstc. (h actcgge÷n cn grfihtf!rh"h sc rch`ezh, $hmetuh`icntc, cn gfntenuf, hunquc cs pfsem`c `h ute`ezhge÷n ac gf`cgtfrcs ac rhggefncs phrh `h eacnte7ghge÷n # guhnte7ghge÷n ac pcquc&hs rhggefncs ac` c`u#cntc.
2332QCA9Q>239 :C HM 36C2Q3H 3 (3 C6>232>3 C (3 9C4332>OH. C94:C9Q3.1 Cs `h sc&h` frcgeah pfr c` actcgtfr hntc unh actcrienhah vhrehge÷n ac `h prfpecaha "segh ac` c`u#cntc quc cs icaeah. Csth prfpecaha acmc scr prfpfrgefnh` h `h vhrehge÷n ac ihsh ac` sf`utf quc sh`c ac `h gf`uinh f h su gfngcntrhge÷n. (h rcspucsth ac un actcgtfr suc`c scr `ench` =cn un rhn!f iès f icnfs hng$f sc!n c` tepf ac actcgtfr/, `f quc eip`egh quc `h sc&h` !cncrhah pfr c` actcgtfr vhr"h `ench`icntc gfn `h gfngcntrhge÷n f `h ihsh ac sf`utf quc, pfr uneaha ac tecipf, sh`c ac `h gf`uinh.
C( :>M.1Cs guh`quecr pcrturmhge÷n ac `h sc&h` !cncrhah pfr c` actcgtfr # quc nf cs fre!enhah pfr `h sh`eah ac un sf`utf ac `h gf`uinh. C` rueaf ac fnaf ac` actcgtfr, sc gfipfnc h su vcz ac ftrfs afs tepfs ac rueaf@ rueaf ac gfrtf h`ghngc =pcrturmhgefncs ac unhrcgucngeh ih#fr quc `h envcrsh ac` hng$f ac` pegf ac sf`utf/ # rueaf ac `hr!f h`ghngc =pcrturmhgefncs gfn unh rcgucngeh ac` iesif fracn quc `h envcrsh ac` hng$f ac` pegf ac` sf`utf/. C>D3.1 Cs `h vhrehge÷n ac `h sc&h` ac mhsc h `f `hr!f ac` tecipf, quc fre!enh unh vhrehge÷n `cnth # prf!rcsevh ac `h `"nch ac mhsc. 9CH9>K>(>3.1 (h scnseme`eaha sc ac7nc gfif `h i"neih gfngcntrhge÷n f ghnteaha ac sf`utf quc acmc phshr pfr c` actcgtfr phrh quc `h sc&h` h quc åstc ah `u!hr sch afs vcgcs ih#fr quc `h ac`
rueaf ac fnaf. Cstc phrèictrf enaegh `h ghnteaha i"neih ac sf`utf quc cs pfsem`c actcgthr, # cs acpcnaecntc ac` rueaf ac` actcgtfr 3HGM >H]I>2M.1Cs c` rhn!f ac gfngcntrhgefncs ac sf`utf cntrc `hs guh`cs c` actcgtfr prfaugc unh rcspucsth acpcnaecntc ac `h gfngcntrhge÷n ac sf`utf h `h sh`eah ac `h gf`uinh. C` vh`fr i"neif, sc gfrrcspfnac gfn `h scnseme`eaha ac` actcgtfr, # c` iè*eif, gfn `h gfngcntrhge÷n ac sf`utf h phrter ac `h guh` `h rcspucsth ac` actcgtfr cs gfnsthntc =shturhge÷n/. C` rhn!f aenèiegf `ench`, cs `h zfnh ac` hntcrefr cn c` quc `h rcspucsth ac` actcgtfr cs `ench` rcntc h `h gfngcntrhge÷n ac sf`utf.
2MH2(:9>MHC9 (h grfihtf!rh"h cs un iåtfaf "segf ac scphrhge÷n mhshaf cn `h aestremuge÷n ac `fs gfipfncntcs ac unh iczg`h cntrc afs hscs eniesgem`cs, unh 7h f csthgefnhreh # ftrh i÷ve`. Cn grfihtf!rh"h `"queah `h hsc i÷ve` cs un `"queaf quc -u#c h trhvås ac unh gf`uinh quc gfntecnc h `h hsc 7h. (h grfihtf!rh"h `"queah Zg`èseghU sc ``cvh h ghmf cn unh gf`uinh !cncrh`icntc ac vearef, `h guh` cstè rc``cnh gfn `h hsc 7h. (uc!f ac scimrhr `h iucstrh cn `h phrtc supcrefr, sc $hgc -uer `h hsc i÷ve` h trhvås ac `h gf`uinh pfr ccgtf ac `h !rhvcaha. 2fn c` fmctf ac huicnthr `h c7gecngeh cn `hs scphrhgefncs, c` thih&f ac `hs phrt"gu`hs ac hsc 7h sc uc aesienu#cnaf $hsth c` thih&f ac `fs iegrfncs, `f guh` !cncr÷ `h ncgcseaha ac ute`ezhr h`ths prcsefncs phrh `f!rhr quc -u#h `h hsc i÷ve`. c csth ihncrh, nhge÷ `h tågnegh ac grfihtf!rh"h `"queah ac h`th rcsf`uge÷n =+4(2/, quc rcquecrc ac enstruicnth` cspcgeh` quc pcrieth trhmhhr gfn `hs h`ths prcsefncs rcqucreahs.
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