In Building and Distributed Antenna System (IBS and DAS) Landscape and Business
1
Coverage Evolution 1 Macro Tower Site
Tower Site
2
Network spread
Intelligent Repeaters
3 One Operator-Infra Roll outs •BTS-for site 1 •Repeaters/Donor Antennas Antennas for site 2 •Dedicated BTS-Indoor DAS for site 3 •Associated Accessories.
Indoor DAS Omni Antennas
•Increased CapEX •Increased OpEX •Increased Infra Cluttering
Splitters
Couplers
POI
Operator BTS
Coverage Evolution 1 Macro Tower Site
Tower Site
2
Network spread
Intelligent Repeaters
3 One Operator-Infra Roll outs •BTS-for site 1 •Repeaters/Donor Antennas Antennas for site 2 •Dedicated BTS-Indoor DAS for site 3 •Associated Accessories.
Indoor DAS Omni Antennas
•Increased CapEX •Increased OpEX •Increased Infra Cluttering
Splitters
Couplers
POI
Operator BTS
Network Evolution The Service Delivery Challenge Traffic/User Coverage Limited Capacity Limited
GSM
LTE/WiMax UMTS/HSPA
2G Digital TDM
AMPS
1G Analog
3G Digital CDMA
cover only Small # large macro cells outdoor
larger # macro cells; Indoor coverage w/ more power; Some micro in dense urban
4G Digital OFDM
Thin macro cell overlays Dense micro cell under lays DAS for large buildings
Voice Driven
Data Driven
User Density
Microcells for outdoor; DAS & Pico for enterprise; femto for residential
Without an In-Building Coverage solution! - Uncertain coverage! - Unknown capacity!
Loss of Revenue on Smart Devices without IBS & DAS Television High quality audio
Social Media, SMS, IM
Broadband Internet Email Banking Bill Payment Shopping
Gaming GPS
70% of Data Traffic is generated indoors therefore the need of coverage and capacity inside the premises
Fibre-DAS is Suitable for Fibre-Covered Areas
6
Fibre-DAS – The Way Forward for Mobile Coverage
The complexity of providing mobile coverage to demanding customers will be an onerous task as the EMF from the Towers has been reduced to 1/10th of the present value With site acquisition being a difficult task as well as site availability being a variable, operators will struggle to meet the coverage obligation Shared Multi Operator Multi technology Network Distributed Antenna System is the only way forward 7
New Trends Trends - IBS
What is an In-Building Solution & Why is it required ?
It is a process, where in we radiate adequate Mobile signals of one particular Network operator in that entire building. In places like basement floors, higher floors of some high rise Buildings, Airports, Corporate offices, Hotels & Shopping malls we tend to get signals from different cell sites around the building, so subscriber mobile ping-pong ping-pong from one cell site to another resulting in resulting in high CALL-DROPS In some case when the subscriber base increases, increases, the Network operator has difficulty in planning new BTS. BTS. So instead of deploying a Macro Site the operator uses a Micro BTS where in the signal from Micro BTS will be distributed through out the building using Co-axial cables and distributed antenna system. system. By doing so, we will have uniform signal signal been radiated all through out the building providing an error free Network connection to all their valuable subscribers present in that building. In the basement floors there floors there will be absolutely no mobile signals present, so this problem also can be solved using a distributed antenna system in that floor.
Network Problems inside Buildings • • • •
High Call DropsDrops- Above 4th or 5th floors ( Due to Multi cell Hand over ) High Bit Error RateRate- Water refraction, Interference from other cell sites sites of same operator or other No network Coverage Coverage - Basements, Ground Floors etc. ( Penetration loss) Subscriber base increases – increases – If If deployment of new BTS sites are no t possible
operators
“Think about it, we actually spend most of our time inside buildings”
• • • •
•
• • • • •
Boosts Mobile network business and hence Revenues for the operators Better use of network resources Easy to install, expand or upgrade Greatly improves cell phone performance while in building, eliminating problems such as unstable reception, unclear vocal quality, difficulty in accessing calls and even calls being disconnected. Is Suitable for Applications of Indoor Signal Enhancement: offices, houses, shops, stores, supermarkets, department stores, hotels, car parks and etc. Extends the GSM signal coverage Eliminates the "blind" area Improve the quality of conversation Improves sound quality, range, and system access. Reduces dropped calls, signal fades, or no-service conditions.
1. Commercial Real Estate Developers 2. Tower Operators
3. State – Country - City Buildings 4. Public Schools 5. Hospitals
6. Stadiums 7. Hotels 8. Hospitals 9. Metro Trains 10.Cantonments 11.Special Government Facilities 12.Tunnels
A network of spatially separated antenna nodes connected to a common source via a transport medium that provides wireless service within a geographic area or structure
BTS Hotel Concept
compatible with: • Cellular phone service • Wi-Fi • Public safety radio frequencies
Distribute & manage wireless network from central BTS Hotel • All digital/analog wireless network extension solutions from central BTS suites to cell sites • Support s 2G, 3G & 4G applications from single system; transport & remote • Distribute & add capacity as needed without changing remotes-Modular Concept • Back-fill/In-fill coverage gaps using existing resources and deployment
Increase proximity of services to user • Hole & macro gap coverage • Tower shadow areas; canyons, tunnels, buildings • Improve uplink data performance through smaller cells • Stealth solutions, ease municipality approvals • Addresses need for Outdoor & Inbuilding Coverage & Capacity
Economic • • • • • • • •
Significantly reduces Utility and Infra Cost costs Increased spectrum efficiency No repetitive site acquisition costs for unsuccessful sites Elimination of construction and site acquisition costs for multiple sites for capacity Reduced future base station infrastructure deployment costs Network cost sharing –Zoning/permitting, fiber build, pole rent, etc Alternate to traditional expensive urban deployments (roof tops) Eliminates the need to build costly, difficult and sometimes impossible conventional sites needed to augment capacity
Aesthetics •
Compact nature of the equipment satisfies aesthetic concerns of communities and their residents • Reduces the requirement for towers and rooftop antennas which helps improve or maintain the community aesthetics • Alleviates citizen concerns regarding the proliferation of unsightly wireless infrastructure.
Operational • •
Much easier to troubleshoot and respond to network problems Efficient use of technical personnel for operations and maintenance • All radio resource capacity enhancements are centrally implemented at the BTS Hotel • All BTS maintenance is performed centrally at the Hub • Significant reduction in spare parts inventory, repair costs and personnel requirements.
Strategic Many advantages for communities: • No cost to the city or community • Visually unobtrusive equipment • Use of existing infrastructure such as utility poles and street lights • Franchise agreements and extensive system real estate assets • Ultra low RF emissions, well below all local, regional, & limits • Fast time-to-market • Increased wireless capacity for next-generation data applications
DAS Opportunity Areas
Airports Metro Rail / Subway Systems Large Federal Government Facilities, Campuses and Bases State & Local Government Facilities
– Office Buildings – Court Houses/Jails – Schools
Current Issues • Physical Structure and Layout • Wireless Signal • Hard Wire Phones • Portable Radio Operations • Student Expectations • Wireless Providers
BTS Hotel Provides Solution
Universal Cellular/PCS/Safety Radio Coverage Neutral-Host Wireless System Booster for Current and Future Mobile Applications with Excellent Network Quality Eliminated fixed-line telephones Extend wireless carrier coverage inside and outside buildings
Transmission Rates/Environmental Issues • Wireless connection and antennas can be affected by the environment and the weather • Despite improving connectivity in dead areas it still may have slow transmission rates due to working with several frequencies on same network. Standards • There are not standards set for BTS hotels • May Lead to competing proprietary technologies • Certain organizations/institutions may need different types requiring in costly consulting fees from third parties Environmental Issues • Need for a schematic design for the routing of cables horizontally and vertically • Several antennas, repeaters, and a central hub with wiring can take time to install (usually installed in ceilings) • Could be an unnecessary cost for some businesses and there is no clear measurement of costs in terms of productivity
DAS via FTTx networks, even one step further
Shared Infrastructure DAS over Spare Fiber to Deliver Wireless Services •
Base Station Hotel – Reduced BTS site development expenses – Reduce visual impact of traditional shelters – Infrastructure in place – backhaul, HVAC, back-up power, etc.
• Fully utilize fiber plant to feed DAS Remotes – Fiber pair per DAS remote serves typically 20 km radius – Fiber pair provides up to 70 MHz mobile services (non-contiguous) & 100 Mbps Ethernet backhaul (feed WiFi mesh networks)
•
Improve wireless services to the residences –
Improved coverage & capacity
–
Greater proximity to user providing superior voice quality & data rates
–
Minimal visual impact – blend into environment
Advantages with DAS for the mobile operators Advantages for the Mobile operators: – Lower CAPEX for their wireless roll out – Lower OPEX – Better quality and service offerings by getting the antennas closer to the users – Faster deployment, faster revenue stream. – Lower “production cost” per call / per Mb – Swift roll out – Benefit from a stealth roll out, utilizing street furniture, lamp posts etc. – Limited zoning and construction challenges. – Better utilization of network recourses and the core network investment by better trunking gain. – Unlock the capacity from the coverage footprint
BTS Hotel, BTS’s and DAS Host at one central location
Outdoor DAS & Base Station Hotels – Replace Microcells
Microcells
2 major Shopping malls 200 shops 80K-200K shoppers /day Heavy high loss old buildings
Mall A Mall B
“100%” IB level wanted IB-Solutions not possible
Implementation
Outdoor DAS? Outdoor DAS 4G OBSAI/ Prism Host 3G CPRI Multiplexed Protocols 2G RF RF
FlexWave ™ Prism
Base Station Hotel
– Distribute the coverage and capacity from a centralized Base Station – Unlock the coverage and capacity – Reduces CAPEX and OPEX – Ideal combo with FTTx
SLC
Serial Link Combiner Architecture Fiber transport Remote HUB Remote Units
Host Unit BTS
3.072 Gbps Short Range Optics
9.8304 Gbps Long Range Optics
SLC
SLC
September 18, 2013
Serial Link Combiner SLC
IP/WiFi backhaul
Network Port via Remote Unit • The Remote Unit has a network port to provide a 100Mb Ethernet link between the Host Unit and Remote Unit. The network port is type 10/100/1000 Base T / TX MDI and requires CAT5 min.
This link can be used for any IP application: – wireless backhaul – IP Camera – Transport of ancillary equipment alarms (UPS)
IP Backhaul
Remote Locations
CO location Remote Unit
WiFi AP
WiFi AP
Host Unit IP Router Fibre Optic Cable
WiFi Controller
CPRI Overview
CDIU Enables System Efficiencies Without CPRI Interface (applicable to any DAS system) CPRI
R R H
4G BBU 2G BTS
POI
DART DART
DART
CDIU
DART
Multi-band Radio Heads
POI CPRI
3G NodeB
R R H
POI
With CPRI Interface (no RRH, POI, DART) 4G BBU 2G BTS
CPRI
Multi-band Radio Heads
POI CPRI
3G NodeB Coax
-Greater than 50% power, cooling & space savings -Full EVM budget for maximum HSPA+/LTE data rates -All the flexibility of multi-carrier DAS solutions
Fiber RF input for legacy services
Direct CPRI input from BBU Resident Small Cell baseband processor
Small Cell Aggregation, Transport & Distribution Baseband Pool (BTS, BBU, etc.)
Distributed & Connected Small Cell Radio Heads
Universal Host Unit
10 Gbps
DART
DART
DART
DART
CDIU
BBIU
10 Gbps Transport
RF input for legacy services
2G 3G 4G
Direct CPRI input from BBU Resident Small Cell baseband processor
SISO MIMO LTE-A
High Rise / Gated areas Challenge
The challenge of RF performance Isolation, interference • Users receives signals from many base stations This is interference
• Metallic coated windows attenuates the signal • The result is:Degraded / no service Dropped calls
• The solution is to have a dominant signal
In high rise buildings, interfeerence from distant bastations is a problem
Lack of Isolation No service in the top of the building, interference & Pilot pollution
Weak service on shadow side
OK service from nearby Macro
No service in elevators
Indoor DAS • Only allowed in the Elevator Lobby • This will cover the core of the building • Still, a problem with dominance on the perimeter of the building
Indoor & Outdoor DAS • Outdoor DAS from surrounding buildings and poles will cover the perimeter • Simulcast with the Indoor DAS – Same sector – Solid dominance • No HO • Limited dropped calls • Max data performance
Elevators RF Power
• The Passive Repeater solution for elevators
RAU
Cable loss S e r d
e o o r
– Shaft antenna, mounted on a “service door” s s o l
• This makes it possible to get permission
k n i L
– Passive elevator repeater in the car; two antennas “back to back” • No active elements in the elevator car
ic
v
Antenna Gain A
Antenna Gain
• Low maintenance
Cable loss
• Easy permission
Antenna
A
Gain
L
in
k
L
o
s
s
A
Complete DAS solution Indoor DAS
Outdoor DAS
Lower EMR
Enabling 3G/4G Services Indoors
• Ethernet LAN / WLAN topology • Standard structured cabling - fiber optic and CATV cabling. • Amplifiers at the antenna point means zero “loss” • Significant cost and performance advantages in medium and large
sized buildings • Industry-leading performance regardless of frequency – 4G support: LTE
Electro Magnetic Radio Exposure • All DAS systems and mobiles must fulfill the international standards • (EN 50385 WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels: 6min measurements (average) • 4.5 W/m2 @ GSM • 900 9.0 W/m2 @ GSM • 180010 W/m2 @ UMTS • Always try to minimize the exposure to the users •
The main source for EMR exposure is the mobile due to proximity to the user
• A Mobile will typical expose the user to 200 times the power compared with a DAS antenna at 50cm distance •
Mobiles on the outdoor network have to power up to reach the base station
•
Mobiles on a traditional Coax DAS need to power up to compensate for the loss in the cables
•
Mobiles operating on a DAS system will use the lowest possible power -- Fibre has negligible loss
Due to the proximity of the mobile, the mobile is the main source of EMR exposure
page 42
Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users Mobile using high power in an office connected to the outdoor network
100 mW <-----> 2.000 mW
Mobile need high output power to reach the outdoor network
Mobile on low power in an office connected to an TE in-building system
1 mW <-> 10 mW
Mobile use only low output power when connected to an TE in-building system
Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users
• Traditional systems use lossy cables Decreasing the data speed Mobile has to compensate for the loss in the cables Increasing the mobile transmit power
• The TE system has no loss Better data performance Reduce the MS radiation up to This is the mobile transit power in an office environment with 150 meter distance between the mobile and the DAS antenna
factor 2000
EMR & Indoor GSM WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels:
• 4.5 W/m2 @ GSM 900. • 9.0 W/m2 @ GSM 1800 •. 10 W/m2 @ UMTS Indoor EMR measurements 1800 MHz / Indoor Omni 18dBm
Measurement results
• ”0cm” distance (SAR to be used) • 0.630 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 7% EU • 4.597 W/m2 (max @ 6 min.)
• 50cm distance • 0.0109 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,12% EU • 0.1567 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)
• 200cm distance • 0.0067 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,07% EU • 0.0221 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)
Metro tunnel DAS
Capacity in a Major Metro is the challenge
The solution……… – Centralised capacity – Use of limited RF Spectrum – No need for Equipment rooms at the stations – Easy to upgrade capacity – Can handle the actual traffic load in LU….. – And then more……
We need to think outside the “box”…
DAS • Next generation high-power Distributed Antenna System (DAS) – Distribute wireless capacity to remote radiating locations – Flexible capacity, independent on 2G, 3G & 4G – Very efficient user of fiber, via WDM/CDWM 4G 2G
3G RF
OBSAI/ CPRI
Prism Host Multiplexed Protocols
RF
High-speed RF Transport Network
Base Station Hotel M u lt p i le x ed D g i it a l T ra ns p or t
Metro Coverage and Capacity
Tunnels & Canyon Coverage 1
Digital DAS is the answer.... •
•
Distributed Base Stations –
Inefficient Capacity
–
HO Nightmare
–
Need Space for BS
–
Hard to upgrade
–
Static capacity
Digital DAS –
Effective Capacity use
–
Limited HO
–
No for BS
–
Easy to upgrade
–
Dynamic, future proof
Applications for High Speed Rail
The High Speed Train Challenge Penetration loss • One of the main challanges is the penetration loss into the train • From the side(A), it is ”only” the window loss (typically 5-20dB) • From the longitudinal direction (A2, B) the penetration loss is typically 30-50dB • Thie penetration loss ditactes the Link Budget, thus the distance between the serving Base Stations
The High Speed Train Challenge for Base Stations The Handover Zones • We will need to procvide sufficient overlap between the cells to service the handover zone. • This is a big challange espicially for high speed train service
The High Speed Train Challenge for Base Stations The Handover Zones • We will need to provide sufficient overlap between the cells to service the handover zone. • This is a big challenge espicially for high speed train service • The speed of the train is also a challenge due to the dopler effect • Base stations along the track is poor performing and a bad buisness case
The High Speed Train Challenge DAS • Via simulcast over several remote units, will limit the needed handover zones • In the handover zone, the remote unit will broadcast both serving cell and handover candidate with controled level offset • This solves the handover problem. By deploying the remote units away from the track, the penetration loss improves and the dopler effect is minimized,
Impact on HSDPA performance
10.7M
7.2M
3.6M
720K
480K
360K
480K
720K
3.6M
7.2M
10.7M
•
Due to lack of isolation between the cells, most of the area will not be serviced by high data speed.
•
Degrades the user speed, and increases the operators cost per produced Mb
With simulcast and backfire
10.7Mbps
•
The high isolation in the solution provides full data speed
•
Maximum user data rates
•
Minimum production cost per Mb for the mobile operator
DAS along a rail line • More efficient use of network recourses • Avoid the Doppler problem • Avoid the problem with rapid handovers • Avoid the heavy signalling load with small cells • Use ”Backfire” configuration for 3G, maximixe data speed • Share locations for GSM-R, GSM, DCS, UMTS, LTE
Examples
DAS is Suitable for Any “Small Cell” Environment INDOORS
MDU/High Rise
Healthcare
Hospitality
OUTDOORS
Large Enterprise
Stadiums
Convention Center
Campus
Maritime
Urban Core
Airports
Tunnels/Subways
Canyons & Coastal
page 60 /
Conclusions
DAS is ready for the future!
• DAS is technology neutral. Can support GSM, DCS, UMTS, HSPA+, LTE without any modifications • Can operate mixed technologies if needed • WiFi Ovelay Possible
DAS Hotel Solutions • Indoor combined with Street DAS • One central capacity pool via a BS Hotel •
Offset in traffic profile will save on the BSS and Core network
•
Save cost both CAPEX and OPEX
•
No local equipment rooms
•
Easy to upgrade, 2G, 3G, 4G with minimum impact
•
Future proof strategy
•
Link the outdoor and indoor roll out strategy
Conclusion DAS gives several advantages: – Offers the most flexible and efficient use of fiber – Field upgradable, IP65 remote units with no fans – Reconfigurable simulcast plans, controlled remotely – Digital delay compensation, no need to ”spool” fiber – Supports 2G, 3G, 4G and MIMO – No degradation due to fiber loss – Integrated IP backhaul over the fiber for local IP services, such as WiFi
