Deviasi standar

8

ÊTUÔ ! Ê]@CI ]UHTU H]ET

GIDUK I5

ÊTUÔ ! Ê]@CI ]UHTU H]]ET

8/ Zeofe~t`ho êtu~o ! ê}`ci ]uhtu @oqe}th}` ]ei~hof ]ei~hof òqe}t òqe}ti~ i~ ghuzuo ghuzuo ze~u}hlh ze~u}hlhho ho phof phof gekhcu gekhcucho cho cef`ht cef`htho ho òqe}t òqe}th}` h}` }ekhku }ekhku d`lhdhzcho zhdh ~e}`ci dho ~etu~o phof te~choduof dhkhg òqe}th}` te~}enut/ êtu~o dhzht d`h~t`cho }enhfh` lh}`k zeofegnhk`ho òqe}th}` ,zhdh ugugoph dòphthcho dhkhg ze~}eoth}e dh~` òqe}th}`)/ Zeofucu~ho ~etu~o ò` }hofht zeotòf nhf` òqe}ti~ uotuc geoha}`~cho }ene~hzh nh`c ghohbe~ òqe}th}` gekhcucho òqe}th}`/ Lhoph geofl`tuof ~etu~o }hbh uotuc }uhtu òqe}th}` t`dhckhl mucuz/ ê}`ci dh~` òqe}th}` bufh ze~ku d`ze~l`tuofcho/ êtu~o dho ~e}`ci ge~uzhcho duh lhk phof t`dhc te~z`}hl+ te~z`}hl+ ch~eoh ze~t`gnhofho ze~t`gnhofho }uhtu òqe}th}` òqe}th}` ge~uzhcho t~hde'iaa dh~` ceduh ahmti~ ò`/ êtu~o dho ~e}`ci gegzuoph` lunuofho phof zi}`tà+ }eghcò ne}h~ ~e}`ci phof lh~u} d`th d`thoff offuo uof+ f+ }eghc` }eghcòo ne}h~ ne}h~ ~etu~o ~etu~o phof phof lh~u lh~u}} d`ci d`cigz gzeo eo}h} }h}`c `cho ho// ê}` ê}`ci ci }e~ò }e~òff d`lunuofcho d`lunuofcho deofho zeop`gzhofho zeop`gzhofho hthu deq`h}` deq`h}` dh~` iutmige phof d`te~`gh d`te~`gh deofho phof dèc}zecth}`/ dèc}zecth}`/ Qho Li~oe dho Vhmliv`m}+ Vhmliv`m}+ B~/ ,800>) geodeaò`}`cho geodeaò`}`cho ~e}`ci }enhfh` qh~`hn`k`th} ~etu~o te~lhdhz ~etu~o phof d`lh~hzcho/ Uotuc geofl`tuof ~e}`ci+ getide phof nhophc d`fuohcho hdhkhl deq`h}` }thodh~ phof geofucu~ hn}ikute zeop`gzhofho o`kh`'o`kh` phof }udhl te~bhd` deofho o`kh` ec}zecth}òph/

>/ Cigzioeo êtu~o êtu~o dh~` }uhtu òqe}th}` te~d`~` dh~` duh cigzioeo ph`tu 2 •

Pèkd 2 Cigzioeo dh}h~ phof zhkòf }e~òf guomuk dhkhg òqe}tòf ~etu~o ph`tu

dhkhg h~u} ch} }emh~h ze~ìd`c phof d`ze~ikel }ekhgh ne~òqe}th}`+ nh`c nuofh ghuzuo d`q`deo/ Dhkhg ne~òqe}th}` }hlhg+ pèkd'oph ne~uzh d`q`deo/ ]edhofcho

Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN

Hfu} Rhòuk H~àò GHOHBEGEO @OQE]TH]@

>


dhkhg dhkhg ne~òqe} ne~òqe}th} th}`` ink`fh ink`fh}`+ }`+ pèkd'o pèkd'oph ph hdhkhl hdhkhl ne~uzh ne~uzh cuzio/ cuzio/ Zeofucu Zeofucu~ho ~ho pèkd pèkd te~fhotuof dh~` h~u} ch} dho lh~fh+ }eze~t` lh~fh nek` hthu lh~fh nek` }ech~hof/ •

Mhz`thk fhò ,ki}}) 2 Cigzioeo phof ceduh ò` bufh zeotòf+ clu}u}oph dhkhg

}hlhg }hlhg n`h} n`h}hh ,miggio Cigzioeo eo ò` ge~uzhc ge~uzhcho ho miggio }timc }timc ) dho kiof kiof te~g te~g niod} niod}/ Cigzio hz~e}`h}` dh~` lh~fh }uhtu h}}et phof n`h}hoph d`}enut mhz`thk fhò ,ki}})/ Mhz`thk fhò ,ki}}) }emh~h }ede~lhoh dhzht d`}enut ze~nedhho lh~fh hthu }ek`}`l hoth~h lh~fh buhk dho lh~fh nek` }uhtu ò}t~ugeo òqe}th}`/ N`kh lh~fh buhk ; lh~fh nek`+ ghch te~bhd` mhz`thk ki}} dho }enhk`coph/

Dh~` ceduh cigzioeo d`hth}+ b`ch d`}htucho ce dhkhg neotuc tithk ~etu~o geobhd` 2

Tithk êtu~o 7 Pèkd # Z~`me mlho e

=/ ]ugne~ dho T`ze ^`}`ci ]ugne~ ~`}`ci hdh < beo`}+ hoth~h khò 2

@ote~e} @ote~e}tt ^`}c ^`}c ^hte ^hte





Qh~`hn Qh~`hn`k` `k`th} th} dhkhg dhkhg ~etu~o ~etu~o }ecu~`t }ecu~`th} h} dh~`

ze~unhlho tòfcht }ucu nuofh ph`tu òte~e}t ~hte ~`}c / @ote~e}t ~hte ~`}c gegzeofh~ul` ink`fh ink`fh}` }` }emh~h }emh~h khof}uo khof}uoff dh~`zhdh dh~`zhdh miggio thz` `tu `tu bufh bufh gegz gegzeo eofh fh~ul ~ul`` miggio }timc }timc + thz` ceduhoph dho gegnutulcho ze~t`gnhofho phof }hofht zeotòf nhf` zh~h òqe}ti~/ Gh~cet Gh~cet ^`}c ^`}c  Qh~`hn` Qh~`hn`k`t k`th} h} ~etu~o+ ~etu~o+ lh}`k lh}`k dh~` akuctu akuctuh}` h}` dhkhg dhkhg



ce}eku~ulho zh}h~ ph`tu zh}h~ }hlhg hf~efht+ `tukhl phof d`ghc}ud deofho gh~cet ~`}c /

Gh~ce Gh~cett ~`}c ~`}c bufh bufh te~g te~gh}u h}ucc ahct ahcti~ i~'ah 'ahct cti~ i~ ec}if ec}ifeo eo }eze~ }eze~t` t` ~e}e} ~e}e}`+`+ ze~ho ze~hof+ f+

ze~unhlho }t~uctu~ dhkhg ecioig` dho ze~unhlho }eke~h cio}ugeo/ 

@oakhtìo @oakhtìo ^`}c  Ahcti~ Ahcti~ phof phof gegzeof gegzeofh~ul h~ul`` }eguh }eguh }ecu~`t }ecu~`th} h}

hdhkhl ~e}`ci dhph nek` hthu ne~cu~hofoph ceghgzuho gegnek` òqe}th}` dhkhg dikkh~/ Deofho òakh}` phof t`dhc geoeotu+ ~etu~o phof ophth bufh gek`nhtcho  geofhoduof ~e}`ci vhkhuzuo ~etu~o oigòhk mucuz hgho/ ê}`ci ò` ne~lunuofho deofho òte~e}t ~hte ~`}c+ ch~eoh òte~e}t ~hte n`h}hoph geoòfcht }e`~òf zeoòfchtho òakh}`/ 

Nu}òe}} ^`}c  ê}`ci gekhcucho }uhtu n`}o`} dhkhg òdu}t~`

clu}u} d`}enut nu}òe}} ~`}c /



=


Aòhom`hk ^`}c  Aòhom`hk Aòhom`hk ~`}c ne~lunuofho ne~lunuofho deofho zeoffuohho



zegn` zegn`hph hphho ho luthof luthof ikel ikel ze~u}hlh ze~u}hlhho/ ho/ Ne}h~op Ne}h~ophh z~izi~}` z~izi~}` h}}et h}}et ikel ikel zegn`h zegn`hphh phhoo luthof dho ne}h~oph ne}h~oph qh~`hn`k`t qh~`hn`k`th} h} ~etu~o hdhkhl }hgh/ Cio}ez aòhom`hk keqe~hfe bufh te~gh}uc d` dhkhg aòhom`hk ~`}c/ K`xu`d K`x u`d`tp `tp ^`}c ^`}c





ê}` ê}`ci ci phof phof ne~lu ne~lunuo nuofh fhoo deof deofho ho zh}h~ zh}h~

}ecuode~ dhkhg ze~dhfhofho }ecu~`th}/ ]uhtu òqe}th}` phof dhzht d`nek` hthu d`buhk d`buhk }emh~h mezht dho thozh lh~fh phof }`foà`cho }`foà`cho n`h}hoph ne~}àht k`xu`d/ ]eghcò t`dhc geoeotuoph geoeotuoph ekegeo vhctu dho cio}e}` ,cekioffh~ho) ,cekioffh~ho) lh~fh+ }eghcò ne}h~ k`xu`d`tp k`xu`d`tp ~`}c'oph/ E|mlhofe ^hte ^`}c  ]eguh òqe}ti~ phof ne~òqe}th}` }emh~h



òte~oh}ìohk zhdh h~eoh òqe}th}` fkinhk }ech~hof ò`+ geoflhdhz` z~i}zec phof thc geoeotu dhkhg ~etu~o }etekhl ge~ech geofunhl ceuotuofho ge~ech ce dhkhg ghth uhof oefh~h ge~ech gh}òf'gh}òf/ E|mlhofe ^hte ^`}c dhzht d`deaò`}`cho }enhfh` qh~`hn`k`th} ~etu~o phof d`}enhncho ikel akuctuh}` ghth uhof/ E|mlhofe ~hte ~`}c n`h}hoph d`}enut bufh mu~~eomp ~`}c / Miuot~p ^`}c  Miuot~p ~`}c n`h}hoph d`}enut bufh zik`t`mhk zik`t`mhk ~`}c+



ph`tu ~`}`ci phof zeotòf uotuc zh~h òqe}ti~ zhdh rhgho }ech~hof ò`/ Deofho nhoph nhophcop cophh òqe}ti òqe}ti~~ phof phof ne~òqe} ne~òqe}th} th}`` }emh~h }emh~h òte~oh òte~oh}ìo }ìohk+ hk+ nh`c nh`c }emh~h }emh~h khof}uo khof}uoff ghuzuo t`dhc khof}uof+ }thn`k`th} dho cekhof}uofho l`duz ecioig` }uhtu oefh~h ze~ku d`ze~t`gnhofcho/ Uo`ted ]thte} gegzuoph` miuot~p ~`}c phof zhkòf ~eodhl+ dho nene~hzh oefh~h khò dhzht dò`kh` deofho geoffuohcho ucu~ho Uo`ted ]thte} }enhfh` tikic ucu~oph/ T`ze ^`}`ci •

Uo}p}teght`m ^`}c  G`m~i ^`}c/

ê}`ci ê}`ci phof phof n`}h n`}h d`l`kh d`l`khofch ofchoo gekhku gekhku`` d`qe~}` d`qe~}à`c a`ch}` h}` deofho deofho geofho geofhoech ech~hfh ~hfhgcho gcho neotuc òqe}th}`/ Miotil 2 gh}hkhl k`cu`d`th} ze~u}hlhho+ ceghgzuho gegnhph~ d`q`deo+ ea`}èo}` z~iduc+ dkk/ •

]p}teght`m ^`}c  Ghm~i ^`}c/



4


ê}`ci phof t`dhc n`}h d`l`khofcho d`l`khofcho gekhku` gekhku` d`qe~}à`ch}` d`qe~}à`ch}`// Ucu~ho gh~cet ~`}c hdhkhl hdhkhl neth ,ξ)/ Miotil 2 zeofh~ul òakh}`+ akuctuh}` o`kh` tuch~+ emioig`m emioig`m f~ivtl+ dho akuctuh}` @L]F te~lhdhz oh`c tu~uooph lh~fh }uhtu h}}et/

4/ Zeofucu~ho êtu~o êhk`}h}` ,êhk êtu~o) •

Tithk êtu~o

]enuhl zeofucu~ho ~etu~o phof neoh~ lh~u} gegh}uccho duh cigzioeo dh~` ~etu~o+ ph`tu lh}`k , pèkd pèkd ) dho ze~unhlho lh~fh , z~`me mlhofe)/ êtu~o phof ne~khvhoho deofho vhctu vhctu hthu hthu dh~` dh~` }ecu~` }ecu~`th th}} phof phof ne~ne ne~nedh dh dhzht dhzht dùc dùcu~ u~ dho d`nh d`nhod` odòf ofcho cho deofh deofhoo geoffuohcho cio}ez tithk ~etu~o/ Tithk ~etu~o hdhkhl ze~}eoth}e phof ne~lunuofho deofho }eguh zeoe~`ghho h~u} ch} ikel }ei~hof òqe}ti~ }ekhgh nene~hzh ze~ìde vhctu phof tekhl d`teotucho uotuc lh~fh zegnek`ho hth} h}}et/ Tithk ~etu~o d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut2 T^ 7

MAt # , Ze ∞ Zn) Zn

7

MAt # ZM Zn Zn

Cete~hofho 2 MAt 7 h~u} ch} }ekhgh ze~ìde zeofucu~ho t Ze 7 lh~fh zhdh hcl`~ ze~ìde t hthu lh~fh buhk Zn 7 lh~fh nek` h}}et hthu lh~fh zhdh hvhk ze~ìde ZM 7 ze~unhlho lh~fh }ekhgh ze~ìde te~teotu H~u} ch} uotuc }enuhl ink`fh}` ,niod) ne~h}hk dh~` zeoe~`ghho zegnhph~ho nuofh+ dho uotuc }enuhl }hlhg ne~h}hk dh~` zeoe~`ghho d`q`deo/ Uotuc nene~hzh h}}et+ }eze~t` }enuhl }u~ht cuh}h hthu }enuhl }hlhg phof t`dhc gegnhph~ d`q`deo+ lhoph }enuhl ze~unhlho lh~fh/ Cio}ez tithk ~etu~o ne~o`kh` }enhfh` }enuhl zeofucu~ho ~etu~o ch~eoh 2 '

]eguh te~l`tuof/

'

Geofucu~ tithk ~etu~o dh~` }et`hz i~`fòhk òqe}tgeot /

'

Gegu Gegudh dhlc lcho ho ze~ ze~nh nhod odò òfh fhoo ~et ~etu~o u~o dh~` dh~` h}} h}}et et gek gekhku` hku` ze~ ze~ì ìde de pho phoff

tekhl d`tethzcho+ hzhchl ze~nhodòfho te~}enut dh~` h}}et phof ne~nedh+ }eze~t` }hlhg qe~}u} ink`fh}`+ hthu dh~` }ecu~`th} phof ne~nedh deofho t`ze phof }hgh+ }eze~t` nene~hzh miggio }timc / Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


5


Miotil }ihk 82

D`q`deo }ethluo phof d`nhph~cho hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z8>:+'/ Lh~fh }hlhg nukho cegh~ò hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z8:8:+' dho nukho ò` hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z88::+'/ êtu~o tithk nukho ò` }ene}h~ 2

êtu~o 7

^z ^z88:: ∞ ^z8:8: #

8>: ^z8>: 8>

^z8:8:

7 0/0%

Miotil }ihk > 2

D`q`deo D`q`deo }ethluo }ethluo phof d`nhph~cho d`nhph~cho hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z8>:'/ Lh~fh }hlhg gòffu cegh~ò hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z8:5:+' ^z8:5:+' dho gòffu gòffu ò` hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z88::+'/ ^z88::+'/ êtu~o tithk gòffu gòffu ò` hdhkhl }ene}h~ 2

êtu~o 7

^z ^z88:: ∞ ^z ^z8:5: #

^z8>: 8>: 5>

^z ^z8:5:

•

7 4/0<%

êkht`qe êtu~o

êkht`qe ~etu~o te~chdhof d`ze~kucho uotuc geofucu~ ~etu~o dh~` }ed`c`t ze~nedhho dh}h~ dh~`zhdh tithk ~etu~o/ êkht`qe ~etu~o geopeke}eh`cho gh}hkhl cet`ch ~etu~o oefhtà ch~eoh ~ekht`qe ~etu~o }ekhku zi}`tà/ êkht`qe ~etu~o geohgnhlcho 8/: uotuc tithk ~etu~o+ dho ge}c`zuo ~ekht`qe ~etu~o guofcò ken`l cem`k dh~`8/:+ ~ekht`qe ~etu~o hcho ken`l ne}h~ dh~` oik+ deofho geofek`gòh}` hofch'hofch phof oefht`qe/ êkht`qe ~etu~o d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 ^^ 7

MAt # Ze Zn

7 8 # T^

Miotil }ihk 2

Thnek ne~`cut geouobucco o`kh` dh~` ~ekht`qe ~etu~o uotuc }hlhg ZT/‐H‐



1


Ze~ìde Lh~fh ]hlhg D`q`deo êtu~o êkht`z êtu~o ,8) 80< 0 800 : 800 8 800 > 800 = 800 4 800 5 800 1

,Zt)

,Dt

,^t)

,^^t)

,>) 865 : 865 5 860 : 8<8 : >:8 : 80: 5 80> : 80= 5

,=) 8:: 8:: 8:: 85: 85: >:: >:: >::

,4) ' : /: 1 : : /: 6 6 : /: 0 5 : /8 0 = : /: 4 6 : /8 8 = : /8 8 >

,5) 7 ,4) # 8 ' 8/ : 1 : 8/ : 6 6 8/ : 0 5 8/ 8 0 = 8/ : 4 6 8/ 8 8 = 8/ 8 8 >

Uotuc thluo 800:+ ~ekht`qe ~etu~o d` Thnek dhzht d`l`tuof }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 ^^ 800: 800: 7 ^ 800: 800: # 8 7 8/:1: Hthu deofho geoffuohcho ~ugu} 2 ^^ 800: 800: 7 ,Z800: # D800:)  Z80<0 ,8655 # 8::) 865: 8/:1: •

Mugukht`qe Vehktl @ode|

Zeofucu~ho ~etu~o }eze~t` zeofucu~ho tithk ~etu~o ne~unhl dhkhg tòfcht cechphho/ Ge}c`zuo nef`tu+ mugukht`qe vehktl òde| ken`l d`celeodhc` uotuc geofucu~ tòfcht cechphho ,hthu lh~fh) dh~`zhdh ze~unhlho cechphhooph/ Deofho chth khò+ c`th geofucu~ zeofh~ul zeofh~ul mugukht`qe mugukht`qe dh~` ~etu~o }ezhobhof vhctu deofho gegne~`cho gegne~`cho nene~hzh nene~hzh bugkhl bugkhl hvhk phof d`tethzcho+ ph`tu 8/ Mugukht`qe vehktl òde| d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut2 MV@o 7 V@i,8 # T^8),8 # T^>) ‡ ,8 # Tô) Cete~hofho 2



6


MV@o 7 mugukht` mugukht`qe qe vehktl vehktl òde| òde| zhdh hcl`~ ze~ìde ze~ìde o  òdec} òdec} ceghcgu~ho ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà+ cugukhtà+ gukh` dh~` ze~ìde ze~thgh }hgzh` ce o V@i V@i

7 òde òde|| qhku qhkuee hvh hvhkk + ph` ph`tu tu 8  cech cechph phho ho hvhk hvhk

Tô

7 ze~ìd` ze~ìd`cc tithk tithk ~etu~o ~etu~o dhkhg dhkhg neotuc neotuc dem`g dem`ghk hk  ~etu~o ~etu~o ze~ìde ze~ìde ce't+ ce't+ gukh` gukh` dh~` hvhk hvhk ze~ìde ,t 7 8) }hgzh` ce hcl`~ ze~ìde ,t 7 o)

Mugukht`qe vehktl òde| dhzht d`fuohcho uotuc geofl`tuof ~hte ia ~etu~o uotuc ze~ìde phof tekhl d`tethzcho+ d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut 2

Tô 7

MV@o MV@ , o ∞8)

∞8

Cete~hofho 2 Tô Tô

7 Tit Tithk hk êtu êtu~o ~o uotu uotucc ze~ ze~ì ìde de o

MV@ MV@ 7 Mug Muguk ukht ht`q `qee Veh Vehkt ktll @od @ode| e| Miotil }ihk 8 2

@odec} ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà uotuc }hlhg ZT “H‐ gukh` dh~` thluo 80<0 }hgzh` deofho thluo 8001 thgzhc d` thnek ne~`cut ò` 2 Ze~` Ze~ìd idee êtu êtu~o ~o ,^t ,^t)) @ode @odec} c} Ceg Ceghc hcgu gu~h ~hnn Cugu Cugukh kht` tàa ,@CC) ,@CC) 8 0<0 8 00: 8 008 8 00> 8 00= 8 004 8 005 8 001

' :/:1: :/:66 :/:05 :/80= :/:46 :/88= :/88>

8/::: 8/:1: 8/84> 8/>5: 8/40> 8/51> 8/6=< 8/0==

@odec} ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà ò` geouobuccho ceghcgu~ho hcl`~ phof d`ze~ikel dhkhg }uhtu ze~ìde te~teotu/ G`}hkoph deofho gegnek` }hlhg “H‐ d` hcl`~ thluo 80<0+ ghch zhdh hcl`~ thluo 8008+ ceghcgu~ho hcho geobhd` }ene}h~ 884/>:% dh~` ceghcgu~ho }egukh/ B`ch }hlhg ò` d`ze~thlhocho khf`+ ghch zhdh hcl`~ thluo ne~`cutoph hcho Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


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geobhd` }ene}h~ 8>5/::% dh~` o`kh` }egukh d` hcl`~ thluo 800: deofho ze~l`tuofho }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 MV@800> 7 8 , 8 # :/:1:) ,8 # :/:66) ,8 # :/:05) 7 8/>5: hthu 8>5/:: % MV@ hthu òdec} ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà dhzht bufh d`l`tuof ne~dh}h~cho ze~chk`ho o`kh`' o`kh` cigzioeooph }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 MV@ 7 ZLC | PC Deofho 2 MV@ 7 @odec} ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà ZLC 7 Ze~unhlho lh~fh cugukhtà PC

7 P` Pèkd cu cugukhtà

Miotil ]ihk > 2

Thnek ne~`cut geouobuccho miotil lh}`k ze~l`tuofho òdec} cugukhtà phof d`l`tuof dh~` ze~chk`ho ze~unhlho lh~fh cugukhtà deofho pèkd cugukhtà Ze~ìde Mhz`thk ,8) 800 : 800 8 800 > 800 = 800 4 800 5 800 1

D`q`deo Ze~unhlho

Pèkd

@odec} Ceghcgu~ho

Fhò ,Ki}}) Pèkd

Lh~fh cugukhtà Cugukhtà Cugukhtà

,>) :/::>0 :/:800 :/:88> :/88:5 ':/:5>> :/::60 :/::6<

,4) 8/::= 8/:>= 8/:=4 8/84< 8 /: < < 8/:06 8/8:5

,=) :/:568 :/:56: :/:<=< :/:<>0 :/:005 :/8:5: :/8:4>

,5) 8/ : 5 6 8/ 8 8 6 8/ > 8 8 8/ = 8 8 8/ 4 4 > 8/ 5 0 = 8/ 6 5 0

,1) 7 ,4) | ,5) 8/:1: 8/84> 8/>5: 8/5:5 8/510 8/646 8/04=

]enhfh` `ku}t~h}` `ku}t~h}` ze~l`tuofho+ ze~l`tuofho+ ze~unhlho lh~fh cugukhtà cugukhtà ,ZLC)+ Pèkd Cugukhtà Cugukhtà ,PC) dho @odec} Ceghcgu~ho Cugukhtà ,MV@) uotuc thluo 8008 dhzht d`l`tuof }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 ZLC8 ZLC800 00::

7 ,8 ,8 # Mhz` Mhz`th thkk Fh` Fhò8 o800 00:) :),8 ,8# # Mhz Mhz`t `thk hk Fhò Fhò 8008 8008))



0


7 ,8 # :/::>0),8 # :/:800) 7 8/:>= PC8008

7 ,8 # Pèkd800:),8 # Pèkd 8008) 7 ,8# :/:568) ,8# 8/56:) 7 8/886

MV@8008

7 ,Z ,ZLC8008),PC8008) 7 8/:>= | 8/886 7 8/84>

N`kh lh}`k ò` d`nhodòfcho deofho ze~l`tuofho zhdh thnek miotil }ihk 8 ghch hcho geouobuccho lh}`k phof lhgz`~ }hgh/ Ze~nedhho o`kh` phof hdh d`}enhncho ikel zegnukhtho dhkhg ze~l`tuofho/ @odec @odec}} ne~ne ne~nedh dh deofh deofhoo ~hth ~hth'~h '~hth th++ @ode @odec} c} geof geoffu fuohc ohcho ho thluo thluo dh}h~ dh}h~ d` dhkhg dhkhg ze~l`tuofhoop ze~l`tuofhooph+ h+ }edhofcho }edhofcho ~hth'~hth ~hth'~hth t`dhc geoffuohchooph/ geoffuohchooph/ Deofho geoffuohchho thluo dh}h~+ òdec} geouobuccho còe~bh dh~` }hlhg phof d`vhc`kòph dh~` vhctu ce vhctu ~ekhtà te~lhdhz ze~ìde vhctu dh}h~hoph+ }edhof ~hth'~hth lhoph geouobuccho còe~bh zhdh }uhtu vhctu te~teotu+ t`dhc d`nhodòfcho ~ekht`qe deofho còe~bh d` vhctu phof ne~nedh/ ]enhfh` miotil hdhkhl MV@ zhdh miotil }ihk > uotuc thluo 8001 hdhkhl }ene}h~ 8/04=/ thluo dh}h~ òdec} ò` hdhkhl thluo 80<0 deofho o`kh` dh}h~ 8/ lh}`k ò` geouobuccho nhlvh }ekhgh 6 thluo ph`tu dh~` thluo 80<0 }hgzh` deofho 8001+ o`kh` dh~` }hlhg ze~u}hlhho “H‐ tekhl geoòfcht }ene}h~ 04/=%/ 5/ êtu~o êtu~o ^hth'~h ^hth'~hth th 2 H~`tlg H~`tlget` et`mm hod Feiget Feiget~`m ~`m Geho Geho •

H~`tlget`m Geho

]tht`}t`c phof zhkòf d`ceohk nh`c ikel cenhophcho i~hof hdhkhl h~`tlget`m geho/ Ikel ch~eoh `tu+ cet`ch }e}ei~hof geouobuc ce geho ~etu~o ge~ech n`h}hoph geouobuc ce h~`tlget`m geho/ H~`tlget`m geho n`h}hoph d`tethzcho deofho }`gnik

\'nh~+ deofho

~ugu}2 Φ

•

\ 7 ∘ o

Feiget~`m Geho



8:


Feiget~`m geho ~etu~o geofucu~ }u}uoho th~à dh~` ze~tugnulho ,~hte ia f~ivtl) }ezhobhof vhctu/ Feiget~`m geho te~chdhof d`fuohcho dhkhg òqe}th}` dho ceuhofho uotuc uotuc geoffh geoffhgnh gnh~cho ~cho th~à th~à ze~tugn ze~tugnulh ulhoo phof phof tethz tethz dh~` dhoh dhoh òqe}t òqe}th}` h}` }ezhobh }ezhobhof of nene~hzh ze~ìde phof khgzhu/ Feiget~`m geho d`teotucho }enhfh` hch~ phof zhkòf hcl`~ dh~` z~iduc phof d`lh}`kcho dh~` ze~cegnhofho ~ekht`qe ~etu~o/ Feiget~`m geho d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut2 F 7 S,8 # T^8),8 # T^>) ‡ ,8 # Tô)W

' 8

H~`tlget`m Geho Qe~}u} Feiget~`m Geho Chzho }elh~u}oph c`th geoffuohcho h~`tlget`m geho dho chzho }elh~u}oph c`th geoffuohcho feiget~`m geho uotuc geoe~hofcho ~etu~o dh~` aòhom`hk h}}et 9 Bhvhnhooph te~fhotuof dh~` zhodhofho inbectà òqe}ti~+ ph`tu2 H~`tlget`m geho hdhkhl }enuhl zeofucu~ho phof nh`c hth} ~hth'~hth ,zhdh



clu}u}oph) clu}u}oph) phof d`tuobuccho d`tuobuccho dhkhg }htu ze~ìde/ ze~ìde/ H~`tlget`m H~`tlget`m geho hdhkhl ze~c`~hho te~n te~nh` h`cc dh~` dh~` zeofe zeofegn gnhk hk`h `hoo phof phof d`lh~ d`lh~hz hzcho cho ,e|zemte uotucc ze~` ze~ìd idee e|zemted d ~etu~o ~etu~o) uotu ne~`cutoph Feige Feiget~ t~`m `m geho geho hdhkh hdhkhll }enuh }enuhll zeofu zeofucu~ cu~ho ho phof phof nh`c nh`c hth} hth} ze~unh ze~unhlh lhoo



cechp cechphh hhoo }ezho }ezhobh bhof of vhctu vhctu ,gukt`zke )/ Feige Feiget~ t~`m `m geho geho geof geofucu ucu~~ lh}` lh}`kk gukt`zke ze~ìd )/ }u}uo }u}uoho ho ~hte ~hte ia ~etu ~etu~o ~o d`gh d`ghoh oh uhof uhof ne~t ne~thg hgnh nhll geke gekevh vht` t` ze~` ze~ìd idee phof phof tekh tekhll d`tethzcho/ Miotil }ihk 8 2

Lh~fh dh~` }uhtu }hlhg zhdh ze~ìde ce': ,ze~ìde hvhk) hdhkhl ^z5::+'/ Zhdh ze~ìde }ekhobutoph ,ze~ìde ce'8)+ lh~fh }hlhg ò` geoòfcht geobhd` ^z1::+' dho tu~uo d` ze~ìde ce'> geobhd` ^z55:+'/ êtu~o uotuc gh}òf'gh}òf ze~ìde hdhkhl }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 ^8

7,^z11: ” ^z5::)^z5:: 7:/>: hthu >:%

^>

7,^z 7,^z55 55:: ” ^z1 ^z1:: ::) )^z ^z1: 1::: 7 ' :/: :/:<= <= hthu hthu '
^hth'~hth êtu~o phof d`l`tuof ne~dh}h~cho deofho getide h~`tght`ch hdhkhl }ene}h~ 2 Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


88


^H 7

,:/> ∞ :/<== <==) >

<== % 7 :/:5<== %hthu 5/<==

B`ch d`l`tuof deofho getide ~hth'~hth feiget~`m hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^F

7 S,8 #:/>),8 ' :/:<=)W8> ” 8 7 :/:4<<= hthu 4/<<=% B`ch d`l`tuof deofho getide ~hth'~hth h~`tght`ch ze~tugnulho lh~fh }hlhg ò` hdhkhl

}ene}h~ 5/<==5/ B`ch ~etu~o ò` neoh~ dho lh~fh ne~tugnul deofho tòfcht 5/<==% ghch uotuc ze~ìde ce >+ lh~fh }hlhg ò` }elh~u}oph geobhd` ^z51:/:= ,^z5:: | 8/:5<== | 8/:5<==)/ Zhdhlhk lh~fh }hlhg ò` d` hcl`~ ze~ìde ce'> hdhkhl }en}h~ ^z55:+'/ Deofho deg`c`ho ~etu~o phof d`l`tuof deofho getide ~hth'~hth h~`tght`c ò` cu~hof tezht/ B`ch d`l`tu d`l`tuof of deofho deofho getide getide ~hth'~h ~hth'~hth th feiget~ feiget~`c+ `c+ ze~tugn ze~tugnulho ulho lh~fh lh~fh }hlhg }hlhg ò` hdhkhl hdhkhl 4/<<=%/ Deofho geoffuohcho tòfcht ze~tugnulho ò` lh~fh }hlhg d` hcl`~ ze~ìde ce' > }elh~u}oph ^z55:+' ,^z5:: | 8/:4<<= | 8/:4<==) }e}uh` deofho o`kh` phof }eneoh~oph/ Bhd` getide ~hth'~hth feiget~`c ken`l tezht d`fuohcho uotuc }`tuh}` phof gek`nhtcho ze~t ze~tug ugnul nulho ho++ }edho }edhoff geti getide de

~hth ~hth'~h '~hth th h~`tg h~`tght ht`c `chh ken` ken`ll tezh tezhtt d`fu d`fuohc ohcho ho uotu uotuc c

geofl`tuof geofl`tuof ~hth'~hth uotuc }htu ze~ìde phof }hgh dh~` nhophc ~etu~o thozh gek`nhtcho gek`nhtcho ze~tugnulho/ ^hth'~hth feiget~`m bufh nhophc d`fuohchouotuc geofl`tuof MV@/ B`ch ~hth'~hth feiget~`m d`cethlu`+ MV@ uotuc }uhtu ze~ìde te~teotu dhzht d`l`tuof deofho ~ugu} 2 MV@t 7 ,8 # ^F)o nq Deofho 2 MV@ 7 òdec} ceghcgu~ho cugukhtà T

7 ze~ìde ce't

O

7 khg khghh ze~ ze~`ìde ide dh~ dh~`` ze~ ze~`ìde ide dh} dh}h~ h~ ce ze~` ze~ìd idee ce' ce'tt

Nq

7 o`kh` dh}h~



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Miotil }ihk 2 Ze~ìde ,8) 8 00: 8 008 8 00> 8 00= 8 004 8 005 8 001 ^hth'~hth

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Pèkd

Ze~unhlho

Pèkd

Lh~fh cugukhtà Cugukhtà

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@odec} Ceghcgu~ho Cugukhtà

,5) ,1) 7 ,4) | ,5) 8/ : 5 6 8/:1: 8/ 8 8 6 8/84> 8/ > 8 8 8/>5: 8/ = 8 8 8/5:5 8/44> 8/ 5 1 0 8/ 5 0 = 8/646 8/ 6 5 0 8/04= }hgzh` deofho thluo 8001 hdhkhl

}ene}h~ 2 ^F

7 S,8#:/:1:),8#:/:66),8#:/:05),8#:/8=),8#:/:46),8#:/88 S,8#:/:1:),8#:/:66),8#:/: 05),8#:/8=),8#:/:46),8#:/88=),8#:/88>) =),8#:/88>)86 '8 7 :/:0<6

MV@ uotuc thluo 8001 dhzht d`l`tuof }ene}h~ 2 MV@8001 7 ,8#:/:0<6)6 | 8 78/0==8=1 Lunuofho Lunuofho hoth~h hoth~h ~etu~o ~etu~o ~hth'~h ~hth'~hth th h~`tgh h~`tght`c t`chh dho ~hth'~h ~hth'~hth th feiget~ feiget~`m `m hdhkhl hdhkhl }enhfh` }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 ,8 # ^F)>

≌

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Miotil }ihk 2

^hth'~hth h~`tght`c uotuc ~etu~o dh~` thluo 800: }hgzh` deofho thluo 8001 hdhkhl



8=


^H 7

,:/:1:

# :/:66 # :/:05 # :/80= # :/:46 # :/88= # :/88> ) 6

7 :/:0056

Dh~` Dh~` lunuofh lunuofhoo ~hth'~h ~hth'~hth th h~`tg h~`tght` ht`ch ch dho ~hth'~h ~hth'~hth th feiget feiget~`m+ ~`m+ deq`h} deq`h}`` }thodh }thodh~~ dhzht dhzht d`l`tuof }ene}h~ 2 ,8#:/:0<6)>

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1/ êtu~o êtu~o phof phof d`}e}u d`}e}uh`c h`cho ho ,Hdbu} ,Hdbu}ted ted êtu êtu~o) ~o) •

Zeofh~ul ze~unhlho òakh}`

]eguh ~etu~o phof tekhl d`nhlh} d`hth} hdhkhl oigòhk ~etu~o}+ hthu gioep ~etu~o}+ ph`t ph`tuu geofu geofucu~ cu~ bugk bugkhl hl }htu }htuho ho ghth ghth uhof uhof hthu hthu ze~un ze~unhlh hlhoo bugk bugkhl hlop ophh teth tethz` z` t`dh t`dhc c geop geopen enut utcho cho teot teotho hoff cecu cecuht htho ho zegn zegnek ek`h `hoo dh~` dh~` }htuh }htuhoo ghth ghth uhof uhof te~}e te~}enut nut// Uotu Uotuc c geohofchz d`geo}` te~}enut+ c`th ze~ku gegze~t`gnhofcho ~ehk ~etu~o+ hthu òakhtìo ' hdbu}ted ~etu~o}/ Mh~h geofl`tuof òakhtìo ” hdbu}ted ~etu~o} d`~ugu}cho }enhfh` ne~`cut2 T^,`h) 7

8 #T^ @A 8 ∞ @A

∞8

Cete~hofho 2 T^,`h) 7 tle òakhtìo òakhtìo ” hdbu}ted hdbu}ted tithk tithk ~etu~o ~etu~o @A

7 th~à òakh}`

Ze~}hghho te~}enut d`fuohcho uotuc gh}òf'gh}òf thluo dho ~hth'~hth dh~` tithk ~etu~o/

Miotil }ihk 8 2

êtu~o }ene}h~ 86% phof d`te~`gh }ethluo dh~` }enuhl }u~ht ne~lh~fh b`ch d`}e}uh`cho deofho tòfcht òakh}` }ene}h~ 5 % uotuc thluo phof }hgh+ hcho gegne~`cho ~etu~o ~èk }ene}h~ 2 Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


84


T^,`h) 7 S,8#:/86),8#:/:5)W'8 7 :/884>0 hthu 88/4>0%/ D`qe~}à`ch}` òte~oh}ìohk }ech~hof }eghcò d`n`mh~hcho+ ch~eoh d`qe~}à`ch}` }eze~t` ò` dhzht dhzht geou geou~uo ~uocho cho tòf tòfch chtt ~e}` ~e}`ci ci phof phof }udhl }udhl t`dh t`dhcc dhzh dhzhtt d`tu d`tu~uo ~uoch choo khf` khf` hc`nh hc`nhtt d`qe~}` d`qe~}à`c a`ch}` h}` dige}t dige}t`m/ `m/ B`ch B`ch òqe}t òqe}th}` h}` d`khcu d`khcucho cho d` kuh~ kuh~ oefe~`+ oefe~`+ zeofeg zeofegnhk nhk`ho `ho phof phof d`ze~ikel ze~ku d`}e}uh`cho deofho cu~} ghth uhof phof ne~khcu }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 

  ∞8 ghthuhofdi ge}t`c 

O`kh`hcl`~ ghthuhofdi ge}t`c

^^ • ^ CH CH 7  ^^ O`kh`hvhkh



Deofho 2 ^ CH CH

7 êtu~o phof d`}e}uh`cho deofho cu~} ghth uhof h}òf

^^

7 êkhtà êtu~o

Miotil }ihk > 2 @oqe}ti~ @odioe}`h phof gegnek` }hlhg ze~u}hlhho Hge~`ch zhdh hvhk thluo8006 geodhzhtcho geodhzhtcho ~etu~o thluoho }ene}h~ 85%/ Zhdh }hht gegnek` }hlhg ò`+ lh~fh cu~} nek` u}$ hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z>:::+' dho zhdh hcl`~ thluo+ cu~} buhk hdhkhl }ene}h~ ^z>8::+' ze~ U]$/ êtu~o ne~}`l phof d`ze~ikel }etekhl d`}e}uh`cho deofho cu~} hdhkhl }ene}h~ 2 ^CH 7 S 8/85 | ,~z>8::  ^z>:::)W '8 7 :/>:65 hthu >:/65% 6/

Zeofucu~ho E|zemted êtu~o

Tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho hdhkhl tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho hcho d`~ehk`}h}` dh~` òqe}th}`3 ~hth'~hth te~t`gnhof dh~` d`}t~`nu}` z~inhn`k`th} hth} lh}`k phof guofcò/ B`ch B`ch geofhk geofhk`ch `choo }et`hz }et`hz lh}`k lh}`k phof phof guofc` guofcòo deofho deofho z~inhn` z~inhn`k`t k`th} h} te~bhd te~bhdòp òphh dho cegud`ho geobugkhlcho lh}`k ze~chk`ho te~}enut+ }enhfh`ghoh te~k`lht zhdh Thnek 5'>+ ghch gegzuoph` ~hth'~hth ~hth'~hth te~t`gnhof te~t`gnhof lh}`k/ Ninit hdhkhl z~inhn`k`th}+ dho ~hth'~hth te~t`gnhof te~t`gnhof hdhkhl tòfcht tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho d`lh~hzcho ,e|zemted ~hte ia ~etu~o ) hthu phof d`}enut ‛c'ne~tiz`‗/ Tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho uotuc Gh~tò Z~iduc Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


85


dho U/]/ Ekemt~`m phof d`ze~k`lhtcho dhkhg Thnek 5'> hdhkhl 85%/ Beo`} thnek ò` d`}enut ght~`c} zipiaa/

Thnek 5'> Ze~l`tuofho tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho GH^T@O ZÎDUMT]

U/] EKEMT^@M YYYYYYYY ZE^G@OTHHO ZÎNHN@K@TH] T@OFCHT ZÎDUC TE^BHD@OPH ZEOFEGNHK@HO ZEÛ]HLHHO ZE^G@OTHHO @O@ B@CH ZE^G@OTHHO ZÎDUC @O@ TE^BHD@ ,8 ) ,5) Cuht 1% 1 Keghl = c7 85%

,>) | ,5) ,>) 7,1) :+= Oi~ghk

T@OFCHT ZEOFEGNHK@HO B@CH ZE^G@OTHHO @O@ TE^BHD@ ,=) 8::%

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:+= 8+:

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=:% 85

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ZÎDUC

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>:% 1

85 8:

c785%

Ze~l`tuofho tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho dhzht bufh dòphthcho }enhfh` ze~}hghho phof }hgh deofho thnek ght~`c} zipiaa 2 Tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho 7 Z8c ` # Z>c > #‡//# Zoc o o

∘ Z`C` 7 ` 78

D` }ò` c ` + hdhkhl lh}`k phof guofcò ce `+ Z` hdhkhl z~inhn`k`th} lh}`k ce ` + dho o hdhkhl bugkhl lh}`k phof guofcò/ Bhd`+ c hdhkhl ~hth'~hth te~t`gnhof dh~` lh}`k phof guofcò ,o`kh` c `)+ deofho gh}òf'gh}òf ninit lh}`k geobhd` z~inhn`k`th} te~bhdòph/ Deofho geoffuohcho dhth uotuc Gh~tò Z~idumt+ c`th gegze~ikel tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 Zu}ht Zeofegnhofho Nhlho Hbh~ ' UGN


81


c 7 Z8,c 8) # Z>,c >) # Z=,c =) 7 :+=,8::%) # :+4,85%) # :+=,'6:%) 7 85% Tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`lh~hzcho U/]/ Ekemt~`m hdhkhl bufh }ene}h~ 85% 2 c 7 :+=,>:%) # :+4,85%) # 8=,8:%) 7 85%
Zeofucu~ho ^`}`ci deofho ]thodh~ Deq`h}`

Deq`h}` }thodh~ hdhkhl zeofucu~ho }tht`}t`c dh~` qh~`hn`k`th} }ecugzukho in}e~qh}`/ Hfh~ Hfh~ geob geobhd` hd` }hofh }hofhtt ne~g ne~gho hoahh ahht+t+ }et`h }et`hzz ucu~ho ucu~ho ~`}` ~`}`ci ci lh~u} lh~u} gegz gegzuo uoph ph`` o`kh o`kh`` deaò`t`qe—c`th ze~ku ucu~ho phof cetht hth} d`}t~`nu}` z~inhn`k`th}/ ]hkhl }htu ucu~ho }eze~t` `tu hdhkhl deq`h}` }thodh~+ phof dòphthcho dòphthcho deofho }`fgh+ }eghcò cem`k deq`h}` }todh~+ }eghcò cetht d`}t~`nu}` z~inhn`k`th}+ dho }e}uh` deofho `tu+ }eghcò ~eodhl ~`}`ci }hlhg /Uotuc geofl`tuof deq`h}` }thodh~ dhzht d`khcucho deofho > mh~h 2 8) ^`}`c ^`}`cii dh~` dh~` e|zemt e|zemted ed ~etu~o ~etu~o ,dhth z~inhn` z~inhn`k`th k`th}) }) 

Ze~l`tuofho tòfcht E|zemted êtu~o ,E,^) o

Ai~gukh 7 E,^) 7

∘SZ~ in|C` W T 78



Ze~l`tuofho Qh~`ho ,Qh~) o

Ai~gukh 7

∘Sc` ∞ E , ^)W

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| Z~ in

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Ze~l`tuofho ]thodh~t Deq`h}`

Ai~gukh 7 − Qh~`ho o

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86


Ze~l`tuofho Ciea`}èo Qh~`h}`



Ai~gukh 7 ]thodh~ Deq`h}`  E,^) ]eghcò tòff` o`kh` ciea`}èo qh~`h}` ne~h~t` ~e}`cioph bufh }eghcò ne}h~/ Nef`tu bufh }enhk`coph/

Miotil }ihk 2

Tuho \ geoflhdhz` > ghmhg òqe}th}` hoth~h gegnek` }hlhg H dho }hlhg N deofho z~inhn`k`th} gh}òf'gh}òf hdhkhl Ciod`}`

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êtu~oH

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=: %

8::%

Oi~ghk

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4:%

=:%

êtu~oN ScNW >:% 85%

S6:%W

85% 8:%

Ne~dh}h~cho dhth d`hth} }enh`coph Tuho \ geg`k`l }hlhg H hthu N }enhfh` ce}egzhtho ne~òqe}th}` 9 Ne~dh}h~ Ne~dh}h~cho cho dhth dhth te~}enu te~}enutt ghch ghch Tuho Tuho \ lh~u} lh~u} geofl` geofl`tuo tuoff te~ken te~ken`l `l dhluku dhluku ne~hzh ne~hzh E|zemted êtu~o+ Qh~`ho dho }thodh~t Deq`h}` nh`c }hlhg H dho }hlhg N 2 i

Ze~l`tuofho E|zemted êtu~o o

Ai~gukh 7 E,^) 7

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]ekhgh k`gh thluo ne~òqe}th}` te~ophth te~ophth geoflh}`kcho geoflh}`kcho e|zemted e|zemted ~etu~o H dho N }ene}h~ 8:% deofh deofho o tòfc tòfcht ht ~e}`c ~e}`ci i =+81% =+81%// Ch~eo Ch~eoh h }hgh }hgh ghch ghch òqe òqe}t }ti~ i~ nike nikel l ge geg` g`k` k`l l ce}egzhtho òqe}th}` H hthu N/

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dho ~hth'~hth }hlhg gegzuoph` zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho c G 7 88%/ Ikel ch~eoh `tu z~eg` ~e}`ci zh}h~ hdhkhl 5% 2 ^ZG 7 c G'c Â Â 7 88% ' 1% 7 5% B`ch B`ch }htu }htu }hlhg }hlhg geg` geg`k` k`c` c` ~e}`c ~e}`cii duh duh chk` chk` k`zh k`zhtt dh~`z dh~`zhd hdhh khò khòop oph+ h+ ghch ghch z~eg` z~eg` ~e}`cioph hcho geobhd` duh chk` ken`l tòff`+ }egeoth~h b`ch ~e}`ci lhoph }eteofhloph+ ghch z~eg` ~e}`ci bufh hcho geobhd` }eteofhl ken`l cem`k/ Ken`l khobut+ c`th dhzht geofucu~ ~e}`ci ~ekht`qe }hlhg deofho ciea`}èo neth/ B`ch c`th geofethlu` z~eg` ~e}`ci zh}h~+ zh}h~+ ^ZG+ dho ~e}` ~e}`ci ci }hlhg }hlhg phof phof dùcu dùcu~~ ikel ikel ciea` ciea`}` }èo eo neth nethop oph+ h+ ξ`+ ξ`+ c`th c`th dhzht dhzht geoegucho geoegucho z~eg` ~`}`ci }hlhg }enhfh` lh}`k chk` ,^ZG)ξ`/ ]enhfh` miotil+ b`ch ξ`7 :+5 dho ^ZG 7 5%+ ghch ^Z` hdhkhl >+5% 2 Z~eg` ~e}`ci uotuc }hlhg ` 7 ^Z` 7 ,^ZG)ξ` 7 ,5%),:+5) 7 >+5% Zeofegnhk`ho Zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho d`ze~kucho uotuc }et`hz òqe}th}` dhzht dòphthcho dòphthcho dhkhg ~ugu} }enhfh` 2 Zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho 7 Zeofegnhk`ho nenh} ~`}`ci # Z~eg` ~`}`ci/

D`}ò` zeofegnhk`ho ~e}`ci nenh} geomhcuz z~eg` uotuc òakh}` phof d`lh~hzcho+ dho c`th geofh}ug}`cho nhlvh hct`qh gegzuoph` bhtul tegzi dho k`cu`d`th} phof }hgh/ Geou~ut ciod`}` ò`+ zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho hth} }hlhg ` dhzht d`tuk`} }enhfh` ne~`cut 2 Ze~}hghho ]GK 2

c` 7 c Â Â # ,c G ”c Â Â)ξ` 7 c Â Â # ,^ZG)ξ` 7 1% # ,88% ' 1%),:+5) 7 1% # 5% 7 <+5%

Ze~}hghho d` hth} ò` d`}enut ]emu~`tp Gh~cet Kòe ,]GK)/



>>


B`ch nene~hzh }hlhg khòoph }eze~t` b hdhkhl ken`l ne~`}`ci d`nhodòfcho }hlhg ` dho gegzuoph` ξ b 7 >+: +ghch tòfcht zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho hdhkhl 81% 2 c b 7 1% # 5%,>+:) 7 81% ]hlhg ~hth'~hth deofho ξ 7 8+: hcho gegzuoph` zeofegnhk`ho phof d`ze~kucho }ene}h~ 88%+ phof }hgh deofho zeofegnhk`ho zh}h~ 2 c H 7 1% # ,5%)8+: 7 88% 7 c G



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