elaboracion de tinte a partir de molle

Contenido 1.-TITUL 1.-TITULO................. O..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ....................................... ................................. ............. 2 2.- RESPONSABLES....................... RESPONSABLES........................................... ........................................ ....................................... ............................... ............2 2 2.1.-EJECUTORES.............................................................................................2 2.2.-ASESOR............ 2.2.-ASESOR................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ............................. ......... 2 3.-Lugar 3.-Lugar de ejecución............................. ejecución................................................. ....................................... ......................................... ...................... 2 .- OTRAS IN!ESTI"ACIONES ACERCA #E E$TRACCION #E TINTES % &ARCO  TEORICO...........................  TEORICO.............................................. ....................................... .............................................. ........................................ ................. ... 2 .1.- #E'INICION #E TER&INOS BASICOS............................. BASICOS................................................ ........................... ........ 2 .2. &ARCO &ARCO CONEPTUAL........................ CONEPTUAL........................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................  .2.1 &ARCO &ARCO TEORICO................................ TEORICO................................................... ....................................... ............................... ...........  .2.2 Re(erencia) Re(erencia) *i)+órica)................... *i)+órica)...................................... ....................................... ................................... ............... .2.3 L,) Tin+e) Tin+e) Na+urae)............................. Na+urae).................................................................. ............................................... ..........  4.2.4CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS COLORANTES NATURALES .................................../

.2.. FUENTES DE OBTENCIÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES ......................10 4.2.6 MÉTODOS DE EXTRACCIÓN DE COLORANTES NATURALES .....................10 4.2.7. ESTRUCTURA QUÍMICA DE UN COLORANTE ...........................................11

.2.. Pan+a) Tin+órea)........................... Tin+órea)............................................... ...................................... ............................... ............. 12 .2.. &,rdien+e)............... &,rdien+e)................................... ........................................ ....................................... ............................... .............. ..13 13 .2.10. La Pan+a de &,e  Schinus molle .4................................................1 . PLANTEA&IENTO #EL PROBLE&A....................... PROBLE&A.......................................... ....................................... ........................ ....1 1 .1. #e)cri5ción de a reaidad............... reaidad................................... ....................................... ................................... ................1 1 .2. ',r6uación ',r6uación de 5r,7e6a................... 5r,7e6a....................................... ....................................... ...............................1 ............1 .3. Ju)+i8cación de a in9e)+igación.......................... in9e)+igación............................................................. ................................... 20 .. !ia7iidad !ia7iidad de a in9e)+igación..................... in9e)+igación.............................................. ....................................... .................. ....20 20 :. OBJETI!OS.................. OBJETI!OS...................................... ........................................ ....................................... ........................................... ........................ 21 :.1. "ENERAL............... "ENERAL.................................. ....................................... ........................................ ........................................... ....................... 21 :.2. ESPECI'ICOS..................... ESPECI'ICOS......................................... ....................................... ............................................... ............................... ... 21 /.- *IP;TESIS............................ *IP;TESIS............................................... ....................................... ..................................................... ................................. 21 .- &ETO#OLO"gina 1 de 26

10.- CRONO"RA&A CRONO"RA&A #E ACTI!I#A#ES............. ACTI!I#A#ES................................ ....................................... ................................ ............ 2 11.- PRESUPUESTO.................. PRESUPUESTO...................................... ........................................ ........................................ .................................. ..............2 2 12.- ANE$OS #EL ANTEPRO%ECTO.......... ANTEPRO%ECTO.............................. ......................................................... ....................................... 2

P>gina 2 de 26

1.-TITULO EXTRACCION DE TINTES APARTIR DE LA PLANTA DE MOLLE ( Schi!" #$%%&'

2.- RESPONSABLES 2.1.-EJECUTORES COE)AS PALMA *EIN ITALO +ARCIA PERALTA ,-ON ELI -UERTAS SILA FABIO ADALBERTO IMAN RIAS RONALD NELSON RAIMUNDO IPANAQUE EDIN ,AIER 

2.2.-ASESOR IN+.ILLIAM C-UN+A TRELLES

3.-Lugar de ee!u!i"n UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA

#.- OTRAS IN$ESTI%ACIONES ACERCA &E E'TRACCION &E TINTES ( )ARCO TEORICO  NO -A/ INFORMACION

#.1.- &E*INICION &E TER)INOS BASICOS COLOR: i#01&"i 3!& 01$!c& & %5 i"5 %5 %!8 9 3!& 51:5 "&;< "! 5!15%&85 01$0i5 9 &% #$$ c$#$ &" i=!i$ $ 1&=%&>55 0$1 %$" c!&10$". Colorantes: S!"5ci5" 3!& "& 50%ic5 5 c!5%3!i&1 c!&10$ 0515 &=&c!51 !5 #$i=ic5ci  0&1"i"&& &% c$%$1 $1i;i5% 9 3!&? & 51i5" & %5" =$1#5" & "! 50%ic5ci? 0!&& "&1 i"!&%$ $ i"0&1"5$ & &% =%!i$? i=!i@$"& & &"& #$$ &1$ &% c!&10$ 5 c$%$1&51. Mordiente: L5 05%515 #$1i&& i&& &% L5: mordere, 3!& "i;i=ic5 #$1&1? 501&"51? 5;51151 D!$1$>&5i M? 6. E% @1#i$ #$1i&& &" 50%ic5$ 5 c!5%3!i&1 "!"5ci5 & $1i;& 5!15% $ "i@ic$ 3!& "i1& 0515 =i>51 &% c$%$15& & %5 =i15. ALUMBRE (Sulfato de Aluminio E% 5%!#1& & 0$5"i$ &" ! "!%=5$ 5%!#:ic$G0$H"ic$ 3!& c1i"5%i85 & $c5&1$" ic$%$1$" 9 "$%!%&" & 5;!5. N$ &" ic$. O=1&c& !&$" 1&"!%5$" & %5 #$1&!15 5&" & &Ji1. P>gina 3 de 26

 N$ 5%&15 %$" c$%$1&". Q!i8H" &" &% #$1i&& 3!& "i1& 0515 1&01$!ci1 #5" =i&%#&& %$" c$%$1&" 5!15%&".

BICROMA!O DE PO!ASIO (Sulfato de Cromo E" !5 "5% $i5&? c!1i&&? TÓXICA? &" &c&"51i$ &&1 c!i5$ c$ &%%5 0!&" "!" 50$1&" "$ &&$"$". P$%$ & c$%$1 5515>5$. S& !i%i85 &% #i"#$ #$$ 3!& &% 5%!#1& 5&" & &Ji1? 0&1$ 0!& 50%ic51"& 5#i@ &"0!@" &% &Ji$. Ti&& 5 c5#i51 &% c$%$1 & %$" i&" & %5" #5&15". LIM"N C$i&& Hci$ c:1ic$. E% >!;$ & %i# i&& 5i51 9 5 5c%5151 %$" c$%$1&". SAL DE MESA (Cloruro de Sodio L5 "5% 0!&& !i%i851"& & %5 "$%!ci &% i& & &% #$#&$ &% &Ji$. Si1& 0515 1&=$1851  &% &=&c$ &% #$1i&& 5;1&;H$%5 !15& &% i!15$ 9 5": =i>51 &% c$%$1? h5ci@$%$ #H"  051&>$. BA!#N$%  0i&15 0%55 & 3!&? c$ &% #$i#i&$ $"ci%5$1i$ & $15 & 5"& c!15? "& #!&%& %$" ;15$"? c5=@? 5>:? &c. EN&UA'AR$% 5c%5151 9 %i#0i51 c$ 5;!5. ESCURRIR$% h5c&1 3!& !5 c$"5 ǹ5 & ! %:3!i$ &"0i5 %5 051& 3!& 3!&55 &&i5. ESPECIES !IN!"REAS$% 51i&5&" & 0%55" & $& "& &15& %$" c$%$15&". MOLLE: H1$% & #&i5$ 5#5J$? & %5 =5#i%i5 & %5" 55c51iHc&5"? 01$0i$ & A#@1ic5 c&15% 9 #&1ii$5%? 3!& i&& h$>5" =15;5&"? c$1iHc&5" 9 #!9 0$c$ &55"? =%$1&" & &"0i;5" 5i%51&"? #H" c$15" 3!& %5" h$>5"? 9 =1!$" 1$>i8$" 3!& �%&5 0515 =51ic51 !5 &"0&ci& & chich5. MA!ERIAL !IN!"REO: #5&1i5% 3!& �%&5#$" 0515 &Ji1. Pi;#&$" 3!:#ic$"K  0i;#&$" &;&5%&" &15:$" & h$>5"? c$1&85"? 5i5"? =%$1&"? =1!$"K 0i;#&$" #i&15%&" c$#$ i&115". I&AR: h5c&1 3!& ! i!>$? !5 0i!15? &c.? 3!&& i5%&15%& 5 %5 5cci & %5 %!8 $ & $1$" 5;&&" 5#$"=@1ic$". I&ADOR: "!"5ci5 3!& "i1& 0515 =i>51. INMERSI"N: 5cci & i1$!ci1 5%;$ & ! =%!i$. !IN!ES VE'E!ALES: 0i;#&$" $ c$%$15&" &15:$" & %5" 0%55". P>gina # de 26

#.2. )ARCO CONEPTUAL #.2.1 )ARCO TEORICO L5 C!%!15? %$" c$$ci#i&$" 9 &c$%$;:5" c$#!i51i5" "$ c$#0$&&" &"&ci5%&" 3!& &&1#i5 #$&%$" & &"511$%%$. -i"1ic5#&& !&"15" c!%!15" 5c&"15%&" 5$1:;&&"? c5#0&"i5" & A#@1ic5 051ic!%51#&& & %$ 3!& &" %5 1&;i 0&1!55? #5!i&1$ ! 5115i;$ & &"&J585? %i;55 5 "! &$1$ 5!15% 9 5% 501&i85>&? %$" c!5%&" &"55 &"1&ch5#&& &%585$" c$ &% c$$ci#i&$ & "!" "5&1&" %$" c!5%&" &15 15"#ii$" & ;&&15ci & ;&&15ci 5 15@" & %5 T15ici O15%.

E"5 15ici $15% h5 i$ &1i3!&ci&$ &% c$$ci#i&$ c$#!i51i$ 9 h5 "i$ &% 1&"!%5$ & !5 01Hcic5 i51i5 9 c$%&ci5 3!& "& h5 #5&i$ i5 0$1 15"=&1i1  &c$%$;:5" c$#!i51i5" & ;&&15ci & ;&&15ci. A 051i1 & &"5 15ici "& 5 i5#i85$ &% c$5c$ 051ici05i$ & %5 c$#!i5K &"$ h5 0&1#ii$ ;&&151 ! 501&i85>& 9 c$ci&ci5 c$%&ci5. E"$" c$$ci#i&$"? 3!& i& & %5 c$#!i5 9 h5 #5&i$ %5 15"#i"i $15% & 01Hcic5" 3!& 5 #H" & ii1 c$ %5 ;&& & "! :5 5 :5 ;&&15 ! c$$ci#i&$ 9 501&i85>& 0&1#5&& h5 ;&&15$ 5$" hi"1ic$" 3!& 5=i1#5 &% c$$ci#i&$ &% i!15$ c$ 0%55" 9 $15" &"0&ci&" &"& @0$c5" 5i;!5" & M&"$5#@1ic5 %$" c!5%&" iic5 %5 !i%i85ci & %$" i&" & $1i;& 5!15%? 5i#5% $ &;&5%. Ai? 2 D&"& %$" 01i#&1$" 5J$" & %5 c$%$i5? F159 B&151i$ & S5h5;< & M@ic$ h5c:5 #&ci "$1& &% !"$ & i&1"$" c$%$15&" 5!15%&" 9 &"$" "$ %$" #i"#$" 3!& h5"5 %5 5c!5%i5 "& "i;!& 01$c&"5$ c$ %$" #i"#$" 1&c!1"$" @cic$" & &$c&". E" i&i5%& 1&5=i1#51 3!& &"$" c$%$15&" "$ & $1i;& 01&hi"0Hic$? &" &ci1 3!& "& c$$c:5 5&" & %5 %%&;55 &% c$3!i"5$1 &"05J$%. ,515#i%%$ -? 4. #.2.2 Re+eren!ia, i,t"ri!a, E% !"$ & %$" i&" 5!15%&" "& &i&& & $$ %$ 3!& &" &% C$i&& A#&1ic5$ &" 5": 3!& 5&05"5$" & %5 c$"5 & P515c5"? !"55 &"$" i&" h5c& #H" & $" #i% 5J$". S!" &>i$" "$ %5" $15" #H" 0&1=&c5" 3!& #!&"15" & %5 h5i%i5 & %5 #5$ h!#55 9 5< 1i%%5 %$" c$%$1&" c$ 01$0i5 i5? c$ &%%$" &>i$" 9 "%i$" c$%$1&". ,515#i%%$ - .

L5" ;5#5" & c$%$1 & %$" A&" &"H 3&>55" c$ 5!15%&85? %5 50%ic5ci 9 !i%i85ci & 01ici0i$" i1&$"? 5 051i1 &% �%&$ & &;&5%&" $ c$%$15&" & $1i;& #i&15% $ 5i#5% 01$i&& & ! 01$=!$ !"$ 9 &0&1i#&5ci =$1>51$ "5&1&" &1$ & &"0&ci&" 01$=!5#&& &"!i55" 9 !i%i855" "& #&ci$5 &1& $15" 5 %5 ;155 c$chii%%5 ! i"&c$ 3!& i=&"5 %5 0%55 & $05% $ !5 %%5#5$ $ch&8%i & c&1$ A#@1ic5 9 & S!5#@1ic5 ("5;1& & !5"' & %5 3!& "& $&:5 ! 1$>$ i15&? "i&$ &"5 &"0&ci& & ;15 1&c$$ci#i&$ 9 c5%i5 3!& 95 0515 %5 &1c&15 051& &% "i;%$ XI "& &0$155 h5ci5 Chi5 9 T!13!:5. C$%$1&" 5#51i%%$" "& $&:5 & %5 #&8c%5 & %5 c$chii%%5 c$ !5 51i&5 & #5:8 &;1$ $ #$15$. E% P>gina  de 26

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P>gina 6 de 26

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COLORAN!ES VE'E!ALES

L$" c$%$15&" 5!15%&" &;&5%&" "& 0!&& 5;1!051 & "&i" =5#i%i5"? 3!& "$

Carotenoides L$" c51$&$i&" "$ &"1!c!15" i"$01&$i&"? 01&"&&" & c$%$15&" 9 0i;#&$" 5!15%&" & 0%55" "!0&1i$1&"? 5%;5"? h$;$" 9 5c&1i5". L5 &"1!c!15 3!:#ic5  H"ic5 & &"$" c$#0!&"$" 0$"&& $%&" &%5c&" i"5!15$" 9 %5 #59$1:5 "$ &15G&10&$" c$ 4 H$#$" & c51$$. A %$" c51$&$i&" 3!& 0$"&& H$#$" & $:;&$ & "!" #$%@c!%5" "& %$" c$$c& c$#$ 5$=i%5". L$" 1&"5&" c$"i!9& &% ;1!0$ & %$" c51$&$". L$" c$%$15&" 9 0i;#&$" & &"& ;1!0$ 01&"&5 !5  05%&5 & c$%$1&" 3!& 51:5 &"& 5#51i%%$ 0H%i$? 05"5$ 0$1 5515>5$? h5"5 1$>$ $"c!1$. E>�%$" & &%%$ "$ &% %ic$0&$ (c$%$1 1$>$ &% $#5& 9 %5 "5:5'9 &%  &5 c51$&$ (c$%$1 5515>5$ & %5 855h$1i5'. Clorof+li,os L$" c$#0!&"$" c%$1$=:%ic$" c$"5 & !5 0$1=i1i5 3!& %%&5 ic$10$15$ ! H$#$ & #5;&"i$ & &% c&1$ &% 5' 9 15"=i&1& %5 &&1;:5 5 %5 c%$1$=i%5 A? 3!& "& &c51;5 & c$&1i1%5 & &&1;:5 3!:#ic5. O1$" i0$" & c%$1$=i%5 c$#$ C? C2 9 D? "& h5%%5 & 5%;5" 9 5c&1i5". L$" 0i;#&$" c%$1$=:%ic$" "$ i"$%!%&" & 5;!5? 0&1$ ": & "$%&&" $1;Hic$" c$#$ &% 5%c$h$% &:%ic$ 9 %5 5c&$5 ("$%&&" &15ci$"' 9 & &15c%$1!1$ & c51$$ 9 @&1 & 0&1%&$ ("$%&&" "&0515$1&"'. Anto,ian+ni,os L5" 5$ci5i5" =$1#5 !$ & %$" "&i" ;1!0$" & =%5$$i&" &i"&&". L$" P>gina  de 26

=%5$$i&" "$ #&5$%i$" "&c!51i$" & %5" 0%55"? &"$ &" c$#0!&"$" 3!& %5  0%55 &%5$15? 0&1$ $ "$ i5%&"? 0!&" & "! 5!"&ci5 &% $1;5i"#$ 0!&& c$i!51 ii&$. L5" 5$ci5i5" "$ &15&1$" c$%$15&" 5!15%&"? 95 3!& "$ 0i;#&$" hi1$"$%!%&". S$ 1&"0$"5%&" & %$" c$%$1&" 1$>$? 5515>5$? 58!% 9 0<10!15 & %5" !5"? #5855" 9 =1&"5". L5" =!ci$&" & %5" 5$ci5i5" & %5"  0%55" "$ #<%i0%&"? 9 5 &"& %5 01$&cci & %5 15i5ci "$%51 h5"5 %5 & 515&1 i"&c$" 0$%ii85$1&". L5 &"5i%i5 & %5" 5$ci5i5" &"H c$ici$55 0$1 !5 "&1i& & =5c$1&" c$#$ &% 0$&ci5% 1&$? �&15!15? &% 0- &% #&i$? %5 i&15cci c$ $1$" 15ic5%&" 9 #$%@c!%5"? &1& $1$". S& h5 &"!i5$ 3!& &% c5#i$ & ! 0- Hci$ (#59$1  &"5i%i5' h5ci5 $1$ 5%c5%i$ h5c& 51i51 & c$%$1 h5ci5 &% 1$>$ (&=&c$  5$c1#ic$' 5$ c$#0!&"$" i&"5%&" 3!& "& &c$%$15 1H0i5#&&. T5#i@ %5" 5$ci5i5" "$ 5=&c55" 0$1 %5 �&15!15? 01$!ci@$"& c5#i$" & "! &"1!c!15 #$%&c!%51 (0@1i5 &% ;%ic"i$' 3!& 1&"!%5 & !5 0@1i5 &% c$%$1.

la-onoideos E% 1&"$ & %$" =%5$$i&" $G5$ci5:ic$"? "& c515c&1i85 0$1 "! c$%$1 5#51i%%$? c$#$ "& &"01&& & %5 &i#$%$;:5 &% $#1& (D&% %5: =%5!" 5#51i%%$'. L$" =%5$$i&" & ;&&15% "& c515c&1i85 0$1 "&1 0$%i=&$%&" "$%!%&" & 5;!5? 5%;!$" c$ !5 &"1!c!15 & ;%!c"i$" (58i$" &;&5i$" & ci&15" =$115>&15". O1$ ;1!0$ & =%5$$i&" i#0$15&" "$ %5" fla-onas? c$%$15&" 5#51i%%$" 01&"&&" & 0@5%$" & =%$1&" c$#$ %5 01:#!%5? $ & %5 0i&% & =1!$" c$#$ %5" !5"? 1&"0$"5%&" &% c$%$1 5#51i%%&$ & %$" i$" %5c$". Fi5%#&& &"H %5" fla-ononas? 01&"&&" & 5%5" c$c&15ci$&" & %$" 8!#$" & c:1ic$" (515>5? #551i5 9 0$#&%$'. -5"5 h$9 "& c$$c& #H" &  =%5$$i&" 9 3!&5 #H" 0$1 i&i=ic51 9 5i"%51. Betala+ni,os

P>gina  de 26

L5" &5%5:5" "$ c$%$15&" 5!15%&" c$"i!i$" 0$1 501$i#55#&& 7 0i;#&$" hi1$"$%!%&" c$ &"1!c!15 & ;%!c"i$" 9 3!& "& h5 c%5"i=ic5$ & $" ;1!0$" i#0$15&" %5" &5ci5i5" 9 %5" &55i5". L5" &5ci5i5" "$ !$" cic!&5 c$%$15&" 5!15%&" i&i=ic5$" & c$%$1 1$>$ $ i$%&5 3!& "& &c!&15 & 0%55" c$#$ %5 1&#$%5ch5 (B&5 !%;51i"' 9 =1!$" & %5 !5 (O0!i5 "0' 9 & 5%;!$" 5"ii$#ic&$". Ti&& !5 5"$1ci #Hi#5 & &% &"0&c1$ i"i%& &1& 4 9 2 #. L5" &55i5" & c5#i$? c!&5 c$ ! ;1!0$ & c5"i 2 c$#0$&&" & c$%$1  5#51i%%$ &c$155" & 5%;!5" 51i&5&" & h$;$" &&$"$" (5#5i5 #!"c51i5'? 9 & %5" 595" & %$" c5c!" 0i595 (-9%$c&1&!"'. Ti&& !5 5"$1ci #Hi#5 & &% &"0&c1$ i"i%& &1& 26 9 2 #.

!an+ni,os L$" 5i$" "$ c$%$15&" 5!15%&" &15:$" & 0%55" "!0&1i$1&". S$ c$#0!&"$" =&%ic$" c$%$1&5$" & !5 ;5#5 3!& 5 &"& c$%$1&" 5#51i%%$" h5"5 &% c5"5J$ $"c!1$. L$" 5i$" i&& $%$1 c515c&1:"ic$? "5$1 5#51;$ 9 "$ #!9 5"1i;&&". S& 5;1!05 & 5i$" hi1$%i85%&" 9 5i$" c$&"5$" (i"$" 5&1i$1#&& & &% ;1!0$ & F%5$$i&"'. L$" 5i$" hi1$%i85%&" "$ c$%$15&" 0$%:#&1$" h&&1$;@&$" =$1#5$" 0$1  =&$%&" 9 58
COLORAN!ES ANIMALES

L5" "!"5ci5" �%&55" c$#$ c$%$15&" 5!15%&" 3!& &"H 01&"&&" & &% 1&i$ 5i#5%? "$ #!ch$" #&$1&" & c5i5 0&1$ $ & i#0$15ci5. P$&#$" c%5"i=ic51%$" & $" ;1!0$" 01ici05%&" i"&c$" 9 $1;5i"#$" #51i$".

Inse,tos D&1$ & &"& ;1!0$ h59 $" c$#0$&&" & i#0$15ci5. L5 01i#&15 & &%%5" &" %5 &$#i55 c$chii%%5? 3!& i$%!c15 !5 51i&5 & &"0&ci&" & ! i"&c$  051H"i$ & i&1"5" 0%55" "&;< "! $1i;&? 9 3!& 01$!c& ! c$%$1 1$>$ #!9 501&ci5$. L5 $15 &" &% &1#&"? i"&c$ 051H"i$ & $" &"0&ci&" 511&5" %5 &ci5 (&% &1#&" 5#&1ic5$' 9 %5 c$"c$>5 (&% &1#&" &!1$0&$'. T5#i@ & &"& 5i#5% "& &15& ! c$%$15& 1$>$. P>gina 1 de 26

Or.anismos marinos L$" c$%$15&" & 5i#5%&" & $1;5i"#$" #51i$"? i&& & c$#< %5 &"0&ci& & #$%!"c$" c&=5%0$$". U$ & &%%$" &" %5 &$#i55 c5J5i%%5 (#!1& 1551i"' & %5 3!& "& &15& ! c$%$1 0<10!15 #!9 501&ci5$ & %5 5i;&5 9 c$ ! 1ic$ 5&c$51i$? 9 &% $1$ &" %5 >ii5 $ "&0i5 c$#<? & %5 3!& "& &15& & "! "5c$ & i5 ! c$%$15& #511 1$>i8$. T$$" %$" c5"$" 5&1i$1&" "&1H i"$" !&5#&& & %5" "i;!i&&" "&cci$&"? c!5$ $" 5&1&#$" & &%  & =!&&" & $&ci 9 #@$$" & &15cci & c$%$15&" 5!15%&". #.2.. UEN!ES DE OB!ENCI"N DE COLORAN!ES NA!URALES L5" =!&&" 5!15%&" & $&ci & c$%$15&"? "$ 01ici05%#&& %5" 0%55" "!0&1i$1&"? 5#i@ %5" 5%;5"? h$;$" 9 %:3!&&" & &% 1&i$ &;&5% 9 ci&1$" i0$" & i"&c$" 9 5%;!$" $1;5i"#$" #51i$" i&1&15$" &1$ &% 1&i$ 5i#5%.

E" i#0$15& &&1 c$ci&ci5 & %5 =!ci & %$" c$%$15&" 9 0i;#&$" & %5 5!15%&85. L5 ;15 i&1"i5 & 0i;#&$" c!#0%& =!ci$&" &"0&c:=ic5" &1$ & &%%5 ic%!9&$ 5 %$" 5i#5%&" "!0&1i$1&" (c$#$ &% "&1 h!#5$'? 95 3!& 5%;!$" 0!&& 5c!51 c$#$ ihii$1&" 0515 %5 ;&1#i5ci & "&#i%%5" ! h$1#$5" 0515 &% c1&ci#i&$? $ c$#$ "!"5ci5" ic5" 0515 &=&"5 $ 0515 ;!i51 5 %$" i"&c$" 5 %5" =%$1&" 0515 1&5%i851 %5 0$%ii85ci $ c$#$ =5c$1 & 515cci &1& ;@&1$" 0515 %5 1&01$!cci? &c.

)$*$/ M0!ODOS DE E1!RACCI"N DE COLORAN!ES NA!URALES C!5$ "& h5 "&%&cci$5$ !5 =!&& & c$%$15& 5!15%? &% "i;!i&& 05"$ &" 5i"%51 &% #i"#$ &% 1&"$ & %5 &"1!c!15 & %5 0%55 $ 5i#5% 3!& %$ c$i&&. A &"& 01$c&"$ "& %$ &$#i5 &15cci. E% #@$$ 5 �%&51 0515 &15&1 ! &&1#i5$ 0i;#&$ $ c$%$15&? 5 5 &"51 c$ici$5$ 0$1 !5 "&1i& & =5c$1&" 3!& h5c& 3!& c55 &15cci "&5 ! 01$c&"$ 051ic!%51 9 &"0&c:=ic$ 0515 c55 $1;5i"#$ 0$15$1 9 0515 c55 i0$ & #5&1i5% 5 &15&1. L$ 3!& ": "& 0!&& &"5%&c&1 & &155? &" 3!& 5%;!$" #@$$" & &15cci 1&"!%5 "i#0%&" c$ ! 01$!c$ c5"i 0!1$ c$#$ &" &% c5"$ & %5 &15cci &% 0i;#&$ 5$ci5i5 &% 1&0$%%$ #$15$? #i&15" 3!& $1$" 1&"!%5 #H" c$#0%&>$"? $& &%  01$!c$ 5 &15&1 5051&c& #&8c%5$ c$ $15" "!"5ci5"? %$ 3!& $%i;5 5 1&5%i851 %5 &15cci & 51i5" &505" c$ 01$c&"$" & "&0515ci$&" 0$"&1i$1&". C$#$ &>�%$ &&#$" %5 &15cci & c%$1$=i%5 & 0%55" c$#$ %5 &"0i5c5 (S0i5ci5 $%&15c&5'. -59 $" =$1#5" & 1&5%i851 %5 &15cci %5 &15cci 51&"55% 9 %5 &15cci i!"1i5%. E"5 <%i#5 i&& !&$" 50$1&" &c$%;ic$" 1&"0&c$ 5 %5 01i#&15? 5$ & %5 01$!cci & ": #i"#5 c$#$ & &% c$1$% & c5%i5 &% 01$!c$ $&i$. P>gina 11 de 26

)$*$2$ ES!RUC!URA 3U4MICA DE UN COLORAN!E U5 1&=%&i $0$1!5 %!&;$ & %$ i"$ h5"5 &% #$#&$? "&1:5 01&;!51"& 0$13!& 5%;!5" "!"5ci5" c$%$1&5 9 $15" $? $ ich$ & $15 #5&15? 3!& &" %$ 3!& h5c& 3!& !5 "!"5ci5 "&5 c$%$15&. L5 1&"0!&"5 &" "i#0%&. U5 "!"5ci5 c$%$15& i&& 0$1 %$ #&$" $" ;1!0$" 01&"&&" & "! #$%@c!%5 &% ;1!0$ c1$#=$1$ 9 &% ;1!0$ 5!$c1$#$. A% c$#0!&"$ 3!& c$i&& ! ;1!0$ c1$#=$1$ "& %$ &$#i5 c1$#;&$. 

'RUPO CROM"ORO

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'RUPO AU1OCROMO P>gina 12 de 26

S& &$#i5 5": 5 53!&%%$" ;1!0$" & H$#$" c$ c51;5 0$"ii5? 3!& i&& %5  01$0i&5 & i&"i=ic51 %5 5cci & ! ;1!0$ c1$#=$1$ &1$ & %5 #i"#5 #$%@c!%5 & !5 "!"5ci5. E% ;1!0$ c1$#=$1$ $$1;5 c$%$1 9 &% 5!$c1$#$ %$ i&"i=ic5. E% ;1!0$ 5!$c1$#$ "$%$ $ ;&&15 c$%$1. E% #&c5i"#$ 3!:#ic$ 3!& i&& %!;51 &" &% "i;!i&& E% ;1!0$ 5!$c1$#$ &"5 c$#0!&"$ 0$1 H$#$" $ 15ic5%&" %i1&" c$ c51;5 0$"ii5 3!& h5c& &"0%5851 %$" 0ic$" & 5"$1ci & %!8 & %$" ;1!0$" i"5!15$" (c1$#=$1$"' h5ci5 %$;i!&" & $5 %51;5 5&#H" & 5!#&51 "!" i&"i5&". E>�%$ & &%%$ "$ %$" ;1!0$" i58$i$ 3!& "$ ;1!0$" c1$#=$1$" =!&1&"? $& N &" &% 5!$c1$#$ &% i i58$i$ 9 R 0!&& "&1 ! "!"i!9&& $1;Hic$ c!5%3!i&15.

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COMPUES!OS CROM"'ENOS

C$#$ "&J5%5#$" 5&1i$1#&&? 5% c$#0!&"$ 3!& c$i&& ;1!0$" c1$#=$1$" "& %& &$#i5 c1$#;&$? 3!& &i#$%;ic5#&& "i;i=ic5 ;&&15$1 &% c$%$1. D&& &&1"& & c!&5 3!& &% c1$#;&$ $ &" ! ;1!0$ $ 15ic5% 5#ic$ "i$ &% $#1& ;&@1ic$ & %$" c$#0!&"$" $ "!"5ci5" 3!& c$i&& c1$#=$1$". #.2.. P/anta, Tint"rea, S& c$"i&15 0%55" i1&5"? $5" 53!&%%5" &"0&ci&" 3!& c$i&& 5%;!5" c$c&15ci$&" & c$%$15& & i=&1&&" 1;5$"? c$#$ 15:c&"? 5%%$"? h$>5"? =%$1&" 9 "&#i%%5" I+C? P&1< . E"$" c$%$15&" "$ 01$!ci$" i1&c5#&& 0$1 %5 5cii5 =i"i$%;ic5 & %5" 0%55". S& h5%%5 & #59$1 c$c&15ci & %5" 5c!$%5" & %5" c@%!%5" &;&5%&"? $& "& 5"$ci5 c$ $1$" &%&#&$" c$#$ 5c&i&"? 1&"i5"? 5i$" c$ c51Hc&1 5"1i;&& 9 $1$" S5ch&8 P? D!"$ A.4. P>gina 13 de 26

#.2.. )ordiente, L5 05%515 #$1i&& i&& &% L5: mordere, 3!& "i;i=ic5 #$1&1? 501&"51? 5;51151 D!$1$>&5i M? 6. E% @1#i$ #$1i&& &" 50%ic5$ 5 c!5%3!i&1 "!"5ci5 & $1i;& 5!15% $ "i@ic$ 3!& "i1& 0515 =i>51 &% c$%$15& & %5 =i15. Ai;!5#&& "& �%&55 01$!c$" 5!15%&" c$#$ c&i85"? h$>5" & 5;!5c5&? c$1&85 & $;5% 9 ;!5#!chi%. -$9 & :5? &% �%&$ & #$1i&&" &" & $1i;& 3!:#ic$? %5 #59$1:5 "$ "5%&" #&H%ic5" c$#$ 5%!#ii$? c$1& 9 &"5J$? %5" c!5%&" "& i"!&%& & 5;!5 c5%i&& "&0515$ &% #&5% & %5 "5% 0515 0$"&1i$1#&& !i1"& 5 %5 =i15 0515 =i>51 &% i& D!$1$>&5i M? 6.

S&;< C1!85$ A %$" #$1i&&" "$ "i#0%&" "5%&" #&H%ic5" 3!& 59!5 5 %i;51 %$" i&" 5 %5" =i15". Dich5" "5%&" "& =i>5 & %5 =i15? 9 %$" i&" "& =i>5 & %5" "5%&" #&H%ic5". E% #$1i&& H"ic5#&& h5c& 1&" c$"5" A9!5 5 3!& %$" i&" "& =i>& & %5 =i15. A=&c5 &% c$%$1 01$!ci$ 0$1 %$" i&"? & $15" 05%515" %$ i&"i=ic5 $ %$ h5c& #H" &!&. Ac<5 0515 #5&&1 %$" c$%$1&" &"5%&" & 01&"&ci5 & %5 %!8. L$" i$1&1$" h5 !i%i85$ %$" #$1i&&" 0$1 #i%&" & 5J$"? 9 &i"& !5 !&5 158  0515 &%%$? ci&1$" #$1i&&" ;&&15%#&& "& !i%i85 c$ ci&1$" i&". U5 &8 3!& "& &i&& c!H%&" "$ %$" =!5#&$" & 0$1 3!@ "& !i%i85 ! ci&1$ #$1i&& $ 59!5& & ! i& 051ic!%51? 95 $ &" &c&"51i$ "&;!i1 1&c&5"? "i$ 3!& "& 0!&& !i%i851 i=&1&&" #$1i&&" 0515 &"511$%%51 %$" c$%$1&" 3!& "& &"&5. P515 %$;151 5% $>&i$? &" &c&"51i$ !i%i851 ! #$1i&& &"0&c:=ic$ & 0&3!&J5" c5i5&"? 9 %!&;$ "&;!i1 5ici$5$ #H" c5i5&" & #$1i&&" h5"5 $&&1 &% c$%$1 3!& "& &"&5. C1!85$ A MORDIEN!ES A !RAV0S DE LOS A5OS

L5 05%515 #$1i&& i&& &% %5: #$1&1? 5"55 & %5 c1&&ci5 & 3!& 5%;!5" "!"5ci5" #$1:5 %5 =i15 0515 h5c&1%5 1&cii1 #&>$1 &% i&. S$ "5%&" #i&15%&" $ #&H%ic5"? "$%!%&" & 5;!5? 3!& c!5$ "& 5J5& 5% 5J$ & i!15 &%585? i&"i=ic5 $ c5#i5 &% c$%$1 &% 5J$ & i!15 9 h5c& 3!& &% c$%$1 "&5 #H" =!&1& 5 %5 %!8? 5% %55$ 9 5% 1$c&. E1& %5" c$#!i5&" i:;&5" 5i5"? =!&1$ 155>5$" %$" #$1i&&" 5!15%&"? !i%i851$ &% @1#i$ &>&51 3!& &15 %5 5cci & 50%ic51 &% #$1i&& 5 %$" hi%$" 9 &>i$"? 5&" & 1&cii1 &% 5J$ & i!15. L$" #$1i&&" 9 %$" i&" 5!15%&" h5 &"5$ &"1&ch5#&& !i$"K c$ &% &"c!1i#i&$ & %5" "5%&" & 5%!#1& & %5" 0%55"? &" &% c5"$ & %$" %:3!&&" 9 %$" #!";$"? & %5" "5%&" & hi&11$ &c$155" & 511$" 9 & %5" 15:c&" c$#$ & %5 %&;!5 & 5c5 R!#&? &% h$#1&  01&051 "!" hi%$". A #&i5 3!& "& =!&1$ !"5$ &"5" 0%55" c$#$ i&"? "& &c$1 P>gina 1# de 26

3!& &:5 01$0i&5&" 3!& h5c:5 0&1#5&& &% c$%$1 9 "& =!&1$ 5J5i&$ 5 $1$" i&" 0$1 "!" !&5" c!5%i5&". T$$ &"$ "& h5ci5 "i c$$c&1 %5" 01$0i&5&" 3!:#ic5"? "5%&" & 5%!#1& $ & hi&11$ 3!& c$&:5 5%;!5" 0%55". (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. M!ch$" 0!&%$" i:;&5" & A#@1ic5 5#i@ hici&1$ !"$ & i=&1&&" "!"5ci5" c$#$ #$1i&&". L5" #!>&1&" N55>$? 15ici$5%#&& 0515 #$1&51 !"55 5;!5 #&8c%55 c$ %5" c&i85" 01$&i&&" & %5 c$#!"i & %5" 15#5" & ! H1$% %%5#5$ &&1i5. E A#@1ic5 &% S!1? h5c:5 !"$ & %5" c&i85" & #5&15 c$#$ #$1i&&". L$" O>iV59 !i%i855 c!5%3!i&1 #5&1i5% 3!& "& %&" $c!11:5 c$#$ #$1i&&"? 0$1 &>�%$ c&i85" & #5&15? 5;!5 c$ "511$? 51ci%%5" %$c5%&"? 9 0$%$ & 1$c5" 1i!155". E B5%i? %5" h$>5" & %5" 05%#5" & c$c$ 3!5" 9 #&8c%55" c$ 5;!5? 5#i@ "& !i%i855 c$#$ #$1i&&". E #!ch5" c!%!15" i=&1&&" ! #$1i&& 3!& !i%i855 c$#<#&& &15 %5 #&8c%5 & &c1&#&$ & $&>5 c$ 5;!5 (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. A&#H" & %$" #$1i&&" 5&1i$1#&& #&ci$5$"? hi"1ic5#&& %$" i$1&1$" #!ch5" &c&" �%&51$ c5%&1$" & #&5%? %$" c!5%&" 5c!55 c$#$ #$1i&&" 5 %5 h$15 & %5 ici. A%;!$" & %$" #H" 15ici$5%&" i$1&1$" $1i&5%&" !"55 c5%&1$" & 5%!#ii$? hi&11$? c$1& 9 &"5J$. Si &#51;$? &"& #@$$ (!i%i851 c5%&1$" c$#$ #$1i&&"' i&& &% 01$% 3!& %5 c5i5 & "5%&" &% #&5% &% c5%&1$ 3!& "& %i&15 $ 0!&& "&1 c$1$%55? 0$1 %$ 5$ $ "& i&& !5 !i=$1#i5 & %$" c$%$1&" 3!& "& $i&& i 3!& "& &"&5. A!3!& &% !i%i851 %$" c5%&1$" & #&5% c$#$ #$1i&&" i&& %5 &5>5 & 3!& "$ "&;!1$" 0515 &% i$1&1$? 95 3!& #!ch5" "5%&" #&H%ic5" 0!15" "$ #!9 ic5"? c$#$ 0$1 &>�%$ %5 "5% & c$1& (D$!1$>&5i M 6'.

!IPOS DE MORDIEN!ES 3U4MICOS: 

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Aluminio (Sulfato de aluminio 6 7otasio: &" ! #i&15% %5c$ &0$"i5$ & &% =$$ & #!ch$" i0$" & =$1#5ci$&" 1$c$"5"? & i=&1&&" 051&" &% #!$. E" &% #$1i&& 3!& #H" =1&c!&&#&& "& !"5 0$1 %$" i$1&1$" 5!15%&". N$ &" ic$ 1&%5i5#&&? 0&1$ &" #!9 5"1i;&& 9 0!&& "&c51 %5  0i&% (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. E"& #$1i&& &" & #&i55 1&"i"&ci5 5 %5 %!8 9 "& !"5 c5"i "i
& & c$#i5ci c$ %5 c1 & H151$ (R$3!&1$ 9 C1$5? '. Cromo (Di,romato de 7otasio: &" ! 3!:#ic$ & c$%$1 515>5 c%51$? &% c!5% &" #!9 "&"i%& 5 %5 %!8 9 0$1 %$ 5$ &" &c&"51i$ 5%#5c&51%$ & %!;51&" $"c!1$" 9 #5&&1%$ 505$. E" !5 "!"5ci5 #!9 cH!"ic5 9 &&$"5 & $5" "!" =$1#5" (& 0$%$? & "$%!ci %:3!i5 $ & h!#$'? $ "& 0!&& !i%i851 & c$>!$ c$ $1$" #$1i&&". E% c1$#$ "& !i%i85 & 0&3!&J5" c5i5&"  0515 $&&1 "! &=&c$ 9 0$1 &"$ $ "& !i%i85 #!ch$ & %5 5cii5 i1&5? P>gina 1 de 26

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&i$ 5 3!& &" #!9 i=:ci% #5&>51 ich5" c5i5&". E"& #$1i&& &" #H" &=&ci$ c!5$ "& !"5 &"0!@" &% &Ji$? &i$ 5 3!& "& i"#i!9& &% i�$ & 3!& &% c1$#$ &"51H &0!&"$ 5 %5 %!8 (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. Co8re (Sulfato de ,o8re: 5#i@ "& %& c$$c& c$#$ i1i$%$ 58!%. E" ! 3!:#ic$ #!9 &&$"$. E% c$1& ;&&15%#&& i&& ! &=&c$ &1& c%51$ c!5$ "& &"H !i%i85$ & %5 ici. E% c$1& 0!&& "&1 !i%i85$ "%$ c$#$ #$1i&&? $ 0!&& "&1 5J5i$ c$#$ 0$" #$1i&& 0515 $"c!1&c&1 %$" c$%$1&"? $ c$&1i1 ! 5#51i%%$ $ ! 5#51i%%$ W &1& 5 ! &1& #H" &=ii$ (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. 9ierro (Sulfato ferroso: "& %& c$$c& 5#i@ c$#$ i1i$%$ &1&? 9 "! &=&c$ &" $"c!1&c&1 %$" c$%$1&". +&&15%#&& &% hi&11$ "& !"5? c!5$ 5% =i5% & !5 ici "$15 i& 5% c!5% "& %& &"&5 c5#i51 &% $$. S& && h5c&1 01!&5" & %5" =i15" 5 &Ji1? 95 3!& & =i15" =i5" 0!&& c5!"51 5J$" (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. !anino (#,ido tni,o: &" !5 "!"5ci5 5!15% &c$155 & %5 c$1&85 & %$" H1$%&"? & %5" 5;5%%5" &% 1$%&? & %5" h$>5" & @? 9 & $15" 051&" & %5 0%55. E% Hci$ Hic$ ;&&15%#&& &" !"5$ c$#$ ! 5"i"&& &% 5%!#ii$. Si &#51;$ 0!&& "&1 !i%i85$ "%$ c$#$ #$1i&&? h5ci&$ 3!& %$" c$%$1&" "&5 #H" $"c!1$" (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. Esta;o (Cloruro esta;oso: &"5 "!"5ci5 &" !i%i855 & 0&3!&J5" c5i5&"? &i$ 5 3!& 0!&& c5!"51 5J$" 5 %5 =i15. L5 #&>$1 =$1#5 0515 !i%i851 &% &"5J$ &" c$#$ 0$" #$1i&&? c$ &% =i & 5c%5151 %$" c$%$1&" (D$!1$>&5i M 6'. E"& #$1i&& 01$!c& %$" c$%$1&" #H" 1i%%5&" 3!& $1$" #$1i&&" & c51Hc&1 5%c5%i$. SAL DE MESA (Cloruro de Sodio L5 "5% 0!&& !i%i851"& & %5 "$%!ci &% i& & &% #$#&$ &% &Ji$. Si1&  0515 1&=$1851 &% &=&c$ &% #$1i&& 5;1&;H$%5 !15& &% i!15$ 9 5": =i>51 &% c$%$1? h5ci@$%$ #H" 051&>$.

#.2.1. La P/anta de )o//e 4 Schinus molle.5  Nombre común:

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Schi!" &" &% $#1& %5i$? & $1i;& ;1i&;$ 0515 &"i;51 5% %&i"c$K =!& 50%ic5$ 5%  0i#&&1$ =5%"$? 0$13!& 01$!c& !5 1&"i5 $%$1$"5 #!9 "i#i%51 5 %5 &% %&i"c$. M$%%& =!& ! 5i;!$ $#1& ;&@1ic$ 0515 &"5 0%55? !i%i85$ 0$1 T$!1&=$1? 9 &1i5 &% $#1& 3!&ch!5 #!%%i? $ &% %5: #$%%& (=%$>$' P>gina 16 de 26

 Historia distribución y habitad:

E% #$%%& &" ! H1$% $1i;i51i$ &% P&1< 9 &&i$ 5 $5 &% H1&5 5i5 !15& &%  0&1:$$ 01&Ghi"0Hic$ (Ec!5$1 5 Chi%& 9 B$%ii5'. D&"0!@" & %5 C$3!i"5? =!& %%&5$ 0$1 %$" &"05J$%&" 5 C&1$5#@1ic5 9 5 M@ic$? $& 1&cii? 0$1 &"$? &% $#1& & P&1< $ & Y1$% &% P&1<. P$"&1i$1#&&? 5 =i&" &% "i;%$ XIII? "& i1$!>$ & C5%i=$1i5? 5 051i1 & %5 Mi"i & S5 L!i" R&9 & S5 Di&;$. P51&c& 3!&? "i#!%H&5#&&? %%&; 5 E!1$05? 95 3!& 51i$" $Hic$" & &"& "i;%$ %$ #&ci$5 & E"05J5. E %5 5c!5%i5? &i"& & $$ &% 10ic$ 9 "! !"$ &" #&ci$5$ & &% M&i&11H&$? & Y=1ic5 9 & %5 Ii5. S! i"1i!ci 5%i!i5% 51:5 &  5  #"#. Ti&& ;15 c505ci5 & 1&1$&?  01$;1&"5 & &11&$" "&c$" 9 1$c$"$" ;15ci5" 5 "!" 15:c&" i& &"511$%%55"? %5" 3!&  0!&& %%&;51 h5"5 2 5  # & 01$=!i5 0515 !"c51 5;!5. R&3!i&1& "!&%$" 51ci%%$"$" $ 51&$"$"? &" &i;&& & %!8? %i;&15#&& 1&"i"&& 5 %5" h&%55"? 1&"i"&& 5 %5" &1#i5" 9 5 %5 "&3!:5. Taxonomía:

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P>gina 10 de 26

#51;& &" &&1$ $ 5%;$ 5"&115$? "! &!15 &" #&#15Hc&5 5 %i;&15#&& c$1iHc&5?  01&"&5 0&%$" 0&3!&J$" 9 &"c5"$"? 9 5&#H" 0$"&& 5!5& 1&"i5 51$#Hic5.

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Pro7iedades medi,inales:

A &"5 &"0&ci& "& %& 1&c$$c& i&1"5" 01$0i&5&" #&ici5%&"? #!ch5" & %5" c!5%&" =!&1$ &"c!i&15" 9 c$=i1#55" 0$1 %5 ci&ci5? "i&$ 1&c$#&55" &"5"  01$0i&5&" & 05&ci#i&$" i;&"i$" (c%ic$"? &"1&Ji#i&$? $%$1 & &"#5;$.'? $%$1 & i&&"? cic51i85ci & h&1i5" (c$ 50%ic5ci & "! 1&"i5'? #$%&"i5" &% 1&!#5i"#$ (50%ic5ci %$c5% c$ �%5"$" & "!" 15#5" #5c&155" & 5%c$h$%'? P>gina 1 de 26

5=&cci$&" c$#$ $"? ;1i0&? 5"#5" 9 !&1c!%$"i" (c$#$ i=!"i'? & &=&1#&5&" c$#$ ;$$11&5K 5": c$#$ & %$" c5"$" & $>$" i11i5$"? c$>!iii" 9 c55155" & 155#i&$ c$ h$>5" #5ch5c55" 0515 %55$" hi;i@ic$" &&1$" (+!05 ^ E"0$"i$? '. P$"&& 01$0i&5&" 5i&"05"#ic5"? 5i1&!#Hic5? &#&5;$;5? Aii=%5#5$1i5 9 cic51i85&. E"!i$" h5 &&1#i5$ 3!& %5 5cii5 cic51i85& & %5 0$#55 &% 5c&i& &"&ci5% =5$1&c& %5 cic51i85ci & %5" h&1i5" i=&c55" & &% ;55$ 5c!$ 9 & 15$&" 5%i$" (A%5 et al.? 2'. L$" 5c&i&" &"&ci5%&" 5#i@ 0$1:5 "&1  !i%i85$" 0515 &% c$1$% & Pediculus humanus capitis (0i$>$ & %5 c5&85' (+!i&11&8 et al.? 2'. E% 5c&i& &"&ci5% "& !"5 &&15#&& 0515 =15c!15" 9 c$#$ 5i"@0ic$ & !"$ 0ic$? 5&#H" &" A"1i;&&? 5%"H#ic$? c$%i1i$? i!1@ic$? 0!1;5i$? &"$#Hic$? ic$? 5ii15% 9 !%&151i$. E &% P&15 "i1& 0515 1551 &% 1&"=1:$ 9 &% 50$1 & %5 c$cci & %5" #i"#5" &" ih5%5$ 0515 1551 %5 hi0&1&"i? &01&"i 9 511i#i5" (Bh5 ^ ,5c$"? '. E Ei$0:5 %$" 5c&i&" &"&ci5%&" & %5" h$>5" =!&1$ &5%!5$" 0515 &% c$1$% & Musca domestica Linnaeus 9 #$"151$ &&1 5cii5 5i 5%i#&51i5 9_$ 1&0&%&&. S& &5%! & %5$15$1i$ %5 5cii5 i"&cici5 & %$" &15c$" c1!$" & 1!05" & Schi!" #$%%& L. "$1& %515" &$55" & Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. L$" 1&"!%5$" iic5 &=&c$" 1&0&%&&". (Chi1i$ ^ F&11&1$? 2'. E"!i$" h5 &#$"15$ 3!& &% 5c&i& &"&ci5% 01$!c& 1&0&%&ci5 c$ &% Sitophilus oryzae? 0$1 %$ 3!& "& c$"i&15 c$#$ !5 5%&15i5 5!15% & "! c$1$%. (B&8i et al.? 2'. E% 5c&i& &"&ci5% & %5" h$>5" "& !i%i85 5#i@ & 0&1=!#&1:5 9 & %5 &%5$15ci & c1" &5%&". L5" "&#i%%5" 01&"&5 ! 5c&i& 3!& 0!&& "&1 �%&5$ c$#$ =!;ici5 5!15%. L$" =1!$" 9 "&#i%%5" 5#i@ 0$"&& 51i$" 5c&i&" 3!& &1$ & "!" c$#0$&&" &&#$" 5% #i1c&$? =&%51&$? %i#$&$ 9 c5i$%. P$1 %$ 5$? %5"  01$0i&5&" c!15i5" 3!& "& %& 5"i;5 5 %5" i"i5" 051&" & %5 0%55 "$ -$>5" Ai11&!#Hic$? cic51i85&? & %5 %i#0i&85 & %$" i&&"? i;&"i$. F1!$ Ai11&!#Hic$? & %5 1&&ci !1i51i5? &#&5;$;$? &0&c$15&? 5i0515"i51i$. C$1&85 9 1&"i5 Ai11&!#Hic$? cic51i85&? & i&&" c51&5$". L5 0%55 &" 50%ic55 &&15#&& c$#$ 5i"@0ic$ 9 0515 1551 %5" =15c!15" 9 %5 $%&$11&"i5 &" !"55 c$#$ ! cic51i85& 0515 &% $%$1 & i&&" & i&15#&& 0515 &% 1&!#5i"#$. E &% A#58$5"? &% @ & %5 c$1&85 i&& &=&c$ 0!1;5i$? 5#i@ "& %& 51i!9& 01$0i&5&" & &"i#!%5& 9 5i&01&"i$ (/&%5"c$GN&;!&1!&%5? '. L5 c$cci & %5" h$>5" "&c5" &" !"55 0515 1551 %$" &"1&&" #&"1!5%&" 9 0515 %5" i=&cci$&" &% 15c$ 1&"0i15$1i$ 9 !1i51i$ (P&1&8 ^ A&"ii? 4'. P>gina 1 de 26

R&ci&&#&&? %$" &15c$" & h$>5" &#$"151$ &&1 5cii5 55%;@"ic5? &01&"$15 &% Si" N&1i$"$ C&15% 9 $ici5 5;!5 & 155" (B5115chi5 et al .? 7'. S& h5 &5%!5$ %$" &=&c$" 5i5c&1i5$" 9 5i=<;ic$" & %$" 5c&i&" $&i$" & h$>5" =1&"c5"? 5i"%5$" 0$1 hi1$&"i%5ci $&i&$ 5cii5 & c$15 & %5" "i;!i&&" &"0&ci&" 5c&1i55"  Klebsiella pneumoniae, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, L&!c$$"1$c cremoris, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus ulgaris,  Echerichia coli y !acillus subtilis, &1& $15". L5" &"0&ci&" =<;ic5"  Aspergillus ochrac&!"? A"0&1;i%%!"  parasiticus, "usarium culmorum y Alternaria alternata, &hii&1$ !5 "&"ii%i5 "i;i=ic5i5 5 %$" 5c&i&" $%Hi%&" (/&%5"c$ N&;!&1!&%5? '.

. PLANTEA)IENTO &EL PROBLE)A .1. &e,!ri!i"n de /a rea/idad -$9 & :5 &i"& !5 c1&ci&& &&ci5 & c$"!#$ 3!& 5 01$!c$" 5!15%&"? c$#$ c$"&c!&ci5 & %$" &=&c$" & hi0&15cii5 9 5%&1;i5" &c$155" & 5%;!$" c$"!#i$1&" 3!&? "&;< &"!i$" 1&5%i85$" 0$1 &i5&" &!1$0&5" 9 $1&5#&1ic55"? "$ $c5"i$55" 0$1 5%;!$" 5ii$" "i@ic$" &1& %$" 3!& "& &c!&15 R$>$ 5%%!115 AC (R& 4'? P$c&5! 4R? T5115ci5 (A#51i%%$ '? 5#51i%%$ $c5"$ FCF_ 5#51i%%$ 5515>5$ S (/&%%$V6'? A#51i%%$ & 3!i$%&:5 9 C51#$i"i5. (+51c:5 F5>51$? '.

.2. *or7u/a!i"n de/ ro8/e7a L5" h$>5" & %5 0%55 & #$%%& "i1& c$#$ #5&1i5 01i#5 0515 %5 &15cci & i&" 3!& h5 "i$ !i%i85$" &"& %5 @0$c5 01&hi"0Hic5 0515 &Ji1 &i%&" 9 #!15%&" (+!i1$%5? 2'. E %5 5c!5%i5 &% #$%%& &" ! H1$% 3!& c1&c& & #$$ "i%&"1&? 9 3!& h$9 & :5 &" &=ic58#&& &0%$55 0515 %5 01$!cci & i&" 0515 &Ji1 &% 5%;$ 9 %5 %55 & =$1#5 51&"55%. E"$ 0!&& "i;i=ic51 !5 $0$1!i5 0515 %$;151 %5 01$!cci & i&" 5 ;15 &"c5%5 i!"1i5% ? 3!& "i;i=i3!& ! &"511$%%$ 9 0%5&& %5 0$"ii%i5 & i;1&"51 5% #&1c5$? 5!#&5$ "! 01$!cii5 9 c$#0&iii5? c1&5$ $0$1!i5&" & %%&51 5 c5$ 01$9&c$"? 01$!c$" 9 5"&"$1:5" & &% "&c$1 5;1$i!"1i5% $ 5%i#&51i$ . D&i$ 5% c1&ci&& &"511$%%$ &c$%;ic$? 9 5 %5" &c&"i5&" h!#55"K $" &#$" $%i;5$" 5 !"c51 !&5" 5%&15i5" 5!15%&"? 501$&ch5$ %5 #5&1i5 01i#5 i"0$i%& & !&"15 1&;i.

.3. Ju,ti9!a!i"n de /a in:e,tiga!i"n L5" h$>5" & %5 0%55 & #$%%& "i1& c$#$ #5&1i5 01i#5 0515 %5 &15cci & i&" 3!& h5 "i$ !i%i85$" &"& %5 @0$c5 01&hi"0Hic5 0515 &Ji1 &i%&" 9 #!15%&" (+!i1$%5? 2'. E %5 5c!5%i5 &% #$%%& &" ! H1$% 3!& c1&c& & #$$ "i%&"1&? 9 3!& h$9 & :5 &" &=ic58#&& &0%$55 0515 %5 01$!cci & i&" 0515 &Ji1 &% 5%;$ 9 %5 %55 & =$1#5 P>gina 2 de 26

51&"55%. E"$ 0!&& "i;i=ic51 !5 $0$1!i5 0515 %$;151 %5 01$!cci & i&" 5 ;15 &"c5%5 i!"1i5% ? 3!& "i;i=i3!& ! &"511$%%$ 9 0%5&& %5 0$"ii%i5 & i;1&"51 5% #&1c5$? 5!#&5$ "! 01$!cii5 9 c$#0&iii5? c1&5$ $0$1!i5&" & %%&51 5 c5$ 01$9&c$"? 01$!c$" 9 5"&"$1:5" & &% "&c$1 5;1$i!"1i5% $ 5%i#&51i$ . (+5i1i5 M&>:5? M51:5 A%&>515K M&>:5 A;!5"? M51:5 C5#i%5K $c!1& & 22' D&i$ 5% c1&ci&& &"511$%%$ &c$%;ic$? 9 5 %5" &c&"i5&" h!#55"K $" &#$" $%i;5$" 5 !"c51 !&5" 5%&15i5" 5!15%&"? 501$&ch5$ %5 #5&1i5 01i#5 i"0$i%& & !&"15 1&;i.

.#. $ia8i/idad de /a in:e,tiga!i"n D5$ 3!& %5 @cic5 & &15cci & 0i;#&$" 5!15%&"K 01$i&& & i�$"  01&hi"0Hic$"? 9 & !&"15 5c!5%i5 h5 "i$ 0&1=&cci$55"K & !&"1$ 01$9&c$? &"  0$"i%&" %5 &15cci &% i&&? 5 051i1 & %5" h$>5" & #$%%& ./5 3!& i$%!c15 01$c&"$" 9 @cic5" & 5>$" c$"$". E !&"15 1&;i Pi!15 5$ 3!& &i"& !5 ;15 c5i5 & 01i#5 &;&5% & i;1&i&&"  01$c&"5$"? &1& %$" 3!& "& &c!&15 %$" i&" & $1i;& &;&5%. Si &#51;$ 5< $ "& "5& &5c5#&& c!H%&" &"0&ci&" "$ 55"? c5i5&"? 01&ci$"? 1&3!i"i$" &"0&c:=ic$" 9 %5 $0$1!i5 & %$" 01$&&$1&" 0i!15$" 0515 "5i"=5c&1 %5 5 & i&".

6. OBJETI$OS 6.1. %ENERAL R&5%i851 ! &"!i$ & i&i=ic5ci &% i& 5!15% 5051i1 & %5 &"0&ci& &;&5%MOLLE (Schinus molle' 9 0515 1&5%$1i851 @cic5" 5c&"15%&".

P>gina 21 de 26

6.2. ESPECI*ICOS G I&i=ic51 %$" 01$c&"$" 1&c$%&cci? "&%&cci? 01&0515ci &% #5&1i5% &;&5i$ !"5$  0515 %5 &%5$15ci & %$" i&" 0515 &&1#i51 %5" &5>5" 9 &"&5>5". G D&=ii1 %5" @cic5" �%&55" & &% &Ji$ 51&"55% 9 %5" 0$"ii%i5&" 3!& $=1&c& %$" i&" 5!15%&" & %5" $" &"0&ci&" 5 &"!i51 %5 $&ci & c$%$1&" 5!15%&" "&;< %5 =i15 5 &Ji1 9 &% #$1i&& 5 !i%i851.

0.- IP;TESIS •

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& #$i&$ 0515 &i51 3!& "& 5"i&&. PASO  L!&;$ & h&1i1 "& &>5 &=1i51 9 "& =i%15 &% %:3!i$ &Ji$? "& ;!515 & $&%%5" $"c!15"  0515 &i51 %5 &;155ci &% c$%$1 0$1 %5 %!8.

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. ES=UE)A &E CONTENI&O

.- BIBLIO%RA*
A8c? ,. ^ M. T5%. (2'. F!5#&$" & =i"i$%$;:5 &;&5%. a E. Mc#ra$%  &ill 'nteramericana. M51i? E"05J5. P5;. 26. P>gina 2# de 26

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P&1&8? C. ^ C. A&"ii. (4'. Ihiii$ of Pseudomonas aerguinosa 9 A1;&i&5 M&ici5% P%5". "itoterapia 6 (2' 6G72. Bh5? R. ^ T. ,5c$". ('. T15ii$5% -&15% M&ici& i T15"&i. (.  Ethnopharmacol. 4 (' 7G 2.

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C!&5? S. 2. P%55" M&ici5%&"? Ei$1i5% A.F.A.? Li#5 G P&1<.

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*15#&1? F. (7' Th& P&00&1 1&& Schinus molle. Econ. !ot. ) ' 2G26.

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Li$;i&1? -. ('. P%55" #&ici5%&" & P!&1$ Ric$ 9 &% C51i&. Ei$1i5% I&1$5#&1ic55. 05; G7.

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i;!&15"? A. L.? ^ P$1i%%$? L. (22'. T&Ji$ & =i15" c$ ;155 c$chii%%5 9 $1$" c$%$15&" 5!15%&". "A*. Actas de la Segunda +eunin para el Aproechamiento  'ntegral de la -una y otras Cactceas y ' +eunin Sudamericana CAC/ -0S1E "A*%'CA+2A. Argentina. p? 6G7.

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A95%5 T&1H? A. N. (2'. E"5%&ci#i&$ & c!%i$ i i1$ & #$%%& ("chi!" #$%%&' 5 051i1 & 9" 5i%51&" $#55" & 0%55" #51& c$#$ !5 h&115#i&5  0515 %5 01$05;5ci & %5 &"0&ci& & &% Di"1i$ M&1$0$%i5$ & Q!i$.

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C5>:5"? M.? ^ F&15&8? B. (7'. Manual de tintes naturales. SEMTA? S&1ici$" M<%i0%&" & T&c$%$;:5" A01$0i55".

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B1&J5? A. (2'. L$" #$1i&&" $ =i>5$1&" & &% 01$c&"$ & &Ji$ c$ i&" 5!15%&". +eista de la "acultad de 'ngenier3a 'ndustrial ? 4('? .

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ALNICOLSA (".=.'.G M$%%&. Schi!" #$%%& h0__5i$".1i0$.c$#_#$%%&&".h#

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Di"0$i%& & %5 05;i5 & h0__VVV.1&&i%51;&i5.c$#.51_i&.0h0_=i15"_=G&$%&ci#i&$_22G i"!#$"G0515G&%G&$%&ci#i&$G&G=i15"_c$%$15&"G&i%&"_c$%$15&"G 5!15%&"_Gc$%$15&"G5!15%&"

P>gina 2 de 26

1.- CRONO%RA)A &E ACTI$I&A&ES 11.- PRESUPUESTO 12.- ANE'OS &EL ANTEPRO(ECTO

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