4(%$%"!4!"!3%"//+ !-UST(AVE'UIDEFOR3UCCESSFUL$EBA !-UST(A VE'UIDEFOR3UCCESSFUL$EBATE TE 2%6)3%$!.$50$!4%$%$)4)/. 4(%%$)4/23/&)$%! )NTRODUCTIONBY2OBERT4RAPP
INTERNATIONALDEBATEEDUCATIONASSOCIATION
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!BORTIONON$EMAND !DVERTISING4ARGETINGOF#HILDREN !FFIRMATIVE!CTION !FGHANISTAN)NVASIONOF !FRICAN!FFAIRS/UTSIDE)NTERVENTIONIN !FRICAN,ANGUAGESIN!FRICAN3CHOOLS !)$3$RUGSFOR$EVELO !)$3$RUGSF OR$EVELOPING#OUNTR PING#OUNTRIES IES !LCOHOL"ANNINGOF !MERICAN#ULTURE3HOULD)T"E&EARED !NIMAL2IGHTS !RRANGED-ARRIAGES !RTS3UBSIDIES!BOLITIONOF !SSASSINATIONOFA$ICTATOR !SSISTED3UICIDE "EAUTY#ONTESTS "IODIVERSITYAND%NDANGERED3PECIES "OXING!BOLITIONOF #AMPAIGN&INANCE2EFORM #APITAL0UNISHMENT #ELL0HONES"ANNIN #ELL0HON ES"ANNINGOF5SEIN#ARS GOF5SEIN#ARS #ENSORSHIPOFTHE!RTS #HEMICAL#ASTRATION #HILD,ABOR #HILD/FFENDERS3TRICTER0UNISHMENTFOR #HINA&EAROF #IVIL$ISOBEDIENCE #ONDOMSIN3CHOOLS #ONFEDERATE&LAG"ANNINGOF #ONSCRIPTIONAND.ATIO #ONSCRIPTIONAN D.ATIONAL3ERVICE NAL3ERVICE #ORPORAL0UNISHMENT!DULTS #ORPORAL0UNISHMENT#HILDREN #ORRUPTION"ENEFITSOF #OVENANT-ARRIAGE #REATIONISMIN0UBLIC3CHOOLS #UBA$ROPPINGO #UBA $ROPPINGOF533ANCTIONSON F533ANCTIONSON #ULTURAL4REASURES2ETURNOF #URFEW,AWS $EBATE,IMITSOF $EVELOPING7ORLD$EBT#ANCELLATIONOF $.!$ATABASEFOR#RIMINALS $RILLINGINTHE!RCTIC.ATIONAL7ILDLIFE2EFUGE $RUGSIN3PORTS $RUG4ESTINGIN3CHOOLS %CONOMIC$EVELOPMENTVS%NVIRONMENT %CONOMIC3ANCTIONSVS%NGAGEMENT %LECTORAL#OLLEGE!BOLITIONOF %NVIRONMENTALLY,INKED!ID %THICAL&OREIGN0OLICY %UROPEAN$EFENSE&ORCE %UROPEAN&EDERALIZATION %XTREMIST0OLITICAL0ARTIES"ANNINGOF &EMINISM
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&LAT4AX &REE3PEECH2ESTRICTIONSON &REE4RADE 'AY!DOPTION 'AY#LERGY 'AY-ARRIAGE 'AYSINTHE-ILITARY 'ENE0ATENTING 'ENETICALLY-ODIFIED&OODS 'ENETIC3CREENING 'LOBALIZATIONANDTHE0OOR 'LOBAL7ARMING 'OD%XISTENCEOF 'REENHOUSE'ASES4RADING1UOTAS 'UN#ONTROL (ATE3PEECHON#AMPUS (EALTH#ARE5NIVERSAL (UMAN#LONING (UMAN/RGANS3ALEOF (UMAN2IGHTS%XISTENCEOF (UMAN2IGHTS)MPOSITIONBY&ORCE )MMIGRATION2ESTRICTIONSON )NTERNATIONAL#RIMINAL#OURT )NTERNET#ENSORSHIP )RAQ)NVASIONOF )SRAELANDTHE0ALESTINIANS530OLICYTOWARD )VORY4RADING -ANDATORY3ENTENCING4HREE3TRIKES -ARIJUANA,EGALIZATIONOF -INORITY,ANGUAGES -INORITY3CHOOLS -ONARCHY!BOLITIONOF -ULTICULTURALISMVS)NTEGRATION .ATIONAL4ESTING .ATION3TATES .UCLEARVS2ENEWABLE%NERGY .UCLEAR7EAPONS!BOLITIONOF .UCLEAR7EAPONS4ESTING /LYMPIC$REAM$EATHOFTHE /VERPOPULATIONAND#ONTRACEPTION /VERSEAS-ANUFACTURING 0ACIFISM 0ARENTAL2ESPONSIBILITY 0OLITICIANSAND3PECIAL)NTERESTS 0OLYGAMY 0ORNOGRAPHY"ANNINGOF 0RIESTLY#ELIBACY!BOLITIONOF 0RIVACYVS3ECURITY 0RIVATE,IVESOF0UBLIC&IGURES2EVEALING 0ROSTITUTION 0ROS TITUTION,EGALIZATIONO ,EGALIZATIONOF F 2EFERENDA 2ELIGION3OURCEOF#ONFLICTO 2ELIGION3OU RCEOF#ONFLICTOR0 R0EACE EACE 2ELIGIOUS"ELIEF2ATIONALOR) 2ELIGIOUS"ELIEF 2ATIONALOR)RRATIONAL RRATIONAL 2EPARATIONSFOR3LAVERY 3CHOOL5NIFORMS 3CHOOL6OUCHERS 3CIENCE4HREATTO3OCIETY 3ECURITYAND,IBERTY 3ELF$ETERMINATIONAND 3ELF$ETE RMINATIONAND.ATIO .ATIONALISM NALISM 3EX%DUCATIONIN3CHOOLS 3EX/FFENDERS0UBLICLY.AMING 3INGLE3EX3CHOOLS
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3INGLE3UPERPOWER"ENEFICIAL 3INGLE3UPERPOWER"E NEFICIAL 3MOKING&URTHER2ESTRICTIONSON 3PACE%XPLORATION 3TEM#ELL2ESEARCHAND4HERAPEUTIC#LONING 4ERM,IMITS 4ERRORISTS.EGOTIATINGWITH 4OBACCO2EGULATION!DDICTIVE$RUG 4WO0ARTY3YSTEM 5.3ECURITY#OUNCIL6ETO!BOLITIONOF 5.3TANDING!RMY 6EGETARIANISM 6OTING#OMPULSORY 7AR#RIMES4RIBUNALS 7ATER2ESOURCES!#OMMODITY 7HALING,IFTINGTHE"ANON 7ORKFARE :ERO4OLERANCE0OLICING
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ISASTARTINGPOINTONTHEROADTOPARTI ROADTOPARTICI CI $EBATABASE ISASTARTINGPOINTONTHE PATINGINDEBATES4HEVOLUMEPROVIDESABEGINNINGFOR THOSEDEBATERSWHOWOULDLIKETOLEARNABOUTIMPORTANT TOPICSBEINGARGUEDINTHEPUBLICSPHERE$EBATERSCAN USE THI THIS S VOL VOLUME UME AS A MET METHOD HOD OF DISC DISCOV OVERIN ERING G THE BAS BASIC IC ISSUES ISSU ES REL RELEVA EVANT NT TO SOM SOME E OF THE MOR MORE E IMP IMPORTA ORTANT NT TOP TOPICS ICS BEINGDISCUSSEDINVARIOUSPUBLICFORUMS)TWILLPROVIDE DEBATERSABRIEFLOOKATSOMEOFTHECLAIMSTHATCANBE USEDTOSUPPORTORTOOPPOSE USEDTOSUPP ORTORTOOPPOSEMANYOFTHEISSU MANYOFTHEISSUESARGUE ESARGUED D ABOUTBYPERSONSINDEMOCRATIC ABOUTBY PERSONSINDEMOCRATICSOCIETIESITWILL SOCIETIESITWILLALSOPRO ALSOPRO VIDESOMESKETCHESOFEVIDENCETHATCANBEUSEDTOSUP PORTTHESECLAIMS4HISVOLUMEISHOWEVERONLYASTART ING POI POINT NT $EB $EBATE ATERS RSINT INTERE ERESTE STED D IN INBEC BECOMI OMINGVERY NGVERY GOO GOOD D DEBATERSOREXCELLENTDEBATERSWILLNEEDTOGOBEYONDTHIS VOLUMEIFTHEYINTENDTOBEABLETOINTELLI VOLUM EIFTHEYINTENDTOBEABLETOINTELLIGENTL GENTLYDISCUSS YDISCUSS THESEISSUESINDEPTH 4HISINTRODUCTIONISINTENDED 4HISINTRODUCTION ISINTENDEDTO TOPROVIDEA PROVIDEATHEORETICAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKWITHINWHICHINFORMATIONABOUTARGUMEN TATIONANDDEBATECANBEVIEWEDNOATTEMPTHASBEEN MADETOPROVIDEAGENERALTHEORYOFARGUMENTATION) BEGIN BE GIN WIT WITH H SOM SOME E BA BASIC SIC DIS DISTIN TINCTI CTION ONS S AM AMON ONG G THE TE TERMS RMS COMMUNICATIONRHETORICARGUMENTATIONANDDEBATE PROGRESSTOADESCRIPTIONOFTHEELEMENTSOFARGUMENT THATAREMOSTCENTRALTODEBATEANDTHENTOADISCUSSION OFHOWTHESEELEMENTSCANBESTRUCTUREDINTOCLAIMSTO SUPPORTDEBATEPROPOSITIONS&OLLOWINGTHEDISCUSSION OFARGUMENTSTRUCTURES)MOVETOAMOREDETAILEDDIS CUSSIONOFCLAIMSANDPROPOSITIONSANDlNALLYDISCUSS THE KIN KINDS DS OF EVI EVIDEN DENCE CE NE NEEDE EDED D TO SUP SUPPOR PORT T CL CLAIM AIMS S AN AND D PROPOSITIONS !CAVEATISNEEDEDBEFOREPROCEEDINGTOTHETHEORETI CALPORTIONOFTHISINTRODUCTION4HISINTRODUCTIONDOES NOTINTENDTOBEAPRACTICALHOWTOGUIDETOTHECREATION OFARGUMENTS)TDOESINTENDTOPROVIDETHECONCEPTUAL GROUNDWORK GROUN DWORKNEEDEDFORDEBATERS NEEDEDFORDEBATERSTO TOLEARN LEARNHOWTOCREATE HOWTOCREATE ARGUMENTSACCORDINGTOAVARIETYOFMETHODS
#OMMUNICATIONRHETORICARGUMENTATIONAND DEBATE #OMMU #OM MUNI NICA CATI TION ON RH RHET ETOR ORIC IC AR ARGGUM UMEN ENTA TATI TION ON AN AND D DEBATEARERELATEDCONCEPTS3TARTINGWITHCOMMUNICA TION TI ON AN AND D PR PROC OCEE EEDIN DING G TO DE DEBA BATE TE TH THE E CO CONC NCEP EPTS TS BE BECOM COME E PROGRESSIVELYNARROWED"YBEGINNINGWITHTHEBROADEST CONCEPTCOMMUNI CONCEP TCOMMUNICATION CATIONANDENDINGATTHE ANDENDINGATTHENARRO NARROWEST WEST DEBATE)INTENDTOSHOWHOWALLTHESETERMSAREINTER RELATED #OM #O MMU MUNI NICA CATI TION ON MA MAY Y BE DE DElN lNEED AS THE PR PROC OCES ESS S WHEREBYSIGNSAR WHEREBY SIGNSAREUSED EUSEDTOCONV TOCONVEYINFORMATION EYINFORMATION&OLLO &OLLOWING WING THISDElNITIONCOMMU THISDElNIT IONCOMMUNICATI NICATIONISA ONISAVERYBROADCONCEP VERYBROADCONCEPT T RANGINGFROMHUMANSYMBOLICPROCESSESTOTHEMEANS THATANIMALSUSETORELATETOONEANOTHER3OMEOFTHESE MEANSAREAPARTOFTHECOMPLEXBIOLOGYOFBOTHHUMAN ANDNONHUMANANIMALS&ORINSTANCETHEBEHAVIORSOF CERTAINSPECIESOFBIRDSWHENSTRANGERSAPPROACHANEST OFTHEIRYOUNGAREAPARTOFTHEBIOLOGYOFTHOSESPECIES 4HEREASONWEKNOWTHESEAREBIOLOGICALTRAITSISTHATALL MEMBERSOFTHESPECIESUSETHESAMESIGNSTOINDICATE INTRUSION!LTHOUGHALLOFOURCOMMUNICATIONABILITIES INCLUDING INCL UDING RHETOR RHETORICAL ICAL COMMU COMMUNICATI NICATIONAR ONARE E SOMEHO SOMEHOW W BUILTINTOOURSPECIESBIOLOGICALLYALLCOMMUNICATIONIS NOTRHETORICAL 4HE FEA FEATUR TURE E THA THAT T MOS MOST T CLE CLEARL ARLY Y DIST DISTING INGUIS UISHES HES RHE RHETO TO RICFROMOTHERFORMSOFCOMMUNICATIONISTHESYMBOL !LTHOUGHTHE ABILITYTO USE USESYMBOLICFORMS SYMBOLICFORMS OF OFCOMMU COMMU NICATIONISCERTAINLYABIOLOGICALTRAITOFHUMANBEINGS OURABILITYTOUSESYMBOLSALSO OURABILITYTO USESYMBOLSALSOALLOWSUSTO ALLOWSUSTOUSECULTURALLY USECULTURALLY AND INDI INDIVIDU VIDUALL ALLY Y SPEC SPECIlC IlC TYP TYPES ES OF SYM SYMBOL BOLS S4HE 4HE CLE CLEAR AR ESTEVIDENCETHATDIFFERENTCULTURESDEVELOPEDDIFFERENT SYMBOL SYM BOLS S IS THE PRE PRESEN SENCE CE OF DIFF DIFFERE ERENT NT LAN LANGUA GUAGES GES AMO AMONG NG HUMANBEINGSSEPARATEDGEOGRAPHICALLY%VENTHOUGHALL HUMANBEINGSSEPARATEDGEOGRAPHICALLY %VENTHOUGHALL HUMANSAREBORNWITHTHEABILITYTOUSELANGUAGESOME OFUSLEARN2USSIANOTHERS&RENCHANDOTHERS%NGLISH
)NTRODUCTION
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4HECLEARESTEXAMPLEOFSYMBOLICCOMMUNICATION 4HECLEARESTEXAMPLEOFSYM BOLICCOMMUNICATIONISLAN ISLAN GUAGE,ANGUAGEISANABSTRACTMETHODOFUSINGSIGNSTO REFERTOOBJECTS4HECONCEPTOFASYMBOLDIFFERENTIATES RHETORICFROMOTHERFORMSOFCOMMUNICATION3YMBOLS HENCERHETORICAREABSTRACTMETHODSOFCOMMUNICATION 3TILL 3T ILL ALL RHE RHETOR TORIC IC IS NOT ARG ARGUME UMENTA NTATIO TION N 2HE 2HETOR TORICA ICAL L COMMUNICATIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOVARIOUSCATEGORIES TWOOFWHICHARENARRATIVEANDMETAPHOR TWOOFWHICHARENARRATIV EANDMETAPHOR*USTTOGIVE A COU COUPL PLE E OF EX EXAM AMPL PLES ES TH THE E NA NARR RRAT ATIV IVE E MO MODE DE OF RH RHET ETOR ORIC IC FOCU FO CUSE SES S ON SE SEQU QUEN ENTI TIAL AL TIM TIME E TH THE E ME META TAPH PHORI ORIC C MO MODE DE OF RHETORICFOCUSESONCOMPARINGONE RHETORICFOCUSESON COMPARINGONETHINGTO THINGTOANOTHER ANOTHERAND AND THE ARG ARGUME UMENTA NTATIV TIVE E MOD MODE E OF OFRHE RHETOR TORIC IC FOC FOCUSE USES S ON ONGIV GIVING ING REAS RE ASON ONS S !L !LL L OF TH THES ESE E MO MODE DES S OF RH RHET ETOR ORIC IC AR ARE E US USEF EFUL UL IN DEBATEBUTTHEMODEOFRHETORICTHATISMOSTCENTRALTO DEBATEISARGUMENTATION !RGUMENTATION IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY HUMANS USE REASONTOCOMMUNICATECLAIMSTOONEANOTHER!CCORDING TOTHISDElNITIONTHEFOCUSONREASON TOTHISDElNIT IONTHEFOCUSONREASONBECOMESTHEFEA BECOMESTHEFEA TURETHATDISTINGUISHESARGUMENTATIONFROMOTHERMODES OFRHETORIC7HENPEOPLEARGUEWITHONEANOTHERNOT ONLYDOTHEYASSERTCLAIMSBUTTHEYALSOASSERTREASONS THEYBELIEVETHECLAIMSTOBEPLAUSIBLEORPROBABLE!RGU MENTATIONISAPRIMARYTOOLOFDEBA MENTATIONISA PRIMARYTOOLOFDEBATEBUTIT TEBUTITSERVESOTHER SERVESOTHER ACTI AC TIVI VITIE TIES S AS WE WELL LL !R !RGU GUME MENT NTAT ATIO ION N IS IS FOR IN INST STAN ANCE CE AN IMPORTANTTOOLINNEGOTIATIONCONmICTRESOLUTIONAND PERSUASION$EBATEISANACTIVITYTHATCOULDHARDLYEXIST WITHOUTARGUMENTATION !RGUMENTATIONISUSEFULINACTIVITIESLIKENEGOTIATION !RGUMENTATIONISUSEFULINACTIVITIES LIKENEGOTIATION ANDCONmICTRESOLUTIONBECAUSEITCANBEUSEDTOHELP PEOPLElNDWAYSTORESOLVETHEIRDIFFERENCES"UTINSOME OFTHESESITUATIONSDIFFERENCESCANNOTBERESOLVEDINTER NALLYANDANOUTSIDEADJUDICATORMUSTBECALLED4HESE ARETHESITUATIONSTHATWECALLDEBATE4HUSACCORDING TOTHISVIEWDEBATEISDElNEDASTHEPROCESSOFARGUING ABOUTCLAIMSINSITUATIONSWHERETHEOUTCOMEMUSTBE DECIDEDBYANADJUDICATOR4HEFOCUSOFTHISINTRODUC TIONISONTHOSEELEMENTSOFARGUMENTATIONTHATAREMOST OFTENUSEDINDEBATE )N SO SOME ME RE REGA GARD RDS S TH THIS IS FOC FOCUS US IS IN INCOM COMPL PLET ETE E BE BECA CAUS USE E SOME SOM E NON NONARG ARGUME UMENTA NTATIV TIVE E ELE ELEMEN MENTS TS OF COM COMMUN MUNICA ICATIO TION N ANDRHETORICOFTENAREUSEDINDEBATEEVENTHOUGHTHEY ARENOTTHEMOSTCENTRALFEATURESOFDEBATE3OMEELE
MENTSOFRHETORICNAMELYMETAPHORANDNARRATIVEARE VERYUSEFULTODEBATERSBUTTHEYARENOTINCLUDEDINTHIS INTRODUCTIONBECAUSETHEYARELESSCENTRALTODEBATETHAN ISARGUMENTATION"EYONDNOTINCLUDINGSEVERALRHETORI CAL ELE ELEMEN MENTS TS THA THAT T SOM SOMETI ETIMES MES ARE USE USEFUL FUL IN INDEB DEBATE ATE THI THIS S INTRODUCTIONALSOEXCLUDESMANYELEMENTSOFARGUMENTA TIONCHOOSINGJUSTTHEONESTHATAREMOSTCENTRAL4HOSE CENTRA CEN TRAL L ELE ELEMEN MENTS TS ARE EVID EVIDENC ENCE E REA REASON SONING ING CLA CLAIMS IMS AND RESERVATIONS RESERVA TIONS4HESEELEMEN 4HESEELEMENTSARETHOSETHATPHILOSOPHER TSARETHOSETHATPHILOSOPHER 3TEPHEN4OULMININTRODUCEDIN ANDREVISED YEARSLATER
4HE%LEMENTSOF!RGUMENT !LTHOUGH IN THIS INTRODUCTION SOME OF 4OULMIN OULMINS TERMINOLOGYHASBEENMODIlEDBECAUSEOFITSPOPULAR USAGETHE USAGE THEMODEL MODELWILLSTILLBEREFERREDTOAS WILLSTILLBEREFERREDTOASTHE4 THE4OULMI OULMIN N MODEL"ECAUSEITISONLYAMODELTHE4OULMINMODEL ISONLYAROUGHAPPROXIMATIONOFTHEELEMENTSANDTHEIR RELATIONSHIPSTOONEANOTHER4HEMODELISNOTINTENDED ASADESCRIPTIVEDIAGRAMOFACTUALARGUMENTSFORAVARI ETYOFREASONS&IRSTITDESCRIBE ETYOFREASONS &IRSTITDESCRIBESONLYTHOSEELEMEN SONLYTHOSEELEMENTSOF TSOF ANARGUMENTRELATEDTOREASONING)TDOESNOTDESCRIBE OTHERIMPORTANTELEMENTSSUCHASEXPRESSIONSOFFEELINGS OREMOTIONSUNLESSTHOSEEXPRESSIONSAREDIRECTLYRELATED TOREASONING3ECON TOREASONI NG3ECONDTHEMODELDESCRIB DTHEMODELDESCRIBESONLYTHELIN ESONLYTHELIN GUISTICELEMENTSOFREASONING4OTHEEXTENTTHATANARGU MENTINCLUDESSIGNIlCANTNONVERBALELEMENTSTHEYARE NOTCOVEREDBYTHEMODEL4HIRDTHEMODELAPPLIES ONLY ON LY TO TH THE E SIM SIMPL PLES EST T OF AR ARGU GUME MENT NTS S )F AN AR ARGU GUME MENT NT IS COMPOSEDOFAVARIETYOFWARRANTSORACLUSTEROFEVI DENCERELATEDTOTHECLAIMINDIFFERENTWAYSTHEMODEL MAYNOTAPPLYWELLIFATALL$ESPITETHESESHORTCOMINGS THISMODELHASPROVENITSELFUSEFULFORDESCRIBINGSOME OFTHEKEYELEMENTSOFARGUMENTSANDHOWTHEYFUNCTION TOGETHER TOGETH ER 4HE 4HEDIAGRA DIAGRAMS MS SHOWN ON THE THEFOLLO FOLLOWING WINGPAGES PAGES ILLUSTRATETHE4OULMINMODEL 4HEBASIC4 4HE BASIC4OULM OULMIN IN MODEL IDENTIl IDENTIlES ES FOUR FOURBASIC BASICELE ELE MENTSOFARGUMENTCLAIMDATAWHICHWECALLEVIDENCE WARRANTAND WARRANT ANDRESERVATION RESERVATION4HE 4HEMODEL MODELOFARG OFARGUMENT UMENTISMOST ISMOST EASILYEXPLAINEDBYATRAVELANALOGY4HEEVIDENCEISTHE ARGUMENTSSTARTINGPOINT4HECLAIMISTHEARGUERSDES
!SFARAS)KNOWNOONEHASSUCCESSFULLYORGANIZEDMODESOFRHETORICINTOACOHERENTTAXONOMYBECAUSETHEVARIOUSMODESOVERLAP SOMUCHWITHONEANOTHER&ORINSTANCENARRATIVESANDMETAPHORSAREUSEDINARGUMENTSASMETAPHORSANDARGUMENTSAREFREQUENTLY FOUNDINNARRATIVES 4HISISNOTTOSAYTHATOTHERFORMSOFRHETORICDONOTINVOLVETHEUSEOF 4HISISNOTTOSAYTHATOTHE RFORMSOFRHETORICDONOTINVOLVETHEUSEOFREASONJUSTTHATTHEFORMOFRHETOR REASONJUSTTHATTHEFORMOFRHETORICWHERETHEFOCUSON ICWHERETHEFOCUSON REASONISMOSTCLEARLYINTHEFOREGROUNDISARGUMENTATION 4HE5SESOF!RGUMENT #AMBRIDGE#AMBRIDGE5 #AMBRIDGE#AMBRIDGE5NIVERSITY0RESS NIVERSITY0RESS !LBERT2*ONSENAND3TEPHEN4OULMIN4HE!BUSEOF#ASUISTRY!(ISTORYOF-ORAL2EASONING "ERKELEY5NIVERSITYOF#ALIFORNIA 0RESS #HARLES!RTHUR7ILLARDh/NTHE5TILITYOF$ESCRIPTIVE$IAGRAMSFORTHE!NALYSISAND#RITICISMOF!RGUMENTSv #OMMUNICATION -ONOGRAPHS .OVEMBER .OVEMBER
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TINATION4HEWARRANTISTHEMEANSOFTRAVEL TINATION4HEWARRANTISTH EMEANSOFTRAVELANDTHER ANDTHERES ES ERVATIONINVOLVESQUESTIONSORCONCERNSTHEARGUERMAY HAVEABOUTARRIVALATTHEDESTINATION4OULMINSMODEL CANBEUSEDTODIAGRAMTHESTRUCTUREOFRELATIVELYSIMPLE ARGUMENTS
)NADDITIONTOTHESIMPLEARGUMENTSUGGESTEDABOVE OTHERARGUMENTSTRUCTURESINCLUDECONVERGENTANDINDE PENDENTARGUMENTS!LTHOUGHTHESEDONOTEVENBEGINTO EXHAUSTALLPOTENTIALARGUMENTSTRUCTURESTHEYARESOME OFTHEMORECOMMONONESENCOUNTEREDINDEBATE
3TRUCTUREOFAN!RGUMENT
#ONVERGENT!RGUMENTS
!SIMPLE ARGUMENTFORINSTANCECONSISTS !SIMPLEARGUMENTFOR INSTANCECONSISTSOFA OFASINGLE SINGLE CLAIMSUPPORTEDBYAPIECEOFEVIDENCEASINGLEWARRANT ANDPERHAPSBUTNOTALWAYSASINGLERESERVATION4HE FOLLO FOL LOWIN WING G DIA DIAGRA GRAM M ILL ILLUST USTRAT RATES ES 4OUL OULMIN MINS DIA DIAGRA GRAM M OF A SIMPLEARGUMENT
!CONVERGENT ARGUMENTISONEWHEREIN !CONVERGENTARGUMENTIS ONEWHEREINTWOOR TWOORMORE MORE BITSOFEVIDENCECONVERGEWITHONEANOTHERTOSUPPORTA CLAIM)NOTHERWORDSWHENASINGLEPIECEOFEVIDENCEIS NOTSUFlCIENTITMUSTBECOMBINEDWITHANOTHERPIECE OFEVIDENCEINTHEEFFORTTOSUPPORTTHECLAIM #ONVERGENTARGUMENT
3IMPLE!RGUMENT
#ONSIDERASANILLUSTRATIONTHEFOLLOWINGCONVERGENT 4OULMINILLUSTRATESTHISDIAGRAMU OULMINILLUSTRATESTHISDIAGRAMUSINGASIMPLEARGU SINGASIMPLEARGU ARGUMENT MENTCLAIMTHAT(ARRYIS MENTCLAIM THAT(ARRYISA"RITISHCITIZEN A"RITISHCITIZENBECAUSEHE BECAUSEHEWAS WAS ,YINGISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDANIMMORALACT4HEUSE BORNIN"ERMUDA(EREISHOWTHESTRUCTUREOFTHATARGU OFPLACEBOSINDRUGTESTINGRESEARCHINVOLVESLYINGBECAUSE MENTWASDIAGRAMEDBY4OULMIN SOMEOFTHESUBJECTSARELEDFALSELYTOBELIEVETHEYAREBEING GIVENREALDRUGS4HEREFOREPLACEBOSSHOULD NOTBE NOTBEUSEDIN USEDIN DRUGTESTINGUNLESSTHEYARETHEONLYMETHODAVAILABLETOTEST 3IMPLE!RGUMENT POTENTIALLYLIFESAVINGDRUGS
!LTHOUGHTHIS DIAGRAM DIAGRAMOF OFAN ANARGUMENTCLEARLY ARGUMENTCLEARLY ILLUS TRATESHOWANARGUMENTMOVESFROMEVIDENCETOACLAIM VIAAWARRAN VIAA WARRANTVERY TVERYFEWARGUMENTSARE FEWARGUMENTSAREEVERQUITEAS EVERQUITEASSIMPLE SIMPLE &OR THIS REASO REASON N ) HAVE ADAPT ADAPTED ED4 4OULM OULMIN IN AND *ON *ONSEN SENS MODELTOILLUSTRATEAFEWDIFFERENTARGUMENTSTRUCTURES
)NTRODUCTION
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4HISPARTICULARARGUMENTBEGINSWITHTWOPIECESOF EVIDEN EVI DENCE CE 4HE lRS lRST T PIE PIECE CE INV INVOLV OLVES ES THE VAL VALUE UE STA STATEM TEMENT ENT THAThLYINGGENERALLYISCONSIDERED THAThLYING GENERALLYISCONSIDEREDANIMMORALACTv ANIMMORALACTv 4HIS PIECEOFEVIDENCEISASTATEMENTTHATISCONSISTENTWITH THEAUDIENCESVALUESREGARDINGLYING4HESECONDPIECE OFEVIDENCEISTHEFACTUALSTATEMENTTHAThTHEUSEOFPLA CEBOSINMEDICALRESEARCHINVOLVESAFORMOFLYINGv4HE SECONDPIECEOFEVIDENCEINVOLVESTHEFACTTHATWHENA RESEARCHERGIVESAPLACEBOEGASUGARPILLTOAPORTION OFTHESUBJECTSINASTUDYOFAPOTENTIALLYLIFESAVINGDRUG THATRESEARCHERISLYINGTOTHOSESUBJECTSASTHEYARELEDTO BELIEVETHATTHEYARERECEIVINGADRUGTHATMAYSAVETHEIR LIVES4HEWARRANTTHENCOMBINESTHEEVIDENCEWITHA FAMILIARPATTERNOFREASONINGINTHISCASEIFANACTIN GENERALISIMMORALTHENANYPARTICULARINSTANCEOFTHAT ACTISLIKEWISEIMMORAL)FLYINGISIMMORALINGENERAL THENUSINGPLACEBOSINPARTICULARISALSOIMMORAL 4HECLAIMRESULTSFROMACONV 4HECLAIMRESUL TSFROMACONVERGENCEOFTHEPIECES ERGENCEOFTHEPIECESOF OF EVIDENCEANDTHEWARRANT)NSOMEINSTA EVIDEN CEANDTHEWARRANT)NSOMEINSTANCESANARGUE NCESANARGUER R MAYNOTWISHTOHOLDTOTHISCLAIMINALLCIRCUMSTANCES )FTHEARGUERWISHESTO )FTHE ARGUERWISHESTODElNESPECIlCSITUATIONS DElNESPECIlCSITUATIONSINWHICH INWHICH THECLAIMDOESNOTHOLDTHENTHEARGUERADDSARESERVA TIONTOTHEARGUMENT)NTHISCASEARESERVATIONSEEMS PERF PE RFEC ECTL TLY Y AP APPR PROP OPRI RIAT ATE E %VE VEN N TH THOU OUGH GH TH THE E AR ARGU GUER ER MA MAY Y GENERALLYOBJECTTOLYINGANDTOTHEUSEOFPLACEBOSTHE ARGUERMAYWISHTOEXEMPTSITUATIONSWHERETHEUSEOFA PLACEBOISTHEhONLYMETHODOFTESTINGAPOTENTIALLYLIFE SAVINGDRUGv 4HE UNI UNIQUE QUE FEA FEATUR TURE E OF THE CON CONVER VERGEN GENT T STRU STRUCTU CTURE RE OF ARGUMENTISTHATTHEARGUERPRODUCESACOLLECTIONOFEVI DENCE DEN CETHA THAT TIF IFTAK TAKEN ENTOG TOGETH ETHER ER SUP SUPPORT PORTS S THE CLA CLAIM IM 4HE STRUCTUREOFTHEARGUMENTISSUCHTHA STRUCTUREOFTHEARG UMENTISSUCHTHATALLOFTHE TALLOFTHEEVIDENCE EVIDENCE MUSTBEBELIEVEDFORTHEARGUMENTTOBESUPPORTED)F THEAUDIENCEDOESNOTACCEPTANYONEPIECEOFEVIDENCE THEENTIREARGUMENT THEENTIR EARGUMENTSTRUCTUREFALL STRUCTUREFALLS/NTHEOTHERHAND S/NTHEOTHERHAND THE IND INDEPE EPENDE NDENT NT ARG ARGUME UMENT NT STRU STRUCTU CTURE RE IS SUC SUCH H THA THAT T ANY SINGLEPIECEOFEVIDENCECANPROVIDESUFlCIENTSUPPORT FORTHEARGUMENT
)NDEPENDENT!RGUMENTS !NARGUERUSING ANINDEPENDENTARGUMENTSTRUCTURE !NARGUERUSINGANINDEPENDENTARGUMENT STRUCTURE PRESEN PRE SENTS TS SEV SEVERA ERAL L PIE PIECES CES OF EVID EVIDENC ENCE E ANY ONE OF WHI WHICH CH PROVIDESSUFlCIENTSUPPORTFORTHEARGUMENT)NOTHER WORDS A DEBATER MAY PRESENT THREE PIECES OF EVIDENCE AND AN D CL CLAI AIM M TH THAT AT TH THE E ME MEMB MBER ERS S OF TH THE E AU AUDIE DIENC NCE E SH SHOU OULD LD ACCEPTTHECLAIMEVENIFTHEYARECONVINCEDONLYBYA SINGLE SIN GLE PIE PIECE CE OF EVI EVIDEN DENCE CE 4HE FOL FOLLOW LOWING ING DIAG DIAGRAM RAM ILL ILLUS US TRATESTHESTRUCTUREOFANINDEPENDENTARGUMENT
\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
)NDEPENDENT!RGUMENTS
4AKE FOR INST INSTANC ANCE E THE FOL FOLLO LOWIN WING G ARG ARGUME UMENT NT AGA AGAINST INST CAPITALPUNISHMENT
/NMORALGROUNDSCAPITALPUNISHMENTOUGHTTOBEABOL ISHED)FASOCIETYCONSIDERSAMURDERIMMORALFORTAKING AHUMANLIFEHOWCANTHATSOCIETYTHENTURNAROUNDAND TAKETHELIFEOFTHEMURDERER"EYONDMORALGROUNDSCAPI TALPUNISHMENTOUGHTTOBEABOLISHEDBECAUSEUNLIKEOTHER PUNISHMENTSITALONE PUNISHMENTS ITALONEIS ISIRREVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE)F )FEVIDENCE EVIDENCEISDISCO ISDISCOVERED VERED AFTERTHE AFT ERTHEEXE EXECUT CUTION IONTHE THERE RE ISNO WAY TOBRING THE UNJ UNJUST USTLY LY EXECUTEDPERSONBACKTOLIFE 4HISARGUMENTABOUTCAPITALPUNISHMENTCANBEREP 4HISARGUMENTABOUTCAPITALPUNISHMENT CANBEREP RESENTEDINTHEFOLLOWINGDIAGRAM
4HISEXAMPLEOFANINDEPENDENTARGUMENTSTRUCTURE ISBASEDONTWOPIECESOFEVIDENCEEITHEROFWHICHIS STRONG STR ONG ENO ENOUGH UGH TO SUP SUPPORT PORT THE CLA CLAIM IM THA THAT T CAP CAPITA ITAL L PUN PUN ISHMENTOUGHTTOBEABOLISHED4HElRSTPIECEOFEVI DENCEINVOLVESTHEVALUEOFTAKINGAHUMANLIFEWHILE THESECONDINVOLVESTHEVALUEOFBEINGABLETOCORRECT AMISTAKE!CCORDINGTOTHISARGUMENTCAPITALPUNISH MENTOUGHTTOBEABOLISHEDEVENIFONLYONEOFTHEITEMS OFEVIDENCEISBELIEVEDBYTHEAUDIENCE4HEMORALSTRIC TUREAGAINSTTAKINGALIFEISBYITSELFASUFlCIENTREASON TOOPPOSECAPITALPUNISHMENTAS TOOPPOSECAPITAL PUNISHMENTASISTHEDANGER ISTHEDANGEROFMAKING OFMAKING ANUNCORRECTABLEMISTAKE4HESTRATEGICADVANTAGEOFTHIS FORM OF ARG ARGUME UMENT NT STRU STRUCTU CTURE RE IS OBV OBVIOU IOUS S7HE 7HEREA REAS S WIT WITH H CONVERGENTSTRUCTURESTHELOSSOFONEPARTOFTHEARGU MENTENDANGERSTHEENTIREARGUMENTINTHEINDEPENDENT STRUCTURETHEARGUMENTCANPREVAIL STRUCTURETHEARGU MENTCANPREVAILEVENIFONLY EVENIFONLYAPARTOF APARTOF ITSURVIVES 4HE 4H E 4OU OULM LMIN IN DI DIAG AGRA RAM M OF AN AR ARGU GUME MENT NT IS US USEF EFUL UL BECAUSEITILLUSTRATESTHEVARIOUSPARTSOFANARGUMENT ANDSHOWSHOWTHEYFUNCTIONTOGETHERASAWHOLE4HE MODIlCATIONSWITHREGARDTOARGU MODIlCATIONSWITHREG ARDTOARGUMENTSTRUCTURE MENTSTRUCTUREMAKEIT MAKEIT EVENMOREUSEFUL3TILLTHEMODELHASITSSHORTCOMINGS /NEDIFlCULTYWITHTHE4OULMINDIAGRAMISTHATITDOES NOTPROVIDEANYDETAILSREGARDINGSOMEOFTHEELEMENTS 3OME 3O ME QU QUEST ESTION IONS S TH THAT AT TH THE E DI DIAG AGRA RAM M LE LEAV AVES ES UN UNAN ANSW SWER ERED ED INCLUDE s7HATARETHEDIFFERENTKINDSOFCLAIMS s(OWCANDIFFERENTCLAIM s(OWCANDIFFER ENTCLAIMSBECOMBINEDTOSUPPO SBECOMBINEDTOSUPPORT RT VARIOUSPROPOSITIONS s7HATARETHEDIFFERENTFORMSOFEVIDENCE s7HATARETHEDIFFERENTKINDSOFARGUMENTATIVEWAR RANTS s 7H 7HAT AT DI DIST STIN INGU GUIS ISHE HES S GO GOOD OD AR ARGU GUME MENT NTS S FR FROM OM BA BAD D ONES
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$ElNITIONSANSWERTHEQUESTIONh$OESITSERVEOUR PURPOSESTOSAYTHAT:ISTHEPROPERDElNITIONOF8v !RGUINGFORACLAIM !RGUINGFOR ACLAIMOFDElNITION OFDElNITIONINVOLVESTWO INVOLVESTWOSTEPSPOS STEPSPOS ITINGTHEDElNITIONANDMAKINGANARGUMENTFORTHAT DElNITION)NCARRYINGOUTTHElRSTSTEPONESIMPLYSTATES THAT THA Th8v h8v ISDElNE ISDElNED DINTHISWAY INTHISWAY h2H h2HETO ETORICIS RICIS ANACTIO ANACTION N HUMANSPERFORMWHENTHEYUSESYMBOL HUMANSPERFORMWHEN THEYUSESYMBOLSFORTHEPURPOSE SFORTHEPURPOSE OF COMMU COMMUNICATI NICATING NG WITH ONE ANOTH ANOTHER ERv v4HISSENTENCE POSITSADElNITIONOFRHETORIC -UCHOFTHETIMEARGUERSPERFORMTHElRSTSTEPOF POSITINGADElNITIONWITHOUTCONSTRUCTINGANARGUMENT TOSUPPORTIT4HEYMAYDOTHISBECAUSETHEIRAUDIENCE DOESNOTREQUIRETHEMTOMAKEANEXPLICITARGU DOESNOTREQUIR ETHEMTOMAKEANEXPLICITARGUMENT MENTIN IN FAVOR FAV OR OF THE DEl DElNIT NITION ION 4HE DEl DElNIT NITION ION MAY MAY BY ITS ITSELF ELF CREATEAFRAMEOFMINDINTHEAUDIENCETHATDOESNOT LEADTHEAUDIENCETODEMANDANARGUMENTINSUPPORTOF THEDElNITION&ORINSTANCEANTIABORTIONFORCESINTHE 5NITED3TAT 5N ITED3TATESSUCCEEDEDINDElNINGAPROCEDURE ESSUCCEEDEDINDElNINGAPROCEDUREPHYSI PHYSI CIANSCALLEDhINTACTDILATION CIANSCALLEDhINTACTDILATIO NANDEXTRACTION ANDEXTRACTIONv vAShPARTI AShPARTIAL AL BIRTHABORTIONv 4HEIRDElNITIONWASSUCCESSFULBECAUSE ITDOMINATEDTHEDISCOURSEONABORTIONANDTURNEDTHE CONTRO CON TROVER VERSYAWAYFROMTHE SYAWAYFROMTHE ISSU ISSUE EOF OFCHO CHOICE ICE AND TO TOWAR WARD D APARTICULARMEDICALPROCEDURETHATANTIABORTIONFORCES COULDUSEMORESUCCESSFULLY/NTHESURFACETHEDElNI TIONOFhINTACTDILATIONANDEXTRACTIONvAShPARTIALBIRTH ABORTIONvMAYHAVESEEMEDSOSENSIBLETHATNOFURTHER
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)NTRODUCTION \
THOSEOFTHE.IXONADMINISTRATION WASASIGNOF3IMPSONSGUILT! WASASIGNOF3IMPSON SGUILT!CCORDINGTOTHEDEFENSE CCORDINGTOTHEDEFENSES s!DVERTISINGHASCHANGEDTHEROLEOFWOMENINTHE CLAIMTHEGLO CLAIMTHEGLOVESIGNALEDHISINN VESIGNALEDHISINNOCENCE OCENCE4HISWASACLEAR 4HISWASACLEAR 5NITED3TATES CASEWHERETHEARGUMENTCENTEREDAROUNDTHERELATION SHIP BET BETWEE WEEN N THE BLO BLOODY ODY GL GLOVE OVE AND 3IM 3IMPSON PSONS GUI GUILT LTOR OR !LL OF THESE ARE CLAIMS OF RELATIONSHIP BECAUSE THEY INNOCENCE ASSERT ASS ERT A REL RELATI ATIONS ONSHIP HIP BET BETWEE WEEN N TWO OBJ OBJECT ECTS S OR CONC CONCEPT EPTS S )NTHE3IMPSONEXAMPLETHECLAIMOFSIGNISIMPOR SEC S ECON ONDH DHAN AND D SM SMOK OKE E AN AND D HE HEAL ALTH TH #L #LIN INTO TON N AN AND D .IX IXON ON TANTBECAUSEIFITWEREBELIEVEDTHECLAIMALONEISSUF ADVERTISING ADVERT ISINGAND ANDWOMEN WOMEN 4HE 4HERELA RELATIONSH TIONSHIPS IPS ASSERTE ASSERTED D IN lCI lCIENT ENT TO EST ESTABL ABLISH ISH GUI GUILT LT OR INN INNOCE OCENCE NCE DEP DEPEND ENDING ING ON THESEEXAMPLESAREOFTWOKINDSOFCONTINGENCYANDOF THENATUREOFTHEARGUMENT"UTLIKEOTHERCLAIMSA SIMILARITY CLAIMOFSIGNALSOCANBEUSEDASEVIDE CLAIMOFSIGN ALSOCANBEUSEDASEVIDENCETOESTAB NCETOESTABLISHA LISHA DIFFERENTCLAIM3AYFORINSTANCETHATAPERSONCLAIMS #ONTINGENCY THATh0HOTOGRAPHSFROMTHEYACHT@-ONKEY"USINESS 3OMECLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIPASSERTARELATIONSHIPOF SHO SHOWED WED THA THAT T PRE PRESIDE SIDENTI NTIAL AL CAN CANDIDA DIDATE TE 'ARY (AR (ART T WAS AN CONTINGENCY4HESECONDHANDSMOKINGEXAMPLEANDTHE ADULT ADULTERER ERERv4HEPHOTOGRA v4HEPHOTOGRAPHSARENOTDIRECTEVIDENC PHSARENOTDIRECTEVIDENCEOF EOF ADVERTISINGEXAMPLEAREOFTHISKIND ADVERTISINGEXAMPLEARE OFTHISKIND)NEACHCASE )NEACHCASETHESE THESE ADULTERYBUTGIVENTHEIRNATURETHEYARESTRONGSIGNSOF CLAIMSASSERTTHATONEOBJECTORPHENOMENONISDEPEN INlDELITY/NECOULDTHENUSETHISCLAIMOFSIGNTOSUP DENTONANOTHERINONEWAYORANOTHER3IGNANDCAUSE PORTANEVALUA PORTANEVALUATIVEARGU TIVEARGUMENT MENTh'ARY(ARTISNOTWORTHY h'ARY(ARTISNOTWORTHY ARETWOWAYSOBJECTSCANBEDEPENDENTONONEANOTHER OFBEINGPRESIDENTSINCEHEISANADULTERERv)NTHISCASE VIASOMEFORMOFCONTINGENCY THECLAIMOFSIGNBECOMESEVIDENCETOSUPPORTANEVALU 2ELATIONSHIPSOFSIGN AREONEWAYTOSHOWTHATONE ATIVECLAIM THINGISDEPENDENTONANOTHERTHING 2ELAT 2E LATIONS IONSHIP HIPS SOFSIGNMAYOR OFSIGNMAYOR MAY NOT INV INVOLV OLVE EREL RELA A #ONSIDERTHESE TIONSHIPSOFCAUSE4HERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPAINAND s4HEPAININYOURCHILDSABDOMENPROBABLYMEANS APPENDICITISISONEOFBOTHSIGNANDCAUSE4HEPAINIS SHEHASAPPENDICITIS ASIGNOFTHEAPPENDICITISANDTHEAPPENDICITISISACAUSE s4HE PAL PALM M PRI PRINT NTONTHE ONTHE -A -ANNL NNLICH ICHER# ER#ARC ARCANO ANO RIm RImE E OFTHEPAIN!CAUSALRELATIONSHIPISNOTDIRECTLYINVOLVED PROVESTHAT/SWALDHANDLED PROVESTHAT /SWALDHANDLEDTHERImE THERImESUPPOSEDLYUSED SUPPOSEDLYUSED INTHEEXAMPLEOFTHEDOUBLEMURDEROF'OLDMANAND TOSHOOT0RESIDENT+ENNEDY "ROWN3IMPSONORINTHEEXAMPLEABOUT/SWALD "ROWN3IMPSONORINTHEEXAMPL EABOUT/SWALDSPALM SPALM PRIN PR INT T ON TH THE E RI RImE mE !L !LTH THOU OUGH GH TH THE E PA PALM LM PR PRIN INT T AN AND D TH THE E "OTHOFTHEPREVIOUSSTATEMENTSARECLAIMSABOUTRELA BLOODYGLOVEWERESIGNSOFMURDERTHEYWERENOTCAUSES TIONSHIPSOFSIGN4HEPAININTHEABDOMENASASIGN OFTHEMURDER4HUSRELA 4HUSRELATIO TIONSH NSHIPSOF IPSOF SIG SIGN NARE ARE DIFF DIFFER ER OFAPPENDICITISISDEPENDENTONTHEBELIEFTHATTHECHILD ENTFROMRELATIONSHIPSOFCAUSEATLEASTINTERMSOFTHEIR ACTUALLYHASABDOMINALPAINANDABELIEFINTHERELATION FOCUS SHIPBETWEENTHATPAINANDHERAPPENDIX4HEBELIEFTHAT IMPORTA ORTANT NTIN INMAN MANY Y FORM FORMS S #AUSAL RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMP /SWALDHANDLEDTHERImETHATSUPPOSEDLYWASUSEDTO OFARGUME OFARGUMENT4HE NT4HEKINDOFCAUSALCLA KINDOFCAUSALCLAIMVARIESFROM IMVARIESFROMONE ONE SHOOT0RESIDENT+ENNEDYISDEPENDENTONTHEBELIEFTHAT INSTANCETOTHENEXT!FEWEXAMPLESINCLUDECONTRIBU HEACTUALLYLEFTHISPALMPRINTONTHEMURDERWEAPON TORY CAU CAUSES SES NEC NECESSA ESSARY RY AND SUF SUFlCI lCIENT ENT CAU CAUSES SES BLO BLOCKI CKING NG !RGUMENTS OF SIGN PLAYED A VERY IMPORTANTPER CAUSESANDMOTIVEORRESPONSIBILITY HAPSCRUCIALROLEINTHECRIMINALTRIALOF/*3IMPSON #ONTRIBUTORYCAUSESARESPECIALKINDSOFCAUSALSTATE FORTHEMURDERSOF2ON'OLDMANAND.ICOLE"ROWN MENTS)NMANYORMOSTCASESASINGLEEVENTISNOTTHE 3IMPSON4HEPROSECUTIONCLAIMEDTHATTHEPRESENCEOF CAUSEOFANEFFECT#ERTAINCONDITIONSPREDISPOSECER ABLOODYGLOVENEAR3IMPSON ABLOODYGLO VENEAR3IMPSONSHOMEWASA SHOMEWASASIGNTHATHE SIGNTHATHE TAINEFFECTSOTHERCONDITIONSINmUENCETHEOCCURRENCEOF WASTHE MURDERER MURDERER )NA )NADRAMATICTURN DRAMATICTURN OF OFEVENTS3IMP EVENTS3IMP THOSEEFFECTS&INALLYSOMECONDITIONPRECIPITATESTHAT SON SO N TR TRIE IED D ON TH THE E GL GLOV OVE E IN TH THE E PR PRES ESEN ENCE CE OF TH THE E JU JURY RY IT EFFECT&OREXAMPLECONSIDERTHESETHREEPOSSIBLECLAIMS APPEAR APP EAREDTOBE EDTOBETOO TOO SMA SMALL LL TOlTON TOlTONHIS HIS HAN HAND4HISEVI D4HISEVI ABOUTTHECAUSESOFHEARTATTACKS DENCEALLOWEDTHEDEFENSETOSUPPORTITSOWNCLAIMIN s'ENETICSARETHECAUSEOFHEARTATTACKS QUITEPOETICLANGUAGEh)FTHEGLOVEDOESN QUITEPOETICLANGUAGEh)FTHEGLOV EDOESNTlTYOUMUST TlTYOUMUST s!HIGHCHOLESTEROLDIETCANCAUSEHEARTATTACK ACQUITv!CCORDINGTOTHEPROSECUTIONSCLAIMTHEGLOVE s6IGOROUSEXERCISECAUSESHEARTATTACKS /NECANMAKEACASEFORACAUSAL /NECANMAKEACASEFORACAUSALRELATION RELATIONSHIPBETW SHIPBETWEENTHEMURD EENTHEMURDERANDTHEBLOODY ERANDTHEBLOODYGLOVEINTHATTHEACTOFCOMM GLOVEINTHATTHEACTOFCOMMITTIN ITTINGTHE GTHE MURDERCAUSEDBLOODTOGETONTHEGLOVE4HECAUSALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEPALMPRINTANDTHE+ENNEDYMURDERISLESSDIRECT ALTHOUGHONECOULDSAYTHATTHEACTOFMURDERING0RESIDENT+ENNEDYCAUSED/SWALDSPALMPRINTTOBEONTHEMURDERWEAPON4HIS LASTCLAIMISAWEAKONESINCETHEPALMPR LASTCLAIMISAWEAK ONESINCETHEPALMPRINTCOULDHAVEBEENONTHE INTCOULDHAVEBEENONTHERImELONGBEFORETHE RImELONGBEFORETHEASSASSINATION ASSASSINATION
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7EKNOWTHATSOMEPEOPLEAREGENETICALLYMOREPRE 7EKNOWTHATSOMEPEOPLEAREGENETICALLYMOREPRE DISPOSEDTOHEARTATTACKSTHANOTHERS)FAPERSONWHO ALREAD ALR EADY Y IS PRE PREDISP DISPOSE OSED D TO HEA HEART RT ATT ATTACK ACKS S REG REGULA ULARLY RLY CON CON SUMESADIETHIGHINCHOLESTEROLTHATDIETCONTRIBUTES TOTHELIKELIHOODOFHEARTATTACK3UPPOSEAPERSONDIES OFAHEARTATTACKWHILEONAMORNINGJOG7HATWASTHE CAUSE'ENETICS$IET%XERCISE4HEANSWERISTHATALL THREEFACTORSMAYHAVEBEENCONTRIBUTORYCAUSES.O SINGLECAUSEMAYHAVECAUSEDTHEHEARTATTACKBUTALL THREECONDITIONSINCOMBINATIONMAYHAVERESULTEDINA HEARTATTACK .ECESSARYANDSUFlCIENTCAUSESFREQUENTLYDEALWITH SINGULARCAUSESRATHERTHANCONTRIBUTORYCAUSESh-ONEY ISESSENTIALTOHAPPINESSv ISESSENTIALTO HAPPINESSvISANEXAMPLE ISANEXAMPLEOFACLAIM OFACLAIMOFNEC OFNEC ESSARYCAUSATION4OSAYTHATMONEYISANECESSARYCAUSE OFHAPPINESSISNOTTOSAYTHATTHEPRESENCEOFMONEY AUTOMATICALLYLEADSTOHAPPINESS4HECLAIMDOESHOW EVERIMPLYTHATWITHOUTMONEYHAPPINESSISIMPOSSIBLE )FONEWANTEDTOMAKEACLAIMOFSUFlCIENTCAUSATION USINGTHESAMEEXAMPLEONEMIGHTCLAIMTHAThMONEY ISTHEKEYTOHAPPINESSv$EPEND ISTHEKEYTOHAPPINESS v$EPENDINGONHOWONEINTER INGONHOWONEINTER PRETEDTHATCLAIMITMIGHTMEANTHATMONEYBRINGSHAP PINESSREGARDLESSOFOTHERCONDITIONS)NTHATCASEONE WOULDHAVEMADEACLAIMABOUTASUFlCIENTCAUSE WOULDHAVEMADEACLAIMAB OUTASUFlCIENTCAUSE .ECESSARYANDSUFlCIENTCAUSESAREUSEFUL .ECESSARYANDSUFlCIENT CAUSESAREUSEFULWHENARGU WHENARGU INGABOUTRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENANDAMONGVARIOUSPHE NOMENA4HEYAREALSOUSEFULASEVIDENCEFROMWHICHTO CONSTRUCTOTHERKINDSOFCLAIMSPARTICULARLYCLAIMSTHAT EVALUATEACOURSEOFACTION7HENANARGUERPROPOSES A STR STRATE ATEGY GYTO TO ELI ELIMIN MINATE ATE AN ANUND UNDESIR ESIRABL ABLE E EFF EFFECT ECT EVI EVIDEN DENCE CE DERIVEDFROMACLAIMABOUTANECESSARYCONDITIONOFTHAT EFFECTISUSEFUL(AVINGMADEACLAIMABOUTANECESSARY CAUSEONECANFORWARDAPROPOSALTOELIMINATETHATNEC ESSARYCAUSEANDTHUSELIMINATETHEEFFECT&ORINSTANCE IFPEOPLEBELIEVETHATO IFPEOPLEB ELIEVETHATOVEREATINGISA VEREATINGISANECESSARYCONDITION NECESSARYCONDITION OFOBESITYTHEYCOULDUSETHISCAUSALCLAIMASEVIDENCETO CONVINCEOTHERSTHATTHEYNEEDTOQUITOVEREATING4HUS MAKINGACLAIMABOUTANECESSARYCAUSEISAGOODWAYTO SUPPORTAPLANFORELIMINATINGANEFFECT 3IMILARLYEVIDENCEDERIVEDFROMACLAIMABOUTASUFl CIENTCAUSEISAGOODWAYTOSUPPORTAPLANFORPRODUCING ANEFFECT)FONECANPRESENTAPROPOSALTHATADDSASUF lCIENTCAUSEONECANTHENCLAIMTHATTHEPROPOSALWILL PRODUCESOMEGOODEFFECT&ORINSTANCESOMEDIETCOM MERCIALSCLAIMTHATTHEIRPRODUCTSARESUFlCIENTTOCAUSE ONETOLOSEWEIGHT4HISCLAIMOFASUFlCIENTCAUSALCON DITIONCANTHENBEUSEDASEVIDENCETOCONVINCEBUYERS TOTRYTHEIRDIETPROGRAMS)MPLIEDINSUCHACLAIMISTHAT REGARDLESSOFWHATELSEONEDOESFOLLOWINGTHEPROPOSED DIETWILLLEADTOWEIGHTLOSS 3TATEMENTSABOUTMOTIVE ARECAUSALCLAIMSABOUT THEEFFECTSOFHUMANAGENTS-ANYCAUSALCLAIMSLIKE
THOSEALREADY THOSEALREA DYDISC DISCUSS USSED ED ARE REL RELATE ATED D TO TOPHY PHYSICA SICAL LOR ORBIO BIO LOGICALL PHENO LOGICA PHENOMENA MENA 4HE 4HERELA RELATIONSHI TIONSHIPS PS AMON AMONG G GENET GENETICS ICS DIETEXERCISEANDHEARTDISEASEAREBIOLOGICALRELATION SHIP SH IPS S 6AR ARIOU IOUS S EL ELEM EMEN ENTS TS IN A BI BIOL OLOG OGIC ICAL AL SY SYST STEM EM AF AFFEC FECT T OTHERELEMENTSINTHATSAMESYSTEM)NASIMILARMANNER MOTIVESAREAKINDOFCAUSALEXPLANATIONWHENHUMAN CHOICEISINVOLVEDINCREATINGEFFECTS7HYFORINSTANCE DOSENATORSANDREPRESENTATIVESSTALLLEGISLATIONFORCAM PAIGNlNANCEREFORM7HYDOCORPORATION PAIGN lNANCEREFORM7HYDOCORPORATIONSKNOWINGL SKNOWINGLY Y PRODUCEDANGEROUSPRODUCTS4HEANSWERSTOTHESEQUES TIONSINVOLVECAUSALCLAIMSBUTCAUSALCLAIMSOFADIFFER ENTORDERFROMTHOSEDISCUSSEDEARLIER )NANEARLIEREXAMPLEGENETICSDIETANDEXERCISEDID NOThCHOOSEvTOCAUSEHEARTDISEASE"UTINHUMANSYS TEMSCHOICEISFREQUENTLYAN TEMSCHOICEISFR EQUENTLYANIMPORTANTELEMENT IMPORTANTELEMENTINDETER INDETER MINING MIN ING WHA WHAT T ACT ACTION IONS S LEA LEAD D TO WHA WHAT T EFF EFFECT ECTS S /NE MIG MIGHT HT CLAIM CLA IM THA THAT T hREP REPRES RESENT ENTATI ATIVES VES AND SEN SENATO ATORS RS SEL SELFIN FINTER TEREST EST MOTIVATETHEMTOSTALLCAMPAIGNlNANCEREFORMvORTHAT THE hPRO PROlT lT MOT MOTIVE IVE INDU INDUCES CES CORP CORPORA ORATION TIONS S KNO KNOWIN WINGLY GLY TO PRODUCEDANGEROUSPRODUCTSv4HEKINDSOFCAUSALQUES TIONSTHATDEALWITHMOTIVESAREVERYUSEFULWHENARGUING ABOUTTHEEFFECTSOFHUMANACTIONS ,IKE ,I KE OT OTHE HER R CA CAUS USAL AL CL CLAI AIMS MS CL CLAI AIMS MS AB ABOU OUT T MO MOTI TIVE VE AR ARE E USEF US EFUL UL AS EV EVID IDEN ENCE CE IN TH THE E CO CONS NSTR TRUC UCTI TION ON OF EV EVAL ALUA UATI TIVE VE CLAIMS!CLAIMBASEDONASENATORSMOTIVEFORSTALLING CAMPAI CAM PAIGN GNlNA lNANCE NCE REF REFORM ORM MIG MIGHT HT FORINSTAN FORINSTANCE CE BE BEUSE USED D ASEVIDENCETOCONSTRUCTAFURTHERCLAIMRELEVANTTOTHE WISDOMOFREELECTING WISDOMOF REELECTINGTHATSENAT THATSENATOR OR!CLAIM !CLAIMTHATA THATAPARTICU PARTICU LARCORPORATIONSDESIREFORPROlTSLEDTOTHEPRODUCTION OF UNS UNSAFE AFE PRO PRODUC DUCTS TS MIG MIGHT HT BE USE USED D AS FUR FURTHE THER R EVI EVIDEN DENCE CE TOSUPPORTACLAIMASKINGFORABOYCOTTOFTHATCORPORA TION 4HECLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIPTHATHAVEBEENDISCUSSED SO FAR HAV HAVE E INV INVOLV OLVED ED REL RELATI ATIONS ONSHIP HIPS S OF CON CONTIN TINGEN GENCY CY )N RELATIONSHIPSOFCONTINGENCYONEPHENOMENONDEPENDS ONORAFFECTSANOTHER4HESECLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIPSHAVE GENERALLYBEENDIVIDEDINTOTHECATEGORIESOFSIGNSAND CAUSE(OWEVERCLAIMSOFCONTINGENCYARENOTTHEONLY KINDOFCLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIP#LAIMSOFSIMILARITYARE EQUALLYIMPORTANTKINDSOFRELATIONALCLAIMS 3IMILARITY
)N ADD ADDITI ITION ON TO REL RELATI ATIONS ONSHIPS HIPS BAS BASED ED ON CON CONTIN TINGEN GENCY CY OTHERSTATEMENTSOFRELATIONSHIPASSERTARELATIONSHIPOF SIMILARITY!CLAIMOFSIMILARITYASSERTSTHATTWOORMORE OBJECTSORCONCEPTSARESIMILARINIMPORTANTWAYS#LAIMS OFSIMILARITYAREFREQUENTLYFOUNDINWHATISCALLEDARGU MENTBYANALOGYORARGUMENTBYPARALLELCASE%XAMPLES OFCLAIMSOFSIMILARITYINCLUDE s!BORTIONISVIRTUALLYTHESAMEASINFANTICIDE s 4H 4HE E #L #LIN INTO TON N AD ADMI MINI NIST STRA RATI TION ON IS LI LIKE KE TH THE E .IX IXON ON ADMINISTRATION
)NTRODUCTION \
s#APITALPUNISHMENTISSTATESANCTIONEDMURDER %ACH OF TH %ACH THES ESE E EXA EXAMP MPLE LES S SH SHAR ARE E CE CERTA RTAIN IN CH CHAR ARAC ACTE TERI RIS S TICS TIC S &IRST IRST EAC EACH HEXA EXAMPL MPLE EINC INCLUD LUDESTWO ESTWO OBJ OBJECT ECTS SORCON ORCON CEPTS#LINTONAND.IXON CEPTS#LINTON AND.IXONABORTIONANDINFAN ABORTIONANDINFANTICIDEAND TICIDEAND CAPITALPUNISHMENTANDMURDER CAPITALPUNISHMENT ANDMURDER3ECOND 3ECONDEACHEXAMPLE EACHEXAMPLE STAT ST ATES ES TH THAT AT TH THE E TW TWO O CON CONCE CEPT PTS S OR OB OBJE JECT CTS S AR ARE E SIM SIMIL ILAR AR IN IMPORTANTREGARDS #LAIMSOFSIMILARITYAREUSEFULWHENANARGUERWANTS TODONOTHINGMORETHANSUPPORTTHEIDEATHATTWOOR MORE MOR E OBJ OBJECT ECTS S AND CON CONCEP CEPTS TS ARE SIM SIMILA ILARR !LT !LTHOU HOUGH GH THE CLAIMFOCUSE CLA IMFOCUSES S ONTHE SIM SIMILA ILARITY RITY BET BETWEE WEEN NTHE THE OBJ OBJECT ECTSIT SIT FREQUENTLYCARRIESANOTHERIMPLIEDCLAIMOFEVALUATION 4HE CLAIM THAT THATCAPITA CAPITALL PUNISH PUNISHMENT MENTIS IS STATE STATESANCT SANCTIONED IONED MURDER MUR DERIS IS NOT A VAL VALUE UENEU NEUTRA TRAL L STA STATEM TEMENT ENT 7HE 7HEN N CON CON FRONTE FRO NTED DWITH WITH SUC SUCH HA ACLA CLAIM IM MOS MOST TAUD AUDIEN IENCESBEGIN CESBEGIN WIT WITH H THEASSUMPTIONTHATMUR THEASSUMP TIONTHATMURDERISA DERISANEGAT NEGATIVELY IVELYVALUEDCON VALUEDCON CEPT!NARGUERWHOSUCCEEDSINSUPPORTINGTHECLAIMOF SIMILARITYALSOSUCCEEDSINTRANSFERRINGTHE SIMILARITYALSOSUCCEEDS INTRANSFERRINGTHENEGATIVEVALUE NEGATIVEVALUE ASSOCIATEDWITHMURDERTOTHECONCEPTOF ASSOCIATEDWITHMURDER TOTHECONCEPTOFCAPITALPUNISH CAPITALPUNISH MENT)NALLOFTHEABOVEEXAMPLESOFCLAIMSOFSIMILAR ITYTHEARGUERHASTWODIFFERENTPURPOS ITY THEARGUERHASTWODIFFERENTPURPOSESTOSHOWTHAT ESTOSHOWTHAT THETWOCONCEPTSOROBJECTSHAVESIMIL THETWOCONCEP TSOROBJECTSHAVESIMILARCHARACT ARCHARACTERISTICS ERISTICS ORTOSHOWTHATTHETWOCONCEPTSOROBJECTSAREEVALUATED INSIMILARWAYS )NSOMECASESTHEAUDIENCEMAYNOTHAVEENOUGH FAMILIARITY FAMIL IARITYWITHEITHEROFTHETWOOBJECTS WITHEITHEROFTHETWOOBJECTSTOUNDERSTAND TOUNDERSTAND THEVALUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEM)NSUCHACASEACLAIM OFSIMILARITYISSOMETIMESTHElRSTSTEPTOWARDPROVINGA CLAIMOFEVALUATION#ONSIDERAHYPOTHETICALCLAIMTHAT STATESh3ENATOR8SMEDICALCAREPLANISSIMILARTOONE INSTITUTEDIN#ANADAv)FTHEAUDIENCEKNEWNOTHING ABOUTEITHER3ENAT ABOU TEITHER3ENATOR8SPLAN OR8SPLANOR ORTHE#ANADI THE#ANADIANONETHE ANONETHE ARGUERMIGHTESTABLISHTHISCLAIMTOBEUSEDASEVIDENCE INALATEREVALUATIVECLAIMTHATh3ENATOR8SPLANSHOULD BEACCEPTEDORREJECTEDv)NTHISCASETHEARGUERMIGHT PRESENTANEVALUAT PRESE NTANEVALUATIVECLAIMREGA IVECLAIMREGARDING RDINGTHESUCCESSOF THESUCCESSOFTHE THE #ANADIANPLANANDTHEN #ANAD IANPLANANDTHENCOMBINETHETWOCLAIMS COMBINETHETWOCLAIMSONE ONE OFSIMILARITYANDONEREGARDINGACCEPTANCEORREJECTION OFSIMILARITYANDONEREGARDING ACCEPTANCEORREJECTION 4HUSCLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIPFALLINTOTHREEBROADCAT EGORIESSIGNCAUSATIONANDSIMILARITY)NSOMECASES CLAIMSOFRELATIONSHIPARESUPPORTEDBYEVIDENCEBUILTON CLAIMSOFFACT,IKEWISERELATIONALCLA CLAIMSOFFACT ,IKEWISERELATIONALCLAIMSCANBEUSED IMSCANBEUSEDTO TO ESTABLISHEVALUATIVECLAIMS
%VALUATIVECLAIMSBEARAFAMILYRESEMBLANCETOONE ANOT AN OTHE HER R BE BECA CAUS USE E TH THEY EY AT ATTA TACH CH A VA VALU LUE E TO ON ONE E OR MO MORE RE OBJECTSOREVENTS3TILLEVALUATIVECLAIMSARESOVASTIN NUMB NU MBER ER AN AND D IN CH CHAR ARAC ACTE TERIS RISTI TICS CS TH THAT AT TH THEY EY CA CAN N BE MO MORE RE EASILYVIEWEDINTHESETHREECATEGORIESTHOSETHATEVALU ATEASINGLEOBJECTTHOSETHATCOMPARETWOOBJECTSWITH RESPECTTOSOMEVALUEANDTHOSETHATSUGGESTANACTION WITHRESPECTTOSOMEOBJECT #LAIMSTHAT%VALUATEA3INGLE/BJECT
3OMEEVALUATIVECLAIMSSIMPLYARGUETHATANOBJECT ISATTACHEDINSOMEWAYPOSITIVELYORNEGATIVELYWITH SOMEVALUE4HESEKINDSOFCLAIMSINVOLVEBOTHANOBJECT OFEVALUATIONANDSOMEVALUEJUDGMENTTOBEAPPLIEDTO THEOBJECT s#APITALPUNISHMENTISIMMORAL s0RIVATEPROPERTYISTHEROOTOFALLEVIL s#APITALISMISGOOD 4HESE 4HES E EX EXAM AMPL PLES ES OF CL CLAI AIMS MS TH THAT AT AT ATTA TACH CH A VA VALU LUE E TO A SINGL SIN GLE E OB OBJE JECT CT AL ALL L CO CONT NTAI AIN N SOM SOME E OB OBJE JECT CT TO BE EV EVAL ALUA UATE TED D CAPITALL PUNISH CAPITA PUNISHMENT MENT PRIVAT PRIVATE E PROPERT PROPERTYY CAPITA CAPITALISM LISM AND SOME SO ME VA VALU LUE E JU JUDG DGME MENT NT TH THAT AT IS AP APPL PLIE IED D TO TH THE E OB OBJE JECT CTS S IMMORALEVILGOOD 3OME 3O ME CL CLAI AIMS MS LI LIKE KE TH THOS OSE E ME MENT NTION IONED ED AB ABOV OVE E IM IMPL PLY Y RATH RA THER ER BR BROA OAD D VA VALU LUE E JU JUDG DGME MENT NTS S /T /THE HERS RS MA MAY Y CO CONT NTAI AIN N MORESPECIlCONES s#APITALPUNISHMENTISUNFAIRINITSAPPLICATIONTO MINORITIES s 0R 0RIVA IVATE TE PRO PROPER PERTY TY HAS LED TO AN UNC UNCONT ONTROL ROLLED LED AND IMMORALRULINGCLASS s#APITALISMPROVIDESINCENTIVEFORINDIVIDUALENTER PRISE 4HESE 4HES E EX EXAM AMPL PLES ES CO CONT NTAI AIN N VA VALU LUE E JU JUDG DGME MENT NTS S TH THAT AT AR ARE E MORESPECIlCTHANTHEBROADONESCITEDEARLIER #LAIMSTHAT#OMPARE4WO/BJECTS
)NSTEAD )NSTE AD OF EVA EVALUA LUATIN TING G A SING SINGLE LE OBJ OBJECT ECT SOM SOME E CLA CLAIMS IMS COMPARETWOOBJECTSWITHRESPECTTOSOMEVALUETOCON STITUTEASECONDCATEGORYOFEVALUATIVECLAIM5 STITUTEASECONDCATEGORYOFEVAL UATIVECLAIM5NLIKETHE NLIKETHE PREVIOUSCATEGORYOFEVALUATIVECLAIMSCLA PREVIOUSCATEGORYOFEVAL UATIVECLAIMSCLAIMSINTHISCAT IMSINTHISCAT EGORYINCLUDEATLEASTTWOOBJECTSOFEVALUATIONANDAT LEASTONEVALUEJUDGMENTTOBEAPPLIEDTOTHOSEOBJECTS #ONSIDERTHESECLAIMS #LAIMSOF%VALUATION s,YINGISMOREPROPERTHANHURTINGSOMEONESFEELINGS %VALUATIVECLAIMSGOBEYONDDESCRIPTIVECLAIMSAND s2EAGANWASABETTERPRESIDENTTHAN#LINTON CLAIMS CLA IMS OF REL RELATI ATIONS ONSHIP HIP TO THE EVA EVALUA LUATION TION OF AN OBJ OBJECT ECT EVENTORCONCEPT%VALUA EVENT ORCONCEPT%VALUATIVECLAIM TIVECLAIMSAREMORECOMPLEX SAREMORECOMPLEX %ACHOFTHESEEXAMPLESCONTAINSTWOOBJECTSLYING KINDS KIN DS OF CLA CLAIMS IMS BEC BECAUS AUSE E THE THEY Y ORD ORDINA INARIL RILY Y REQ REQUIR UIRE E SOM SOME E AND HUR HURTIN TING G SOM SOMEON EONE ES S FEEL FEELING INGS S 2E 2EAGA AGAN N AND #LI #LINTO NTON N COMBINATIONOFOTHERDElNITIONSDESCRIPTIONSANDRELA AND ONE VAL VALUE UEJUD JUDGM GMENT ENT TO TOBE BEAPP APPLIE LIED D TO TOEAC EACH H OBJ OBJECT ECT TIONALSTATEMENTS MOREPROPERANDBETTERPRESIDENT
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#LAIMSOF!CTION
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4HEORYAND0RACTICE 4HISESSAYHASPROVIDEDSOMETHEORETICALBACKGROUND 4HISESSAYHASPROVIDEDSOMETHEORETICALBACKG ROUND RELEVANTTOARGUMENTATIONINDEBATING3PECIlCALLYITHAS PROVIDEDADISCUSSIONOFTHE4OULMINMODELOFARGUMENT ANDAMOREDETAIL ANDA MOREDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTWO EDDESCRIPTIONOFTWOOF4 OF4OULMI OULMIN NSELE MENTSCLAIMSANDEVIDENCE4HEREASONFORFOCUSINGON THESETWOELEMENTSISTHATTHEREMAINDEROFTHISVOLUME PROVIDESINFORMATIONTHATCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOEVI DENCE DEN CE AND CLA CLAIMS IMS TO SUP SUPPORT PORT PRO PROPOS POSITIO ITIONS NS #LA #LAIMS IMS AND EVIDE EV IDENC NCE E AR ARE E TH THE E FO FOUN UNDA DATI TION ONAL AL EL ELEM EMEN ENTS TS OF SU SUPP PPORT ORTING ING PROPOSITIONS PROPOS ITIONS7 7ARRANT ARRANTSAND SANDRESERVA RESERVATIONSWHICHAREMORE TIONSWHICHAREMORE LIKELYTOBEINDIVIDUALCREATIONSTHANFOUNDATIONSDIDNOT RECEIVETHESAMEDETAILEDDISCUSSION HeX[hjJhWff Fhe\[iiehe\H^[jeh_Y M_bbWc[jj[Kd_l[hi_jo IWb[c"Eh[]ed"K$I$7$ @WdkW @ WdkWho(& ho(&&) &)
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02/3
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7ITHOUT A DOUBT MANY OF THE WORLD WORLDS S PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIESAREMAKINGLARGEPROlTSBYSELLINGDRUGSTO POORNATIONSTHATHAVEAGREATPORTIONOFTHEIRPOPU LATI LA TION ON IN INFE FECT CTED ED WIT WITH H () ()6 6!) !)$3 $3 4H 4HIS IS IS AN IM IMMO MORA RAL L EXPLOITATIONOFTHOSE!)$3 EXPLOITATIONOFT HOSE!)$3SUFFERERSWHOCAN SUFFERERSWHOCANLEAST LEASTAFFORD AFFORD TOPAYFORTREATMENTAND TOPAYFORTR EATMENTANDWHOHAVETHE WHOHAVETHELEASTPOWER LEASTPOWERINTER INTER NATIONALLYTONEGOTIATECHEAPERPRICES
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!LCOHOL IS JUST AS POTENTIALLY ADDICTIVE AS MANY ILLEGAL DRUGS4HOSEWHOBECOME DRUGS 4HOSEWHOBECOMEADDICTEDOFTENLOSE ADDICTEDOFTENLOSETHEIRMAR THEIRMAR RIAGESJOBSFAMILIESANDEVENTHEIRLIVES!LARGEPROPOR TIONOFHOMELESSPEOPLEWEREMADESOBECAUSEOFALCO HOLISM!NYDRUGTHISADDICTIVEANDDESTRUCTIVESHOULD BEILLEGAL
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!MERICAN CULTURE IS MATERIALISTIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC !MERICANSARECONCERNEDPRIMARILY !MERICANSARE CONCERNEDPRIMARILYWITHTHEIR WITHTHEIR OWNPER SONALWEALTHANDWELLBEINGANDGIVE SONALWEALTHAND WELLBEINGANDGIVEINSUFlCIENTREGARD INSUFlCIENTREGARD TOTHEGOODOFSOCIETYASAWHOLE
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4HEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFAJUSTICESYSTEMISTHEPREVEN TIONOF TIO NOF CRI CRIMEANDTHEPROTE MEANDTHEPROTECTI CTIONOF ONOFTHE THE INN INNOCEN OCENT)TIS T)TIS TOACHIEVETHESEPURPOSESTHATCHILDRENSHOULDNOTBE ENTITL ENT ITLED EDTO TOLEN LENIEN IENT T PUN PUNISHM ISHMENT ENT4HE 4HE PUR PURPOSE POSES S OF OFPUN PUN ISHMENT ISHM ENT ARE PRO PROPORT PORTION IONAL AL RET RETRIB RIBUTI UTION ON DET DETERR ERRENC ENCE E AND PREVENTIONOFCRIME2EHABILITATIONSHOULDATBESTBEA SECONDARYAIM
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4HE hJU hJUST ST DESS DESSERTS ERTSv v THE THEORY ORY OF PUN PUNISHM ISHMENT ENT ARG ARGUES UES THA THAT T THERETRIBUTIONSOCIETY THERETRIB UTIONSOCIETYTAKESAGAINSTANOFFENDERSHOULD TAKESAGAINSTANOFFENDERSHOULD BEPROPORTIONALTOTHEHARMHEHASCAUSEDTHEVICTIM &OREXAMPLEAPERSONWHOKILLSISMORECULPABLETHAN APERSONWHOROBSORHURTS"ECAUSETHEHARMCHILDREN
3UBJECTIVECULPABILITYSHOULDPLAYASIMPORTANTAPARTIN PUNISHMENTASTHEHARMPRINCIPLE4HATISWHYMURDER ISPUNISHEDMORESEVERELYTHANNEGLIGENTMANSLAUGHTER EVENTHOUGHBOTHCAUSETHESAMEHARM#HILDRENARENOT CAPABLEOFMAKINGTHESAMEMORALJUDGMENTSASADULTS
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CAUSEISTHESAMEASTHATCAUSEDBYADULTSCOMMITTINGA )TISTHEINABILITYOFCHILDRENTOFORMMORALJUDGMENTS SIMILAROFFENSECHILDRENSHOULDNOTRECEIVESPECIALTREAT THATMAKESTHEMLESSCULPABLEANDTHEREFOREWORTHYOF MENT4HEASSUMPTI MENT 4HEASSUMPTIONTHATCHILDREN ONTHATCHILDRENARE ARENOTASMORALLY NOTASMORALLY LIGHTERPUNISHMENT CULPABLEASADULTSISFALSE 4REATINGCHILDRENMORELENIENTLYTHANADULTSUNDERMINES THE DET DETERR ERRENT ENT VAL VALUE UE OF PUN PUNISH ISHMEN MENT T ! SURV SURVEY EY IN 6IRGINIAFOREXAMPLESHOWEDTHATOFYOUTHSHAVE ATVARIOUSTIMESEITHERBEENINAGANGORASSOCIATEDWITH GANGACTIVITIES/FTHESESAIDTHEYJOINEDBECAUSE FRIENDSWEREINVOLVEDANDJOINEDFORhEXCITEMENTv 4HISCLEARLYSHOWSTHAT 4HISCLEAR LYSHOWSTHATYOUNGADULT YOUNGADULTSDONOT SDONOTTAKECRIME TAKECRIME SERIOUSLYBECAUSETHEYTHINKTHEJUSTICESYSTEMWILLTREAT THEMLENIENTLY
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3AMPLE-OTIONS 4HIS(OUSEWOULDLOWERTHEAGEOFCRIM 4HIS(OUSEWOULDLO WERTHEAGEOFCRIMINALRESPONSIBILITY INALRESPONSIBILITY 4HIS(OUSEWOULDPUNISHCHILDRENASIFTHEYWEREADULTS 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESTHATSPARINGTHERODSPOILSTHECHILD 7EB,INKS 7 EB,INKS s#ORNELL,AW)NFORMATION3ERVICE!N/VERVIEWOF s#ORNELL,AW)NFORM ATION3ERVICE!N/VERVIEWOF*UVENILE* *UVENILE*USTICEHTTPWWW USTICEHTTPWWWLAW LAWCORNELLEDUTOPICSJUVE CORNELLEDUTOPICSJUVENILEHTML NILEHTML 1UICKSUMMARYOFTHETHEORYANDCURRENTSTATUSOFJUVE 1UICKSUMMARYOFTHETHEORYAND CURRENTSTATUSOFJUVENILEJUSTICEWITHLINKSTOSPECIlCSTA NILEJUSTICEWITHLINKSTOSPECIlCSTATUTESANDCOURTDECISIONS TUTESANDCOURTDECISIONS s*UVENILE#RIME0UNISHMENT s*UVENILE# RIME0UNISHMENT3TATISTICSHTTP 3TATISTICSHTTPCRIMEABOUTCOMNEWSISSUESCRIM CRIMEABOUTCOMNEWSISSUESCRIMELIBRARYBLlLESBLJUVSTATSHTM ELIBRARYBLlLESBLJUVSTATSHTM /FFERSLINKSTOSTATISTICSONJUVENILECRIMESANDARRESTSJUVENILESINTHECOURTSYSTEMJUVENILESINADULTJAILSANDJUVENILESANDTHE DEATHPENALTY s.ATIONAL#RIMINAL*USTICE2 s.ATIONAL#R IMINAL*USTICE2EFERENCE3ERVICE* EFERENCE3ERVICE*UVENILE*USTICE UVENILE*USTICEHTTPVIRLIBNCJRSO HTTPVIRLIBNCJRSORG*UVENILE* RG*UVENILE*USTICEASP USTICEASP 0ROVIDESLINKSTORESOURCESONA 0ROVIDES LINKSTORESOURCESONAWIDEVARIETYOFJUV WIDEVARIETYOFJUVENILEJUSTICETOPICSINCLUDINGA ENILEJUSTICETOPICSINCLUDINGALTERNATIVESTOINCARCERATION LTERNATIVESTOINCARCERATION
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02/3
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02/3
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02/3
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4HE %5 MU 4HE MUST ST HA HAVE VE A DE DEFEN FENSE SE POL POLICY ICY IN INDE DEPE PEND NDEN ENT T OF .!4/7ITHITSORIGINSINTHE#OLD7ARANDITSDOMI NATIONBYTHE5NITED3TATES.!4/CARRIESAGREATDEAL OF HIS HISTOR TORICAL ICAL AND GEO GEOPOL POLITIC ITICAL AL BAG BAGGAG GAGE E .! .!4/ 4/ CAN CANNOT NOT EASILY EAS ILY INT INTERVE ERVENE NE IN %AS %ASTER TERN N %U %UROP ROPE E WIT WITHOU HOUT T INCU INCURRIN RRING G 2USSIASDISPLEASURE4HE%$&WILLALLOWTHE%5TODEAL WITH CRISES IN %ASTERN AND #ENTRAL #ENTRAL%UROPE %UROPEMORE MOREEFFEC EFFEC TIVELYTHANCAN.!4/BECAUSETHE%5WILLNOTHAVETO TIPTOEAROUND2USSIA
.!4/HASSUCCESSFULLYDEFENDEDTHEINTERESTSOF7ESTERN %UROPEFORDECADES7HYROCKTHEBOAT7HATPROBLEM COULDA%UROPEAN$EFENSE&ORCESOLVETHAT.!4/COULD NOT)NANYCASETHE%5WILLALWAYSHAVETOCONSIDER 2USSIAAS SENSIB 2USSI SENSIBILITIE ILITIES S WHEN WHENENGAG ENGAGED ED IN %ASTER %ASTERN N %URO %UROPE PE &AR BE BETT TTER ER TO HA HAVE VE !M !MER ERIC ICAAS BA BARG RGAI AINI NING NG PO POWE WER R AN AND D GEOPOL GEO POLITIC ITICAL ALCLO CLOUT UTBAC BACKIN KING G THE %5 %5IN INNEG NEGOTI OTIATI ATING NGWIT WITH H 2USSIA 2U SSIA #R #REAT EATING ING A %U %UROP ROPEAN EAN $EF $EFENS ENSE E &O &ORCE RCE WIL WILL L MAR MAR GINALIZE.!4/ANDTHE5NITED3TATES4HISWILLLEADTO REDUCED53ENGAGEMENTIN%UROPEWHICHMAY REDUCED53ENGAGEMENTIN %UROPEWHICHMAYINTURN INTURN DIMINISHTHE%5SINmUENCEWITH2USSIA
4HE%5HASACHIEVEDSIGNIlCANTINTEGRATIONOFANDCON %5MEMBERSFREQUENTLYDISAGREEONPOLITICALANDECO VERGENCEINTHEPOLITICALANDECONOMICSPHERES)NTEGRA NOMICISSUES-EMBERINTERESTSAREEVENMOREDIVERGENT TIONOFDEFENSEPOLICYANDTHEESTABL TIONOFDEFENSE POLICYANDTHEESTABLISHMEN ISHMENTOFA TOFA%UR %URO O ONTHETHORNYAREAOFDEFENSEPOLICY ONTHETHORNYAREAOFDEFENSEPOLICY4HISDIFFER 4HISDIFFERENCEIN ENCEIN
\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
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PEAN$EFENSE&ORCEARETHELOGICALNEXTSTEP
PRIORITIES PRIORIT IES WIL WILL L ULT ULTIMA IMATEL TELY Y LEA LEAD D TO DEA DEADLO DLOCK CK BEC BECAUS AUSE E NO COUNTRYWISHESTOSEEITSSOLDIERSDYINGONABATTLElELD THATISNOTSTRATEGICALLYIMPORTANTTOIT
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%VENIFWEASSUMETHATTHE%5COULDBEARTHEMASSIVE COSTS COST S OF OFA ASTA STANDI NDINGMILIT NGMILITARYFORCE ARYFORCE THE THEREARE REARESIG SIGNIl NIlCAN CANT T POLITICALANDECONOMICBARRIERSTOESTABLISHINGIT!MONG THESEBARRIERSARE THESEBAR RIERSARE(OWWILL (OWWILLTHE%5DEVELOPACOMMO THE%5DEVELOPACOMMON N DEFENSEPOLICY7ILLTHEFORCESMANDATEBEONLYDEFENSE ORWILLITINCLUDEPEACEKEEPING7HAT ORWILLITINCLUDE PEACEKEEPING7HATISTHENATURE ISTHENATUREOFITS OFITS COMMANDSTRUCTURE7HOWILLCHOOSEITSSUPPLIESAND EQUIPMENT7HATLANGUAGEWILLITSMEMBERSUSE4HESE QUESTIONSINVOLVEPOLITICALANDECONOMICCONSIDERATIONS THAT THA T ARE LIK LIKELY ELY TO TORES RESULT ULT IN INCON CONTIN TINUOU UOUS S CON CONTEN TENTIO TION N THA THAT T WILLULTIMATELYYIELDASTILLBORN%$& WILLULTIMATELYYIELDA STILLBORN%$&
3AMPLE-OTIONS 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESINA%UROPEAN 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESIN A%UROPEAN$EFENSE&OR $EFENSE&ORCE CE 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESTHAT%UROPESHOULDDEFENDITSELF 7EB,INKS 7 EB,INKS s*ANES$EFENCEHTTPWWWJANESCOMDEFENCE /FFERSNEWSON%UROPEANDEFENSECONCERNS &URTHER2EADING .YE*OSEPH 5NDERSTANDING)NTERNATIONAL#ONmICTS ,ONGMAN ,ONGMAN
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!FEDERAL%UROPEWOULDBUILDONTHESUCCESSOF THE%5 !FEDERAL%UROPEWOULDBUILDONTHESUCCESSOFTHE%5 )TWOULDTAMETHENATIONALISMTHATCAUSEDSOMANYHOR RORSINTHETWENTIETHCENTURYANDREALIZETHEVISIONOF ITSFOUNDERSFORANhEVERCLOSERUNIONv7HILENATIONAL GOVER GO VERNME NMENTS NTS EXI EXIST STTHE THEY Y WIL WILL L REG REGAR ARD D POL POLICY ICY MAK MAKING ING AS ASA A COMPETITIVE COMPE TITIVEBUSIN BUSINESS ESS DAMAG DAMAGING ING THE POTENT POTENTIAL IAL PROSPE PROSPER R ITYOFALLOF%UROPESCITIZENS!FEDERAL%UROPEANSTATE CANBUILDONTHESHAREDHISTORYANDCULTUREOFITSMEM BERSTOFURTHERTHECOMMONGOODWHILEACCOMMODATING REGIONALDIFFERENCES
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\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
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EXAMPLEOFALONGTERMDEMOCRATICSUCCESSINTHEDEVEL OPINGWORLD
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&REE SP SPEE EECH CH DO DOES ES NOT EX EXIS IST T IN A VAC ACUU UUM M )T CA CAN N BE RESTRAINEDSPECIlCALLYINTHISCASEONGROUNDSOFHARM %XTREMISMASHATESPEECHTHA %XTREMISMAS HATESPEECHTHATCAUSESHARM TCAUSESHARMTOMINORITIES TOMINORITIES ISAJUSTIlABLEREASONFORCURBINGFREESPEECH
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02/3
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02/3
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02/3
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02/3
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! NATIONAL CURRICULUM FOR MOST CORE SUBJECTS ALREADY EXISTSWITHOUTSCHOOLBOARDSANDLOCALCOMMUNITIESEVEN REALIZINGIT-OSTHIGHSCHOOLSTUDENTSAREPREPARINGFOR STANDARDIZEDCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMSANDTHEREFORESTUDY WHATISNEEDEDTODOWELL WHATISNEEDED TODOWELLONTHESETESTS! ONTHESETESTS!LSOONLYA LSOONLYAFEW FEW TEXTBOOKCOMPANIESPRODUCETEXTSFORHIGHSCHOOLSTU DENTS7HENLOCALITIESSELECTONEOFTHESETEXTBOOKSTHEY AREINEFFECTAGREEINGTOWHATAMOUNTSTOANATIONAL CURRICULUM"ESIDESSTUDENTSACROSSTHECOUNTRYSHOULD LEARNTHESAMESKILLS
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4HEENTIREREASONTHATPUBLICEDUCATIONIN!MERICAWAS FOUNDEDWASTODEVELOPAMOREPRODUCTIVEWORKFORCE !LTHOUGHEDUCATIONBYITSELFISA !LTHOUGHEDUCATION BYITSELFISAWORTHYGOALULTIMA WORTHYGOALULTIMATELY TELY WHATWEWANTFOROURCHILDRENISFORTHEMTOBESUCCESS WHATWEWANTFOROURCHILDRENISFORTHEMTO BESUCCESS FULINDIVIDUALSWHOAREABLETOEARNALIVINGWHENTHEY GRADUATEFROMHIGHSCHOOLORCOLLEGE&OCUSINGONWORD CHOICES CHO ICES THA THATMAYALSOBE TMAYALSOBE USE USEDIN DIN THE BUS BUSINE INESSWORLD SSWORLD IS JUSTADISTRACTER JUSTA DISTRACTERUSEDBY USEDBYOPPONENTSOF OPPONENTSOFNATIONALTESTING NATIONALTESTINGTO TO SHIFTTHEDEBATEAWAYFROMWHATREALLYNEEDSTOHAPPEN INOURNATIONSSCHOOLS
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02/3
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02/3
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02/3
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:ERO TO :ERO TOLE LERA RANC NCE E IM IMPR PROV OVES ES TH THE E ST STAN ANDA DARD RD OF PO POLI LICI CING NG )T REDUCESCORRUPTIONANDRACISTTREATMENT REDUCESCORRUPTIONAND RACISTTREATMENTBECAUSEINDIVID BECAUSEINDIVID UALOFlCERSARENOTGIVENTHESCOPETODECIDETHEIRACTIONS ONACASEBYCASEBASIS4HEIRRESPONSEISSET)NADDITION ZEROTOLERANCEPOLICINGTAKESOFlCERSOUTOFTHEIRCARSAND PUTSTHEMINTOTHECOMMUNITYWHERETHEYHAVECONTACT WITHINDIVIDUALS#HASES WITHINDIVI DUALS#HASESANDSHOOTOUTS ANDSHOOTOUTS ACTUALLYARE ACTUALLYARELESS LESS COMMONUNDERZEROTOLERANCE
:EROTOLERANCEGIVESTHEPOLICEALMOSTLIMITLESSPOWERIN POORCOMMUNITIES4HEYAREABLE POORCOMMUNITIES 4HEYAREABLETOSTOPANDSEARCHAND TOSTOPANDSEARCHAND HARASSINDIVIDUALSCONSTANTLY5SUALLYETHNICMINORITIES ARETARGETED.EW9ORK#ITYSAWATREMENDOUSGROWTH INCOMPLAINTSABOUTPOLICERACISMANDHARASSMENTAFTER ZEROTOLERANCEWASINSTITUTED
:EROTOLERANCEISVITALFORREBUILDINGINNERCITIES:ERO TOLERANCEREDUCESTHEAMOUNTOFDEADGROUNDUSEDFOR DRUGDEALINGANDSORETURNSPARKSANDOPENSPACESTOTHE COMMUNITY"YOFFERINGPROTECTIONAGAINSTPETTYCRIME
2EBUILDINGINNERCITYNEIGHBORHOODSISONEOFTHEMOST POWERFU POW ERFUL L WAY WAYS S OF TAR TARGET GETING ING CRIM CRIME E AND IT OCCU OCCURS RS IND INDE E PENDEN PEN DENT TOF OFZER ZERO O TOL TOLERA ERANCE NCE & &OR OREVE EVERY RYCITY CITY WHE WHEREURBAN REURBAN RENEWA REN EWAL L AND ZER ZERO O TOL TOLERA ERANCE NCE HAV HAVE E TOG TOGETH ETHER ER BEE BEEN N ASS ASSOCI OCI
\
02/3
#/.3
IT ENCOU ENCOURAGES RAGESSMALL SMALL BUSIN BUSINESSES ESSES VITAL FOR NEIGH NEIGHBORHO BORHOOD OD ATED ATED WIT WITH H A FAL FALLIN LING G CRIM CRIME E RAT RATE E . .EW EW9 9ORK #ITY #ITY THE THERE RE REHABILITATIONTORETURNTOANAREA ISANAREAWHERERENEWALHASWORKEDONITSOWN(ONG +ONG-OSTIMPORTANTFORURBANRENEWALISINDIVIDU ALSTAKINGPRIDEINTHEIRAREA4HISISFARMORELIKELYTO HAPPENWHENPEOPLEDONTFEELPERSECUTEDBYTHEPOLICE .OPOLICEPRESENCEISSUFlCIENTTODEFEND .OPOLICEPR ESENCEISSUFlCIENTTODEFENDABUSINESSTHAT ABUSINESSTHAT HASNOTCULTIVATEDGOODRELATIONSWITHTHECOMMUNITY 7ECANAFFORDZERO 7ECAN AFFORDZEROTOLERANCE0ROTECTINGBUSINESSES TOLERANCE0ROTECTINGBUSINESSESAND AND DEVE DE VELO LOPI PING NG A RE REPU PUTA TATI TION ON FO FOR R LO LOW W CR CRIM IME E AT ATTR TRAC ACTS TS BO BOTH TH PEOPLE PEOPL E AND INVEST INVESTMENT MENT $ETER $ETERRENCE RENCEREDU REDUCES CES CRIME CRIMEAND AND THUSTHECOSTOFPOLICING THUSTHE COSTOFPOLICINGALTHOUGHPRISONS ALTHOUGHPRISONSAREEXPENSIVE AREEXPENSIVE THEREDUCTIONINRECIDIVISMSHOULDEMPTYTHEMINTIME 4HE 4H E MO MOST ST IM IMPO PORT RTAN ANT T QU QUES ESTI TION ON IS WH WHET ETHE HER R WE BE BELI LIEV EVE E SPENDINGOURTAXDOLLARSTOGUARANTEEOURSAFETYISAGOOD USEOFTHATREVENUE-OSTVOTERSSAYYES
4HEENORMOUSEXPENSEOFZEROTOLERANCEINMONEYMAN POWERANDPRISONSLIMITSPOLICING)TLEAVESLITTLEMONEY FORADD FOR ADDRES RESSING SING SER SERIOU IOUS S CRIM CRIME E 3O 3O ALT ALTHOU HOUGH GHTOT TOTAL ALCRIM CRIME E RATESMAYDROPSERIOUSCRIMESMAYSTILLBEAPROBLEM
3AMPLE-OTIONS 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESINZEROTOLERANCEPOLICING 4HIS(OUSEWOULDCLAMPDOWN 4HIS(OUSEBELIEVESINSTRICTPUNISHMENT 7EB,INKS 7 EB,INKS s7HAT)S:ERO4 s7HAT)S:ERO 4OLERANCEHTTPNEWSBBC OLERANCEHTTPNEWSBBCCOUKHIUK COUKHIUKSTM STM ""#SITEOFFERINGGENERALINFORMATIONONTHESUBJECT &URTHER2EADING :ERO4OLERANCE2ESISTINGTHE$RIVEFOR0 OLERANCE2ESISTINGTHE$RIVEFOR0UNISHMENT UNISHMENT.EW0RESS !YERS2ICKETALEDS !YERS2ICKETAL EDS :ERO4 :ERO4OLERANCE0OLICINGA&REE3OCIETY OLICINGA&REE3OCIETY#ORONET $ENNIS.ORMANAND.ORM $ENNIS.ORMA NAND.ORMAN$AVISEDS AN$AVISEDS :ERO4OLERANCE0 5NDERSTANDING$EVIANCE!'UIDETOTHE3OCIOLOGYOF#RIMEAND2ULE"REAKING $OWNES$AVID-AND0AUL%2OCK #LARENDON
\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
!243!.$#5,452% !MERICAN#ULTURE3HOULD)T"E&EARED !RTS3UBSIDIES!BOLITIONOF #ENSORSHIPOFTHE!RTS #ULTURAL4REASURES2ETURNOF )NTERNET#ENSORSHIP -INORITY,ANGUAGES 0RIVATE,IVESOF0UBLIC&IGURES2EVEALING #(),$2%.!.$9/54( !DVERTISING4ARGETINGOF#HILDREN #HILD,ABOR #HILD/FFENDERS3TRICTER0UNISHMENTFOR #ONDOMSIN3CHOOLS #ORPORAL0UNISHMENT #ORPORAL0 UNISHMENT#HILDREN #HILDREN #URFEW,AWS $RUG4ESTINGIN3CHOOLS 'AY!DOPTION -INORITY3CHOOLS .ATIONAL4ESTING 0ARENTAL2ESPONSIBILITY 3CHOOL6OUCHERS 3INGLE3EX3CHOOLS
#2)-%!.$#2)-).!,*534)#% #APITAL0UNISHMENT #HEMICAL#ASTRATION #ORPORAL0UNISHMENT!DULTS #URFEW,AWS $.!$ATABASEFOR#RIMINALS -ANDATORY3ENTENCING4HREE3TRIKES -ARIJUANA,EGALIZATIONOF 0ARENTAL2ESPONSIBILITY 3EX/FFENDERS0UBLICLY.AMING :ERO4OLERANCE0OLICING $%6%,/0).'7/2,$ !FRICAN!FFAIRS/UTSIDE)NTERVENTIONIN !FRICAN,ANGUAGESIN!FRICAN3CHOOLS !)$3$RUGSFOR$EVELO !)$3$RUGSF OR$EVELOPING#OUNT PING#OUNTRIES RIES !MERICAN#ULTURE3HOULD)T"E&EARED #HILD,ABOR #ORRUPTION"ENEFITSOF $EVELOPING7ORLD$EBT#ANCELLATIONOF %CONOMIC$EVELOPMENTVS%NVIRONMENT %CONOMIC3ANCTIONSVS%NGAGEMENT %NVIRONMENTALLY,INKED!ID 'LOBALIZATIONANDTHE0OOR )MMIGRATION2ES )MMIGRAT ION2ESTRICTIONSON TRICTIONSON )VORY4RADING -INORITY,ANGUAGES .ATION3TATES /VERPOPULATIONAND#ONTR /VERPOPULATION AND#ONTRACEPTION ACEPTION /VERSEAS-ANUFACTURING
\
%#/,/'9!.$4(%%.6)2/.-%.4 !NIMAL2IGHTS "IODIVERSITYAND%NDAN "IODIVER SITYAND%NDANGERED3 GERED3PECIES PECIES $RILLINGINTHE!RCTIC.ATIONAL7ILDLIFE2EFUGE %CONOMIC$EVELOPMENTVS%NVIRONMENT %NVIRONMENTALLY,INKED!ID 'LOBAL7ARMING 'REENHOUSE'ASES4RADING1UOTAS )VORY4RADING .UCLEARVS2ENEWABLE%NERGY 7ATER2ESOURCES!#OMMODITY 7HALING,IFTINGTHE"ANON %#/./-)#3 $EVELOPING7ORLD$EBT#ANCELLATIONOF %CONOMIC$EVELOPMENTVS%NVIRONMENT %CONOMIC3ANCTIONSVS%NVIRONMENT %NVIRONMENTALLY,INKED!ID &LAT4AX &REE4RADE 'LOBALIZATIONANDTHE0OOR )MMIGRATION2ES )MMIGRAT ION2ESTRICTIONSON TRICTIONSON /VERSEAS-ANUFACTURING %$5#!4)/. !FRICAN,ANGUAGESIN!FRICAN3CHOOLS #ONDOMSIN3CHOOLS #ORPORAL0UNISHMENT #ORPORAL0 UNISHMENT#HILDREN #HILDREN #REATIONISMIN0UB #REATIO NISMIN0UBLIC3CHOOLS LIC3CHOOLS $RUG4ESTINGIN3CHOOLS (ATE3PEECHON#AMPUS -INORITY,ANGUAGES -INORITY3CHOOLS .ATIONAL4ESTING 3CHOOL5NIFORMS 3CHOOL6OUCHERS 3EX%DUCATIONIN3CHOOLS 3INGLE3EX3CHOOLS %52/0%!.$4(%%52/0%!.5.)/. !MERICAN#ULTURE3HOULD)T"E&EARED %UROPEAN$EFENSE&ORCE %UROPEAN&EDERALIZATION )MMIGRATION2ES )MMIGRAT ION2ESTRICTIONSON TRICTIONSON -ONARCHY!BOLITIONOF -ULTICULTURALISMVS)NTEGRATION .ATION3TATES &!-),9 !RRANGED-ARRIAGES #OVENANT-ARRIAGE 'AY!DOPTION 'AY-ARRIAGE (UMAN#LONING /VERPOPULATIONAND#ONTR /VERPOPULATION AND#ONTRACEPTION ACEPTION 0ARENTAL2ESPONSIBILITY 0OLYGAMY '!9)335%3 'AY!DOPTION 'AY#LERGY 'AY-ARRIAGE 'AYSINTHE-ILITARY
\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
(%!,4(!.$-%$)#).% !)$3$RUGSFOR$EVELO !)$3$RUGSF OR$EVELOPING#OUNT PING#OUNTRIES RIES !SSISTED3UICIDE 'ENE0ATENTING 'ENETICALLY-ODIFIED&OOD 'ENETIC3CREENING (EALTH#ARE5NIVERSAL (UMAN#LONING (UMAN/RGANS3ALEOF -ARIJUANA,EGALIZATIONOF 3MOKING&URTHER2ESTRICTIONSON 3TEM#ELL2ESEARCHAND4HERAPEUTIC#LONING 4OBACCO2EGULATION!DDICTIVE$RUG 6EGETARIANISM
).4%2.!4)/.!,!&&!)23 !FGHANISTAN)NVASIONOF #HINA&EAROF #UBA$ROPPING #UBA $ROPPINGOF533ANCTIONSON OF533ANCTIONSON %CONOMIC3ANCTIONSVS %CONOMIC 3ANCTIONSVS%NGAGEMEN %NGAGEMENT T %NVIRONMENTALLY,INKED!ID %THICAL&OREIGN0OLICY (UMAN2IGHTS%XISTENCEOF (UMAN2IGHTS)MPOSITIONBY&ORCE )MMIGRATION2ES )MMIGRAT ION2ESTRICTIONSON TRICTIONSON )NTERNATIONAL#RIMINAL#OURT )RAQ)NVASIONOF )SRAELANDTHE0ALESTINIANS530OLICYTOWARD -ULTICULTURALISMVS)NTEGRATION .ATION3TATES .UCLEAR7EAPONS!BOLITIONOF .UCLEAR7EAPONS4ESTING /VERPOPULATIONAND#ONTRACEPTION 3INGLE3UPERPOWER"E 3INGLE3U PERPOWER"ENEFICIAL NEFICIAL 4ERRORISTS.EGOTIATINGWITH 5.3ECURITY#OUNCIL6ETO!BOLITIONOF 7AR#RIMES4RIBUNALS -),)4!29 !FGHANISTAN)NVASIONOF 'AYSINTHE-ILITARY )RAQ)NVASIONOF .UCLEAR7EAPONS!BOLITIONOF 0/,)4)#3!.$0/,)4)#!,4(%/29 !SSASSINATIONOFA$ICTATOR #AMPAIGN&INANCE2EFORM #IVIL$ISOBEDIENCE #ONSCRIPTIONAND.AT #ONSCRIPTIONAN D.ATIONAL3ERVICE IONAL3ERVICE #ORRUPTION"ENEFITSOF $EBATE,IMITS %LECTORAL#OLLEGE!BOLITIONOF %THICAL&OREIGN0OLICY %XTREMIST0OLITICAL0ARTIES"ANNINGOF &LAT4AX -ONARCHY!BOLITIONOF .ATION3TATES 0ACIFISM 0OLITICIANSAND3PECIAL)NTERESTS 2EFERENDA 3ELF$ETERMINATIONAN 3ELF$ET ERMINATIONAND.ATIO D.ATIONALISM NALISM 4ERM,IMITS
4OPICALINDEX \
4WO0ARTY3YSTEM 6OTING#OMPULSORY 2%,)')/.!.$-/2!,)49 !BORTIONON$EMAND !SSISTED3UICIDE #OVENANT-ARRIAGE 'AY#LERGY 'AY-ARRIAGE 'OD%XISTENCEOF (UMAN#LONING (UMAN/RGANS3ALEOF 0ORNOGRAPHY"ANNINGOF 0RIESTLY#ELIBACY!BOLITIONOF 2ELIGION3OURCEOF#ONFLICTOR0EACE 2ELIGIOUS"ELIEF2ATIONALOR) 2ELIGIOUS"ELIE F2ATIONALOR)RRATIONAL RRATIONAL 2EPARATIONSFOR3LAVERY 3EX%DUCATIONIN3CHOOLS 3TEM#ELL2ESEARCHAND4HERAPEUTIC#LONING 6EGETARIANISM
2)'(43!.$,)"%24)%3 !NIMAL2IGHTS #ENSORSHIPOFTHE!RTS #ONFEDERATE&LAG"ANNINGOF $EBATE,IMITSOF $RUG4ESTINGIN3CHOOLS %XTREMIST0OLITICAL0 %XTREMIST0 OLITICAL0ARTIES" ARTIES"ANNINGOF ANNINGOF &REE3PEECH2ESTRICTIONSON (ATE3PEECHON#AMPUS (UMAN2IGHTS%XISTENCEOF (UMAN2IGHTS)MPOSITIONBY&ORCE )NTERNET#ENSORSHIP -ULTICULTURALISMVS)NTEGRATION 0ORNOGRAPHY"ANNINGOF 0RIVACYVS3ECURITY 3ECURITYAND,IBERTY 3ELF$ETERMINATIONAN 3ELF$ET ERMINATIONAND.ATIO D.ATIONALISM NALISM 3#)%.#%4%#(./,/'9!.$3/#)%49 'ENE0ATENTING 'ENETIC3CREENING (UMAN#LONING .UCLEARVS2ENEWABLE%NERGY 3CIENCE4HREATTO3OCIETY 3PACE%XPLORATION 3TEM#ELL2ESEARCHAND4HERAPEUTIC#LONING 3/#)!,)335%3 !BORTIONON$EMAND !FFIRMATIVE!CTION !LCOHOL"ANNINGOF !RRANGED-ARRIAGES !SSISTED3UICIDE "EAUTY#ONTESTS #APITAL0UNISHMENT #ELL0HONES"AN #ELL0HO NES"ANNINGOF5SEIN#AR NINGOF5SEIN#ARS S #OVENANT-ARRIAGE &EMINISM 'AY!DOPTION 'AY-ARRIAGE
\4HE$EBATABASE"OOK
'UN#ONTROL -ARIJUANA,EGALIZATIONOF /VERSEAS-ANUFACTURING 0ARENTAL2ESPONSIBILITY 0ORNOGRAPHY"ANNINGOF 0RIVATE,IVESOF0UBLIC&IGURES2EVEALING 0ROSTITUTIO 0RO STITUTION,EGALIZATION N,EGALIZATIONOF OF 2EPARATIONSFOR3LAVERY 3MOKING&URTHER2ESTRICTIONSON 4OBACCO2EGULATION!DDICTIVE$RUG 7ORKFARE
30/243 "OXING!BOLITIONOF $RUGSIN3PORTS /LYMPIC$REAM$EATHOFTHE 5.)4%$.!4)/.3 )NTERNATIONAL# )NT ERNATIONAL#RIMINAL#OURT RIMINAL#OURT 5.3ECURITY#OUNCIL6ETO!BOLITIONOF 5.3TANDING!RMY 7AR#RIMES4RIBUNALS 5.)4%$34!4%3).4(%7/2,$ !FGHANISTAN)NVASIONOF !MERICAN#ULTURE3HOULD)T"E&EARED #UBA$ROPPING #UBA $ROPPINGOF533ANCTIONSON OF533ANCTIONSON )RAQ)NVASIONOF )SRAELANDTHE0ALESTINIANS530OLICYTOWARD .UCLEAR7EAPONS!BOLITIONOF /VERSEAS-ANUFACTURING 3INGLE3UPERPOWER"ENEFICIAL 7AR#RIMES4RIBUNALS
4OPICALINDEX \
