Defendant Compendium
1. Abdul Jabbar v. Abdul Muthaliff IN THE HIGH COURT OF MADRAS Second Appeal No. 2557 of 1977
Decided n! 11."#.19$1 Appellant%! Abdul Jabbar Vs. &e%pondent! Abdul Muthaliff ad Ors. H!"bl# Jud$#s%C!ra&' Sethuraman'' J. Sethuraman C!us#ls' (or Appellant)*etitioner)*laintiff! Appellant)*etitioner)*laintiff! N.&. N.&. Chandran' Chandran' Adv. Sub(#)t' C!tra)t Cat)h *!rds M#ti!#d IN A)ts%Rul#s%Ord#rs' +ndian Contract Act' 1$72 , Section 2# Cas#s R#f#rr#d' *alaniappa *alaniappa Chettiar Chettiar +. Arunac Arunachal halam' am' Chetti Chettiar' ar' 19-2 19-2 AC 29' 29' /19-20 /19-20 2 & & 5$3 Sar4an Sar4an Sinh +. Sardara Ali' /19-"0 AC 1-7' /19-"0 2 & 1$"' /19-"0 1 All 6& 2-93o8maer% td. +. arn arnet ettt +n%t +n%tru rume ment nt%% td. td.'' /19 /1950 50 1 : -5' -5' 11 J: J: 1' 1' /19 /190 0 2 All 6& 5793 ;olman +. John%on' /17750 1 Co8p #1' 9$ 6& 112" Citi$ R#f#r#)#'
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C!tra)t , a$r##&#t , S#)ti! - !f Idia C!tra)t A)t , a//#llat )hall#$#d +alidit0 !f Ord Ord#r #r hi)h u/h# u/h#ld ld /#r /#r&a &a#t #t i(u)ti i(u)ti! ! a$aist a$aist hi& , a//#lla a//#llatt ar$u#d ar$u#d that that )!sid#rati! $i+# f!r a$r##&#t r#&itt#d thr!u$h u!ffi)ial )ha#ls h#)# a$r##&#t as +!id ad r#s/!d#t !t #titl#d t! )lai& , as /#r S#)ti! - )!sid#rati! !f a$r##&#t is laful ul#ss f!rbidd# b0 la , i /r#s#t )as# r#s/!d#t )!tribut#d f!r laful )!stru)ti! ad h# )!uld ala0s )lai& that /r!/#rt0 , ! ill#$alit0 i+!l+#d i suit ad )lai& !t !//!s#d t! /ubli) /!li)0 , a//#al dis&iss#d.
JUDGMENT S#thura&a2 J. 1.
Muthalif &ice Mill> and for a permanent in4unction re%trainin the defendant% from interferin 8ith hi% po%%e%%ion and en4o=ment.
:ulamanalam in or about 191. ;e 8a% not able to mae both end% meet and the plaintiff left for :ualalampur in or about 1952. and he had not removed an= account boo% etc.' a% alleed'
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and re @ue%ted him to arrane for remittance% to di%chare the amount% alread= due to8ard% the con%truction and al%o to meet the further e?pen%e%. -. n the other hand' the defendant% had relied on 6?%. ,# to ,5' and al%o 6?'' ,2" to , 22' to prove that the= had been borro8in mone=% for the purpo%e of the con%truction. ut tho%e tran%action% %ho8ed that the defendant% 8ere hard pre%%ed even to rai%e %mall amount% and from 6?. ,2" an inference had been dra8n b= the court belo8 that the loan had been borro8ed onl= for meetin the famil= e?pen%e% and not for an= inve%tment.
7. +t i% nece%%ar= to determine 8hat i% the areement 8ith 8hich 8e are no8 concerned and to %ee if it involve% an= unla8ful ob4ect. % ;indu a8' 7th 6dn. pae 595 para -- - the pa%%ae runnin a% follo8%!, Bhere a tran%action i% once made out to be a mere benami it i% evident that the benamidar ab%olutel= di%appear from the title. ;i% name i% %impl= an alia% for that of the per%on beneficiall= intere%ted. in pari delicto potior e%t conditio po%%identi%>. in pari delictoB ob%erved!, Bcontrar= to the real 4u%tice' and' %o to %a=' >b= accident>.B +n aman Sriniva% :ini ha8anda% Co.' MANE)SC)"171)1959 ! A+&1959SC-$9 +. &atilal Supp. / % defence 8a% that the %tatute did not appl= to contract% bet8een the landlord and tenant and' therefore' it did not preclude %ub,lettin and that in an= event the partie% 8ere in pari delicto.
an areement' a% a re%ult of 8hich the defendant brouht in hi% o8n name a lorr= 8ith the fund% belonin to the plaintiff. Dennin' %peain for the *riv= Council' ob%erved!, BAlthouh the tran%action bet8een the plaintiff and the defendant 8a% illeal' neverthele%% it 8a% full= e?ecuted and carried ,out3 and on that account it 8a% effective to pa%% the propert= in the lorr= to the plaintiff. % propert= to the other in pur%uance of the con%pirac= , then' a% %oon a% the contract i% e?ecuted and the fraudulent or illeal' purpo%e i% achieved' the' propert= /be it ab%olute or %pecial0 8hich ha% been tran%ferred b= the one to the other remain% ve%ted in the tran%feree not8ith%tandin it% illeal oriin3 %ee Scarf +. Moran /1$1$0 M 27" ' per *are . ' 11. Another ca%e aro%e for deci%ion of the *riv= Council in *alaniappa Chettiar +. Arunachalarn Chettiar' 19-2 AC 29' in 8hich aain ord Dennin %poe for the *riv= Council. +n that ca%e' the father o8ned 1#9 acre% of land cultivated 8ith rubber in Mala=a. Ender the &ubber &eulation% of 19#. a di%tinction 8a% made bet8een the holdin of le%% than 1"" acre% and holdin% of more than 1"" acre%. +f a man held more than 1"" acre%' the permi%%ible production 8a% a%%e%%ed b= an a%%e%%ment Committee. +f he held le%% than 1"" acre%' it 8a% a%%e%%ed b= the local Di%trict fficer. +n order to avoid oin before the A%%e%%ment Committee' the father decided to tran%fer " acre% of land in favour of hi% %on' for a purported con%ideration' 8hich 8a% not in fact paid.
the %uit claimin that the %on 8a% the tru%tee of the " acre% holdin the propert= on tru%t for him. et the e%tate lie 8here it fall% +n the earlier ca%e Sarian Sinh +. Sardara Alil 19-" AC .1-7' the plaintiff founded hi% claim on hi% riht of propert= in the lorr= and it% po%%e%%ion' and did not have to re%t hi% cau%e of action on an immoral or illeal act 8hile in the ca%e of *alaniappa Chettlar the father had of nece%%it= to put for 8ard' and indeed' a%%ert' hi% o8n fraudulent purpo%e' 8hich he had full= achieved. +t 8a% held that thouh in the former ca%e the %uit 8a% maintainable the Court% %hould not lend their aid in the latter ca%e to the father to obtain a retran%fer from the %on. 12. +t i% the%e ca%e%' 8hich 8ere con%idered b= the Supreme Court in Smt. Suro%aibalini Debi +. *hanindra Mohan Ma4umdar' MANE)SC)"25")19- ! F19-5G1SC&$-1 .
part=>% name and' /20 claim% in 8hich unla8ful or un8orth= ob4ect i% fulfilled' the propert= i% o8ned b= the claimant' and the claimant' %ee% the a%%i%tance of the Court not to effectuate hi% unla8ful purpo%e' but in %ub %tance to enforce hi% title b= a plea in detinue under a tran%action 8hich 8a% not tainted b= illealit=. *alaniappa Chettiar +. Arunachalarn Chettiar' 19-2 AC 29' 8a% taen to illu%trate the fir%t principle and Sar4an Sinh +. Sa?dara Ali' 19-" AC 1-7' a% illu%tratin the %econd principle' &a4aopala A==anar J al%o referred to the plaintiff% claim to po%%e%%ion bein independent of and 8holl= di%%ociated from the illeal tran%action of the oriinal benami purcha%e 8hich fell into line 8ith Sar4an Sinh>% ca%e' 19-" AC 1-7. Not bein tainted 8ith illealit=' the plaintiff>% claim 8a% found to be open to no ob4ection. 1.
Jud$#s%C!ra&'
C!us#ls' (or Appellant)*etitioner)*laintiff! D.S. Sa8ant' Adv.
(or &e%pondent%)Defendant! A.A. :umbhaoni' Adv. Sub(#)t' C!tra)t Sub(#)t' 6a !f E+id#)# Cat)h *!rds M#ti!#d IN A)ts%Rul#s%Ord#rs' Contract Act' 1$72 , Section 1-/#0 Cas#s R#f#rr#d' &ahunath *ra%ad v. Sar4u *ra%ad' /1920 51 +ndian Appeal% 1"1' A+& 192 *C -"3 Af%ar Shai v. Soleman ibi' A+& 197- SC 1-#3 Shivana8a Madi8alappa ulavi v. a%anouda Hovindouda *atil' A+& 19#$ om #"3 Smt. :oKe v. Mahan Sinh' A+& 197# M* 2523 Miti e8a v. Daitari Na=a' A+& 19$2 ri%%a 173Smt. Jari Devi v. Smt. &ama Dora' A+& 19$ ;* 11 Dis/!siti!' Appeal Di%mi%%ed
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Cas# N!t#' 7A8 Idia C!tra)t A)t2 19:- , S#)ti! 1; , Udu# iflu#)# , S#)ti! t! b# a//li#d i a /arti)ular !rd#r , Thr## as/#)ts t! b# s## , First , R#lati!s b#t## th# /arti#s t! th# # , Udu# iflu#)# , 3urd# !f /r!!f , Oth#r /art0"s /!siti! t! d!&iat# th# ill ad that h# us#d that /!siti! t! !btai ufair ad+ata$# t! b# /r!+#d first , *h# trasa)ti! a//#ars t! b# u)!s)i!abl# /#rs! i a d!&iati$ /!siti! &ust affir&ati+#l0 /r!+# that ! d!&iati! as /ra)tis#d ad )!tra)t as !t idu)#d b0 udu# iflu#)#.
JUDGMENT R.M. 6!dha2 J.
1. n 15,12,19$" the Civil Jude' Junior Divi%ion' &a4apur di%mi%%ed the plaintiff% %uit for declaration that the ift deed dated 15,12,19-$ 8a% not bindin on her and other incidental relief%.
that he 8a% put in po%%e%%ion of the %uit propert= b= the oriinal plaintiff on the date of e?ecution of the ift deed and that he ha% made improvement% in the %uit hou%e from hi% o8n income and loan. % %uitB -. Section 1- of the +ndian Contract Act 1$72 define% undue influence 8hich read% thu% ! B1-. Endue influence defined.,,/10 A contract i% %aid to be induced b= Bundue influenceB 8here the relation% %ub%i%tin bet8een the partie% are %uch that one of the partie% i% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other and u%e% that po%ition to obtain an unfair advantae over the other.
/20 +n particular and 8ithout pre4udice to the eneralit= of the foreoin principle' a per%on i% deemed to be in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of another,, /a0 here he hold% a real or apparent authorit= over the other' or 8here he %tand% in a fiduciar= relation to the other3 or /b0 8here he mae% a contract 8ith a per%on 8ho%e mental capacit= i% temporaril= or permanentl= affected b= rea%on of ae' illne%%' or mental or bodil= di%tre%%. /#0 here a per%on 8ho i% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of another' enter% into a contract 8ith him' and the tran%action appear%' on the face of it or on the evidence adduced' to the uncon%cionable' the burden of provin that %uch contract 8a% not induced b= undue influence %hall be upon the per%on in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other. Nothin in thi% %ub,%ection %hall affect the provi%ion% of Section 111 of the +ndian 6vidence Act' 1$72 /1 of 1$720. 7. Con%ent under Section 1 of the +ndian Contract Act i% %aid to be free 8here it i% not cau%ed b= coercion' undue influence' fraud' mi%repre%entation or mi%tae. $. Sub,%ection /#0 of Section 1- provide% that 8here a per%on 8ho i% in a po%ition to dominate the other and enter into contract 8ith him and the tran%action appear% on the face of it' or in the conve=ance' to be uncon%cionable' the burden of provin that %uch contract 8a% not induced b= undue influence %hall lie upon the per%on in the po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other. here a part= to a contract %ee% to %et it a%ide on the round of undue influence' it i% not %ufficient for him under Section 1- of the +ndian Contract Act to e%tabli%h that the other part= 8a% in a po%ition to dominate hi% 8ill. ;e mu%t al%o prove that the other part= ha% u%ed that po%ition to obtain unfair advantae on him. +t i% onl= if the tran%action appear% to be uncon%cionable b= Sub,%ection /#0 of Section 1- the burden of proof that the contract 8a% not induced b= undue influence i% upon the per%on 8ho 8a% in the dominatin po%ition. +n that %ituation %uch per%on mu%t affirmativel= prove that no domination 8a% practi%ed. +n &ahunath *ra%ad v. Sar4u *ra%ad' /1920 51 +A 1"1 ! MANE)*&)""1$)192# ! A+& 192 *C -" it ha% been held' Before' ho8ever' addre%%in them%elve% to the authoritie% cited their ord%hip% thin it de%irable to mae clear their vie8% upon' in particular' Section 1-' Sub,%ection /#0 of the Contract Act a% amended. = that %ection three matter% are dealt 8ith. +n the fir%t place the relation% bet8een the partie% to each other mu%t be %uch that one i% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other. nce that po%ition i% %ub%tantiated the %econd %tae ha% been reached namel=' the i%%ue 8hether the contract ha% been induced b= undue influence. Epon the determination of thi% i%%ue a third point emere%' 8hich i% that of the onu% proband. +f the tran%action appear% to be uncon%cionable' then
the burden of provin that the contract 8a% not induced b= undue influence i% to lie upon the per%on 8ho 8a% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other.B Sub,%ection /#0 of Section 1- ha% to be applied in a particular order accordin to *riv= Council. (ir%t con%ideration i% the relation% bet8een the partie% to the e?tent that one 8a% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other. nce thi% condition i% %ati%fied the %econd a%pect 8hich i% re@uired to be %een i% 8hether the contract ha% been induced b= undue influence. +t i% onl= on ad4udication of thi% i%%ue the third point emere% relatin to burden of proof or onu% probandi.
could dominate and influence the oriinal plaintiff. +nfluence in the e=e of la8 ha% to be contradi%tinui%hed 8ith per%ua%ion. An= and ever= per%ua%ion b= one part= to the other to contract cannot lead to inference or conclu%ion that %uch part= ha% influenced the other part=. ne ma= b= hi% act and conduct convince and per%uade the other part= to do a particular act and if the other part= doe% %uch an act freel= and of o8n volition ma= be to hi% or her pre4udice or to hi% or her di%advantae or even to hi% or her peril' it cannot be %aid that %uch act 8a% influenced b= the other. Ma= be therefore %ince the oriinal plaintiff and oriinal defendant 8ere livin in one hou%e and the oriinal defendant 8ho 8a% bein treated lie her %on miht have per%uaded the oriinal plaintiff to ift her entire propert=. = %uch per%ua%ion' it cannot be held that he ha% influenced the deci%ion of the oriinal plaintiff b= dominatin hi% 8ill over her.
ift. % propert= had no relative to loo after her and there 8a% none 8ho could ive her di%intere%ted advice. ;er hu%band>% brother came and lived 8ith her appropriatin her income. % ca%e /%upra0 ha% no application 8hat%oever in the fact% of thi% ca%e alread= referred to here above. 1-.
for declaration of title and %ettin a%ide %ale deed e?ecuted b= her on the alleation that the %ale deed 8a% taen from her on the prete?t of po8er of attorne= b= her %on,in,la8' 8ho 8a% livin 8ith her for a %core of =ear% and 8a% manain her propert=. % %uit. 19.
Court.
#. IN THE HIGH COURT OF 3OM3A4
Second Appeal No. 2 of 192Decided n! 2."2.192$ Appellant%! 3abasah#b 3hair!(ira! Gh!r/ad# Vs. &e%pondent! G!/al Ha&at ?ul5ari H!"bl# C.H.;. (a8cett and M.A.A. :han' JJ.
Jud$#s%C!ra&'
Sub(#)t' @r!/#rt0 Cat)h *!rds M#ti!#d IN Dis/!siti!' Appeal Di%mi%%ed Citi$
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Cas# N!t#' S#r+i)# ia&C!&&utati! b0 /a0&#t !f Buit r#t?hushbhas ia&Ali#abilit0. *h#r# lads !ri$iall0 assi$#d f!r s#r+i)# ad th#r#f!r# iali#abl# ar# subs#Bu#tl0 )!&&ut#d f!r a Buit r#t ad tr#at#d as 5hushbhas ia&2 th# t#ur# !f th# lads is alt#r#d fr!& s#r+i)# t! r#t s! l!$ as th# d!##"s d#s)#dats )!tiu# t! /a0 r#t. Su)h lads b#)!&# ali#abl#. Ra(ah Mah#dra Si$h +. J!5ha Si$h =1:> 1 *.R. -112 /.). ad Sud#rabai +. C!ll#)t!r !f 3#l$au& =11> -1 3!&. 6.R. 1192 /.). f!ll!#d JUDGMENT M.A.A. ?ha2 J.
1. :hu%hbha% +nam 8hich i% inalienable and /20 the re%pondent>% claim i% time,barred. 2. % po%%e%%ion bean' in 19"5. +n vie8 of the admi%%ion made b= the appellant before the trial Court and the concurrent findin of the t8o Court%' that the appellant entered into po%%e%%ion of the land in 1911 onl= 8e do not aree 8ith Mr. Da%ai contention that the appellant mu%t be deemed to be in po%%e%%ion %ince 19"5 and to have ac@uired a ood title to the land b= adver%e po%%e%%ion.
. ith reard to the fir%t point' the land i% de%cribed in the account% of the +namdar for 1$57, -2,-5 and -$ a% B:hu%hbha% +nam.B % lo%%ar= of Judicial and &evenue :hu%hbha%>. +t i% clear from thi% de%cription that no %ervice i% attached to the tenure.
-. + 8ould onl= add a fe8 8ord%. A%%umin that oriinall= thi% land 8a% %ervice land' to the e?tent that the holder had to render certain %ervice to the +namdar' and that accordinl= under the ordinar= rule of land% a%%ined for %ervice to State' the= miht oriinall= have been inalienable' %till the u%e of the 8ord Bhu%hbha%'B a% e?plained b= m= learned brother' point% to the fact that an= %uch %ervice 8a% %ub%e@uentl= commuted for a @uit rent. Accordinl=' a% laid do8n in the *riv= Council ca%e of &a4ah Mahendra Sinh v. Joha Sinh /1$7#0 19 .&. 211' p.c. /8hich relate% to a %imilar ca%e 8here %ervice had been commuted for @uit rent0 that fact alter% the tenure from %ervice to rent' a% lon a% the donee>% de%cendant% continue to pa= rent.
. IN THE HIGH COURT OF DE6HI
+.A. No. 1771)2"1 in CS/S0 No. 2-")2"1 Decided n! #"."1.2"1 Appellant%! As/#)ti+# Vai(0a @+t. 6td. ad Ar. Vs. &e%pondent! Idustrial Fia)ial C!r/!rati! !f Idia =IFCI> 6td. H!"bl# Manmohan Sinh' J.
Jud$#s%C!ra&'
C!us#ls' (or Appellant)*etitioner)*laintiff! Mr. Sumit an%al' Mr. Ateev Mathur ' M%. &icha beroi M%. Jariti Ahu4a' Adv%.
(or &e%pondent%)Defendant! Mr. *.S. indra' Adv. Sub(#)t' Ci+il Cat)h *!rds M#ti!#d IN A)ts%Rul#s%Ord#rs' +ndian Contract Act' 1$72 , Section 17Cas#s Co,operative ;indu%than an td. and r%. MANE))"17#)19#1 3 H< imited Anr.MANE)D6)#-1)2"11
Anr. v%. and r%.
R#f#rr#d' Surendra Nath De= and v%. +(C+ imited and
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Cas# N!t#' Ci+il , It#ri& i(u)ti! , @r#s#t a//li)ati! fil#d f!r $rati$ it#ri& i(u)ti! i r#s/#)t !f s#lli$ !f shar#s !f A//li)at ! ! /a0&#t !f l!a a&!ut , *h#th#r A//li)at #titl#d !f it#ri& i(u)ti! i /r#s#t fa)ts ad )ir)u&sta)#s , H#ld2 a//#ar#d that A//li)at,/laitiff had fail#d t! /a0 s#)!d istall&#t i r#s/#)t !f l!a a&!ut , Said a&!ut du# as #+# !t /aid aft#r #
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in%tallment% of &%. 2" crore% 8hich 8a% to commence after a moratorium period of 12 month% from the date of fir%t di%bur%ement.
#. (or the purpo%e of creatin %ecurit= b= 8a= of plede of %hare%' the plaintiff% No. 1 to 8hich are the promoter companie% of plaintiff No. 5 pleded their re%pective %hare% o f plaintiff No. 5 8ith the defendant and in that re%pect' the %aid plaintiff%' i.e. plaintiff% No. 1 to individuall= entered into Share *urcha%e Areement% dated 12th Jul=' 2"12. +n term% of the %aid areement for plede of %hare%' the %hare% 8ere pleded a% per the follo8in detail%!,
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more particularl= %et out in Schedule ++ hereto. ;o8ever in no ca%e' the intere%t rate %hall be belo8 the %tipulated rate of intere%t of 1.5"O per annum durin the currenc= of the loan. 1. D6(AE< +N<6&6S
amount %hall carr= intere%t at the rate of top of the intere%t band rate /pre%entl= 1$.5"O per annum0 over and above the rate of intere%t' on compound ba%i%' pa=able under the oan Areement. ;i% arument i% that the plaintiff% ma= pa= the %econd in%tallment of &%. 2" crore% alon 8ith intere%t b= #1%t March' 2"1 in%tead of the due date' i.e. 15th Januar=' 2"1 8ith intere%t at band rate and plaintiff% 8ould al%o pa= re%t of the three in%tallment% of &%. 2" crore% each a% per the %chedule. +t i% pra=ed that an interim order aain%t the defendant be pa%%ed re%trainin it from %ellin the %hare% of plaintiff% No. 1 to ' other8i%e' a reat pre4udice 8ould be cau%ed to the plaintiff%' a% the Default +ntere%t clau%e 1. could appl= in the pre%ent circum%tance%. n the other hand' no harm 8ould cau%e to the defendant 8ho ultimatel= 8ould et the amount alon 8ith intere%t of band rate a% per the clau%e referred. 12. Mr. an%al ha% al%o relied upon Clau%e 1.$' i.e. &epa=ment' and arued that the %aid clau%e rant% the riht to the defendant to re%et the repa=ment %chedule and the plaintiff No. 5 %hall under thi% clau%e definitel= repa= the loan in term% of the repa=ment %chedule a% ma= be %tipulated b= the defendant and the %aid repa=ment %chedule %hall be final and bindin upon the plaintiff%. ;e %ubmit% that the defendant %hould aree 8ith the %ue%tion of repa=ment %chedule. 1#. a%tl=' it i% arued b= him that the alleed notice under Section 17- of the Act i%%ued b= the defendant on 22nd Januar=' 2"1 to the plaintiff% i% in a complete arbitrar= and hihhanded manner 8hich i% contrar= to the %pirit of Section 17- of the Act. +n %upport of thi% %ubmi%%ion' learned coun%el ha% mainl= relied upon the t8o deci%ion%3 one iven b= the Calcutta ;ih Court in a ca%e of Co,operative ;indu%tan an td. and another v%. Surendra Nath De= and other%' MANE))"17#)19#1 ! A+& 19#2 Calcutta 52' and the %econd deci%ion of thi% Court in the ca%e of H< imited v%. +(C+ td. r%.' reported a% MANE)D6)#-1)2"11 ! 1$2 /2"110 D< -9-. 1. Mr. an%al %tate% that in vie8 of the above %aid circum%tance% a% 8ell a% the relevant clau%e% mentioned in the oan Areement' the di%cretion %hould be e?erci%ed in favour of the plaintiff% 8ho ma= ultimatel= pa= the intere%t Q 1$.5O per annum for the dela=ed period.
to mae the repa=ment de%pite of po%tponement of the in%tallment% and the defendant had to %uffer a reat lo%%. 1-. Mr. indra %tate% that the defendant i% a financial in%titution3 the entire bu%ine%% i% of rotation of mone= and it %urvive% on intere%t and receipt of mone= in time.
1$. ;e arue% that Clau%e% -.1 and 1.$ are to be read toether in the pre%ent ca%e.
Shula
2". n 1-th Januar=' 2"1' a letter 8a% i%%ued b= the defendant addre%%ed to plaintiff No. 5' the relevant e?tract% of the %ame read a% under!, &e! Corporate oan% of &%. 1"" crore,Notice of 6vent of Default
2. +n thi% connection' 8e reret to ob%erve that &6+A i% in default in pa=ment of due% of +(C+ to the tune of &%. 21'"5'77'#"1), a% under! R *rincipal +n%tallment! &%. 2" crore R +ntere%t +n%tallment! &%. 1."- crore #. *lea%e note than an B6vent of DefaultB a% per Article +' Clau%e /a0 and clau%e /b0 of the oan Areement dated Jul= 12th' 2"1# e?ecuted b= =ou in re%pect of the captioned loan ha% occurred on account of non,pa=ment of our above mentioned due%. Lou are' therefore' advi%ed to immediatel= clear all due% 8ithin three bu%ine%% da=%' failin 8hich' +(C+ %hall be con%trained to tae nece%%ar= action a% per the (inancin Document%' b= enforcin all or an= of the %ecuritie% available to +(C+ in term% of the financin document% 8hich are in the form of plede and mortae. 21. Mr. indra' learned coun%el for the defendant ha% informed the Court that the plaintiff% have deliberatel= not filed the %econd pae of the %aid letter 8hich %ho8% that copie% of the %ame 8a% %ent to plaintiff% No. 1 to al%o. ;e %tate% that the plaintiff% have made incorrect %tatement in para 1$ of the plaint. ;i% arument i% that in the %aid letter' the event of default a% per Article +' Clau%e -.1' /a0 /b0 of the oan Areement dated 12th Jul=' 2"1# 8a% %pecificall= indicated to all the plaintiff%.
2. A% far a% the deci%ion% referred b= the learned coun%el for the plaintiff% are concerned' both are di%tinui%hable on the follo8in rea%on%!, /i0 +n the ca%e of Co,operative ;indu%tan an td. /%upra0' there 8a% onl= an intimation iven b= the lender to the borro8er that arranement 8ould be made for a %ale but it 8a% not %pecific notice for %ale of %hare%. ;o8ever' in the pre%ent ca%e' if both letter% dated 1-th Januar=' 2"1 and 22nd Januar=' 2"1 are read' it i% clear that the letter dated 1-th Januar=' 2"1 8a% i%%ued to the plaintiff% to invoe the %ecuritie% and the %econd letter dated 22nd Januar=' 2"1' %pecificall= informed the plaintiff% that in ca%e of failure to clear all due%' the defendant 8ould be con%trained to %ell the %hare% pleded b= the plaintiff%.
5. IN THE HIGH COURT OF RAJASTHAN =JAI@UR 3ENCH>
Civil &evn. *etn. No. 52)$ Decided n! 12."#.19$ Appellant%! Stat# 3a5 !f 3i5a#r ad Jai/ur Vs. &e%pondent! Fir& 3allabh Das ad S!s H!"bl# :.S. Sidhu' J.
Jud$#s%C!ra&'
C!us#ls' (or Appellant)*etitioner)*laintiff! D.:. Soral and *.D. Mathur' Adv%.
(or &e%pondent%)Defendant! *. Mridul' .*. Ara8al and A. Hupta' Adv%. Sub(#)t' C!tra)t Cat)h *!rds M#ti!#d IN A)ts%Rul#s%Ord#rs' Specific &elief Act' 19-# , Section #$3 Contract Act' 1$72 , Section 1 7-3 &a4a%than Court (ee% and Suit% aluation Act' 19-1 , Section 2#/10' &a4a%than Court (ee% and Suit% aluation Act' 19-1 , Section 2Dis/!siti!' *etition Allo8ed Cas# N!t#' S@ECIFIC RE6IEF ACT2 1; , S#)ti! 9 ad RAJASTHAN SUITS VA6UATION COURTS FEES ACT2 1;1,,S#)ti!s -=1>=a> -;,,Suit f!r r#)!+#r0 !f $!!ds /l#d$#d ith 3a5,,Mar5#t /ri)# !f $!!ds i la5hs,Addl,,Musiff Ma$istrat# $rati$ t#&/!rar0 i(u)ti!,,@#)uiar0 (urisdi)ti! !f Addl. Musiff Rs. 2%, ,,H#ld2 !rd#r !f t#&/!rar0 i(u)ti! is ith!ut (urisdi)ti!.
Note!, fact% 8hich con%titute the bul of the -" pae% of the plaint' the material fact%' a% athered from the record' are a% follo8%.
19$1' for the purpo%e of importin prime @ualit= C& >%teel %heet% and other %imilar ood% %pecified in the %aid letter from M)%. Mercantile % commi%%ion and all other mi%cellaneou% chare% in connection 8ith tain deliver= of the ood% from onded arehou%e for %torae 8ith the an>% approved clearin Aent.
per metric tonne. account.
ranted to prevent the breach of an obliation e?i%tin in favour of the plaintiff. >bliation> a% defined in Section 2 of the %ame Act mean% a dut= enforceable b= la8' n the plaint doe% not contain fact% 8hich' if proved' 8ould impo%e on the an an obliation to refrain from %ellin the pleded ;ood%' n the contrar=' the averment% made in the plaint 8ould %ho8 that the firm i% %uin the an a% a pa8nee' re@uirin the latter to refrain from %ellin the ood%. et alone the firm havin an= riht and the an bein %ub4ect to an= corre%pondin obliation not to %ell the ood%. Section 17-. Contract Act confer% a riht on the an a% a pa8nee' to %ell the pleded ood% after ivin notice to the pa8nor. +t i% admitted in the plaint that notice a% contemplated b= Section 17- Contract Act had alread= been %erved b= the an on the firm before the in%titution of thi% %uit. % application for temporar= in4unction under rder #9' &ule% 1 and 2 C.*.C. i% di%mi%%ed.
-. 3!&ba0 Hi$h C!urt Ra$huath @rasad +s Sar(u @rasad ! 19 D#)#&b#r2 1- EBui+al#t )itati!s' =1-> -; 3OM6R
Author! Sha8 3#)h' Sha2 Cars!2 J Ed$#2 A Ali2 6 J#5is
JEDHM6N< Sha8' J. 1. undue influence> 8here the relation% %ub%i%tin bet8een the partie% are %uch that one of the partie% i% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other and u%e% that po%ition to obtain an unfair advantae over the other. /20 +n particular and 8ithout pre4udice to the eneralit= of the foreoin principle' a per%on i% deemed to be in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of another!,, /a0 8here he hold% a real or apparent authorit= over the other' or 8here he %tand% in a fiduciar= relation to the other3 or /b0 8here he mae% a contract 8ith a per%on 8ho%e mental capacit= i% temporaril= or permanentl= affected b= rea%on of ae' illne%%' or mental or bodil= di%tre%%. /#0 here a per%on 8ho i% in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of another' enter% into a contract 8ith him' and the tran%action appear%' on the face of it or on the evidence adduced' to be
uncon%cionable' the burden of provin that %uch contract 8a% not induced b= undue influence %hall lie upon the per%on in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill of the other Nothin in thi% %ub, %ection %hall affect the provi%ion% of Section 111 of the of the +ndian 6vidence Act' 1$72. . +t i% in the vie8 of the oard b= that %ection that the @ue%tion ari%in bet8een the%e partie% fall% to be %ettled' and not b= reference to the lei%lation of other countrie%' e. .' the 6nli%h Mone=lender% Act. oard. 5.
9. 6vidence 8a% taen in the ca%e. +t i% %ufficient to %a= that the defendant% ave no evidence at all. +t i% @uite plain that no Court can accept a %tor= thu% unproved b= it% author a% e%tabli%hin a ca%e either of mental di%tre%% or of undue influence under the +ndian Contract Act. % 8ill. ord Dave= thu% e?pre%%ed the oard>% vie8 /p. 12-0!,, in a po%ition to dominate the 8ill> of the re%pondent 8ithin the meanin of the amended Section 1- of the +ndian Contract Act. +t remain%
to be %een 8hether Au%eri al u%ed that po%ition to obtain an unfair advantae over the re%pondent. 1. in a po%ition to dominate hi% 8ill'> and that he u%ed that po%ition to obtain an unfair advantae over the appelant. 15. +t i% %ufficient to %a= that the borro8er in the pre%ent ca%e 8a% %ui 4uri%' had the full po8er of barainin and of burdenin hi% e%tate' that hi% e%tate 8a% not under the Court of ard% and that he la= under no di%abilit=. ith reard to hi% helple%%ne%% nothin 8hat%oever i% proved in the ca%e e?cept the bare fact that he bein a man of 8ealth a% o8ner of one,half of certain 4oint famil= propert= 8i%hed to obtain and did obtain certain monie% on loan. to dominate the 8ill> of the mortaor' and cited a recent deci%ion of thi% oard,,Dhanipal Da% v. &a4a Mane%har ah%h Sinh. +n that ca%e' ho8ever' the borro8er 8a% > a di%@ualified proprietor > under the udh and &evenue Act' 1$7"' and hi% e%tate 8a% under the manaement of the Court of ard%' and it 8a% on that round that their ord%hip% held that the borro8er 8a% under a peculiar di%abilit=' and the po%ition of the partie% 8a% %uch that the lender 8a% > in a po%ition to dominate hi% 8ill.>
e%tabli%hed' then the uncon%cionable nature of the barain and the burden of proof on the i%%ue of undue influence come into operation. +n the pre%ent ca%e' for the rea%on% %tated' the%e %tae% are not reached. 19. % 8ill.
7. Gauhati Hi$h C!urt J0!tiridra 3hatta)har(## +s S!a 3ala 3!ra Ad Ors. ! A/ril2 - EBui+al#t )itati!s' AIR - Gau 1-2 =-> G6R 19
Author! A Saiia 3#)h' @ Na!l#5ar2 A Sai5ia
JEDHM6N< A.;. Saiia' J. 1. oth the appellant and re%pondent% in%tituted t8o
a% 8ell a% mutation order' the appellant ot ;oldin No. $5 on the %aid premi%e% from Shillon Municipalit= oard. #. n the ba%i% of the admitted factual matri? a% noted above' the plaintiff filed
5. <8o appeal% bein (A No. 2/S;0$- /7)$50 and (A No. -/S;0$$ /75) $50 8ere preferred b= the appellant aain%t the common 4udment and order dated 12.7.19$5 pa%%ed b= the learned Di%trict Jude' Shillin above mentioned before thi% Court. n con%ideration of the %ubmi%%ion of the learned coun%el for the partie%' the learned Sinle Jude formulated three point% for determination of the matter.
$. +n di%cu%%in *oint No. #' the learned Sinle Jude %impl= held that %ince the appellant 8a% not able to %ho8 b= adducin proper evidence that ate ora could deliver the entire propert=' the appellant at no point of time occupied the %uit propert=. 9. +n vie8 of the above findin' the learned Sinle Jude b= hi% 4udment and order dated #.#.199 di%mi%%ed both the appeal% affirmin the 4udment of the trial court. 1". ein arieved b= the afore%aid 4udment and order' the%e t8o etter% *atent Appeal% have been preferred b= the appellant. 11. ;eard Mr. . C. Da%' learned coun%el for the appellant and Mr. &. *. Sarma' learned coun%el appearin for the re%pondent%. 12. (rom the e?ten%ive arument% %o advanced b= the learned coun%el for the rival partie%' it appear% that the entire matter revolve% around t8o i%%ue ! /10 8hether the re%pondent% had al%o ac@uired riht' title and intere%t in re%pect of the %uit land alon 8ith ate ora 8hen concededl= the %uit land 8a% %ettled 8ith ate ora b= the Hovt. rantin him patta 8hich 8a%' after the %ale to the appellant' endor%ed in the name of the appellant a% proved b= 6?bt%. 5 and /20. hether ate ora 8a% mentall= un%ound at the time of e?ecution of the %ale deed. 1#. :eepin the%e t8o cardinal i%%ue% in mind' no8 let u% note the arument% cavan%%ed on behalf of the conte%tin partie%. 1. A%%ailin the impuned 4udment' Mr. Da%' learned coun%el for the appellant' ha% %trenuou%l= arued that the learned Sinle Jude 8ent 8ron in holdin that the vendor of the appellant' ate ora' 8a% not the %ole o8ner of the %uit propert= and he 8a% not mentall= %ound at the time of e?ecution of the Sale Deed. ;e ha% pre%%ed into %ervice t8o arument%,fir%tl=' accordin to him' under the la8 it i% the *atta 8hich confer% upon the holder 8ith a permanent heritable and tran%ferable riht of the u%e and occupanc= in land. hen ate ora ac@uired hi% o8ner%hip b= dint of dul= rei%tered Sale Deed' not documentar= evidence 8a% produced b= the re%pondent% to %ho8 that the= al%o ac@uired 4oint title to the %uit land.
ora 8a% of un%ound mind but the earned Sinle Jude committed rave error of la8 and on fact% placin the burden upon the appellant to e%tabli%h the factum that the vendor 8a% mentall= %ound at the time of e?ecution of the Sale Deed. &eferrin to Section 12 of the Contract Act' 1$72 /hereinafter called a% >the Act>0' Mr. Da% ha% arued that a per%on i% %aid to o f un%ound mind if' he i%' at the time of main an= contract' not capable of under%tandin it and of formin a rational 4udment a% to it% effect upon hi% intere%t%. Accordin to him' 8hen the Deed of Compromi%e 8a% effected bet8een ate ora and re%pondent% o n 1".-.1977' after the 8ithdra8al of the criminal proceedin under Section 1"7 Cr.*C initiated b= the vendor of the appellant aain%t the re%pondent% upon 8hich much reliance ha% been placed b= the re%pondent%' the= them%elve% had admitted the fact that ate ora 8a% of %ound mind a% the= pra=ed for a declaration in their <. S. No. 12/;0)7$ to the effect that ate ora 8a% bound b= the %aid Compromi%e Deed and a% %uch the validit= of the Sale Deed e?ecuted on 21.9.1977' cannot be @ue%tioned on the round of un%ound mind of ate ora. 15. n the point of un%oundne%% of mind under Section 12 of the Act' Mr. Da% ha% taen u% throuh t8o 4udment% namel=' /10 % ca%e /%upra0' it 8a% ob%erved that the onu% of provin un%oundne%% at the time of e?ecution of the document 8a% on a per%on 8ho challened the validit= of the document% 8hen in :anhai=alal>% ca%e /%upra0' it 8a% held that for the purpo%e of Section 12 of the Act' the te%t of un%oundne%% of mind 8a% 8hether the per%on 8a% incapable of under%tandin the bu%ine%% concerned and it% implication% and mere 8eane%% of mind 8a% not %ufficient. 1-. Mr. Sarma' learned coun%el appearin on behalf of the re%pondent%' ha% re%i%ted the contention% of learned coun%el for the appellant claimin that the learned Sinle Jude 8a% ab%olutel= correct and riht in holdin that ate hairath ora 8a% not the ab%olute o8ner becau%e the re%pondent% bein the 8ife and children of ate ora' had 4oint intere%t in the %uit propert= 8herein the= had their %ub%tantial contribution on the con%truction of the hou%e% over the %uit land and bein the member% of the ;indu famil=' the= became co,%hare% of the %uit propert=.
17. At thi% %tae' Mr. Sarma ha% faintl= arued that bein the co,%harer% of the propert= in @ue%tion' the re%pondent had riht of pre,emption over the %ame. +t i% al%o arued b= Mr. Sarma that the in%tant %uit filed b= the appellant before the trial court 8a% hit b= rder 2#' &ule 1 /0 C*C thouh admittedl= the %aid point 8a% not rai%ed either before the trial court or the learned Sinle Jude. &eferrin to the depo%ition of the appellant' * 1 in <. S. No. #/;0)7$' Mr. Sarma ha% %ubmitted that the appellant had cateoricall= admitted that he filed four %ucce%%ive %uit% before the learned Mun%iff on the %ame %ub4ect matter and on the %ame cau%e of action %eein the %ame relief and all tho%e four %uit% 8ere di%mi%%ed on 8ithdra8al a% he did not tae an= intere%t and on thi% count alone b= attraction of rder 2#' &ule 1/0 C*C' the appellant 8a% precluded from in%titutin the pre%ent % ca%e that the land in @ue%tion 8a% not %ettled 8ith ate ora. Admittedl=' after %ettlement of the land b= the Hovt. a *atta bein *atta No. 15 8a% i%%ued in favour of ate ora in re%pect of the %uit land. nce' *atta ha% been i%%ued' appl=in the ratio of the Ami=a ala Dutta>% ca%e /%upra0' it can be %afel= held that ate ora ac@uired riht of o8ner%hip over the %uit land and hence he had permanent' heritable and tran%ferable riht of u%e and occupanc= over the %ame. +t 8a% al%o admitted that the re%pondent% could not prove an= %uch title b= provin an= documentar= evidence. Mere %ub%tantial contribution in the con%truction of the hou%e' not bein %upported b= an= reliable evidence oral or documentar=' did not confer an= riht upon the re%pondent% over the %uit propert=. 6ven Compromi%e Deed 8hich 8a% e?ecuted b= the partie% and 8hich 8a% al%o heavil= relied upon b= the re%pondent%' manife%tl= oe% to prove that the ate ora 8a% the actual o8ner.
2. % office Shillon %imultaneou%l= at the time 8hen the (ir%t *art= %ell% the other t8o hou%e% to the purcha%er% b= e?ecutin Sale Deed in the Sub,&ei%trar>% ffice' Shillon. /iii0
e?ecution of the Sale Deed lied upon the appellant. +t i% %ettled la8 that onu% of provin of un%oundne%% of mind of a per%on al8a=% re%t% upon him 8ho allee% %uch %tate of mind of per%on.
$.
Poker Is a Game of Skill Posted on September 24, 2013 by Sean Carroll
ia the Seriou%l=' Science blo come% 8hat loo% lie a prett= bad paper! +% poer a ame of %ill or chance A @ua%i,e?perimental %tud= Herhard Me=er' Marc von Meduna'
definitel= enter%' lie poer or blac4ac or Monopol=. Call the%e probabili%tic deci%ion ame%.T /*re%umabl= there i% %ome accepted terminolo= for all the%e thin%' b ut +m 4u%t main the%e term% up.0 So' 8hen doe% a probabili%tic deci%ion ame @ualif= a% a ame of %illT + %ue%t it doe% 8hen the follo8in criteria are met! 1. 2. #.
+t %eem% perfectl= obviou% to me that an= ame fittin the%e criteria nece%%aril= involve% an element of %ill 8hat% the be%t %trate= to u%e +t% al%o obviou% that poer certainl= @ualifie%' a% 8ould Monopol=. Hame% lie blac4ac or crap% do not' %ince the be%t po%%ible %trate= /or lea%t bad'T %ince the%e ame% are definite lo%er% in the lon run0 i% no8n. Amon pla=er% u%in that %trate=' there% no more room for %ill /out%ide card,countin or other form% of cheatin.0 Neverthele%%' people continue to act lie thi% i% an intere%tin @ue%tion. +n the ca%e of thi% ne8 %tud=' the methodolo= i% prett= crapp=' a% di%%ected here. Mo%t obviou%l=' the %ample %iKe i% lauhabl= %mall. 6ach pla=er pla=ed onl= %i?t= hand%3 that% about t8o hour% at a cardroom table' or ma=be fifteen minute% or le%% at a fa%t online %ite. And an= poer pla =er no8% that the variance in the ame i% @uite lare' even for the be%t pla=er%3 true %ill doe%nt %ho8 up until a much loner run than that. More %ubtl=' but 8or%e' the ame that 8a% %tudied 8a%nt reall= poer. +f +m under%tandin the paper correctl=' the card% 8erent dealt randoml=' but 8ith pre,determined better,than, averae)averae)8or%e,than,averae hand%.
