CONTINUOUS CHANGES IN DNA CHAIN AND SPECIES EVOLUTION
Avir Ramidur and Bawhcs Solrak UNO International School for Biological Studies Weingärtnerstrasse, 203 23876-462 Wien, Austria (Received 18 December 1997) Human behavior and mental abilities have experienced pronounced changes in the last centuries. These changes have been necessary, in order that individual men could be updated with the progress of mankind. One of the main processes for this rapid progress in human mental abilities is the progressive DNA change observed in the last generations. The Ramidur hypothesis about the explanation for observed changes in DNA chains of men and apes male gametes during their lifetimes is discussed in this article. New observations are described, which confirm that hypothesis, and new interpretations for formerly observed biological phenomena are proposed with basis on it. Some basic aspects of human behavior are also explained, which seem to confirm the hypothesis.
Keywords: DNA; gametes; evolutionary biology ; sexual behavior; a priori knowledge; genetic heritage; Gestaltwahrnehmung. ________________________________
of some observed biological and anthropological phenomena.
Introduction
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umphrey and McFern [1] have shown, in a recent paper, that new-born spermatozoids have slightly different genetic charges (different DNA), as compared to their predecessors in the human and apes testicles. Kozakov and coworkers [2] have stated, in a statistical research work with apes, that younger brothers and sisters show greater abilities in learning, and a larger a priori knowledge, in the kantian sense, as compared to the older ones, although this fact does not reflect, in most cases, a sensitive superiority of the former in practical, all-day, routine activities. Similar observations, made during IQ and EQ evaluations in children as function of their ages, have been also reported, although not extensively discussed, by Kurozawa [3] and Kauer [4], in the context of anthropologic studies in the human species. This last publication lead Ramidur [5] to elaborate a hypothesis to explain the relationship between the biological and anthropological statements mentioned above. The present publication intends to be an extension of the principles stated in [5], and to contribute with some important conclusions that, as compared to experimental observations, lead to an unequivocal confirmation of Ramidur hypothesis. In the following section we review the Ramidur hypothesis and, next, we apply it to the interpretation
The Ramidur Hypothesis
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t is well known [6,7,8] that in the human species, as well as with the apes, the female gamete shipment is completed during the adolescence, after a natural selection process, and remains the same for the whole lifetime, while males produce spermatozoids during the whole life, replacing, consequently, those aged, dead or which have been used in reproduction. The selective process for the male gametes is carried on mainly during sexual intercourses. This fact, associated with the human high throughput, can explain the experimental observations of Humphrey and McFern, in a study inserted in the British Genoma Program, about DNA differences in the new generations of spermatozoids in the testicles of men and apes. This can also be considered as the main mechanism for the differentiated evolution of the human species as compared to other species: New-born spermatozoids of aged men show new branches in the DNA chain, according to Humphrey and McFern’s observations. These observations and those from Kurozawa and Kauer we have mentioned above point out that these new characteristics of the DNA can be interpreted as new knowledge and new
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abilities acquired by individual experience, which are charged into the gametes in order to be genetically transmitted. This is, in essence, the hypothesis Ramidur has formulated and from which we discuss now some new observations and consequences.
Believes and Social Behavior
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he Ramidur interpretation seems to resolve a lot of questions mankind has formulated since the earliest times of the history of science and philosophy.
One of the fundamental problems of all metaphysical theories and the resulting religions is whether life is or is not an ephemeral phenomenon. A kind of a priori knowledge seems to point out to some kind of eternity for all human being. This has been a fundamental stone for all religions around the world and along the History. Some religions affirm that there is another life after the present one, in this world (reincarnation) or elsewhere (in the heaven), other say that this life has no real meaning, being only a part of a much more important, ethereal life, and so on. Ramidur hypothesis provides a scientific explanation for experimental observations that satisfies also these fundamental dogmas required by a significant part of the scientific and philosophic human community: Human being can live further after death through the genetically transmitted memory. This kind of transmitted knowledge is an a priori one, born from experience, but no longer associated with experience for the new, more evolved descendent. In spite of the usual a priori designation, taken from Immanuel Kant’s Kritik der reinen Vernunft [9], it is more closely related to Konrad Lorenz’ Gestaltwahrnehmung[10]. This kind of knowledge may be distinguished from that acquired directly by individuals during their lives, for being considered intuitive for those who have it (and, in fact, along many years of crossed reproduction, it turns out that all individuals posses it in nearly the same amount, regarded statistical deviations – this point will be discussed below). For a man of the Stone Age, for instance, some abstract concepts such as a body form, a circle or a triangle were, probably, not intuitive as they are considered to be nowadays. Maybe it is not too daring to suppose that in the future, thoughts such as Pythagoras theorem and D’Alembert’s principle, for instance, be considered intuitive. In spite of the enormous advances achieved in the last years in the area of applied genetics, true knowledge on DNA chains is far from being satisfactory, and 28
many surprising features are constantly being revealed. One well established fact is that the bold, evident characteristics of an individual are determined by the main framework of the DNA chain. Some more refined, and not so evident aspects, nevertheless, have their origins in secondary, tertiary or still further ramifications of that main structure. Such aspects are usually revealed either under drastic conditions or in sporadic, not controlled situations. These manifestations give rise, very often, to misinterpretations, being attributed whether to psychotic diseases or to non-natural causes, such as spirits or reincarnation. Scientists usually do not feel well in facing such phenomena because of the involved prejudices and even sensationalism and financial exploration. The Ramidur hypothesis offers a good scientific explanation for some of these phenomena. We have mentioned above the statistical distribution of the inherited knowledge. In some cases an individual seems to remember facts of his life he could not really have lived. In other cases special kinds of individuals seem to suddenly acquire some characteristics and skills they had never shown before, and which cannot actually be attributed to themselves. In the first case common people use to talk on reincarnation phenomena, and in the second one the individuals are called mediums. It seems clear that both phenomena are due to ancient, indelible inherited memories present in the DNA chain. The ability to reach these memory locations and to control them depends on other individual characteristics and on training. Of course, the explanation of these phenomena should not be left to the owners of those abilities alone, as it has been done up to now. Scientists cannot continue pretending to ignore such events. Further aspects to be considered: The conservation laws
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f one considers the sexual life characteristics of men and women (including frequency, duration and motivation of the intercourse), one sees that it changes significantly along the lifetime. As in all other natural phenomena, the best way for improving the knowledge, allowing the statement of universal laws and the representation of natural phenomena by equations or simulations, is to look for quantities that remain constant during the transformations. It was in this way that mass, energy and momentum conservation laws were born. A natural choice for such a conservation law, in the case we are discussing, seems to be the sum of quantity and quality, under various aspects. As a first
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aspect, let’s consider the frequency and efficiency of the sexual relations for men. It’s well known that, as men become elder, the frequency of their sexual relations tends to decrease. The efficiency, on the other hand, increases exponentially. Hollbach [11] proved that the probability of a woman to become pregnant after a sexual relation with a man over 50 is about 40 % higher than after a relation with a 20 years old sexual partner, considering female partners age as a constant in the observations. This experimentally observed growth of the efficiency compensates the decrease in the frequency. But the important conclusion of these considerations is the fact that this behavior favors greatly the probability of perpetuation of the more evolved male gametes of elder men, as compared to those, not so improved, of younger men. One could also mention the improved techniques and the selectivity of more experimented men in choosing and exciting sexual partners, in order to increase still more the probabilities of giving rise to better new generations. Many other observations tend to confirm these views. We can mention some of them, which are presently being analyzed, and will be the subject for a further publication: 1) In spite of the initial preference of young male for older females, human couples are usually formed, since the former years of mankind, by elder men and younger women. This is obviously a means of assuring new generations to be slightly superior to the former ones. This instinctive attraction between elder men and younger women can be, on the other hand, when magnified beyond the limits of normality, responsible for some kinds of paedophilia, as is now being proved by some recent studies in progress in our Institute. 2) Males, in the human species, are constantly looking for new sexual partners. The obvious reason is a search for the best vehicles for their genetic heritage. Women, on the other hand, are very careful in choosing partners, and statistically tend more than men to monogamy. The explanation is that also women contribute to the improving of the new generations, as they select the best spermatozoid owners. One should not view this work as an argument to prove or to suggest any kind of superiority of one of the sexes over the other. Men are indubitably direct responsible for the human evolution. Women, on the other hand, can also interfere in the DNA progress, mainly as they exert influence over their men, giving rise to changes the DNA of their spermatozoids. Also, one should not, in general, expect that late-born
children be better endowed than those born from young people. The overall result is just a statistical probability, that can only be revealed along many years of observation. Nevertheless, many examples can be found in the history of mankind which point out to the conclusion that children born from aged couples can show special talents and abilities. All great scientists and artists in the history of mankind belong to this group: Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, Rafaello, Descartes, Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are just a few in a large number of well known examples of this phenomenon. The relationship between the Ramidur hypothesis and some psychotic diseases, and specially with schizophrenia and paedophilia, has been experimentally established and is the subject for a future paper. Further experiments with clonation and with artificial insemination are presently in course in our laboratories, aiming to analyze some other aspects of these new trends on biology, and we expect to give their results to public in a near future. Acknowledgments
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he authors acknowledge with pleasure to Dr. Martha Suplicy and Dr. Shere Hite for the many stimulating and helpful discussions and for the encouragement to write down the results of this research work. We thank also our wives for the comprehension, support and endorsement to this work. Avir Ramidur thanks his wife for the final revision of the paper and for valuable comments and discussions about the subjects of the publication. References
1. J. Humphrey and T. McFern, Appl. Gen., Vol. 4, pp 75-81 (Oct. 1997). 2. Kozakov. V. Andropov and V. Alimpiev, Zool. Rep., vol 22, pp 23-29 (Sep. 1997). 3. Kurozawa, Antr. Rev. Let. 32, 45-49 (Jun. 1997). 4. Kauer, Zool. Lett, 37, pp 43-49 (Dec. 1996). 5. Avir Ramidur, Prog. Biom. Sci., 27, pp 136-141 (Jan. 1998). 6. A. Smith, H. Hobes and C. Cooper, “A Study of Zoology”, McGraw Hill, NY, 1967. 7. P. Laiet and A. Louvet, “Biology”, Addison Wesley, Toronto, 1975. 8. K. Lageman, “Histology Course for Graduate Students”, Pergamon Press, Amsterdam, 1981.
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9. Immanuel Kant, “Kritik der reinen Vernunft”, Universität Königsberg, 1756.
11. F. Hollbach, Appl. Statist. Hum., 19, pp. 315-319 (Nov. 1997).
10. Konrad Lorenz, “Gestaltwahrnehmung als Quelle wissenschaftlericher Erkenntnis, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München, 1959.
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