UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
ÍNDICE I.INTRODUCCION…………………………………………………………………….. pag.2
II. NORMATIVAS...…………………………………………………………………….….pag.2
III. GENERALIDADES………………...……… GENERALIDADES………………...……………………………… ……………………………………….....pag.2 ……………….....pag.2
IV.OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………………....pag.4
V. EQUIPOS Y MATERIALES…………………………………………………………..pag.4
VI. PROCEDIMIENTO……………………… PROCEDIMIENTO……………………………………………… ………………………………................ ………................ pag.7
VII. CALCULO……………………………………………………………………………pag.12
VIII. FORMATO DEL ENSAYO DE VELETA Y PENETROMETRO………...……..pag.14
I. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………pag.1!
.OBSERVACIONES…………………………………………………………………...pag.1!
I.RECOMENDACIONES………………………………………………………………pag.1"
II.BIBLIOGRAFIA………………………………… II.BIBLIOGRAFIA………… ………………………………………………… ……………………………………pag.1" …………pag.1"
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
1
UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
I. INTRODUCCION: La p#$%&a '% (a )%(%*a %+ $,a -,*#/&$-/0, #%(a*/)a '%#,a pa#a &*%,%# %( *#$% %,* #%$%#/' '% (+ +$%(+ -3%+/)+. La p#$%&a p#%+%,*a %, p#/,-/p/ $,a )%,*a5a -,+/'%#a&(% (a '% #%a(/6a#+% '/#%-*a%,*% +&#% (+ +$%(+ /,8+/*$9 , +&#% $%+*#a+ %:*#a;'a+ -, a<# %,# g#a' '% a(*%#a&/(/'a' +/,+ +&#% (+ a*%#/a(%+ %, %( ($ga# %, %( $% +% '%p+/*a#, %, (a ,a*$#a(%6a. D%&/' a +$ *aa= %+ p+/&(% 3a-%# )a#/+ %,+a<+ pa#a '%*%#/,a# %+*a';+*/-a%,*% (a #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% +/, '#%,a# >?$@ '% $%+*#a+ SPT 3%-3a+ a g#a,'%+ p#$,'/'a'%+. D,'% (a *a '% $%+*#a p#'$-% a<#%+ a(*%#a-/,%+. E( *#$% %,* ap(/-a' +% -##%(a-/,a -, )a(#%+ '% #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*%.
AI.
REFERENCIAS NORMATIVAS:
N#a+ /,*%#,a-/,a(%+ 8
ASTM D 2!7
8
AASTO T 22
N#a P%#$a,a 8
MTC E 122
III.GENERALIDADES: ENSAYO DE CORTE CON VELETA: E( %,+a< -, (a )%(%*a '% -#*% %+ /'%a( pa#a
%( -a+ '% +$%(+ -p$%+*+ '% a#-/((a+ +a*$#a'a+ +/, /+$#a+ < (/+ +a*$#a'+. N %+ *a, -,/a&(% pa#a +$%(+ /+$#a'+ +%-$%,-/a+ '% /-# %+*#a*+. B+/-a%,*% %( %:*#% /,%#/# '% (a )%(%*a -,+/+*% %, -$a*# a+pa+ ,*a'a+ %, %( %:*#% '% $,a &a##a '% a-%#. D%+p$+ '% 3/,-a# (a )%(%*a %, %( +$%( +% 3a-% g/#a# ap(/-a,' $, pa# '% *#+/,%+ %, %( %:*#% (/&#% '% (a )a#/((a. S% g/#a p#/%# (a )%(%*a %,*#% . 1H p# +%g$,' pa#a '%*%#/,a# %( pa#%*# '% #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% +/, p%#*$#&a-/0, < a -,*/,$a-/0, +% /'% (a #%+/+*%,-/a #%('%a'a 3a-/%,' g/#a# -, #ap/'%6 (a )%(%*a.
PENETROMETRO: E( p%,%*#%*# '% &(+/(( %+ $, /,+*#$%,* '% (a&#a*#/ $*/(/6a' pa#a '%*%#/,a# (a -apa-/'a' '% -a#ga $(*/a . E, %( (a&#a*#/ %, %( -ap pa#a ( -$a( +% *#a6a $, -/#-$( %, (a $%+*#a /,a(*%#a'a %,*,-%+ +% $&/-a )%#*/-a(%,*% $ 3#/6,*a( %( p%,%*# %*# '/#%-* -,*#a %( +$%( a a,a(/6a#+%. L+ )a(#%+ '%( p%,%*# %*# +% %)a(a %'/a,*% $,a *a&(a %( -$a( +% $&/-a %, %( %$/p $% ,+ 'a %, gK-2.
EL ENSAYO SPT: E+ ap(/a%,*% $*/(/6a' %, (a %:p(#a-/0, g%*-,/-a '%&/' a $% '% +$+ #%+$(*a'+ %+ p+/&(% %+*a&(%-%# $-3a+ #%(a-/,%+ pa#a '%*%#/,a# pa#%*#+ '% -a+/ -$a($/%# */p '% +$%( +/ &/%, pa#a $,+ +$%(+ - (+ g#a,$(a#%+ '%*%#/,a )a(#%+ + -,/a&(%+ - %( ,g$( '% #/--/0, pa#a +$%( -3%+/)+ - (a+ a#-/((a+ (+ )a(#%+ , +, -,/a&(%+ < +( +% p$%'% $*/(/6a# - g$;a $ #/%,*a*/)+. Pa#a (a '%*%#/,a-/0, '% pa#%*#+ %, +$%(+ a#-/((++ %+ #%-%,'a&(% $*/(/6a# *# %,+a< - )%(%*a.
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UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
COHESIÓN: E+ (a -$a(/'a' p# (a -$a( (a+ pa#*;-$(a+ '%( *%##%, +% a,*/%,%, $,/'a+ %, )/#*$' '% $%#6a+ /,*%#,a+ $% '%p%,'%, %,*#% *#a+ -+a+ '%( ,%# '% p$,*+ '% -,*a-* $% -a'a pa#*;-$(a */%,% -, +$+ )%-/,a+.
ARCILLA: La+ a#-/((a+ +, -$a($/%# +%'/%,* '%p0+/* /,%#a( $% %+ p(+*/- -$a,' +% 3$%'%-% < $% -,+/+*% '% $, a*%#/a( g#a,$(+ $< /, #a' p# pa#*;-$(a+ $< p%$%=a+ -$< *aa= %+ /,%#/# a 4 /-#a+ < $% +% -p,%, p#/,-/pa(%,*% '% +/(/-a*+ '% a($/,/ 3/'#a*a'+.
RESISTENCIA AL CORTE: E+ (a *%,+/0, '% -#*% +&#% %( p(a, '% #$p*$#a9 %, %( %,* '% (a #$p*$#a.
ENSAYO IN-SITU: +, (/*%#a(%,*% (+ $% +% #%a(/6a, %, %( /+ ($ga# ','% +% %,-$%,*#a %( &5%* '% a,(/+/+. E, g%*%-,/a +% ap(/-a %( *#/, a (+ %,+a<+ $% +% #%a(/6a, +&#% $, *%##%, pa#a '%*%#/,a# +$+ -a#a-*%#;+*/-a+. E, -,+*#$--/0, +$%(% %p(%a#+% pa#a '%/,/# (+ %,+a<+ '% a*%#/a(%+ a p/% '% &#a +&#% *' %, (+ %(%%,*+ '% -/%,*a-/0,.
ESFUERZO DE TORSIÓN MÁXIMO: %+ %( p$,* '% %+$%#6 '% *#+/0, :/ ,%-%+a#/ pa#a 3a-%# g/#a# %( $%+*#%a'#
GRANULARES: S, (+ +$%(+ $% , p+%%, ,/,g$,a -3%+/0, < -,+/+*%, %, #-a+ g#a)a+ a#%,a+ < (/+.
GEOTECNIA: %+ $,a '% (a+ #aa+ + #%(%)a,*%+ '%,*# '% (a /,g%,/%#;a -/)/(. E,*#% +$+ ap(/-a-/,%+ p#/,-/pa(%+ +% %,-$%,*#a, %( '/+%= '% (a+ -/%,*a-/,%+ < *a($'%+ -,*#( '% (a+ ,apa+ #%*/-a+ '/+%= '% *,%(%+ p$%,*%+ < p#%+a+. La g%*%-,/a %+* ;,*/a%,*% )/,-$(a'a a -$a($/%# */p '% -,+*#$--/0, %'//-a-/0, %, (a a<#;a '% (+ -a++@ ','% +% a+/%,*a, (a+ -/%,*a-/,%+ &a+%+ '% +$+*%,*a-/0, '% (a+ -,+*#$--/,%+ %, g%,%#a(. E+*a '/+-/p(/,a a&#%)a %, *#a+ $%,*%+ $% (% +/#)%, pa#a %( %+*$'/ %+p%-;/- '%( *%##%, '% -/%,*a-/0, a(g$,a+ +, (a g%(g;a < (a *pg#a;a. Ta&/, +% )a(% '% (a ;+/-a 3/'#$(/-a < (a *%#;a '% #%+/+*%,-/a '% (+ a*%#/a(%+.
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
IV.OBJETIVO: OBJETIVO GENERAL
E( &5%*/) '% %+*a p#-*/-a %+ (a '%*%#/,a-/0, '% (+ pa#%*#+ '% #%+/+*%,-/a -3%+/0, < #6a/%,* /,*%#, %'/a,*% $, p%,%*#%*# '% &(+/(( < (a )%(%*a.
OBJETIVOS ESPECFICOS
Da# a -,-%# (a #a '% '%*%#/,a# (a #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% +/, '#%,a# '% +$%(+ a#-/((++ pa#*/-$(a#%,*% '% a#-/((a+ &(a,'a+. Ca(-$(a# (a -apa-/'a' p#*a,*% '%( +$%(. R%-,-%# %( p%,%*#%*# '% &(+/(( < (a )%(%*a < +$ ' '% $+.
M%'/# (a #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% '% (+ +$%(+ %/,%,*%%,*% -3%+/)+ < +$a)%+ .
V.EQUIPOS Y MATERIALES:
VELETA:La )%(%*a %+ $, '/+p+/*/) $% +/#)% pa#a %'/# (a #%+/+*%,-/a '% +$%(+ %+ '%-/# %+ $, apa#a* $% /'% %( -#*% '% (+ +$%(+ '/#%-*a%,*% %, %( ($ga#. FOTO Nº 01
F$%,*% Ma#- A,*,/ C,'#/
ASPA DE LA VELETA: C,+/+*% %, -$a*# a+pa+ #%-*a,g$(a#%+ (a a(*$#a '% (a )%(%*a %+ '+ )%-%+ +$ '/%*# p$'% $+a#+% )%(%*a+ -, #%(a-/0, a(*$#aK'/%*# 1 (+ '/%*#+ '% (a+ a+pa+ p$%'%, )a#/a# %,*#% .! a 19. LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
4
UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
FOTO Nº 02
Asps !"#$%&'(!"
MEDIDAS
F$%,*% S/=a,/ mmR,a(' . Pa-#/ PULGADAS
Longitud
330
13
ancho
130
5.118
altura
65
2.55
L!"GI#UD DE LA %A&ILLA 300 mm
0.1 'g
VARILLAS DE EXTENCION: La+ )a#/((a+ '% %:*%,+/0, +, pa#*% '% (a )%(%*a /,-#p#a' a (a )%(%*a pa#a 3a-%# %( -#*% '% +$%( '/#%-*a%,*%.
FOTO Nº 0)
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UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
*!+((
LLAVES: S, pa#a (+ a5$+*%+ '%+a5$+*a# (a )a#/((a '% (a )%(%*a. F$%,*% R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ FOTO Nº 0,
L(*" " .'s$" " (
F$%,*% R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/
PENETROMETRO: E( p%,%*#%*# %+ $, /,+*#$%,* '% (a&#a*#/ $*/(/6a' pa#a '%*%#/,a# (a -apa-/'a' '% -a#ga. L+ )a(#%+ '%( p%,%*#%*# +% %)a(a %'/a,*% $,a *a&(a %( -$a( +% $&/-a %, %( %$/p $% ,+ 'a %, gK-2 , +% ,%-%+/*a -,)%#*/# -a(-$(a#.
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
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UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA FOTO Nº 0
VI. PROCEDIMIENTO: F$%,*% R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ PASO N !.-R%a(/6a# $,a -a(/-a*a pa#a p'%# #%a(/6a# %( %,+a< < '%*%#/,a+ %( #%a -, $,a -/,*a '% +%g$#/'a' a(#%'%'# '%( +$%( ','% )a+ a %+-a)a#.
PASO N ".- a-%# (a -a(/&#a-/0, '% (a )%(%*a < %( p%,%*#%*#. E( -$a( ( #%a(/6 %( /,g%,/%# a -a#g '%( %,+a<.
FUENTE: NUMERO: " FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
FUENTE: NUMERO: 7 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
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UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
FUENTE: NUMERO: FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: PASO21" N$ %.-I,+%#*a# (a )%(%*a %'/a,*% $, +/p(% %p$5% 3a+*a (a p#$,'/'a' ;,/a /g$a( a '+ )%-%+ (a a(*$#a '%( a+pa '$#a,*% '/-3 %p$5% , +% ap(/-a *#+/0,.
FUENTE: NUMERO: FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA
PASO N$ &.-U,a )%6 3/,-a' '%,*# '%( +$%( /,a(*%#a' )%#*/-a(%,*% /,/-/a+ (a #*a-/0, %, %( %:*#% (/&#% '% (a )%(%*a %, +%,*/' 3#a#/ +% g/#a (a )%(%*a a #a60, '% .1 g#a'+ p# +%g$,' pa#a '%*%#/,a# (a #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% +/, p%#*$#&a-/,%+. D$#a,*% (a #*a-/0, a,*%,%# (a+ a+pa+ a $,a a(*$#a /5a g/#a# (a )%(%*a 3a+*a $% ((%g$% %( %,* :/.
FUENTE: NUMERO: 1 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
FUENTE: NUMERO: 11 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21" PASO N$ '.- L$%g #%*/#a#( (a )%(%*a '%( +$%( < +% (%-*$#a %( %,* :/ *#$% $% ,+ 'a %, .pa. R%g/+*#a# %( g/# (a+ (%-*$#a+ '%( %,* :/ $% ,+ /,'/-a (a )%(%*a.
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA “NESTOR CACERES VELASQUEZ” FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS PURAS EPIC: INGENIERIA CIVIL - JULIACA p!$" +%$"!+!
4!#!
%" s" #" ( ("#$'! "% 3p
FUENTE: NUMERO: 12 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
LABORATORIO DE MECANICA DE SUELOS II
1
PASO N$(.- I,/-/a+ -, %( p%,%*# %*# $% ,+ 'a (a -apa-/'a' p#*a,*% '%( +$%( %, gK-2. S% /,*#'$-% -, $,a p#%+/0, a( +$%( a %'/a $% /,g#%+a,' (a )a#/((a a( +$%( %, (a pa#*% +$p%#/# 3a< $, a,/(( $% )a a#-a,' %+*a a#-a-/0, )a '% .! %, ! gK-2 .
FUENTE: NUMERO: 1 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
PASO N$).- L$%g '% 3a&%# #%a(/6a' (+ %,+a<+ +% p#-%'% a (%-*$#a# < a,*a# -a'a %'/a +%g$/'a%,*% a #%a(/6a# (+ -(-$(+ . L"#$'! " ( #p#+ p!$%$"
FUENTE: NUMERO: 14 FOTOGRAFIA DE: R,a(' . Pa-#/ S/=a,/ LUGAR: Cap$+ '% (a U,/)%#+/'a' A,'/,a N%+*# Ca-%#%+ V%(a+$%6 A#O: 21"
PASO N$ *.- E( /+ p#-%'//%,* +% #%a(/60 pa#a -/,- (%-*$#a+ .
VII.CALCULOS:
RESOLUCIÓN:
PASO N$ !: C,)/#*/%,' (+ 'a*+ *a'+ %, (a p#-*/-a '% Pa a gK- 2 -, a-*# '% -,)%#+/0,. >.12gK-2@.
1.8
15.30 kpa×
2.8
16.70 kpa×
.8
19.05 kpa×
4.8
18.60 kpa×
0.0102 Kg / cm 2 1 kpa 0.0102 Kg / cm 2 1 kpa 0.0102 Kg / cm 2 1 kpa
0.0102 Kg / cm 2 1 kpa
=0.156 Kg / cm 2
=0.170 kg / cm 2
=0.194 Kg / cm 2
=0.190 Kg / cm 2
PASO N$ ": a((a,' (a #%+/+*%,-/a a( -#*% '% (a a#-/((a %, Pa >gK- 2@ -, (a #$(a g%,%#a(. N$: 5 6 7
0.156 Kg / cm 2
0.026 Kg /
2
1/-
2/-
0.156 Kg / cm 2 6
0.170 Kg / cm 2 6
0.194
)/-
6
0.190
,/-
Kg 2 cm
Kg 2 cm
6
=0.026 Kg / cm 2
=0.028 Kg / cm 2
= 0.032
Kg cm 2
0.032
Kg cm 2
=
PASO N$ %: a((a,' %( #%a '% (a 6apa*a. R%%p(a6a,' %, (a #$(a. A6L9L
L 6 1/10 8 A = (1.10 m )
2
1.212
=
PASO N$ &: F/,a(%,*% 3a((a,' %( p#%'/ /,a( '% (a VELETA < PENETROMETRO DE BOLSILLO.
VELETA: +a-a+ %( p#%'/ /,a( '% (+ #%+$(*a'+ '% (a RESISTENCIA AL CORTE >S@. promedio =
0.026 + 0.028 + 0.032 + 0.032 4
=0.0295 kg / cm 2
PENETROMETRO: +a-a+ %( p#%'/ /,a( '% (+ #%+$(*a'+ '% (a CAPACIDAD DEL PENETROMETRO. promedio =
2.25 + 2.00 + 2.20 + 1.80 4
=2.
" gK-2
VIII.FORMATO DEL ENSAYO DE VELETA Y PENETROMETRO PROYECTO:
+,/0/0 12 03240 12 + UANCV
SOLICITANTE:
20531/+,520 (54 02620572
UBICACIÓN:
8/31+1 3,/9270/5+7/+ UANCV
CALICATA:
8462;4 12475/94
MUESTRA:
032.4 ./64 84, :2<32=+ 8+,5/1+1 12 +78/..+
PROFUNDIDAD:
!.'> 6
FECHA:
025/26?72 ">!(
E N!/
FECA
PROFUND LECTURA IDAD ;4< 5PA
CARGA ;5G=C4<
S ;!"s+s$"%# + ( #!$"<
1
2>=0>=201 1/0 7
1/)0
0/17
0/027
2
2>=0>=201 1/0 7
17/?0
0/1?0
0/02@
)
2>=0>=201 1/0 7
1>/0
0/1>,
0/0)2
,
2>=0>=201 1/0 7
1@/70
0/1>0
0/0)2
PRO4EDIO
0/02>
VEL TA:
PENETROMETRO:
N#.
IX.
PROFUNDIDAD
LECTURA DE CAMP0
CAPACIDAD gK-2
1
1/08
2/2
2/2
2
1/08
2/00
2/00
)
1/8
2/20
2/20
,
1/08
1/@0
1/@0
P!8"+6 2/07) 3&=#82
CONCLUSIONES: VELETA: C$a,' &*$)/+ (+ #%+$(*a'+ '% (a+ (%-*$#a+ '% (a )%(%*a (+ #%+$(*a'+ $%#, '/%#%,*%+ %,*,-%+ p'%+ -,-($/# $% %( %,+a< $% , +% p$%'% *#a&a5a# %, %+% */p '% +$%( p# $% , %+ -3%+/). E+*% %,+a< ( #%a(/6a+ pa#a +a&%# (a #a '% p%#a-/0, '%( %$/p < a+; *'+ (+ %+*$'/a,*%+ +%pa, a,%5a# < 3a-%# %+*$'/+.
PENETROMETRO: S% -,-($<% $% %( p%,%*#%*# %+ $, /,+*#$%,* $*/(/6a' pa#a '%*%#/,a#(a -apa-/'a' '% -a#ga (*/a '% $, +$%(. Ta&/, p'%+ -,-($/# $% (a -apa-/'a' '% -a#ga $(*/a '% %+% +$%( %, ','% +% #%a(/60 %( %,+a< $% '% 2." gK-2.
X.
OBSERVACIONES VELETA
E+*% %,+a< +( +% p$%'% #%a(/6a# %, a#-/((a+ &(a,'a+ +a*$#a'a+ +$%(+ -3%+/)+.
E+ $, /,+*#$%,* '% -/( a,/p$(a-/0, < (a+ (%-*$#a+ %, %( '/a( , +, *a, -p(/-a'a+.
E, *#+ */p+ '% +$%(+ (+ 'a*+ p$%'%, )a#/a# a&/+a(%,*%. C p# %5%p( %, %( +$%( , -3%+/) %, %( $% *#a&a5a+ .
PENETROMETRO
S% p$%'% $+a# %, (a&#a*#/ -, $%+*#a+ /,a(*%#a'a+ %, -ap /,*#'$-/,'( '/#%-*a%,*% a( +$%( a a,a(/6a#. E+ $< -/( '% a,/p$(a#.
E+ $, /,+*#$%,* '% &(+/((. La+ (%-*$#a+ $% 'a, +, %( gK-2.
XI.RECOMENDACIONES
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9II/ILIOGRAFIA
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