MUST TO KNOW IN MYCOLOGY
M. canis Mycosel
Czapek’s medium Germ tube Candida SDA Basic structure of fungi Cornmeal agar Media w/ olive oil Hair baiting test Trichophyton T. rubrum T. schoenleinii Coenocytic (aseptate) Ascospores C. neoformans
Arthrospores
Blastospores 10% KOH LPCB
Swab H. capsulatum Aspergillus C. albicans
Dermatophytes Sputum CHO assimilation BHIA C. immitis
Fluoresces on Wood’s lamp Agent of dandruff Medium for dermatophytes Chloramphenicol: inhibit bacteria Cycloheximide: inhibit fungal contaminants Aspergillus Forms at 35’C (yeasts) Gram (+), oval cells w/ or w/o buds and pseudomycelia General culture media Hyphae Spore Chlamydospore M. furfur T. mentagrophytes Infects hair, skin, and nails Red color Teardrop conidia Favic chandelier (antler) Phycomycetes/Zygomycetes S. cerevisiae (+) Nigerseed/Birdseed (+) Urease (+) India ink (+) Phenoloxidase “TACGeo” Trichosporon beigelii Aureobasidium Coccidioides Geotrichum candidum Yeast Direct microscopic Clearing Lactic acid: preservative Phenol: killing agent Cotton blue: stains the chitin (cell wall) Commonly used stain (fungal culture) Unsuitable for fungal culture Suitable for bacteria and viruses only Wright’s/Giemsa stain Dichotomous Thrush Diaper rash Moniliasis In tissue: mold/yeast form Macroconidia and microconidia Specimen for systemic mycoses ID of yeast Free of CHO Dimorphic fungi High risk to lab personnel
Molds Yeasts Chitin Ergosterol Hyphae Spores Sporangiophore Conidiophore Sexual spores
Asexual spores
10% KOH preparation
Calcofluor white
Giemsa/Wright’s stain Periodic Acid Schiff Gomori silver Dermatophyte test medium Inhibitory mold agar Potato dextrose agar Cornmeal Tween 80 agar Rice medium
Staib’s nigerseed agar Urea agar Cottonseed agar Biochemical tests CHROMagar Germ tube test Cornmeal agar Mannan antigen Galactomannan Fungicidal agents
AST methods Genus-spp ID (molds)
Filamentous Room temperature Round/tissue form 37’C Fungal cell wall Fungal cell membrane Aerial/vegetative/substrate Reproductive Aseptate hyphae Septate hyphae Ascospores Basidiospores Oospores Chlamydospores: rounding terminal hyphae or intercalary (within) Blastospores: budding off (yeasts) Conidia (macro/micro): dermatophytes Arthrospores: barrel-shaped, produced from fragmentation of mycelium Skin and hair Hyphae, yeasts, spores Dissolves tissue Fluorescent dye Stains the chitin (cell wall) Green H. capsulatum: the only fungi seen in blood smear Glycogen: purple No glycogen: pink Black SDA + phenol red SDA + cycloheximide + gentamicin Pigment Chlamydospore of C. albicans (+) M. canis (-) M. audouinii C. neoformans (black colonies) (+) T. mentagrophytes (+) C. neoformans B. dermatitidis API20C, ID32C Candida For unknown yeast Dalmau-Plate Candida Aspergillus Target: Ergosterol -Amphotericin B: systemic fungi (most common) -Nystatin -Azole (Fluconazole): fungistatic -Griseofulvin (IV): dermatophytes Broth microdilution method E-test method Microscopic exam
Superficial Mycoses
M. furfur
Piedra agents P. hortai
T. beigelii
Phaeoannelomyces (Exophiala) werneckii Cutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytes
Tinea barbae Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea cruris Tinea pedis Tinea unguium T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes
T. tonsurans
Non invasive No immune response from the host MOT: person-to-person (garment) -M. furfur -P. hortai -T. beigelii -P. werneckii Ptyriasis versicolor (An-An) Hypo/Hyperpigmentation of skin KOH: budding yeast cells and hyphae PAS: “Spaghetti and meatballs” Lipophilic: require lipids for growth (SDA + olive oil) Hair Black piedra Dematiaceous Ascospores (sexual) White piedra Cream colored Arthrospores (asexual) Tinea nigra Brownish spot (dark pigmentation) Dematiaeous: moist, shiny-black and yeast-like colonies Trichophyton = skin, hair, nails Microsporum = skin, hair Epidermophyton = skin, nails Keratinophilic Tinea or ringworm Endothrix: -T. tonsurans: dandruff (Tinea capitis) -T. violaceum Ectothrix: -M. gypseum -M. canis -T. verrucosum Beard Scalp Body Groin Foot (Athlete’s foot) Nails Red pigment Microconidia: tear-drop shaped (side) Macroconidia: pencil-shaped Colony: Fluffy white w/ red color reverse Microconidia: grape-like (cluster) (+) Hair penetration test: V-shaped (+) Urease Thiamine-requiring Black dot tinea capitis Microconidia: Balloon-shaped Colony: Creamy white w/ crater-like depression
T. schoenleinii
T. verrucosum M. canis M. gypseum
M. audouinii
E. floccosum Tx: Dermatophytes
Subcutaneous Mycoses
S. schenckii
Madura foot agents
P. boydii
Chromoblastomycosis agents
Require thiamine and inositol Cause Favus: chronic hair infection Favic chandelier hyphae Microconidia: clavate/pyriform Macroconidia: rat-tail/string-bean-shaped Macroconidia: spindle-shaped, echinulate (+) Wood’s lamp Geophilic Macroconidia: oblong (ellipsoidal) w/ blunt/rounded ends (-) Wood’s lamp Anthropophilic Tinea capitis (old) (NG) Rice medium Macroconidia: club shaped in pairs Dutch pants fuseaux Local antifungal creams: -Miconazole -Tolnaltate Oral -Griseofulvin -Ketoconazole MOT: skin trauma/prick Habitat: soil Biopsy, granules (PAS, H&E) -Sporothrix schenckii -Madura foot agents -Chromoblastomycosis agents -Rhinosporidium seeberi -Loboa loboi Mold form: flowerette/daisy-like conidia Yeast form: Cigar-shaped (asteroid) bodies Rose Gardener’s disease -Cord-like multiple subcutaneous nodules Colony: White to black Maduromycosis: mycetoma P. boydii = most common cause Madurella Leptosphaeria Actinomycetes Tissue form: Granules Lesion: granulomatous lesions on foot w/ multiple draining sinus tracts Cleistothecia Teleomorph/sexual form Scedosporium apiospermum: anamorph/asexual form Dematiaceous fungi Type of sporulation: ID of genus and species 1. Phialophora verrucosa -Vase-like -TOS: phialophore 2. Fonsecaea pedrosoi -Short chain -w/ 1’, 2’, 3’ conidia
R. seeberi
L. loboi
Systemic Mycoses
B. dermatitidis
P. brasiliensis
H. capsulatum
-TOS: Acrotheca 3. Cladosporium carrionii -Long chain (branching) -TOS: Cladosporium Infected tissue: Brown sclerotic bodies (Medlar bodies) Lesion: Cauliflower-like Colonies: Dark w/ jet black reverse Size: 300 μm Rhinosporidiosis MOT: swimming Polypoid masses in nose and pharynx Tissue form: Sporangium (sac-like structures filled w/ endospores) Lobomycosis Lesion: Keloid-like subcutaneous nodule involving the extremities Tissue form: Multiple budding cells in chain (Sampaloc-like/Longganisa-like) Dimorphic MOT: inhalation of spores (mold) – infectious Specimen: Sputum BSL III = require BSC class II No person-to-person contact Colonies: cottony white to brown Exoantigen test -B. dermatitidis -P. brasiliensis -H. capsulatum -C. immitis Agent of: -North American blastomycosis -Chicago disease -Gilchrist disease Pneumonia and skin infections Mold form: Lollipop in appearance Yeast form: Single-budding yeast w/ broad based (double centered) – diagnostic Mickey mouse cap Culture: Medium w/ cycloheximide Tissue: KOH Tx: Amphotericin B Agent of: -South American Blastomycosis -Lutz Splendore-Almeida disease Infects spleen, liver, lymph node, skin, lungs Mold form: Lollipop in appearance Yeast form: Multiple budding yeast resembling Mariner’s wheel RES parasite Agent of Darling’s disease “Arise of Tutankhamen’s tomb” USA = endemic dimorphic ffungus MOT: inhalation of spores from guanos (droppings of birds, starlings/chickens, and bats) Mold form: Tuberculate macroconidia Yeast form: Yeast cells intracellular in macrophages
H. duboisii
Sepedonium C. immitis
Lab. Diagnosis (Systemic mycoses)
Exoantigen Test
Opportunistic Mycoses
C. albicans
Double cell Figure of 8 Causes African histoplasmosis Grows in N2 Tuberculate macroconidia (resembles H. capsulatum) To differentiate: Sepedonium is monomorphic Agent of: -Desert fever -San Joaquin Valley fever Alkaline soil High humidity Lab. acquired infection Mold form: Barrel-shaped arthroconidia (200μm) Yeast form: spherule w/ endospores Culture: medium w/ cycloheximide (30’C) Not processed ---(send)---> Reference lab 1. Direct examination a. Histoplasma: Wright’s/Giemsa b. Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, Coccidioides - KOH: tissue form - PAS - H&E 2. Cultures a. SDA = RT’ (mold) b. BHIA + blood = 37’C (yeast) 3. Immunological tests a. Coccidioidin b. Histoplasmin Principle: Double Diffusion A = B. dermatitidis HS, HL, F = C. immitis H & M = H. capsulatum 1, 2, 3 = P. brasiliensis Normal flora (Ex. Candida) At risk: immunocompromised person -Candida -Cryptococcus -Aspergillus Normal flora: skin, mucous membrane, GIT Produce yeast and hyphae in vivo -Germ tube -Chlamydospore -Blastoconidia -Pseudohyphae -True hyphae (+) Sucrose EMB: feathering colonies Diseases: -Thrush -Diaper rash -Candidiasis (Old: Moniliasis): cutaneous, oropharyngeal (white patches), esophagitis, cheilitis, onchomycosis, vulvovaginitis, invasive infection (CNS,
Other Candida spp
Lab. Diagnosis (Candida)
(+) Germ tube test
Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans
Rhodotorula
Aspergillus
A. flavus
Predisposing factors: -Prolong antibiotic use especially broad spectrum = disturb pH -Pregnancy -DM -Malnutrition Lab. Diagnosis: 1. (G) SDA 2. Screening test: Germ tube test = Organisms + Serum --- (35’C for 2 -3 hours)---> (+) Germ tube 3. Confirmatory test: Chlamydospore Cornmeal agar = C. albicans Inoculate: CMA ---(RT’ for 48 -72 hours)---> (+) Chlamydospore C. tropicalis = infection on immunocompromised host C. glabrata = 2nd common spp C. krusei = hematological disorders C. parapsilosis = endocarditis Vaginal pH: 4.5 Rule out vaginosis/Trichomoniasis = alkaline pH Vaginal discharge = 10% KOH (Whiff’s test) Fungal culture C. albicans = (+) Chlamydospores, (+) Sucrose, (G) 42’C C. stellatoidea = (-) Chlamydospores, (- ) Sucrose, (NG) 42’C G. candidum = (+) Arthrospores C. dubliniensis = (NG) 42’C, double conidia Found in pigeon droppings and soil MOT: inhalation of airborne organism Encapsulated yeast (India ink) Diseases: -Meningitis -Torulosis (Old: Cryptococcosis) -Pneumonia Lab. Diagnosis: -Old: India ink preparation = CSF, pulmonary tissue -New: Latex agglutination (Ag): capsule -Biochemical tests: = (+) Inositol = (+) Urease = (-) NO3 assimilation = yellow = (+) Phenoloxidase = makes the colonies black = (+) Phospholipase -(G) Birdseed agar = Assimilate creatinine = Colonies: Yeastlike, mucoid, cream to brown -Culture: SDA w/o cycloheximide Tx: Amphotericin B, Fluconazole Resemble C. neoformans Encapsulated To differentiate: Rhodotorula = pink colonies, (+) Urease, (+) NO 3 assimilation Bread mold Septate hyphae Found in nature: soil, plant, air Vesicles: swollen conidiophores Aflatoxin (toxicoses) = HCC
A. fumigatus A. niger Lab. Diagnosis ( Aspergillus)
Zygomycosis/ Mucormycosis
Penicillium Fusarium Phaeohyphomycosis
P. jiroveci (Old: P. carinii)
Fungus ball Aspergilloma Brown to black spore 10% KOH SDA Ag detection (serum) = Galactomannan Agents: Zygomycetes -Rhizopus -Absidia -Mucor MOT: inhalation of airborne conidia Infections: -Rhinocerebral: Rhino-facial-cranial -Lungs, GIT, skin Lab. Diagnosis: -Culture w/ SDA Brush-like conidiophores Colony: white to bluish green, yellow/brown Sickle or canoe shaped, multiseptate macroconidia Colony: Cottony white to pink or purple colony Dematiaceous fungi (Except Chromoblastomycosis agents) - Alternaria -Bipolaris -Curvularia -Dreschlera -Exophiala Old: Protozoan cyst (parasite) because it has no ergosterol New: Fungi because of DNA homology Diseases: -#1 cause of pneumonia in AIDS patient -#1 opportunistic infection in AIDS patient Lab. Diagnosis: -Masson-Fontana silver stain -Mucicarmine: stain for spherule
MUST TO KNOW IN VIROLOGY
Ether-resistant Ether-sensitive Acid-labile Acid-stable Infantile diarrhea Myxoviruses Hemagglutination/ Hemadsorption
Reye’s syndrome Bronchiolitis in children Hepatitis
Reservoir of Togavirus dsRNA ssDNA Tzanck smear Latent infection Rubeola virus Rubella virus SSPE PML Prion Viroid Human Embryonic Fibroblast cell PMKC, MDCK, Hen’s egg 5th disease 6th disease Kaposi’s sarcoma Filoviridae Coronavirus Influenza virus Use cotton swabs Delay of 3 days Delay of 4 days CPE 33’C EM
Roller drum Dmitri Iwanowsky Nucleic acid genome Capsid Envelope
Naked virus Enveloped virus Rhinovirus Enterovirus Rotavirus H&N Influenza Parainfluenza Mumps Chicken pox Influenza RSV Yellow fever HBV CMV Birds Reovirus Parvovirus HSV VZV HSV Measles German measles Measles virus JC virus (polyoma) Spongiform encephalopathy RNA (HDV) CMV Influenza Parvovirus B19 HHV-6 HHV-8 Marburg and Ebola SARS Bird’s flu = H5:N1 Virus 4’C -70’C, not -20’C Tissue culture Rhinovirus Negative stain Gold, silver stain PTA Hold cell culture tube Father of virology DNA or RNA Protective protein coat Lipid derived from host cell membrane
Icosahedral Helical Complex EM (inverted microscope) LM
Direct IF Eggs Primary cell Semi-continuous Continuous
Transport medium
Viral growth
Rounding necrosis Ballooning/Giant cells Grapelike cluster Syncytium form
Hemadsorption
Refractile, round cell Multiplication cycle
DNA Viruses
Rule: DNA viruses
DNA virus (+) Sense RNA virus (-) Sense RNA virus Poxvirus Viral morphology Inclusion bodies: -Negri bodies: Rabies -Councilman bodies: Yellow fever Viral antigen (G) Pock formation on CAM (Chrorioallantoic membrane) Passed only once Ex. 1’ monkey kidney cells (fluvirus) Passed 50x Ex. HDF/HEK cells Malignant Passed indefinitely Ex. Hela, Hep-2 Dry ice (4’C) 1. Stuart’s: viral transport medium 2. Leibovitz-Emory 3. Earles/Hanks balance salt solution Cytopathic effect Hemadsorption (ex. flu virus) Interference: Rubella and Enterovirus Enterovirus HSV Adenovirus RSV Measles Rubella (giant cells) Influenza Parainfluenza Measles Mumps Rhinovirus (33’C) 1. Adsorption = attachment 2. Penetration = entry 3. Uncoating = (-) capsid 4. Eclipse (Synthetic) = replication transcription translation viral CHON 5. Assembly = creation of new virus particle 6. Release “HHAPPPy” Herpesvirus Hepadnavirus Adenovirus Poxvirus Papovavirus (Papilloma, Polyoma, Simian Vacuolating Virus) Parvovirus All are dsDNA except: Parvovirus (ssDNA) All are icosahedral except: Poxvirus (complex) All multiply in the nucleus except: Poxvirus (cytoplasm)
Poxvirus
Parvovirus
Herpesviridae
HSV-1
HSV-2
Lab. Diagnosis (HSV-1 & 2)
VZV
All are enveloped except: PAP (Naked) -Parvovirus -Adenovirus -Papovavirus Brick-shaped Largest DNA virus: 225 x 300 nm Inclusions: Guarnieri bodies Vesicular skin lesions in host a. Variola major = smallpox b. Variola minor = alastrim c. Vaccinia virus = cowpox (vaccine against smallpox) Molluscum contagiosum = wartlike tumors Lab. Diagnosis: -CPE on cell culture -Pocks on Chorioallantoic membrane -Viral antigens in vesicle fluid = precipitin tests, IF -Convalescent serum phase = 4-fold increase in antibody titer Tx: Methisazone Strain B19: Cause aplastic crisis (RBC: sickle cell anemia) Erythema infectiosum -5th disease -Slapped cheeks Hydrops fetalis: miscarriages Lab. Diagnosis: -(+) IgM -PCR: viral DNA from blood specimen or amniotic fluid 1’ and latency infection Alpha = HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV Beta = CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 Gamma = EBV, HHV-8 1’ infection: Gingivostomatitis Latent infection -Herpes labialis -Fever blister -Cold sore -Keratitis Common cause of viral encephalitis Latency site: Trigeminal ganglion Genital herpes Neonatal herpes Aseptic meningitis Cervical cancer (HPV) Latency site: Sacral ganglion 1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cells w/ cowdry inclusion 2. Cell culture: most diagnostic -CPE: 1-5 days -Virus ID: IFT 3. PCR 1’ infection: Varicella/Chicken pox Recurrent/Reactivation: Zoster/Shingles Latency site: Dorsal root of ganglia Association in Reye’s syndrome
EBV
CMV
HHV-6
HHV-7 HHV-8 Polyomavirus Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Hepadnavirus
Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cell w/ cowdry type A inclusion (HSV, VZV) 2. IFT: method of choice Infects B cells (CD 21) (+) Heterophile antibodies Agent: IM Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma Lab. Diagnosis: -Not cultured 1. Heterophil Ab test: monospot 2. EBV specific Ab test: EBVCA IgM, EBNA 3. Hematology: Downey cells MOT: Transplacental, oral, sexual, blood, tissue transplant #1 congenital infection Mononucleosis-like but (-) Heterophile Ab “Owl’s eye” inclusion (PAP or Giemsa) = urine/tissue Culture: -HDF cell = method of choice Roseola infantum 6th childhood disease: skin rash Reactivation in AIDS: -Encephalitis -Pneumonitis -Chorioretinitis No known disease Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV) BK virus = renal disease JC virus = PML: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Tropism for squamous epithelial cells = Warts (fingers, sole, face) Cervical, squamous cell, vulvar, penile cancer Condylomata acuminate = anogenital warts #1 Viral conjunctivitis Serotypes: 1.) 3, 4, 7, 21 = acute respiratory disease 2.) 8, 19 = epidemic keratoconjunctivitis 3.) 11, 21 = hemorrhagic cystitis 4.) 40, 41 = infantile gastroenteritis Acute and chronic hepatitis B #1 Blood borne disease HCC Co-infection/superinfection w/ HDV Lab. Diagnosis: -ELISA -PCR -Markers: a. HBsAg b. HBeAg c. anti-HBc d. anti-HBs e. anti-HBe
RNA viruses
Picornaviridase
Poliovirus
Coxsackie A Coxsackie B ECHOvirus HAV Rhinovirus Orthomyxoviridae
All are ssRNA except: Reovirus (dsRNA) All are enveloped except: PCR (naked) -Picornavirus -Calicivirus -Reovirus All are nonsegmented except: ROBA (segmented) -Reovirus -Orthomyxovirus -Bunyavirus -Arenavirus Generally helical: -(+) sense virus (icosahedral) -(-) sense virus (helical) Positive-Sense virus: = Call (Calicivirus) = Pico & (Picornavirus) = Flo (Flavivirus) = To (Togavirus) = Come (Coronavirus) = Right (Retrovirus) Negative-Sense virus: = Pairing (Paramyxovirus) = Of (Orthomyxovirus) = Rats at (Rhabdovirus) = Bunny’s (Bunyavirus) = Area (Arenavirus) Acid Resistance: -Enterovirus: acid-resistant -Rhinovirus: acid-stable Site to multiply: -Enterovirus: GIT -Rhinovirus: Nasal Aseptic meningitis Poliomyelitis MOT: fecal-oral, respiratory droplets Anterior horn cells of the spinal cord Vaccines: 1. Salk vaccine = killed/inactivated virus (injected) 2. Sabin vaccine = live attenuated virus (oral) Herpangina Pleurodynia Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus Aseptic meningitis Enterovirus 72 Acid-labile (33’C) Common cause of common colds Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) Antigenic changes: a. Shift: genetic reassortment (pandemic) b. Drift: point mutation (epidemic)
Influenza virus
Paramyxoviridae Parainfluenza virus
Mumps virus
Measles (Rubeola) virus/ Morbillivirus
RSV
Henipavirus Togaviridae
Arbovirus
Flu virus Type A: Pandemic (Ag shift and drift) -AH1:N1 = Spanish flu/Swine flue -AH2:N2 = Asian flu -AH3:N2 = Hongkong flu -AH5:N1 = Avian flu Type B: Epidemic (Ag drift) Type C: Stable Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Ag detection = IFT, ELISA -Throat washing -Nasopharyngeal aspirate 2. Virus isolation -Throat swab -Nasopharyngeal aspirate -Medium: PMKC, MDCK, Embryonated egg (hemadsorption) 3. Serology: Ab assay -HAI -IFT -EIA -CFT Tx: Amantidine, Rimantidine Prevention: Vaccine Hemagglutinin (H), Neuraminidase (N) and Fusion (F) antigen Croup: Laryngotracheobronchitis Specimen: NPA/W Culture: PMK, LLC-MK2 ID: Hemadsorption, IF, EIA Tx: Aerosolized ribavirin No vaccine Parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis (+) in saliva and urine = IFA, EIA, HAI Culture: PMK, HEK, Embryonated egg Koplik spots 2nd infection: SSPE (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) Specimen: NPS, urine Culture: PMK (multinucleated cells) Serology: (+) IgM Ab’s #1 Bronchiolitis in children Specimen: NPS DFA, EIA Culture: PMK (syncytia), HDFC Tx: Ribavirin Nipah virus: Encephalitis = Pig Man Hendra virus: Respiratory disease in horses Arbovirus Alphavirus Rubivirus Arthropod borne (mosquito) Includes: -Flavivirus -Bunyavirus
Flavivirus
Bunyavirus
Alphaviruses
Rubivirus (Rubella virus)
Rhabdoviridae
Filoviridae
Reoviridae Coronavirus
Calicivirus Astrovirus
Retrovirus
a. Dengue fever virus - Aedes aegypti -Acute hemorrhagic fever -“Saddleback fever”, “Breakbone fever” b. St. Louis encephalitis virus = Culex c. Yellow fever virus = Councilman bodies d. Japanese B encephalitis virus e. West Nile encephalitis virus California encephalitis virus Rift Valley fever Hantavirus: Hantaan (Korean) virus Hemorrhagic fever w/ renal involvement Encephalitis: -Western equine encephalitis (WEE) -Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) -Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) German measles: 3-day rash “Blueberry muffin” baby Teratogenic virus (fetal defect) Lab. Diagnosis: -IF -EIA -HA test: sensitive 1. Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) -Bullet-shaped -Cause encephalitis Lab. Diagnosis: Negri bodies (dog brain) = Seller’s stain 2. Vesicular stomatitis -Cattle, horse, pig Filamentous 1. Marburg-Ebola virus 2. Hemorrhagic fever 1. Rotavirus = Wagon wheel like (EM) 2. Orbivirus = Colorado tick fever Club-shaped SARS agent; common colds Gastroenteritis Lab. Diagnosis: EM, IF, EIA Norwalk-like virus #1 gastroenteritis (adults) Diarrhea Lab. Diagnosis: EM Reverse transcriptase: RNA DNA 1. Lentivirus -HIV: AIDS 2. Oncornavirus -HTLV-I: Human T cell Leukemia -HTLV-II: Hairy Cell Leukemia Lab. Diagnosis: a. Serology: -ELISA (screen) -WB (confirm)
Arenaviridae
HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV HGV Prion-caused diseases (Slow disease)
-PCR: HIV-DNA Arena-Sandy hemorrhagic fever 1. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus 2. Junin virus = Argentina 3. Machupo virus = Bolivia 4. Lassa fever virus = Zoonotic (rats) Picornavirus (Enterovirus 72) Infectious hepatitis Hepadnavirus Serum hepatitis Flavivirus Non-A, Non-B/post-transfusion hepatitis Viroid-like Require HBV infection Calicivirus Water-borne Flavivirus Blood-borne hepatitis 1. Scrapie = sheep/goat 2. Kuru 3. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) = man 4. Gerstmann-Straussler Scheinker syndrome (GSS) 5. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy = mad cow disease
