MARIA LACHICA VS. GREGORIO ARANETA
10,000 on or +e$ore 3ece+er 1, 1945.
47 OG 5699 August 19, 1949
hat the &arties signe! 'as a contract o$ eact content as state!, 'hich ho'e)er oitte! the 'or!s or +e$ore.8 Thus, it 'ou%! a&&ear that the &a*ent o$ the insta%%ents 'ou%! +e on8 an! not on or +e$ore8 the !ates as s&eci$ie!.
FACTS: Gregorio Araneta, Inc. (through resi!ent "ose Araneta# o$$ere! $or sa%e a &arce% o$ %an! 'ith the i&ro)eents thereon. This &ro&ert* 'as +ought +* In)estent Cor&oration through aria -achica, the 'i$e o$ the ste+an Sa!ang 'ho 'as sa%es agent o$ !e$en!ant cor&oration. The ters o$ the contract state! that the &rice 'as /0,000, o$ 'hich ,000 'as to +e &ai! in cash an! the +a%ance o$ 1/,000 in insta%%ents o$ 2 1,000 on or +e$ore 3ece+er 1, 194 1,000 on or +e$ore 3ece+er 1, 1944
The contract $urther a!!e! that this sae &ro&ert* 'i%% +e ortgage! to us to guarantee the un&ai! +a%ance, an! the sae 'i%% +ear an interest o$ &ercent &er annu sai! interest to +e &ai! onth%* in a!)ance.8 The ters 'ere co&%ie! 'ith, together 'ith soe reso%)e! !i$$erences, unti% on Se&t. 5, 1944, &%ainti$$ Sa!ang 'ent to see Araneta to &a* the entire +a%ance, inc%u!ing the interest thereon an! as $or the cance%%ation o$ the ortgage, +ut Araneta re$use! to acce&t the ten!er o$ &a*ent. Araneta ga)e as his reason $or his non;acce&tance that such &a*ent 'as not in
accor!ance 'ith the ters o$ the !ee! o$ sa%e 'ith ortgage. %ainti$$, through counse%, !e&osite! the su (+a%ance# su&&ose! to +e &ai! to Araneta 'ith the CFI o$ ani%a +* 'a* o$ consignation, an! at the sae tie &resente! the co&%aint. The !e$en!ant a%%eges that &a*ent shou%! +e on the !ate s&eci$ie!, not +e$ore the &%ainti$$s c%ai that such &a*ent a* +e a!e on or +e$ore the !ate s&eci$ie!.
ISS<: Shou%! Araneta +e co&e%%e! to acce&t the &a*ent=
><-I?G: @es. @es. The contract !oes not &rohi+it i$ it is !one +e$ore (&.5706, no. /#. A ter is $ie! an! it is &resue! to ha)e +een esta+%ishe! $or the
+ene$it o$ the cre!itor as se%% as that o$ the !e+tor, un%ess $ro its tenor or $ro other circustances it shou%! a&&ear that the ters as esta+%ishe! $or the +ene$it o$ one or the other.8 (Art. 11/7, no' 1196 Ci)i% Co!e#. An! the contract s&eci$ica%%* &ro)i!es that these &erio!s o$ &a*ent ha)e +een agree! $or the +ene$it o$ the )en!or an! the )en!ee.8 Such utua% +ene$it has +een inter&rete! to consist o$ the tie grante! a !e+tor to $in! eans to co&%* 'ith his o+%igation, an! the $ruits, such as interest, accruing to the cre!itor. Fro the SC !ecision in i%%aseBor )s. "a)e%%ana, the on%* i&e!ient to a !e+tor aing &a*ent +e$ore the ter $ie!, is the !enia% to the cre!itor o$ the +ene$its, such as interests, accruing to the %ater +* reason o$ the $ie! ter. This, cou&%e! 'ith the $act that the contract !i! not &rohi+it &a *ent +e$ore the $ie! !ate, usti$ies the conc%usion that un!er the ters signe!, &%ainti$$s cou%! !o so. To ho%! other'ise, 'ou%! +e )irtua%%* co&e%%ing an o+%igor to assue an
o+%igation %ater 'hen he o$$ers to, an! cou%! )er* 'e%%, !ischarge it ear%ier. The %a' shou%! not +e inter&rete! as to co&e% a !e+tor to reain so, 'hen he is in a &osition to re%ease hise%$. Further, the acce%eration c%ause in the contract signe! +* the &arties state that in the e)ent o$ !e$au%ts in &a*ent o$ an* aount !ue, either $or ca&ita% or interest, the 'ho%e +a%ance sha%% autoatica%%* +ecoe !ue an! &a*a+%e, an! the )en!or sha%% ha)e the right to $orec%ose the ortgage in its entiret*.8 hi%e the c%ause is stan!ar! one containe! in ost ortgage !ee!s 'here the ortgage %oan is &a*a+%e in se)era% insta%%ents, sti%% 'e cannot esca&e the conc%usion, !eri)e! $ro the c%ause itse%$, that &a*ents a* +e a!e +* the )en!ee +e$ore the !ates state! in the contract .
PONCE DE LEON VS SYJUCO 90 DI-. 11
FACTS : The a&&e%%ee, hi%i&&ine ?ationa% Ean, 'as the o'ner o$ t'o &arce%s o$ %an! in ?egros Occi!enta%. On arch 9, 196 the Ean eecute! a contract to se%% the sai! &ro&erties to "ose once !e -eon $or the tota% &rice o$ /6,00. Su+seuent%*, once !e -eon o+taine! a %oan $ro Santiago S*uco, Inc in the aount o$ /00,000 in "a&anese i%itar* ?otes, &a*a+%e 'ithin one (1# *ear $ro a* 5, 194. It 'as a%so &ro)i!e! that the once !e -eon cou%! not &a*, an! S*uco cou%! not !ean!, the &a*ent o$ sai! note ece&t 'ithin the a$oreentione! &erio!. To secure the &a*ent o$ sai! o+%igation, once !e -eon ortgage! the &arce%s o$ %an! 'hich he agree! to &urchase $ro the Ean.
o+taine! an a!!itiona% %oan $ro S*uco. On se)era% occasions in Octo+er, 1944, once !e -eon ten!ere! to S*uco the aount o$ /54,0 in "a&anese i%itar* notes in $u%% &a*ent o$ his in!e+te!ness 'hich 'as re$use! +* S*uco 'hich once !e -eon !e&osite! 'ith the C%er o$ Court o$ the CFI. De then $i%e! a &etition 'ith the CFI $or the reconstitution o$ trans$er o$ the certi$icates o$ the %ot in the nae o$ the Ean 'hich 'as grante! +* the court. S*uco $i%e! a secon! aen!e! ans'er to once !e -eons co&%aint c%aiing that once !e -eon, +* reconstituting the tit%es in the nae o$ the Ean, +* causing the >egister o$ 3ee!s to ha)e the sai! tit%es trans$erre! in his nae, an! +* su+seuent%* ortgaging the sai! &ro&erties to the Ean as a guarant* $or his o)er!ra$t account, ha! )io%ate! the con!itions o$ the orgage 'hich once !e -eon has eecute! in its $a)or !uring the "a&anese occu&ation. S*uco &ra*e! that the ortgage eecute! +* once !e -eon in $a)or o$ the Ean +e !ec%are! nu%% an! )oi!.
On "une /4, 1949, the %o'er court ren!ere! a !ecision a+so%)ing S*uco $ro once !e -eons co&%aint an! con!ening once !e -eon to &a* S*uco the tota% aount o$ /,10 'ith interest at the %ega% rate $ro a* 6, 1949, unti% $u%%* &ai!
ISS< : Is the consignation a!e +* the &%ainti$$ )a%i! in the %ight o$ the %a' an! the sti&u%ations agree! u&on in the t'o &roissor* notes signe! +* the &%ainti$$=
><-I?G : ?o. In or!er that consignation a* +e e$$ecti)e, the !e+tor ust $irst co&%* 'ith certain reuireents &rescri+e! +* %a'. The !e+tor ust sho' (1# that there 'as a !e+t !ue (/# that the consignation o$ the o+%igation ha!
+een a!e +acause the cre!itor to 'ho ten!er o$ &a*ent 'as a!e re$use! to acce&t it, or +ecause he 'as a+sent $or inca&acitate!, or +ecause se)era% &ersons c%aie! to +e entit%e! to recei)e the aount !ue (Art. 1176# (# that &re)ious notice o$ the consignation ha)e +een gi)en to the &erson intereste! in the &er$orance o$ the o+%igation (Art. 1177# (4# that the aount !ue 'as &%ace! at the !is&osa% o$ the court (Art 117# an! (5# that a$ter the consignation ha! +een a!e the &erson intereste! 'as noti$ie! thereo$ (Art. 117#. In the instant case, 'hi%e it is a!itte! a !e+t eiste!, that the consignation 'as a!e +ecause o$ the re$usa% o$ the cre!itor to acce&t it, an! the $i%ing o$ the co&%aint to co&e% its acce&tance on the &art o$ the cre!itor can +e consi!ere! su$$icient notice o$ the consignation to the cre!itor, ne)erthe%ess, it a&&ears that at %east t'o o$ the a+o)e reuireents ha)e not +een co&%ie! 'ith. Thus, it a&&ears that &%ainti$$, +e$ore aing the consignation 'ith the c%er o$ the court, $ai%e! to gi)e &re)ious notice
thereo$ to the &erson intereste! in the &er$orance o$ the o+%igation. It a%so a&&ears that the o+%igation 'as not *et !ue an! !ean!a+%e 'hen the one* 'as consigne!, +ecause, as a%rea!* state!, +* the )er* e&ress &ro)isions o$ the !ocuent e)i!encing the sae, the o+%igation 'as to +e &ai! 'ithin one *ear a$ter a* 5, 194, an! the consignation 'as a!e +e$ore this &erio! ature!. The $ai%ure o$ these t'o reuireents is enough groun! to ren!er the consignation ine$$ecti)e. An! it cannot +e conten!e! that &%ainti$$ is usti$ie! in acce%erating the &a*ent o$ the o+%igation +ecause he 'as 'i%%ing to &a* the interests !ue u& to the !ate o$ its aturit*, +ecause, un!er the %a', in a onetar* o+%igation contracte! 'ith a &erio!, the &resu&tion is that the sae is !eee! constitute! in $a)or o$ +oth the cre!itor an! the !e+tor un%ess $ro its tenor or $ro other circustances it a&&ears that the &erio! has +een esta+%ishe! $or the +ene$it o$ either one o$ the (Art. 11/7#. Dere no such ece&tion or circustance eists.
It a* +e argue! that the cre!itor has nothing to %ose +ut e)er*thing to gain +* the acce%eration o$ &a*ent o$ the o+%igation +ecause the !e+tor has o$$ere! to &a* a%% the interests u& to the !ate it 'ou%! +ecoe !ue, +ut this arguent %oses $orce i$ 'e consi!er that the &a*ent o$ interests is not the on%* reason 'h* a cre!itor cannot +e $orce! to acce&t &a*ent contrar* to the sti&u%ation. There are other reasons 'h* this cannot +e !one. One o$ the is that the cre!itor a* 'ant to ee& his one* in)este! sa$e%* instea! o$ ha)ing it in his han!s. Another reason is that the cre!itor +* $iing a &erio! &rotects hise%$ against su!!en !ec%ine in the &urchasing &o'er o$ the currenc* %oane! s&ecia%%* at a tie 'hen there are an* $actors that in$%uence the $%uctuation o$ the currenc*. An! a%% a)ai%a+%e authorities on the atter are agree! that, un%ess the cre!itor consents, the !e+tor has no right to acce%erate the tie o$ &a*ent e)en i$ the &reature ten!er Hinc%u!e! an o$$er to &a* &rinci&a% an! interest in $u%%.H
Buce vs. CA/Tionco G> 1691 a* 1/ /000 FACTS: E -A?3 FO> >IO3 OF 15 @A>S A?3 S?A- TO 10. Constructe! a +ui%!ing an! onth%* renta% o$ /00. Tiongco !ean!e! increase u&to 1000. Tiongco ga)e %etter to increase to 1500 &ursuant to >ent Contro% -a'. i. Eu ce a%rea!* ha! checs $or 400 in 'hich Tiongco re$use! to acce&t. Fi%e! $or co&%aint asing to ha)e /00 renta% $or &erio! o$ 15 *ears &%us su+ect 10 *ear rene'a%. i. Ti ongco sai! their actions are usti$ie! !ue to the >ent Contro% -a'. ii. -e ase contract a%%o'ing rene'a% !oes not ean autoatic rene'a%, ust a utua% agreeent on +oth &arties.
>TC !ec%are! %ease contract autoatica%%* rene'e! $or 10 *ears: Sti&u%ations in contract gi)ing right to Euce to contruct +ui%!ings an! i&ro)eents Fi%ing o$ Euce one *ear +e$ore the e&iration o$ 15;*ear ter. Fie! onth%* rent to 400, continuous increase! cause! ine)ita+%e no)ation o$ their contract. CA re)erse!, or!ere! Euce to )acate the &reises !ue to contract e&iration an! &a*ent o$ 1000. Sti&u%ation 'as unc%ear as to 'ho can a* eercise o&tion to rene'. ithout sti&u%ation on o&tion to rene' ust +e u&on agreeent o$ &arties. Since Tiongco 'ere not agreea+%e to an etension, origina% ter o$ %ease shou%! en!. Their re$usa% to acce&t checs 'as usti$ia+%e. Eecause e)en 'hen origina% s&eci$ie! on%* /00, ten!er an! acce&tance o$ increase! renta% no)ate! contract o$ %ease. E
&er$orance8 an! not un%a'$u% !etainer. hrase o$ rene'a% $or another 10 *ears at o&tion o$ +oth &arties8 in!icates intention o$ &arties to rene' contract on%* u&on uta% agreeent. A%%o'ing her to &ut +ui%!ings an! i&ro)eents, Tiongcos acce&tance o$ increase! renta% signi$* rene'a% o$ contract. TIO?GCO: Su+seuent acts !o not autoatica%%* in!icate rene'a% o$ contracts ISS<S: I$ this %ease sha%% +e $or a &erio! o$ 15 *ears, su+ect to rene'a% $or 10 *ears8 ae sti&u%ation autoatic an! su+seuent to &arties= ?O. D-3: TITIO? IS G>A?T3. CA >>S3 ?OTDI?G I? TD CO?T>ACT TDAT J>SSS A?A-.
A%%o'ance on i&ro)eents an! construction are not in!icati)e o$ etension o$ contract. ?OT I?3ICAT3 DO A@ J>CIS OTIO? TO >? Thus, &erio! o$ %ease shou%! +e set $or the +ene$it o$ +oth &arties u&on uta% agreeent. Since &ri)ate res&on!ents 'ere not aena+%e to rene'a%, the* cannot +e co&e%%e! to eecute ne'. It is their &rerogati)e to terinate %ease at its e&iration. Issue o$ &ossession 'as not aong issue! agree! +* &arties nor raise! +* res&on!ents. CA 'hen o)er+oar! in or!ering Euce to )acate &reises.
ARANETA VS PHIL. SUGAR ESTATES DEVELOPMENT CO. !" SCRA ##" FACTS: ". . Tuason K Co., Inc. is the o'ner o$ a +ig tract %an! situate! in LueMon Cit*, an! on "u%* /, 1950, Nthrough Gregorio Araneta, Inc.
so%! a &ortion thereo$ to hi%i&&ine Sugar states 3e)e%o&ent Co., -t!. The &arties sti&u%ate!, aong in the contract o$ &urchase an! sa%e 'ith ortgage, that the +u*er 'i%% +ui%! on the sai! &arce% %an! the Sto. 3oingo Church an! Con)ent 'hi%e the se%%er $or its &art 'i%% construct streets. Eut the se%%er, Gregorio Araneta, Inc., 'hich +egan constructing the streets, is una+%e to $inish the construction o$ the street in the ?ortheast si!e +ecause a certain thir!;&art*, +* the nae o$ anue% A+un!o, 'ho has +een &h*sica%%* occu&*ing a i!!%e &art thereo$, re$use! to )acate the sae Eoth +u*er an! se%%er no' o$ the &resence o$ suatters that a* ha&er the construction o$ the streets +* the se%%er. On a* 7, 195, hi%i&&ine Sugar states 3e)e%o&ent Co., -t. $i%e! its co&%aint against ". .
Tuason K Co., Inc., an! instance, seeing to co&e% the %atter to co&%* 'ith their o+%igation, as sti&u%ate! in the a+o)e;entione! !ee! o$ sa%e, an!Por to &a* !aages in the e)ent the* $ai%e! or re$use! to &er$or sai! o+%igation. The %o'er court an! the a&&e%%ate court ru%e! in $a)or o$ hi%. Sugar estates, an! ga)e !e$en!ant Gregorio Araneta, Inc., a &erio! o$ t'o (/# *ears $ro notice hereo$, 'ithin 'hich to co&%* 'ith its o+%igation un!er the contract, Anne HAH. Gregorio Araneta, Inc. resorte! to a &etition $or re)ie' +* certiorari to this Court. ISS<S: as there a &erio! $ie!= ><-I?G: @es. The $iing o$ a &erio! +* the courts un!er Artic%e 1197 o$ the Ci)i% Co!e o$ the hi%i&&ines is sought to
+e usti$ie! on the +asis that &etitioner (!e$en!ant +e%o'# &%ace! the a+sence o$ a &erio! in issue +* &%ea!ing in its ans'er that the contract 'ith res&on!ent hi%i&&ine Sugar states 3e)e%o&ent Co., -t!. ga)e &etitioner Gregorio Araneta, Inc. Hreasona+%e tie 'ithin 'hich to co&%* 'ith its o+%igation to construct an! co&%ete the streets.H I$ the contract so &ro)i!e!, then there 'as a &erio! $ie!, a Hreasona+%e tieH an! a%% that the court shou%! ha)e !one 'as to !eterine i$ that reasona+%e tie ha! a%rea!* e%a&se! 'hen suit 'as $i%e! i$ it ha! &asse!, then the court shou%! !ec%are that &etitioner ha! +reache! the contract, as it 'ithin the &o'ers o$ the %o'er court to set the &er$orance o$ the o+%igation in t'o *ears tie= ?O. )en on the assu&tion that the court shou%! ha)e $oun! that no reasona+%e tie or no &erio! at a%% ha! +een
$ie! (an! the tria% courts aen!e! !ecision no'here !ec%are! an* such $act# sti%%, the co&%aint not ha)ing sought that the Court shou%! set a &erio!, the court cou%! not &rocee! to !o so un%ess the co&%aint inc%u!e! it as $irst aen!e! Granting, ho'e)er, that it %a* 'ithin the Courts &o'er to $i the &erio! o$ &er$orance, sti%% the aen!e! !ecision is !e$ecti)e in that no +asis is state! to su&&ort the conc%usion that the &erio! shou%! +e set at t'o *ears a$ter $ina%it* o$ the u!gent. The %ist &aragra&h o$ Artic%e 1197 is c%ear that the &erio! can not +e set ar+itrari%*. The %a' e&ress%* &rescri+es that the Court sha%% !eterine such &erio! as a* un!er the circustances +een &ro+a+%* conte&%ate! +* the &arties.8 It ust +e reca%%e! that Artic%e 1197 o$ the Ci)i% Co!e in)o%)es a t'o;ste& &rocess. The Court ust $irst
!eterine that Hthe o+%igation !oes not $i a &erio!H (or that the &erio! is a!e to !e&en! u&on the 'i%% o$ the !e+tor#,H +ut $ro the nature an! the circustances it can +e in$erre! that a &erio! 'as inten!e!H (Art. 1197, &ars. 1 an! /#. This &re%iinar* &oint sett%e!, the Court ust then &rocee! to the secon! ste&, an! !eci!e 'hat &erio! 'as H&ro+a+%* conte&%ate! +* the &artiesH (3o., &ar. #. So that, u%tiate%*, the Court can not $i a &erio! ere%* +ecause in its o&inion it is or shou%! +e reasona+%e, +ut ust set the tie that the &arties are sho'n to ha)e inten!e!. As the recor! stan!s, the tria% Court a&&ears to ha)e &u%%e! the t'o;*ear &erio! set in its !ecision out o$ thin air, since no circustances are entione! to su&&ort it. %ain%*, this is not 'arrante! +* the Ci)i% Co!e. 3oes reasona+%e tie8 ean that the !ate o$ &er$orance 'ou%! +e in!e$inite=
The Court o$ A&&ea%s o+ecte! to this conc%usion that it 'ou%! ren!er the !ate o$ &er$orance in!e$inite. @et, the circustances a!it no other reasona+%e )ie' an! this )er* in!e$initeness is 'hat e&%ains 'h* the agreeent !i! not s&eci$* an* eact &erio!s or !ates o$ &er$orance.
C?T>A- DI- A 511 FACTS: 1. C<: (199# 3on >aon -o&eM Sr. eecute! a !ee! o$ !onation Con!itions o$ the !onation: a# -an! shou%! +e uti%iMe! ec%usi)e%* $or the esta+%ishent K use o$ e!ica% co%%ege. +# Co%%ege sha%% not se%% trans$er or con)e* to an* r! &art*. c# -an! sha%% +e ca%%e! >aon -o&eM Ca&us8 !# Incoe $ro that %an! sha%% +e &ut in >aon -o&eM Ca&us Fun!8 $or i&ro)eent o$ the $aci%it*.
/. DI>S (-OQ#: (199# $i%e! an action $or annu%ent o$ !onation, recon)e*ance K !aages: a# ?on;co&%iance 'ith the con!itions. +# ?egotiation 'ith the ?DA to echange the !onate! &ro&ert* 'ith another %an!. RC< argue!: right to $i%e action has &rescri+e! no )io%ation +ecause !i! not use &ro&ert* R-o'er Court si!e! 'ith -OQ DI>S. ISS<: 1. O? C< $ai%e! to co&%* con!itions gi)en there 'as no $ie! &erio!= @S /. O? there is a nee! to $i the &erio! $or co&%iance o$ the con!ition= ?O D-3: >TC I-OI-O 3CISIO? >I?STAT3 CA 3CISIO? O3IFI3 >CO?@A?C TO -OQ DI>S ITD COSTS
1. >SO-@ CO?3ITIO?: u&on $u%$i%%ent, terinates an en$orcea+%e o+%igation. a. >ights are %ost once the con!ition is $u%$i%%e!. +. ntit%es &arties to resort +ac to origina% &ositions. c. Taes e$$ect i$ either &arties !o not co&%* 'ith hisPher engageents (in 'hich co&%aining &art* a* sue $or !isso%ution o$ contract 'ith !aages# /. A>TIC- 111: CO?3ITIO?AOE-IGATIO?S Acuisition o$ rights, etinguishentP%oss o$ acuire!, sha%% !e&en! on ha&&ening e)ent that constitutes the con!ition. a. 3onating %an! to another on the con!ition that the %atter 'ou%! +ui%! u&on the %an! a schoo% is >SO-@ I? CO?3ITIO?. The !onation ha! to +e )a%i! +e$ore the $u%$i%%ent o$ the con!ition. I$ there 'as no $u%$i%%ent 'ith the con!ition such as 'hat o+tains in the instant case, the !onation a* +e re)oe! an! a%% rights the !onee
a* ha)e acuire! sha%% +e %ost an! etinguishe!. +. ore than a reasona+%e &erio! o$ $i$t* (50# *ears has a%rea!* +een a%%o'e! &etitioner to a)ai% o$ the o&&ortunit* to co&%* 'ith the con!ition e)en i$ it +e +ur!ensoe, to ae the !onation in its $a)or $ore)er )a%i!. Eut, un$ortunate%*, it $ai%e! to !o so. Dence, there is no ore nee! to $i the !uration o$ a ter o$ the o+%igation 'hen such &roce!ure 'ou%! +e a ere technica%it* an! $ora%it* an! 'ou%! ser)e no &ur&ose than to !e%a* or %ea! to an unnecessar* an! e&ensi)e u%ti&%ication o$ suits. c. etitioner has s%e&t on its o+%igation $or an unreasona+%e %ength o$ tie. Dence, it is on%* ust an! euita+%e no' to !ec%are the su+ect !onation a%rea!* ine$$ecti)e an!, $or a%% &ur&oses, re)oe! so that &etitioner as !onee shou%! no' return the !onate! &ro&ert* to the heirs o$ the !onor, &ri)ate res&on!ents herein, +* eans o$ recon)e*ance. !. >CO?@A?C: &ro&ert* he%! +* a trusteePortgage is returne! to its o'ner on his reuest.
. A>TIC- 1197: OE-IGATIO?S ITD ?O FIJ3 >IO3 G?>A- ><-: erio! can +e in$erre! $ro its nature or circustances. Court can $i the !uration +ecause the $u%$i%%ent o$ the o+%igation itse%$ cannot +e !ean!e! unti% a$ter the
court has $ie! the &erio! $or co&%iance. a. CAS AT DA?3: Genera% ru%e cannot +e a&&%ie! in this case consi!ering the !i$$erent set o$ circustances eisting ore than a reasona+%e &erio! o$ 50 *ears has a%rea!* +een a%%o'e! to &etitioner
to a)ai% o$ the o&&ortunit* to co&%* +ut un$ortunate%*, it $ai%e! to !o so. +. Dence, there is no nee! to $i a &erio! 'hen such &roce!ure 'ou%! +e a ere technica%it* K $ora%it* K 'ou%! ser)e no &ur&ose than to !e%a* or %oa! to unnecessar* an! e&ensi)e u%ti&%ication o$ suits.
