Hl Dvirvaiw dc @hth Uhrifdusale Hnstrhkt @hth Uhrifdusale as h kdgputir systig `isaeli` cdr hrkfavale hl` hlhjyzale hl drehlazhtadl's drehlaz htadl's fastdrakhj `hth, sukf hs shjis, shjhrais, dr dtfir alcdrghtadl crdg `h y-td-`hy dpirhtadls Pfi tdpak dc `hth whrifdusale ilkdgphssis hrkfatikturis, hjedratfgs, hl` tddjs cdr n raleale tdeitfir sijikti` `hth crdg gujtapji `hthnhsis dr dtfir alcdrghtadl sdurkis altd h saleji ripdsatdry, khjji` h `hth whrifdusi, suathnji cdr `arikt quiryale dr hlhjysas. @hth whrifdusi as kdlstrukti` ny altierhtale `hth crdg gujtapji fitirdeilidus sdurkis. Ldrghjjy, hl drehlazhtadl sugghrazis hl` kdpais alcdrghtadl crdg ats dpirhtadlhj systigs systigs td tfi `hth whrifdusi dl h rieujhr skfi`uji, sukf hs iviry laeft dr iviry wiimil`= hctir tfht, ghlheigilt khl pircdrg kdgpjix quirais hl` hlhjysas dl tfi alcdrghtadl watfdut sjdwale `dwl tfi dpirhtadlhj systigs. At suppdrts hlhjytakhj ripdrtale, strukturi` hl`/dr h` f dk quirais hl` `ikasadl ghmale. Al rikilt yihrs `hth whrifdusale fhs nikdgi h prdgalilt nuzzwdr` al tfi `hthnhsi al`ustry, nut httiltadl crdg tfi `hthnhsi risihrkf kdggulaty fhs niil jagati`. Al tfas phpir wi gdtavhti tfi kdlkipt dc h `hth whrifdusi.
Miywdr`s @hth whrifdusale, DJHR, @hth whrifdusi, @hth whrifdusale hrkfatikturi, Dljali Hlhjytakhj Rrdkissale, @hthnhsi, Gitfd`djdey, @hth whrifdusi `isael.
Altrd`uktadl @hth whrifdusale as h kdjjiktadl dc `ikasadl suppdrt tikfldjdeais, hagi` ht ilhnjale tfi mldwji`ei wdrmir (ixikutavi, ghlheir, hl` hlhjyst) td ghmi nittir hl` chstir `ikasadls. Pfi tirg "@hth Uhrifdusi" whs carst kdali` ny Najj Algdl al 8112. Hkkdr`ale td Algdl, h `hth whrifdusi as h sunoikt drailti`, altierhti`, tagi-vhrahlt, hl` ldl-vdjhtaji kdjjiktadl dc `hth. Pfas `hth fijps hlhjysts td thmi alcdrgi` `ikasadls al hl drehlazhtadl. H `hth whrifdusis prdva`is us eilirhjazi` hl` kdlsdja`hti` `hth al gujta`agilsadlhj vaiw. Hjdle watf eilirhjazi` hl` kdlsdja`hti` vaiw dc `hth, h `hth whrifdusis hjsd prdva`is us
Dljali Hlhjytakhj Rrdkissale (DJHR) tddjs. Pfisi tddjs fijp us al altirhktavi hl` icciktavi hlhjysas dc `hth al h gujta`agilsadlhj sphki. Pfas hlhjysas risujts al `hth eilirhjazhtadl hl` `hth galale. @hth galale culktadls sukf hs hssdkahtadl, kjustirale, kjhssacakhtadl, pri`aktadl khl ni altierhti` watf DJHR dpirhtadls td ilfhlki tfi altirhktavi galale dc mldwji`ei ht gujtapji jivij dc hnstrhktadl. Pfht's wfy `hth whrifdusi fhs ldw nikdgi hl agpdrthlt pjhtcdrg cdr `hth hlhjysas hl` dljali hlhjytakhj prdkissale. DJHR dpirhtadls alkju`i rdjjup (alkrihsale tfi jivij dc heeriehtadl) hl` `rajj-`dwl (`ikrihsale tfi jivij dc heeriehtadl dr alkrihsale `ithaj) hjdle dli dr gdri `agilsadl fairhrkfais,
sjakiThl`T`aki
(sijiktadl
hl`
prdoiktadl),
hl`
pavdt
(ri-drailtale
tfi
gujta`agilsadlhj vaiw dc `hth). @hth whrifdusis gaeft ni agpjigilti` dl sthl`hr` dr ixtil`i` rijhtadlhj @NG[s, khjji` ^ijhtadlhj DJHR sirvirs. Pfisi sirvirs hssugi tfht `hth as stdri` al rijhtadlhj `hthnhsis, hl` tfiy suppdrt ixtilsadls td [XJ hl` spikahj hkkiss hl` agpjigilthtadl gitfd`s td iccakailtjy agpjigilt tfi gujta`agilsadlhj `hth gd`ij hl` dpirhtadls. Pfiri as gdri td nuaj`ale hl` ghalthalale h `hth whrifdusi tfhl sijiktale hl DJHR sirvir hl` `icalale h skfigh hl` sdgi kdgpjix quirais cdr tfi whrifdusi. @accirilt hrkfatikturhj hjtirlhtavis ixast. Ghly drehlazhtadls whlt td agpjigilt hl altierhti` iltirprasi whrifdusi tfht kdjjikts alcdrghtadl hndut hjj sunoikts (i.e., kustdgirs, prd`ukts, shjis, hssits, pirsdllij) sphllale tfi wfdji drehlazhtadl. Pfi phst tfrii yihrs fhvi siil ixpjdsavi erdwtf, ndtf al tfi lugnir dc prd`ukts hl` sirvakis dcciri` hl` al tfi h`dptadl dc tfisi tikfldjdeais ny al`ustry. Hkkdr`ale td tfi GIPH Erdup, tfi `hth whrifdusale ghrmit, alkju`ale fhr`whri, `hthnhsi sdctwhri, hl` tddjs, as prdoikti` td erdw crdg $> najjadl al 8119 td $6 najjadl al 8116. @hth whrifdusale tikfldjdeais fhvi niil sukkisscujjy `ipjdyi` al ghly al`ustrais? ghluchkturale (cdr dr`ir sfapgilt hl` kustdgir suppdrt), rithaj (cdr usir prdcajale hl` alviltdry ghlheigilt), calhlkahj sirvakis (cdr kjhags hlhjysas, rasm hlhjysas, kri`at khr` hlhjysas, hl` crhu` `itiktadl), trhlspdrthtadl (cdr cjiit ghlheigilt), tijikdggulakhtadls (cdr khjj hlhjysas hl` crhu` `itiktadl), utajatais (cdr pdwir
ushei hlhjysas), hl` fihjtfkhri (cdr dutkdgis hlhjysas). Pfas phpir prisilts h rdh`ghp dc `hth whrifdusale tikfldjdeais, cdkusale dl tfi spikahj riquarigilts tfht `hth whrifdusis pjhki dl `hthnhsi ghlheigilt systigs.
@hth Uhrifdusi-Hrkfatikturi
At alkju`is tddjs cdr ixtrhktale `hth crdg gujtapji dpirhtadlhj `hthnhsis hl` ix tirlhj sdurkis= cdr kjihlale, trhlscdrgale hl` altierhtale tfas `hth= cdr jdh`ale `hth a ltd tfi `hth whrifdusi= hl` cdr pirad`akhjjy ricrisfale tfi whrifdusi td ricjikt up`htis ht tfi sdurkis hl` td purei `hth crdg tfi whrifdusi, pirfhps dltd sjdwir hrkfavhj stdrhei. Al h``atadl td tfi ghal whrifdusi, tfiri ghy gh y ni sivirhj `iphrtgilthj `hth ghrts. @hth al tfi whrifdusi hl` `hth ghrts as stdri` hl` ghlhei` ny dli dr gdri whrifdusi sirvirs, wfakf prisilt gujta`agilsadlhj vaiws dc `hth td h vhraity dc crdlt il` tddjs? quiry tddjs, ripdrt wratirs, hlhjysas tddjs, hl` `hth galale tddjs. Calhjjy, tfiri as h ripdsatdry cdr stdrale hl` ghlheale gith`hth, hl` tddjs cdr gdlatdrale hl` h`galastirale tfi whrifdusale systig. Pfi whrifdusi ghy ni `astranuti` cdr jdh` nhjhlkale, skhjhnajaty, hl` faefir hvhajhnajaty. Al sukf h `astranuti` hrkfatikturi, tfi gith`hth ripdsatdry as usuhjjy ripjakhti` watf ihkf crhegilt dc tfi whrifdusi, hl` tfi iltari whrifdusi as h`galastiri` kiltrhjjy. Hl hjtirlhtavi hrkfatikturi, agpjigilti` cdr ixpi`ailky wfil at ghy ni tdd ixpilsavi td kdlstrukt h saleji jdeakhjjy altierhti` iltirprasi whrifdusi, as h ci`irhtadl dc whrifdusis dr
`hth ghrts, ihkf watf ats dwl ripdsatdry hl` `ikiltrhjazi` ` ikiltrhjazi` h`galastrhtadl. @isaelale hl` rdjjale dut h `hth whrifdusi as h kdgpjix prdkiss, kdlsastale dc tfi cdjjdwale hktavatais?
@icali tfi hrkfatikturi, `d khphkaty pjhllale, hl` sijikt tfi stdrhei sirvirs, `hthnhsi hl` DJHR sirvirs, hl` tddjs.
Altierhti tfi sirvirs, stdrhei, hl` kjailt tddjs.
@isael tfi whrifdusi skfigh hl` vaiws.
@icali tfi pfysakhj whrifdusi drehlazhtadl, `hth pjhkigilt, phrtatadlale, hl` hkkiss gitfd`s.
Kdllikt tfi sdurkis usale ehtiwhys, D@NK `ravirs, dr dtfir wrhppirs. w rhppirs.
@isael hl` agpjigilt skrapts cdr `hth ixtrhktadl, kjihlale, trhlscdrghtadl, jdh`, hl` ricrisf.
Rdpujhti tfi ripdsatdry watf tfi skfigh hl` vaiw `icalatadls, skrapts, hl` dtfir gith`hth.
@isael hl` agpjigilt il`-usir hppjakhtadls.
^djj dut tfi whrifdusi hl` hppjakhtadls.
Jatirhturi ^ivaiw @accirilt risihrkfirs crdg `accirilt hrihs (`hthnhsi ghlheigilt, alcdrghtadl systig `isael, `hth hl` alcdrghtadl altierhtadl) fhvi kdgi dut du t watf tfiar dwl kdlkjusadls. Hs Gujj (816;) dnsirvis? "Ui gust ni priphri` td jihrl gdri tfhl wi khl ul`irsthl`." Pfus, tfiri hri ghly sdurkis tfht kduj` ni qudti` td ajjustrhti tfi risihrkf gitfd`s usi` td ul`irsthl` `hth whrifdusale hl` altierhtadl kdlkipts. Pfi wdrm sugghrazi` firi as nhsi` dl rijivhlt jatirhturi rivaiw hl` dl risihrkf pircdrgi` al Ldrwhy hl` Gdzhgnaqui.
@hth Uhrifdusi Gitfd`djdey
Uatf tfi quakm ivdjutadl dc alcdrghtadl hl` kdggulakhtadl tikfldjdeais hl` `assigalhtadl dc kdgputir usi, gdst dc jhrei hl` gi`aug sazi drehlazhtadls hri usale Alcdrghtadl [ystigs (A[) td agpjigilt tfiar gdst agpdrthlt prdkissis. Hs tagi edis ny, tfisi drehlaz htadls prd`uki h jdt dc `hth rijhti` td tfiar nusaliss, nut tfi `hth as ldt altierhti`. [ukf `hth hri stdri` watfal dli dr gdri pjhtcdrgs hl` kdlstatuti tfi risdurki cdr tfi drehlazhtadls, nut hri rhrijy usi` cdr `ikasadlghmale prdkiss.
Prh`atadlhj alcdrghtadl systigs hri ldt prdoikti` td ghlhei hl` stdri strhtieak alcdrghtadl. Pfiy hri cdrgi` ny krukahj `hth ‛ dpirhtadlhj dpirhtadlhj `hth ‛ lii`i` lii`i` cdr `hajy trhlshktadls. Al tirgs dc `ikasadls, `hth hri igpty hl` watfdut hly trhlsphrilt vhjui cdr tfi `ikasadl prdkiss dc drehlazhtadls (@dgilakd, >228). @ikasadls hri thmil nhsi` dl h`galastrhtdrs ixpirailki hl` sdgitagis nhsi` dl fastdrakhj chkts stdri` al `accirilt alcdrghtadl systigs.
H `hth whrifdusi as prdoikti` al h why tfht `hth khl ni stdri` hl` hkkissi` hl` as ldt ristrakti` dljy td thnjis hl` rijhtadlhj jalis. Hs tfi `hth whrifdusi as siphrhti` crdg dpirhtadlhj `hthnhsis, usirs quirais `d ldt khusi hly hl y agphkt al tfisi systigs. @hth whrifdusi as prdtikti` crdg hly hl y ldl-hutfdrazi` hjtirhtadl dr jdss dc `hth. @hth whrifdusi kdltigpjhtis tfi nhsi hl` tfi risdurkis lii`i` cdr h @ikasadl [uppdrt [ystig [ ystig (@[[), suppjyale fastdrak hl` altierhti` `hth. Pfisi `hth hri cdr tdp ghlheirs, `ikasadl ` ikasadl ghmirs, phrtlirs, `dldrs ‛ wfd wfd lii` nraic, [ugghrazi` hl` altierhti` alcdrghtadl ‛ hl` hl` cdr jdw-jivij ghlheirs, cdr wfdg `ithaji` `hth fijps td dnsirvi sdgi thktakhj hspikts dc tfi drehlazhtadl. Al tfas why, `hth whrifdusi prdva`is prdva` is h spikahjazi` `hthnhsi tfht ghlheis alcdrghtadl crdg kdrpdrhtavi `hthnhsis hl` ixtirlhj `hth sdurkis.
Nhsak Kdlkipts @hth Uhrifdusi
Al tfi nanjaderhpfy ghly `icalatadls khl ni cdul` hndut `hth whrifdusi?
Algdl (8115) shys, tfht `hth whrifdusi as h `hth kdjjiktadl drailti` td h sunoikt, s unoikt, altierhti`, kfhleihnji al tagi hl` ldt vdjhtaji, td prdva`i suppdrt td tfi `ikasadl ghmale prdkiss.
Fhroal`ir hl` ^hd (8113) hreui, tfht `hth whrifdusi as h rullale prdkiss tfht heejutalhtis `hth crdg fitirdeilidus systigs, alkju`ale fastdrak `hth hl` ixtirlhj `hth td httil` tfi likissaty dc strukturi` quirais, qui rais, hlhjytakhj ripdrts hl` `ikasadl suppdrt.
Nhrquala (8113) `icalis tfi `hth whrifdusi hs h kdjjiktadl dc tikflaquis hl` tikfldjdeais tfht tdeitfir prdva`i h systightak hl` prheghtak hpprdhkf td sdjvi tfi il` usir prdnjig al hkkissale alcdrghtadl tfht as `astranuti` al `accirilt systigs alsa`i drehlazhtadl.
Magnhjj it hj. (8116) hreui tfht, `hth whrifdusi as h sdurki dc hl drehlazhtadl `hth, cdrgi` ny tfi uladl dc hjj kdrrispdl`ale `hth ghrts.
Pd nittir ul`irsthl` tfi `hth whrifdusi kdlkipt at as agpdrthlt td ghmi h kdgphrhtavi stu`y nitwiil tfi trh`atadlhj kdlkipt dc `hthnhsi (@N) hl` `hth whrifdusi (@U).
‚ H `hthnhsi as h kdjjiktadl dc dpirhtadlhj `hth, stdri` hl` usi` ny hppjakhtadl systigs crdg h spikacak drehlazhtadl‗, (Nhtala hl` Jilzirala, 8163). @hth mipt ny hl drehlazhtadl as khjji` “dpirhtadlhj— dr “pragatavi—. Nhtala hl` Jilzirala (8163) ricirri` td tfi `hth stdri` al `hthnhsi hs “dpirhtadlhj `hth—, `astaleuasfale tfi alput, dutput hl` dtfir typis dc `hth. Nhsi` dl tfi Nhtala &
Jilzirala `icalatadl dc dpirhtadlhj `hth, A khl `icali ` icali `hth whrifdusi hs h `hth kdjjiktadl `iravi` crdg dpirhtadlhj `hth td suppdrt tfi `ikasadlghmale prdkiss. ‚Pfisi `iravi` `hth hri gdst dc tfi tagi khjji` “hlhjytakhj—, “alcdrghtadlhj— dr “ghlheirahj— `hth‗ (Algdl, 8115).
Kdlkjusadl Al tfi hrih dc altierhtale gujtapji, `astranuti`, fitirdeilidus alcdrghtadl sdurkis, `hth whrifdusale as h vahnji hl` al sdgi khsis supiradr hjtirlhtavi td trh`atadlhj risihrkf sdjutadls. Prh`atadlhj hpprdhkfis riquist, prdkiss, hl` girei alcdrghtadl crdg sdurkis wfil quirais hri pdsi`. Al tfi `hth whrifdusale hpprdhkf, alcdrghtadl as riquisti`, prdkissi`, hl` girei` kdltaludusjy, sd tfi alcdrghtadl as rih`ajy hvhajhnji cdr `arikt qu iryale hl` hlhjysas ht tfi whrifdusi. Hjtfduef tfi kdlkipt dc `hth whrifdusale hjrih`y as prdgalilt al tfi `hthnhsi al`ustry, wi nijaivi tfiri hri h lugnir dc agpdrthlt dpil risihrkf prdnjigs, `iskrani` hndvi, tfht lii` td ni sdjvi` td rihjazi tfi cjixanji, pdwircuj, hl` iccakailt `hth whrifdusale systigs dc tfi cuturi.
^icirilkis
Algdl, U.F. (811>), "Nuaj`ale tfi @hth Uhrifdusi." Odfl Uajiy & [dls.
Magnhjj, ^. Pfi @hth Uhrifdusi Pddjmat. Odfl Uajiy, 8113.
Uu, G-K., H.R. Nukfghll. ‚^isihrkf Assuis al @hth Uhrifdusale.‗ [ungatti` cdr punjakhtadl.
Eupth H., Fhralhrhyhl S., Xuhss @. ‚Heeriehti-Xuiry Rrdkissale al @hth Uhrifdusi Ilvardlgilts‗, Rrdk. dc SJ@N, 8119.
_fuei, Q., F. Ehrkah-Gdjalh, O. Fhggir, O. Ua`dg, ‚Saiw Ghaltilhlki al h Uhrifdusale Ilvardlgilt, Rrdk. dc [AEGD@ Kdlc., 8119.
Shssajah`as R. hl` [ijjas, P., (8111) ‚H [urviy dc Jdeakhj Jd eakhj Gd`ijs cdr DJHR @hthnhsis‗. [AEGD@ ^ikdr`.
[. ^azza, H. Hnijjû, O. Jikftilnóreir, O. Pruoajjd (>223) ‚^isihrkf al `hth whrifdusi gd`ijale hl` `isael? `ih` dr hjavi4‗ @DJHR, HKG.
[tichld ^azza, Ghttid Edjchrijja. (8116) ‚H Gitfd`djdeakhj Crhgiwdrm cdr @hth
Uhrifdusi @isael‗. @DJHR 16 Uhsfaletdl @K Y[H.
Juohl Gdrh hl` Ouhl Pruoajad (>22;) ‚H Kdgprifilsavi Gitfd` cdr @hth Uhrifdusi @isael‗.
Ouhl Pruoajjd hl` [iread JuoèlGdrh (>220)‗ Rfysakhj Gd`ijale dc @hth Uhrifdusis usale YGJ‗ @DJHR—20, Uhsfaletdl, @K, Y[H.
Juohl Gdrh hl` Ouhl Pruoajad (>223).‗Rfysakhj Gd`ijale dc @hth whrifdusis ny usale YGJ Kdgpdlilt hl` @ipjdygilt @aherhgs, @isael hl` agpjigilthtadl assuis.‗ Odurlhj dc @hthnhsi Ghlheigilt.
@iipta Gasfrh, Hja Qhzaka, Nira, Ralhr Nhshrhl. (>226)‗ H Khsistu`y dc @hth Gd`ijs al @hth Uhrifdusale‗.
Fua Gh,Qapale Qhle hl` Chl _fhle (>221) ‗Pfi Hlta-sthl`hr`azi` @isael ^isihrkf dc
@hth Uhrifdusi‗.
Mhghj Hjhsmhr hl` Hmfthr [fhamf. (>221)‗ Dnoikt Drailti` @hth Gd`ijale cdr @hth Uhrifdusale.
L.Prycdlh,C.Nusndre hl` O.E.Kfrahstahlsil(8116) ,‗[thrI^?H Kdlkiptuhj Gd`ij cdr @hth Uhrifdusi @isael‗.