MASALAH KESEHATAN MULUT DAN GIGI Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Penugasan Mata Kuliah Epidemiologi P2N&NM
KELOMPOK 2 KELAS D 2010
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M.SEPTIAN HADI
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ALAN DARMASAPUTRA
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FANI ALIZI ILMIFALUTHI
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ARDHY PUTERA PIGORAMDHANI
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NOVIA ROKHMAWANTI
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WANDA QURNIASARI
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SUDIATMOKO SUPANGKAT
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PRABHASTYAN AZMY
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IDA PUSPA SETYOWATI
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RIEZKY AULIA YULANDANI
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RIRIH PRAYOGI
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LUNA OKTARIANI
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DEVI PUTRI MELIANASARI
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NURCAHYO MAULANA
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BALQIS AZ ZAHRA
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ISMAH SYARAFINA
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EVI SONDANG S
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RISMA SHINTA DEWI
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MUHAMMAD LUQMAN ANSHORI 1
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FEBY RAHMAWATI
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ASTI AWIYATUL B
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FITRI APRILIA
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OCENA YUSRINA N
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INDAH NURVIATI
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WAHYUNI
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
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DAFTAR ISI
.................................................................. ............................................ .............................................. ..........................................3 ..................3 Daftar Isi............................................ .............................................................. ............................................ .............................................. ............................4 ....4 Bab I Pendahuluan........................................ 1.1 Latar Belakang 1.2 Rumusan Masalah 1.3 Tujuan Bab II Pembahasan ............................................... ..................................................................... .............................................. ............................................6 ....................6
2.1 Mulut dan Bagian - Bagiannya Bagiann ya 2.2 Karies 2.3 Gingivitis 2.4 Memelihara Kesehatan Gigi 2.5 Diet Makanan 2.6 Menyikat Gigi 2.7 Penambalan Gigi 2.8 Pencabutan Gigi 2.9 Kontrol Enam Bulan Sekali ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ..............................35 ........35 Bab III Penutup ......................................... 3.1 Kesimpulan
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang
Kesehatan gigi dan mulut merupakan bagian dari kesehatan tubuh yang tidak dapat dipisahkan satu dan lainnya karena akan mempengaruhi kesehatan tubuh keseluruhan. Gigi merupakan salah satu bagian tubuh yang berfungsi untuk mengunyah, berbicara dan mempertahankan bentuk muka, sehingga penting untuk menjaga kesehatan gigi sedini mungkin agar dapat bertahan lama dalam rongga mulut. Kelainan-kelainan yang bisa terjadi di dalam mulut adalah gigi berlubang, penyakit atau radang gusi dan gigi berjejal. Karies gigi dan radang gusi (gingivitis) merupakan penyakit gigi dan jaringan pendukung gigi yang banyak dijumpai pada anak-anak sekolah dasar di Indonesia, serta cenderung meningkat setiap dasawarsa. Masalah terbesar yang dihadapi penduduk Indonesia seperti juga di negara negara berkembang lainnya di bidang kesehatan kesehatan gigi dan dan mulut
adalah penyakit penyakit
jaringan keras gigi (caries dentin). Hal ini karena prevalensi karies di Indonesia mencapai 80%. Usaha untuk mengatasinya belum memberikan hasil yang nyata bila diukur dengan indikator kesehatan gigi masyarakat. Tingginya prevalensi karies gigi serta belum berhasilnya usaha untuk mengatasinya mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor faktor distribusi penduduk, faktor lingkungan, faktor perilaku, dan faktor pelayanan kesehatan gigi yang berbeda-beda pada masyarakat Indonesia. Karies gigi adalah suatu proses kerusakan yang dimulai dari email terus ke dentin dan merupakan suatu penyakit yang berhubungan dengan banyak faktor. Ada empat faktor utama yang saling mempengaruhi untuk terjadinya karies yaitu faktor host yang meliputi gigi dan saliva, faktor ke dua ialah mikroorganisme, ke tiga adalah substrat dan ke empat adalah waktu. Selain faktor langsung yang ada di dalam mulut, terdapat faktor-faktor tidak langsung yang disebut faktor risiko luar yang merupakan faktor predisposisi dan faktor penghambat terjadinya karies. Faktor luar antara lain adala h usia, jenis kelamin, keadaan penduduk dan lingkungan, pengetahuan, kesadaran dan perilaku yang
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Studi epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa kejadian karies sangat berbeda antara kelompok-kelompok penduduk, tetapi diet dipertimbangkan sebagai perbedaan utama antara kelompok-kelompok bangsa meskipun ada juga faktor genetik. Telah dibuktikan dari berbagai
penelitian bahwa gula dalam dalam diet merupakan penyebab penyebab
utama karies. Suku bangsa yang mengkonsumsi gula lebih tinggi, kariesnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan mereka yang mengkonsumsi gula lebih rendah. Peningkatan keadaan sosial ekonomi dan pola hidup masyarakat juga sangat berpengaruh pada peningkatan penyakit gigi dan mulut. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan karena adanya perubahan perilaku masyarakat serta kemampuan dalam menyediakan makanan yang bersifat kariogenik seperti gula, permen dan coklat.
1.2
Rumusan Masalah
Berdasarkan uraian latar belakang di atas, maka yang menjadi masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah : a. Bagaimanakah anatomi mulut dan bagian – bagian – bagian bagian mulut? b. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan karies gigi? c. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan gingvitis? d. Bagaimanakah diet makanan bagi mulut? e. Bagaimanakah cara menyikat gigi yang baik? f. Bagaimanakah proses penambalan gigi? g. Bagaimanakah proses pencabutan gigi? h. Bagaimanakah perawatan gigi yang baik (kontrol gigi 6 bulan sekali)?
1.3
Tujuan
a. Mengetahui anatomi mulut dan bagian – bagian – bagian bagian mulut b. Mengetahui mengenai karies gigi c. Mengetahui mengenai gingvitis d. Mengetahui diet makanan yang baik bagi mulut e. Mengetahui cara menyikat gigi yang baik f. Mengetahui proses penambalan gigi
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1
Mulut dan Bagian – Bagiannya
Mulut dibentuk oleh 2 rahang, yakni rahang atas dan rahang bawah. Pada rahang ini terdapat gigi dan gusi. Gigi dan mulut sendiri berfungsi untuk menguyah, berbicara, dan memberikan bentuk yang harmonis pada muka. Gigi tersusun atas lapisan-lapisan. Lapisan-lapisan pada gigi yakni : 1. Email
: lapisan terluar yang keras dan kuat
2. Dentin
: lapisan dibawah email yang lebih lunak mudah rusak
3. Pulpa
: lapisan yang berisi pembuluh darah dan saraf
4. Gusi
: laringan lunak yang ada dalam mulut
5. Cementum
: lapisan luar akar gigi
6. Jar. Periodontal : jaringan yang yang memegang gigi gigi sehingga melekat melekat pada rahang 7. Tulang alveolar : tulang tempat melekatnya gigi 2.2
Karies 1. Definisi
Karies berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu caries yang artinya kebusukan. Karies gigi adalah suatu proses kronis regresif yang dimulai dengan larutnya mineral email sebagai akibat terganggunya keseimbangan antara email dan sekelilingnya yang disebabkan oleh pembentukan asam mikrobial dari substrat sehingga timbul destruksi komponen-komponen komponen-komponen organik yang akhirnya terjadi kavitas. Karies adalah suatu penyakit jaringan keras gigi yaitu email, dentin dan cementum yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas jazad renik terhadap suatu jenis karbohidrat yang dapat diragikan. Tandanya adalah adanya demineralisasi jaringan keras gigi yang kemudian diikuti oleh kerusakan bahan organiknya (Kidd & Bechal, 1992). Karies merupakan proses demineralisasi yang disebabkan oleh suatu interaksi antara (produk-produk) seperti: mikroorganisme, ludah, bagian-bagian yang berasal dari makanan dan email (Houwink & Winchel, 2000). 2. Penyebab
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gigi. Lapisan lengket inilah yang disebut plak. Plak akan terbentuk 20 menit setelah makan. Zat asam dalam plak akan menyebabkan jaringan keras gigi larut dan terjadilah karies. Bakteri yang paling berperan berperan dalam menyebabkan karies adalah Streptococcus mutans. mutans. 3. Gejala
Karies ditandai dengan adanya lubang pada jaringan keras gigi, dapat berwarna coklat atau hitam.
Gigi berlubang biasanya tidak terasa sakit sampai lubang tersebut bertambah besar dan mengenai persyarafan dari gigi tersebut. Pada karies yang cukup dalam, biasanya keluhan yang sering dirasakan pasien adalah rasa ngilu bila gigi terkena rangsang panas, dingin, atau manis. Bila dibiarkan, karies akan bertambah besar dan dapat mencapai kamar pulpa, yaitu rongga dalam gigi yang berisi jaringansyaraf dan pembuluh darah. Bila sudah mencapai kamar pulpa, akan terjadi proses peradangan yang menyebabkan rasa sakit yang berdenyut. Lama kelamaan, infeksi bakteri dapat menyebabkan kematian jaringan dalam kamar pulpa dan infeksi dapat menjalar ke jaringan tulang penyangga gigi, gigi, sehingga dapat terjadi abses.
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4. Proses Karies Gigi
Proses terjadinya karies gigi dimulai dengan adanya plaque adanya plaque di permukaan gigi, sukrosa (gula) dari sisa makanan dan bakteri berproses menempel pada waktu tertentu yang berubah menjadi asam laktat yang akan menurunkan pH mulut menjadi kritis (5,5) dan akan menyebabkan demineralisasi email berlanjut menjadi karies gigi. Secara perlahan-lahan demineralisasi interna berjalan ke arah dentin melalui lubang fokus tetapi belum sampai kavitasi (pembentukan lubang). Kavitasi baru timbul bila dentin terlibat dalam proses tersebut. Namun kadang-kadang begitu banyak mineral hilang dari inti les i sehingga permukaan mudah rusak secara mekanis, yang menghasilkan kavitasi yang makrokopis dapat dilihat. Pada karies dentin yang baru mulai terlihat hanya lapisan keempat (lapisan transparan, terdiri dari tulang dentin sklerotik, kemungkinan membentuk rintangan terhadap mikroorganisme dan enzimnya) dan lapisan kelima (lapisan opak/tidak tembus penglihatan, di dalam tubuli terdapat lemak yang mungkin merupakan gejala degenerasi cabang-cabang odontoblast). Baru setelah terjadi kavitasi, bakteri akan menembus tulang gigi. Pada proses karies yang amat dalam, tidak terdapat lapisanlapisan tiga (lapisan demineralisasi , , suatu daerah sempit, dimana dentin partibular diserang), lapisan empat dan lapisan lima. Akumulasi plak pada permukaan gigi utuh dalam dua sampai tiga minggu menyebabkan terjadinya bercak putih. Waktu terjadinya bercak putih menjadi kavitasi tergantung pada umur, pada anak-anak 1,5 tahun dengan kisaran 6 bulan ke atas dan ke bawah, pada umur 15 tahun, 2 tahun dan pada umur 21-24 tahun, hampir tiga tahun. Tentu saja terdapat perbedaan individual. Sekarang ini karena banyak pemakaian flourida pemakaian flourida,, kavitasi akan berjalan lebih lambat daripada dahulu.
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d. Diet yang buruk dibandingkan dengan orang dewasa, pada anak-anak terdapat jumlah ludah dari kapasitas buffer yang lebih kecil, diperkuat oleh aktivitas proteolitik yang lebih besar di dalam mulut.
5. Klasifikasi Karies Gigi a. Berdasarkan Stadium Karies (dalamnya karies)
Karies Superfisialis di mana karies baru mengenai enamel saja, sedang dentin belum terkena.
Karies Media di mana karies sudah mengenai dentin, tetapi belum melebihi setengah dentin.
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b. Berdasarkan Keparahan atau Kecepatan Berkembangnya
Karies Ringan Kasusnya disebut ringan jika serangan karies hanya pada gigi yang paling rentan seperti pit (depresi yang kecil, besarnya seujung jarung yang terdapat pada permukaan oklusal dari gigi molar) dan fisure (suatu celah yang dalam dan memanjang pada permukaan gigi) sedangkan kedalaman kariesnya hanya mengenai lapisan email (iritasi pulpa).
Karies Sedang Kasusnya dikatakan sedang jika serangan karies meliputi permukaan oklusal dan aproksimal gigi posterior. Kedalaman karies sudah mengenai lapisan dentin (hiperemi pulpa).
Karies Berat/Parah Kasusnya dikatakan berat jika serangan juga meliputi gigi anterior yang biasanya bebas karies. Kedalaman karies sudah mengenai pulpa, baik pulpa tertutup maupun pulpa terbuka (pulpitis dan gangren pulpa). Karies pada gigi
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beberapa faktor yang menjadi penyebab terbentuknya karies. kari es. Ada empat faktor utama yang memegang peranan yaitu 1) faktor host atau tuan rumah, 2) agen atau mikroorganisme, 3) substrat atau diet dan, 4) faktor waktu. Untuk terjadinya karies, maka kondisi setiap faktor tersebut harus saling mendukung yaitu tuan rumah yang rentan, mikroorganisme yang kariogenik, substrat yang sesuai dan waktu yang lama. 1) Faktor Host Atau Tuan Rumah Ada beberapa faktor yang dihubungkan dengan gigi sebagai tuan rumah terhadap karies yaitu faktor morfologi gigi (ukuran dan bentuk gigi), struktur enamel, faktor kimia dan kristalografis. Pit dan fisur pada gigi posterior sangat rentan terhadap karies karena sisa-sisa makanan mudah menumpuk di daerah tersebut terutama pit dan fisur yang dalam. Selain itu, it u, permukaan gigi yang kasar juga dapat menyebabkan plak mudah melekat dan membantu perkembangan karies gigi. Enamel merupakan jaringan tubuh dengan susunan kimia kompleks yang mengandung 97% mineral (kalsium, fosfat, karbonat, fluor), air 1% dan bahan organik 2%. Bagian luar enamel mengalami mineralisasi yang lebih sempurna dan mengandung banyak fluor, fosfat dan sedikit karbonat dan air. Kepadatan kristal enamel sangat menentukan kelarutan enamel.Semakin banyak enamel mengandung mineral maka kristal enamel semakin padat dan enamel akan semakin resisten. Gigi susu lebih mudah terserang karies daripada gigi tetap. Hal ini disebabkan karena enamel gigi susu mengandung lebih banyak bahan organik dan air sedangkan jumlah mineralnya lebih sedikit daripada gigi tetap. Selain itu, secara kristalografis kristal-kristal gigi susu tidak sepadat gigi tetap. Mungkin alasan ini menjadi salah satu penyebab tingginya prevalensi karies pada anak-anak.
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pada plak gigi. Pada penderita karies aktif, jumlah laktobasilus pada plak gigi berkisar 104 – 104 – 105 105 sel/mg plak. Walaupun demikian, S. mutans yang diakui sebagai penyebab utama karies oleh karena S. Mutans mempunyai sifat asi dogenik dan asidurik (resisten terhadap asam). 3) Faktor substrat atau diet Faktor substrat atau diet dapat mempengaruhi pembentukan plak karena membantu perkembangbiakan dan kolonisasi mikroorganisme yang ada pada permukaan enamel. enamel . Selain itu, dapat mempengaruhi metabolisme bakteri dalam plak dengan menyediakan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi asam serta bahan lain yang aktif yang menyebabkan timbulnya karies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang yang banyak mengonsumsi karbohidrat terutama sukrosa cenderung mengalami kerusakan pada gigi, sebaliknya pada orang dengan diet yang banyak mengandung lemak dan protein hanya sedikit atau sama sekali tidak mempunyai karies gigi. Hal ini penting untuk menunjukkan bahwa karbohidrat memegang peranan penting dalam terjadinya karies. 4) Faktor waktu Secara umum, karies dianggap sebagai penyakit kronis pada manusia yang
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Jawa dan Bali (86,59%), Sumatera (94,41%), Kalimantan (94,85%), Sulawesi (99,28%)
Prevalensi karies berdasarkan umur : 12 tahun (76,62%), 15 tahun (89,38%), 18 tahun (83,50%), 35-44 tahun (94,56%), dan 65 tahun ke atas (98,57%)
b. Determinan
Umur
1)
Umur 1-2 tahun Studi oleh Kohler et all (1978,1982), bahwa pada ibu-ibu dengan saliva yang mengandung banyak Streptococcus mutans sering menularkannya kepada bayi mereka segera setelah gigi susunya tumbuh, hal ini menyebabkan tingginya kerentanan terhadap karies.
2)
Umur 5-7 tahun Studi oleh Carvalho et all (1989) menunjukkan bahwa pada masa ini
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Jenis Kelamin
Dari pengamatan yang dilakukan Milhann-Turkeheim pada gigi M1, didapat hasil bahwa persentase karies gigi pada wanita adalah lebih tinggi dibanding pria.Selama masa kanak-kanak dan remaja, wanita menunjukkan nilai DMF yang lebih tinggi daripada pria. Walaupun demikian, umumnya oral higiene wanita lebih baik sehingga komponen gigi yang hilang (M=Missing) lebih sedikit.
Sosial Ekonomi
Karies dijumpai lebih rendah pada kelompok sosial ekonomi rendah dan sebaliknya. Hal ini dikaitkan dengan lebih besarnya minat hidup sehat pada kelompok sosial ekonomi tinggi. tinggi. Tirthankar (2002), ada dua faktor sosial ekonomi yaitu pekerjaan dan pendidikan. Pendidikan adalah faktor kedua terbesar yang mempengaruhi status kesehatan. Seseorang yang mempunyai tingkat pendidikan tinggi akan memiliki pengetahuan dan sikap yang baik tentang kesehatan sehingga akan mempengaruhi perilakunya untuk hidup sehat.
Penggunaan Flour
Rugg-Gunn (2000) di Inggris menyatakan bahwa penggunaan fluor sangat efektif untuk menurunkan prevalensi karies, walaupun penggunaan
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dikonsumsi, maka email gigi tidak akan mempunyai kesempatan untuk melakukan remineralisasi dengan sempurna sehingga terjadi karies.
Kebersihan Mulut
Diketahui bahwa salah satu komponen dalam pembentukan karies adalah plak. Orang yang rutin menyikat gigi akan memiliki faktor risiko lebih kecil untuk karies dibandingkan yang tidak rutin menggosok gigi.
Merokok
Nicotine yang dihasilkan oleh tembakau dalam rokok dapat menekan aliran saliva, yang menyebabkan aktivitas karies meningkat. Dalam hal ini karies ditemukan lebih tinggi pada perokok dibandingkan dengan bukan perokok.
Pengalaman karies
Penelitian epidemiologis telah membuktikan adanya hubungan antara pengalaman karies dengan perkembangan karies di masa mendatang. Sensitivitas parameter ini hampir mencapai 60%. Prevalensi karies pada gigi desidui dapat memprediksi karies pada gigi permanennya.
Jumlah bakteri
Segera setelah lahir akan terbentuk ekosistem oral yang terdiri atas berbagai
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8. Diagnosa
a. Detectable explorer “stick” b. Radiographs c. Visual d. Laser caries detector 9. Intervensi
a. Sikat gigi dengan pasta gigi berfluoride dua kali sehari, pada pagi hari setelah sarapan dan malam hari sebelum tidur. b. Lakukan flossing sekali dalam sehari untuk mengangkat plak dan sisa makanan yang tersangkut di antara celah gigi-geligi. c. Hindari makanan yang terlalu manis dan lengket, juga kurangi minum minuman yang manis seperti soda. d. Lakukan kunjungan rutin ke dokter gigi tiap 6 bulan sekali. e. Perhatikan diet pada ibu hamil dan pastikan kelengkapan asupan nutrisi, karena pembentukan benih gigi dimulai pada pada awal trimester kedua. f.
2.3
Penggunaan fluoride baik secara lokal maupun sistemik.
Gingivitis
a. Pengertian
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Karang gigi tidak hanya melekat pada permukaan gigi yang tampak (terletak di atas garis gusi), tapi juga dapat melekat pada permukaan gigi yang tertutup oleh gusi. Pada permukaan permukaan karang gigi biasanya juga j uga terdapat koloni bakteri. Koloni bakteri pada plak dan karang gigi inilah yang mengakibatkan mengakibatkan kerusakan jaringan penyangga gigi, yang di mulai dari gingiva (bagian gusi yang dapat kita lihat). Keadaan ini disebut gingivitis (radang gusi). Karena ada peradangan maka gusi menjadi mudah berdarah apabila terkena trauma mekanis, misalnya sikat gigi atau tusuk gigi. Jadi, gusi berdarah adalah tanda awal adanya kerusakan gusi. Apabila tidak segera ditangani maka karang gigi dapat terus bertambah sehingga perlekatan gusi pada permukaaan permukaaan gigi menjadi lepas dan terbentuk adanya kantung pada gusi (disebut periodontal pocket). Kondisi ini disertai juga dengan perdarahan gusi dan kerusakan tulang penyangga gigi. Akibatnya bila tidak segera ditangani gigi menjadi goyang dan akhirnya tanggal. Keadaan ini disebut periodontitis.
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d. Tanda dan Gejala Gingivitis 1) Biasanya mengeluh mulut bau, gusi bengkak mudah berdarah, tanpa nyeri, hanya kadang terasa gatal. 2) Pada pemeriksaan gusi tampak bengkak, berwarna lebih merah dan mudah berdarah pada sondasi. 3) Kebersihan mulut biasanya buruk. 4) Salah satu bentuk radang gusi adalah perikoronitis yang gejalanya lebih berat, yaitu demam, dan sukar membuka mulut. e. Cara mencegah timbulnya Gingivitis 1) Rajin memperbaiki kebersihan mulut dan berkumur dengan obat kumur.
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2) Berdasarkan perluasan peradangan -
Terlokalisasi : membatasi peradangan jaringan gingiva pada gigi a tau sebagian.
-
General : peradangan jaringan gingiva pada seluruh mulu t.
3) Berdasarkan Distribusi Inf Inf lamasi lamasi -
Papila : inflamasi jaringan pada seluruh mulut mulu t.
-
Marginal : inflamasi pada margin dan papila.
-
Diffuse : inflamai pada margin gingiva.
g. Tipe Gingivitis Gingivitis dapat dibagi dalam 3 kelompok besar yaitu : a. Disebabkan
oleh
dan permukaan gigi.
bakteri
yang
berakumulasi
dalam
sulkus
gingiva
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atau fibrosis pada kebanyakan kasus dan pada kasus tertentu dimodifikasi oleh kondisi sistemik. Pada mereka dengan warna kulit yang lebih muda, warna merah muda gingiva menjadi merah atau merah kebiruan. Pada mereka dengan warna kulit gelap, perubahan warna gingiva tidak begitu jelas, tergantung intensitas pigmentasi normal, mungkin berwarna merah kebiruan kebiruan dengan edema. 2)
Gingivitis - Plak Bakteri - Diperparah Keadaan Sistemik. Kondisi sistemik belum tentu sebagai bagian penyebab terjadinya gingivitis. Di lain pihak penampakan klinis gingivitis dapat menunjukkan adanya faktor sistemik. Beberapa kondisi sistemik mempunyai peranan dalam berkembangnya gingivitis menjadi periodontitis, sedang beberapa kondisi sistemik
lainnya
mengubah
penampilan
gingivitis
tanpa
kemampuan respon host untuk tidak berkembang ke periodontitis.
mengurangi
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Keradangan yang terjadi disebabkan oleh akumulasi plak bakteri. Prototipe dan hipertrofi gingiva dari obat untuk sistem syaraf pusat tersebut di atas adalah phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin). (diphenylhydantoin). Sekitar 50% pemakai phenytoin dalam jangka jangka waktu panjang mengalami pertumbuhan gingiva. Hipertrofi hasil obat kardiovascular terutama adalah golongan calcium channel blockers seperti infedipine dan oxodipine. Beberapa calcium channel blockers lainnya juga mempunyai kaitan dengan pertumbuhan berlebihan gingiva. Cyclosporin sebagai immosupresi adalah golongan obat yang berperan besar terhadap terjadinya hipertrofi gingiva. Dengan kontrol plak yang baik dapat mengurangi keparahannya.
k. Gingivitis yang berkaitan dengan penyakit sistemik. Modifikasi kondisi pada gingiva selain yang tersebut di atas dapat dihasilkan
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NUG secara tradisional dikaitkan dengan stres mental dan fisik. Hubungan yang tepat dan mekanisme bagaimana stres menghasilkan nekrosis masih perlu dibuktikan. 2) Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis yang Ada Hubungannya Hubungannya dengan HIV. Lesi ulserasi pada gingiva seperti NUG dapat ditemukan pada beberapa kasus AIDS. Infeksi HIV perlu diwaspadai bila terlihat tanda-ta nda NUG.
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n. Pengobatan Pada gingivitis kronis, menyikat gigi dengan pasta-gigi berfluoride akan memperlambat
perkembangan
penyakit
dan
bisa
membantu
penyembuhan.
Kebanyakan sikat-gigi elektrik memiliki manfaat tambahan dibanding sikat-gigi manual. Menyela-menyela gigi setiap hari dapat mengurangi plak dan jumlah bakteri. Penelitian-penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa menyikat gigi yang diikuti dengan pencucian dengan chlorhexidine atau larutan lain bisa memberikan hasil yang lebih
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penyebaran infeksi lokal ke dalam jaringan di sekitarnya (Vincent angina dan noma [cancrum oris]). Juga ada potensi untuk penyebaran infeksi sistemik. d. Osteomyelitis tulang alveolar bisa terjadi meski tidak umum. e. Setiap prosedur gigi yang melibatkan manipulasi yang bisa menyebabkan perdarahan
bisa
menyebabkan endocarditis.
Keberadaan
gingivitis
dapat
meningkatkan risiko ini dengan menjadikan gingival lebih mungkin untuk berdarah dengan manipulasi sederhana (misalnya, scaling gigi). Akumulasi plak
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kaya kalsium dan fosfor baik untuk gigi Anda. Makanan kaya omega-3 dan asam lemak juga akan membantu untuk meningkatkan kesehatan mulut Anda. Makanan dan minuman yang meningkatkan produksi air liur baik untuk kesehatan mulut Anda. Air liur bekerja secara alami menetralkan asam yang meningkatkan kerusakan gigi dan pembusukan. Selain itu juga membantu membersihkan partikel makanan kecil yang menempel di gigi Anda. Semua jenis makanan manis harus dihindari untuk kesehatan mulut yang baik serta mencegah produksi asam dan kerusakan makanan dan
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2. Dalam konsumsi karbohidrat sebaiknya dipilih bentuk larutan atau bentuk yang dapat segera bersih dari rongga mulut, misalnya sayuran-sayuran hijau atau kuning, karena merupakan karbohidrat yang baik dengan derajat retensi yang rendah sehingga mengurangi pembentukan plak gigi dan adanya stimulasi aliran saliva. 3. Mengurangi makanan yang manis dan lengket seperti kue-kue, permen, dan coklat.
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Tablet dikunyah dan kemudian biarkan bercampur dengan saliva dan biarkan saliva di
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dibandingkan pada siang hari, karena saat tidur di mana mulut tidak melakukan
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Anak prasekolah sudah dianjurkan untuk memakai pasta gigi yang
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