FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Agroindustrial
INGENIERÍA III DE ALIMENTOS AGROINDUSTRIALES
INFORME PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE YOGURT FRUTADO DOCENTE
: ING. JAMES SILVA DÍAZ
ALUMNO
:
CIENFUEGOS CÓRDOVA, MÓNICA SHEYLI FACHIN FACHIN TORRES, TORRE S, RAY R AYZA ZA GERALDINE FLORES TECO, JOAO MARCOS FLORES PALOMINO, PALOMINO, GIOVANA GIOVANA ESTHER LOARDO RUÍZ, JOSEPH DYLAN TARICUARI TARICUARIMA MA GARAY, GARAY, GRECIA GRECI A SARINA SARI NA
PUCALLPA – PERÚ 2016
I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
El orig! "l #og$r% & &i%'( ! T$r)$*( ($!)$ %(+i-! (# )$i! lo $i/( ! lo& 0(l/(!&, 0$lg(ri( 0$lg(ri( o A&i( C!%r(l. C!%r(l. S /r )$ &$ /o!&$+o & (!%rior (!%rior (l /o+i!1o /o+i!1o " l( (gri/$l%$r(. (gri/$l%$r(. Lo& 2$lo& !3+("(& %r(!&2or%((! %r(!&2or%((! l( l/ 4r&/( )$ o%!*(! " lo& (!i+(l& (!i+(l& ! ol&(& g!r(l+!% " 2il " /(r(. El /(lor # l /o!%(/%o " l( l/ /o! l( 2il " /(r( 2ro2i/i((! l( +$l%i2li/(/i3! " l(& (/%ri(& 5/i"(& )$ 4r+!%((! 4 r+!%((! l( l/. L( l/ & /o!6r%*( ! $!( +(&( &+i&3li"( # /o(g$l("(. U!( 61 /o!&$+i"o l 4r+!%o l5/%o /o!%!i"o /o!%!i"o ! ()$ll(& ()$ll(& ol&(&, &%(& & 6ol6*(! 6ol6*(! ( ll!(r " l/ 4r&/( )$ & %r(!&4or+(( %r(!&4or+(( !$6(+!% !$6(+!% ! l/ 4r+!%("( 4r+!%("( gr(/i(& ( lo& r&i"$o& r&i"$o& 2r/"!%&. El #og$r% & /o!6ir%i3 /o!6ir%i3 ! l (li+!%o 5&i/o " lo& 2$lo& !3+("(& 2or &$ 4(/ili"(" " %r(!&2or% # /o!&r6(/i3!. El #og$r% & $! 2ro"$/%o 4r+!%("o l(or("o ( 2(r%ir " l/ !%r(, ! l /$(l %o+(! (//io (//io!& !& l(& l(& (/% (/%ri ri(& (& (/i"o (/i"o l5/% l5/%i/ i/(&, (&, %r(!& %r(!&4or 4or+( +(!" !"oo lo& lo& (1$/( (1$/(r& r& ! 5/i" 5/i"oo l5/% l5/%i/ i/oo 2ri!/i2(l+!% # 2)$7(& /(!%i"("& " 2ro"$/%o& &/$!"(rio& /o+o /o+2$&%o& /(ro!ilo&, 5/i"o& gr(&o& 6ol5%il&, (+i!o5/i"o& # (l/ool&, /o+o /o!&/$!/i( " l( (/i"i4i/(/i3! "l +"io 2or l(& (/%ri(& "l 5/i"o l5/%i/o, l( 2ro%*!(& " l( l/ & /o(g /o(g$l $l(! (! # 2r/ 2r/i2 i2i% i%(! (!,, "(!" "(!"oo l$g( l$g(rr ( $! 2ro" 2ro"$/ $/%o %o /o! /o! &(o &(orr, (ro+ (ro+(, (, # %8% %8%$r $r(( /(r(/%r*&%i/o&, l /$(l & (2r/i("o 2or &$ (l%o /o!%!i"o " 2ro%*!( # $!( 6i"( '%il 2rolo!g("( )$ l( +9or( l( "ig&%i3! "l org(!i&+o 2or lo& /(+io& o/$rri"o& ! l( 2ro%*!( " l( l/. El C3"igo Ali+!%(rio "4i! ( l(& l/& 4r+!%("(& /o+o lo& 2ro"$/%o& o%!i"o& 2or l( (//i3! " (lg$!o& %i2o& " (/%ri(&, "!o+i!("(& (/%ri(& l5/%i/(&, )$ $%ili1(! l( l(/%o&( 2r&!% ! l( l/ # l( /o!6ir%! ! 5/i"o l5/%i/o. E8i&% $!( gr(! 6(ri"(" " l/& 4r+!%("(&, !%r l(& )$ & !/$!%r(! l :-4ir, l( l/ (/i"i4i/("( # l #og$r. E&%(& 6(ri"("& & "i4r!/i(! 2ri!/i2(l+!% ! l( &2/i " +i/roorg(!i&+o& $%ili1("( 2(r( &$ l(or(/i3!.
II.
OBJETIVOS Co!o/r l 2ro/&o " l(or(/i3! " #og$r% 4r$%("o # l(& %(2(& )$ & r(li1(! i!"$&%ri(l+!%. Co!o/r i"!%i4i/(r lo& &*+olo& %-/!i/o& # l "i(gr(+( &)$+5%i/o ! l( l(or(/i3! " #og$r% 4r$%("o.
III.
REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA
III.1. OPERACIONES UNITARIAS III.1.1.
CONCEPTUALIACION DE LAS OPERACIONES UNITARIAS
L(& o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& o 5&i/(& &o! ()$ll(& )$ %i!"! ( +o"i4i/(r l(& 2ro2i"("& " l(& +(%ri(& 2ri+(&, /o! l 4i! " o%!r 2ro"$/%o& )$ &ir6(! 2(r( /$rir l(& !/&i"("& " l( &o/i"(". E&%(& +o"i4i/(/io!& )$ & r(li1(! ( l(& +(%ri(& 2ri+(& !(%$r(l& 6(! !/(+i!("(& ( l( o%!/i3! " 2ro"$/%o& )$ %!g(! $!( +(#or (/2%(/i3! ! l +r/("o, o i! )$ 2r&!%! +(#or& 2o&iili"("& " (l+(/!(+i!%o o %r(!&2or%. L( &(%i&4(//i3! " &%(& !/&i"("& & ll6( ( /(o +2l(!"o, %r(!&4or+(!"o # /o!&$+i!"o lo& +"io& " lo& )$ "i&2o! ! l !%or!o !(%$r(l. E! $! 2ri+r !i6l, " &/(&o "&(rrollo &o/i(l, r(! $%ili1("o& lo& 2ro"$/%o& !(%$r(l& "ir/%(+!% o /o! &olo $!(& 2)$7(& +o"i4i/(/io!& 4*&i/(& (r%&(!(l&. D &%( 4or+(, !o &olo l(& +(%ri(& 2ri+(& &o! l(& )$ /$r! l(& !/&i"("& "l /o!&$+i"or, &i!o %(+i-! ()$llo& 2ro"$/%o& "ri6("o& " l( +(!i2$l(/i3! " "i/(& +(%ri(& ;Alr% I(r1, <=>>?.
III.1.2.OPERACIONES UNITARIAS: CLASIFICACION D!%ro " l(& o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& 2$"! "i&%i!g$ir& "i4r!%& %i2o&, "2!"i!"o " l( !(%$r(l1( " l( %r(!&4or+(/i3! ll6("( ( /(o, (&* /( "i&%i!g$ir %(2(& 4*&i/(&, )$*+i/(& # io)$*+i/(& ;Alr% I(r1, <=>>?. (? E%(2(& F*&i/(&@ Moli!"(, %(+i1("o, +1/l(, 4l$i"i1(/i3!, &"i+!%(/i3!, 4lo%(/i3!, 4il%r(/i3!, r/%i4i/(/i3!, (&or/i3!, 8%r(//i3!, ("&or/i3!, i!%r/(+io " /(lor, 6(2or(/i3!, &/("o, %/. b) E%(2(& $*+i/(&@ r4i!("o, 2l("o )$*+i/o. /? E%(2(& 0io)$*+i/(&@ Fr+!%(/i3!, &%rili1(/i3!, !1i+5%i/o.
2(&%$ri1(/i3!,
2l("o
L( 4i!(li"(" " l(& o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& & l( &2(r(/i3! " "o& o +5& &$&%(!/i(& 2r&!%& ! $!( +1/l(, o i! l i!%r/(+io " $!( 2ro2i"(" "i"o ( $! gr("i!%. Sg'! l( 2ro2i"(" %r(!&4ri"(, l(& o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& & 2$"! /l(&i4i/(r ! lo& &ig$i!%&@ -
O2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& " %r(!&4r!/i( " +(%ri(. O2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& " %r(!&+i&i3! " /(lor. O2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& " %r(!&2or% " /(!%i"(" " +o6i+i!%o.
III.2. PROCESOS DE OPERACIONES UNITARIAS PROCESOS FUNDAMENTALES DE TRANSPORTE A. Tr(!&4r!/i( " +o+!%o. S r4ir ( l( )$ & 2r&!%( ! lo& +(%ri(l& !
III.2.1.
+o6i+i!%o, /o+o ! o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& " 4l$9o " 4l$i"o&, &"i+!%(/i3! # +1/l("o ;G(!:o2li&, >BB?. 0. Tr(!&4r!/i( " /(lor. E! &% 2ro/&o 4$!"(+!%(l & /o!&i"r( l( %r(!&4r!/i( " /(lor " $! l$g(r ( o%ro & 2r&!%( ! l(& o2r(/io!& $!i%(ri(& " %r(!&4r!/i( " /(lor, &/("o, 6(2or(/i3!, "&%il(/i3! # o%r(& ;G(!:o2li&, >BB?. C. Tr(!&4r!/i( " +(&(. E! &% /(&o & %r(!&4ir +(&( " $!( 4(& ( o%r( 4(& "i4r!% l +/(!i&+o 5&i/o & l +i&+o #( &( )$ l(& 4(&& &(! g(&o&(&, &3li"(& o l*)$i"(&. E&% 2ro/&o i!/l$# "&%il(/i3!, (&or/i3!, 8%r(//i3! l*)$i"o l*)$i"o # li8i6i(/i3! ;G(!:o2li&, >BB?.
III.2.2.PROCESOS DE SEPARACION Fr/$!%+!% ! l( i!"$&%ri( & !/&(rio &2(r(r lo& /o+2o!!%& " $!( +1/l( ! 4r(//io!& i!"i6i"$(l&. L(& 4r(//io!& 2$"! "i4r!/i(r& !%r &* 2or l %(+(7o " l(& 2(r%*/$l(&, 2or &$ &%("o, o 2or &$ /o+2o&i/i3! )$*+i/(. A&*, 2or 9+2lo, $! 2ro"$/%o r$%o 2$" 2$ri4i/(r& 2or li+i!(/i3! " l(& i+2$r1(& )$ lo /o!%(+i!(!, $!( +1/l( " +5& " "o& /o+2o!!%&, 2$" &2(r(r& ! lo& /o+2o!!%& 2$ro& i!"i6i"$(l&, l( /orri!% )$ &(l " $! 2ro/&o 2$" /o!&%(r " $!( +1/l( "l 2ro"$/%o # " +(%ri(l !o /o!6r%i"o, # & 2r/i&o &2(r(r # r/ir/$l(r l( 2(r% !o /o!6r%i"( ( l( 1o!( " r(//i3! 2(r( /o!6r%irl( " !$6o %(+i-! $!( &$&%(!/i( 6(lio&(, %(l /o+o $! +(%ri(l +%5li/o, "i&2r&o ! $! +(%ri(l i!r%, & 2r/i&o lir(rlo /o! l 4i! " 2ro/"r ( &$ !4i/io # "&/(r l +(%ri(l i!r% ;UNAM, <=>
M!"#$#% $& %&'()(*+,- '#) $+/%+,E&% gr$2o " o2r(/io!& 2(r( l( &2(r(/i3! " lo& /o+2o!!%& " +1/l(&, )$ & (&(! ! l( %r(!&4r!/i( " +(%ri(l "&" $!( 4(& o+og-!( ( o%r(, $%ili1(! "i4r!/i(& " 2r&i3! " 6(2or o " &ol$ili"(". L( 4$r1( i+2$l&or( " l( %r(!&4r!/i( & $!( "i4r!/i( o gr("i!% " /o!/!%r(/i3!, " l( +i&+( 4or+( )$ $!( "i4r!/i( o $! gr("i!% " %+2r(%$r(, /o!&%i%$# l( 4$r1( i+2$l&or( " l( %r(!&4r!/i( " /(lor ;UNAM, <=>
_ _ _ _ _ _
L( &2(r(/i3! +/5!i/( & 2$" (2li/(r ( +1/l(& %rog-!(&. L(& %-/!i/(& & (&(! ! "i4r!/i(& 4*&i/(& !%r l(& 2(r%*/$l(&, %(l& /o+o l %(+(7o, l( 4or+( o l( "!&i"(". S (2li/(! 2(r( &2(r(r l*)$i"o& " l*)$i"o&, &3li"o& " g(&&, l*)$i"o& " g(&&, &3li"o& " &3li"o& # &3li"o& " l*)$i"o& ;UNAM, <=>
III..
DEFINICIÓN DE LEC3E
L( l/ & $! l*)$i"o &/r%("o 2or l(& gl5!"$l(& +(+(ri(& " l(& +r(& " lo& +(+*4ro&, %r(& l !(/i+i!%o " l( /r*(. E& $! l*)$i"o " /o+2o&i/i3! /o+2l9(, l(!/o # o2(/o, " &(or "$l/ # r(//i3! i3!i/( ;2H? 2r38i+o ( l( !$%r(li"(" ;L(/(&(, <==?. L( l/ & &( 2/$li(r +$l&i3! " gr(&(, 2ro%*!(, i"r(%o& " /(ro!o # &(l& +i!r(l& ! (g$(, )$ 2ro"$/ $!( &!&(/i3! &$(6 ! l( o/(, /o! $! &2/i(l &(or !%r "$l/ # &(l("o ;Ar(!/%( Srr(, <==?.
III..1.CALIDAD DE LA LEC3E L( l/ /r$"( " $!( /(li"(" !o " /o!%!r r&i"$o& !i &"i+!%o& !o " &r i!&*2i"( !i %!r /olor # olor (!or+(l& " %!r $! /o!%!i"o " (/%ri(& (9o !o " /o!%!r &$&%(!/i(& )$*+i/(& ;2or 9+2lo, (!%ii3%i/o& # "%rg!%&?, # " %!r $!( /o+2o&i/i3! # (/i"1 !or+(l&. L( /(li"(" " l( l/ /r$"( & l 2ri!/i2(l 4(/%or
"%r+i!(!% " l( /(li"(" " lo& 2ro"$/%o& l5/%o&. No & 2o&il o%!r 2ro"$/%o& l5/%o& " $!( /(li"(" &i!o " l/ /r$"( " $!( /(li"(". L( /(li"(" igi-!i/( " l( l/ %i! $!( i+2or%(!/i( 4$!"(+!%(l 2(r( l( 2ro"$//i3! " $!( l/ # 2ro"$/%o& l5/%o& )$ &(! i!o/$o& i"3!o& 2(r( lo& $&o& 2r6i&%o&. P(r( logr(r &%( /(li"(", & (! " (2li/(r $!(& 2r5/%i/(& " igi! ( lo l(rgo " %o"( l( /("!( l5/%(. Lo& 2ro"$/%or& " l/ ( 2)$7( &/(l( !/$!%r(! "i4i/$l%("& 2(r( 2ro"$/ir 2ro"$/%o& igi-!i/o& 2or /($&(& /o+o l( /o+r/i(li1(/i3!, +(!i2$l(/i3! # 2ro/&(+i!%o i!4or+(l # !o rgl(+!%("( " lo& 2ro"$/%o& l5/%o& l( 4(l%( " i!/!%i6o& 4i!(!/iro& 2(r( i!%ro"$/ir +9or(& ! l( /(li"(", # l !i6l i!&$4i/i!% " /o!o/i+i!%o& # /o+2%!/i(& ! +(%ri( " 2r5/%i/(& " igi!. L(& 2r$(& # l /o!%rol " /(li"(" " l( l/ "! r(li1(r& ! %o"(& l(& 4(&& " l( /("!( l5/%(. L( l/ 2$" &o+%r& ( 2r$(& "@
C(!%i"(" ;+"i"( ! 6ol$+! o 2&o?. C(r(/%r*&%i/(& org(!ol-2%i/(& ;(&2/%o, &(or # olor?. C(r(/%r*&%i/(& " /o+2o&i/i3! ;&2/i(l+!% /o!%!i"o " +(%ri( gr(&(, " +(%ri(
&3li"( # " 2ro%*!(&?. C(r(/%r*&%i/(& 4*&i/(& # )$*+i/(&. C(r(/%r*&%i/(& igi-!i/(& ;/o!"i/io!& igi-!i/(&, li+2i1( # /(li"("?. A"$l%r(/i3! /o! (g$(, /o!&r6(!%&, &3li"o& (7("i"o& # !%r o%ro&. R&i"$o& " +"i/(+!%o&.
Co+o 9+2lo& " +-%o"o& " 2r$(& 2(r( 6(l$(r l( l/ 2(r( lo& 2ro"$/%or& # 2ro/&("or& " l/ " 2)$7( &/(l( " lo& 2(*&& ! "&(rrollo %!+o& l( 2r$( "l &(or, olor # o&r6(/i3! 6i&$(l ;o 2r$( org(!ol-2%i/(? l(& 2r$(& /o! "!&*+%ro o l(/%3+%ro 2(r( +"ir l( "!&i"(" &2/*4i/( " l( l/ l( 2r$( "l /$(9o 2or $lli/i3! 2(r( "%r+i!(r &i l( l/ & (gri( o (!or+(l l( 2r$( " (/i"1 2(r( +"ir l 5/i"o l5/%i/o ! l( l/, # l( 2r$( " Grr 2(r( "%r+i!(r l /o!%!i"o " gr(&( " l( l/ ;FAO, <=>?.
III.4. LEC3E FERMENTADA
L( l/ 4r+!%("( & l( )$ ( &i"o %r(!&4or+("( 2or l "&(rrollo " (/%ri(& l5/%i/(& $ o%ro& +i/roorg(!i&+o& )$ %r(!&4or+(! l( l(/%o&( ! 5/i"o l5/%i/o # o%ro& +%(oli%o&. El /(+io 2ri!/i2(l )$ & "( ! l( l/ & l "&/!&o "l 2H ;(&%( ..=?. Co+o /o!&/$!/i( " &% "&/!&o, & 2ro"$/ l( /o(g$l(/i3! " l( /(&*!(, )$ 4or+( $! gl # l( i!ii/i3! "l "&(rrollo " gr(! !'+ro " +i/roorg(!i&+o&, !%r llo& l( +(#or*( " lo& 2(%3g!o&, "i"o ( l( 2ro"$//i3! " /(*"o l5/%i/o # o%ro& +%(oli%o& +!or& /o+o l 5/i"o (/-%i/o, l (g$( o8ig!("( o l(& (/%rio/i!(&, $ 2o%!/i(l " 38i"or"$//i3! (9o # l /o!&$+o 2or 2(r% " l(& (/%ri(& l5/%i/(& " /o+2o!!%& )$ &o! 6i%(l& 2(r( o%ro& +i/roorg(!i&+o& ;Dl C(&%illo Sll# M&%r& L(g(rrig(? .
III.4.1.FERMENTACIÓN LÁCTICA L( 4r+!%(/i3! l5/%i/( & $! 2ro/&o /l$l(r (!(r3i/o "o!" & $%ili1( gl$/o&( 2(r( o%!r !rg*( # "o!" l 2ro"$/%o " "&/o & l 5/i"o l5/%i/o. E&% 2ro/&o lo r(li1(! +$/(& (/%ri(& ;ll(+("(& (/%ri(& l5/%i/(&?, o!go&, (lg$!o& 2ro%o1oo& # ! lo& %9i"o& (!i+(l&. E! 4/%o, l( 4r+!%(/i3! l5/%i/( %(+i-! & 6ri4i/( ! l %9i"o +$&/$l(r /$(!"o, ( /($&( " $!( i!%!&( (/%i6i"(" +o%or(, !o & 2ro"$/ $!( (2or%(/i3! ("/$("( " o8*g!o )$ 2r+i%( l "&(rrollo " l( r&2ir(/i3! (r3i/(. C$(!"o l 5/i"o l5/%i/o & (/$+$l( ! l(& /-l$l(& +$&/$l(r& 2ro"$/ &*!%o+(& (&o/i("o& /o! l( 4(%ig( +$&/$l(r. Alg$!(& /-l$l(&, /o+o lo& ri%ro/i%o&, /(r/! " +i%o/o!"ri(& " +(!r( )$ & 6! olig("(& ( o%!r !rg*( 2or +"io " l( 4r+!%(/i3! l5/%i/( 2or /o!%r(, l(& !$ro!(& +$r! r52i"(+!% #( )$ !o 4r+!%(!, # &$ '!i/( 4$!% " !rg*( & l( r&2ir(/i3! ;S(!%o Gol"o!i, <==>?.
III.5. DEFINICIÓN DE YOGURT El #og$r% & $! 2ro"$/%o )$ r&$l%(
" l( 4r+!%(/i3! l5/%i/( " l/ !%r( o
"&/r+("(, /o!/!%r("( o !o 2or l +2lo " $! /$l%i6o &l//io!("o " L(/%o(/ill$& 0$lg(ri/$& o S%r2%o/o//$& Tr+o2il$& ! /$l%i6o (&o/i("o ;Mo!%( Go+1, Al+5!, N(1(%, <==
III.5.1.CALIDAD DEL YOGURT III.5.1.1.
CONTROL DE CALIDAD DEL YOGURT
F(*"#)&% /& (&*"(- 7( *(7+$($ $&7 8#9/)": Sg'! ;D$r(! L321, <=>>?. Di6r&o& 4(/%or& "! &r /$i"("o&(+!% /o!%rol("o& "$r(!% l 2ro/&o " 4(ri/(/i3!, /o! o9%o " o%!r $! #og$r% " (l%( /(li"(", /o! $! ("/$("o &(or, (ro+(, 6i&/o&i"(", /o!&i&%!/i(, (2(ri!/i(, # lir " &$ro &2(r("o # /o! $! 2rolo!g("o 2rio"o " /o!&r6(/i3!. E7&**+,- $& 7( 7&*&@ L( l/ " " &r " l( +5& (l%( /(li"(" (/%riol3gi/(, " %!r $! (9o /o!%!i"o ! (/%ri(& # &$&%(!/i(& )$ 2$"(! i+2"ir l "&(rrollo " lo& /$l%i6o& %*2i/o& "l #og$r%, l( l/ !o " /o!%!r (!%ii3%i/o&, !i r&i"$o& " &ol$/io!& " li+2i1( o (g!%& "&i!4/%(!%&. N#)(7+;(*+,- $& 7( 7&*&: D (/$r"o ( l( FAOKOMS lo +5& (i%$(l & $! /o!%!i"o " gr(&( =... Y l /o!%!i"o +*!i+o " &3li"o& !o gr(&o& " orig! l5/%o " &r "l .<. A"i%i6o& ! l( l/@ & 2$"! (7("ir ( l( l/ &$&%(!/i(& &%(ili1(!%& # (1'/(r o "$l/or(!%&. D&%(+)&(*+,-: El /o!%!i"o " (ir " l( l/ $%ili1("( ! l( 4(ri/(/i3! " 2ro"$/%o& l5/%o& (/i"i4i/("o& " &r %(! (9o /o+o &( 2o&il. Ho+og!i1(/i3!@ lo& +o%i6o& 2ri!/i2(l& &o! 2r6!ir l( &2(r(/i3! " l( !(%( "$r(!% l 2rio"o " i!/$(/i3! # (&g$r(r $!( "i&%ri$/i3! $!i4or+ " l( gr(&( " l( l/, l( &%(ili"(" # /o!&i&%!/i( " l(& l/& & 6! +9or("(& 2or l( o+og!i1(/i3!. T)("(+&-"# "!)+*#: L( l/ & %r(%( %-r+i/(+!% (!%& " 2ro/"r ( l( i!o/$l(/i3! " lo& /$l%i6o&, &%o & (/ /o! o9%o "@ _ M9or(r l(& 2ro2i"("& " l( l/ /o+o &$&%r(%o 2(r( l(& (/%ri(& "l /$l%i6o
i!"$&%ri(l. _ A&g$r(r )$ l /o(g$lo "l #og$r% %r+i!("o &( 4ir+. _ R"$/ir l ri&go " &2(r(/i3! " &$ro ! l 2ro"$/%o %r+i!("o. > S /o!&ig$! r&$l%("o& 32%i+o& 2or +"io "l %r(%(+i!%o %-r+i/o " l( l/ ( B= B C, "$r(!% $! %i+2o " +(!%!i+i!%o " $!o& +i!$%o&.
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&2/*4i/o& " &(or # 6i&/o&i"(". P)&'()(*+,- $&7 */7"+<#: Lo& /$l%i6o& &%5! "i&2o!il& ! l +r/("o /o+o /o!/!%r("o&, /o!gl("o& # lio4ili1("o& " &%( +(!r( & 6i%( l( !/&i"(" " i!6r%ir ! $!( &(l( " &2(r("( " /$l%i6o .Aorro )$ " &r /o!4ro!%("o /o! lo& /o&%o& " ((&%/i+i!%o # " ((&%/i+i!%o (2ro2i("o " lo& /$l%i6o&, l( gr(! 6!%(9( & )$ l( i!o/$l(/i3! "ir/%( " l( l/ /o! $! /$l%i6o /o!/!%r("o +i!i+i1( l ri&go " /o!%(+i!(/i3!, #( )$ & 6i%(! l(& %(2(& i!%r+"i(& " 2ro2(g(/i3!.
III.5.2.CLASIFICACIÓN DEL YOGURT E!%r l(& l/& 4r+!%("(&, l( " +5& (+2lio /o!&$+o & l #og$r%. Co+o & %r(%( " $! 2ro"$/%o 5/i"o ;2H " (lr""or " ,? l( 2r&!/i( " 4lor( /o!%(+i!(!% &%5 li+i%("(. L( 4$r% (/i"1 %i!" ( "&%r$ir lo& /oli4or+& # o%r(& E!%ro(/%ri(/(, 2or lo )$ ! $! #og$r% +$# 5/i"o &$ '&)$"( &r5 &$2r4l$( ;0r!& L$)$%, >BB=?.
A. S&9=- &7 *#-"&-+$# 9)(%#: T+'# I: El(or("o /o! l/ !%r(, i!%gr(l o l/ i!%gr(l. T+'# II: El(or("o /o! l/ &+i"&/r+("o o &+i"&!(%("o. T+'# III: El(or("o /o! l/ "&/r+("( o "&!(%("(. B. D& (*/&)$# ( 7#% +-9)&$+&-"&% /"+7+;($#%: N("/)(7: No /o!%i! ("i/i3! " 4r$%(, (1'/(r o "$l/or(!%&. C#- )/"(: E! &$ 2r2(r(/i3! & l ("i/io!( 2$l2( o 1$+o " 4r$%( !(%$r(l&. A;/*()($#: S l ("i/io!( (1$/(r& /o+&%il& /o+o &(/(ro&( #Ko gl$/o&(. E$/7*#)($#@ Co!%i! ("i/i3! " "$l/or(!%&, %(l& /o+o &ori%ol, &(/(ri!(. S(>#)+;($# # ()#("+;($#: S $%ili1(! &(ori1(!%& o (ro+(%i1(!%&. C. D& (*/&)$# (7 ')#*&%# $& &7(>#)(*+,-: Y#9/)" >("+$#: E& l 2ro"$/%o ! l )$ l( i!o/$l(/i3! " l( l/ 2(&%$ri1("( & • • •
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(% # 2o&%rior+!% & !6(&(. Y#9/)" *#(9/7($# # (7(-($#: E& l 2ro"$/%o ! l )$ l( l/ 2(&%$ri1("( & !6(&("( i!+"i(%(+!% "&2$-& " l( i!o/$l(/i3! 2ro"$/i-!"o& l( /o(g$l(/i3! ! l !6(&.
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Y#9/)" >&>+>7& # 7/+$#: L( i!/$(/i3! # l !4ri(+i!%o & r(li1(! " ig$(l 4or+( )$ l #og$r% (%i"o, 2ro (!%& "l !6(&("o & &o+%i"o ( $! 2ro/&o
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III.6.
2(r( ro+2r l /o(g$lo # o%!r $!( 4or+( l*)$i"(. Y#9/)" *#-*&-")($#: I!/$("o ! %(!)$&, /o!/!%r("o # !4ri("o (!%& " &r !6(&("o. PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE YOGURT FRUTADO
(. E-")($( $& 7( 7&*& E& l( +(%ri( 2ri+r( %(2( 2(r( i!i/i(r l 2ro/&o " o%!/i3! " #og$r%, ! &%( %(2( & 2ro/" ( &l//io!(r # "%r+i!(r l( /(li"(" # 6i(ili"(" " l( l/ ( %r(6-& " (!5li&i& 4i&i/o)$*+i/o /o!&%i%$#-!"o& ! l &o2or% " l(& 2r$(& " 2l(%(4or+(.
>. D&%-("($# O2r(/i3! +"i(!% l( /$(l & &2(r( 2(r/i(l o %o%(l+!% l( +(%ri( gr(&( "l r&%o " l( l/, o%!i-!"o& "o& 4r(//io!&@ $!( " l/ "&!(%("( o &+i"&!(%("(, &g'! l 2or/!%(9 " +(%ri( gr(&( 8%r(*"o, # o%r( " !(%(. L( &2(r(/i3! & "( 2or@ _ L( gr(&( & !/$!%r( /o+o +$l&i3! ! l( l/. _ L( "i4r!/i( " "!&i"(" !%r l( +(%ri( gr(&( " l( l/ # l( l/ "&!(%("(
;+(%ri( gr(&( =,B :gKL # l/ "&!(%("( o +(gr( >,= :gKL?. *. E%"(-$()+;($# El /o!%!i"o " gr(&( # &3li"o& " l( l/ & &%(!"(ri1( " (/$r"o /o! l(& !or+(& # 2ri!/i2io& FAOKOMS, /o! lo )$ & o%i! $!( /l(&i4i/(/i3! " lo& gr$2o& " #og$r@ _ Yog$r@ /o!%!i"o gr(&o +*!i+o " , . _ Yog$r &+i"&!(%("o@ /o!%!i"o gr(&o !%r > # < . _ Yog$r "&!(%("o o " (9o /o!%!i"o gr(&o@ /o!%!i"o gr(&o +58i+o " = .
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L( o+og!i1(/i3!, "&2$-& " l( 2(&%$ri1(/i3!, &%(ili1( l( gr(&( ! 2)$7(& 2(r%*/$l(& )$ 2r6i!! l /r+("o "$r(!% l( 4r+!%(/i3!, # +9or( l( %8%$r( 2or l( i!%r(//i3! !%r l(& /(&*!(& # lo& gl3$lo& " gr(&(. P(r( o+og!i1(r l( l/ & l( (/ 2(&(r ( %r(6-& " $! 2)$7o ori4i/io ( l6("( 2r&i3! ! l o+og!i1("or, /o! lo )$ & r"$/ l %(+(7o " lo& gl3$lo& gr(&o& i+2i"i!"o " &%( +(!r( l( /o(l&/!/i( " lo& +i&+o& # l( 4or+(/i3! " l( l*!( " !(%(, lo /$(l ( &$ 61 (#$"( ( +9or(r l( /o!&i&%!/i( # l &(or "l 2ro"$/%o. L( o+og!i1(/i3! r"$/ l %(+(7o " lo& gl3$lo& gr(&o&, 2ro ($+!%( l 6ol$+! " l(& 2(r%*/$l(& " /(&*!(. E! /o!&/$!/i(, & 2ro"$/ $! +!or (/r/(+i!%o !%r l(& 2(r%*/$l(&, ! l 2ro/&o " /o(g$l(/i3!, lo )$ & %r("$/ ! l( 4or+(/i3! " $! /o5g$lo +5& l(!"o. P(r( 6i%(r &% 4!3+!o & &$l r(li1(r l( o+og!i1(/i3! " l( !(%( o l( o+og!i1(/i3! ! /($"(l 2(r/i(l %-/!i/(& )$ !o (l%r(! l( &%r$/%$r( " l( /(&*!(.
. P(%"&/)+;($# El %r(%(+i!%o 2$" 6(ri(r "&" C "$r(!% > &g$!"o& ;2(&%ri1(/i3! or"i!(ri(? (&%( $! %r(%(+i!%o UHT ( >C "$r(!% > &g$!"o. No o&%(!%, 2(r/ &r )$ l(& /o!"i/io!& 32%i+(& &o! " =C "$r(!% = +i!$%o& ! &i&%+(& "i&/o!%i!$o& # " B= BC "$r(!% (lr""or " +i!$%o& ! &i&%+(& " 4l$9o /o!%i!$o. L( 2(&%$ri1(/i3! "&%r$# l( +(#or*( " l( +i/ro4lor( i!!(%( " l( l/, lo )$ 2r+i% $! /(+2o lir 2(r( lo& /$l%i6o& l5/%i/o& )$ & (7("! 2o&%rior+!%. P(r( )$ l #og$r (")$ir( &$ %*2i/( /o!&i&%!/i( !o &3lo & i+2or%(!% )$ %!g( l$g(r l( /o(g$l(/i3! 5/i"(, &i!o )$ %(+i-! & ( " 2ro"$/ir l( "&!(%$r(li1(/i3! " l(& 2ro%*!(& "l &$ro, ! &2/i(l " l( l(/%oglo$li!(. Co+o & &(i"o, &%o & 2ro"$/ ( %+2r(%$r(& (2ro8i+("(& ( C, /o!&ig$i-!"o& lo& +9or& r&$l%("o& " /o!&i&%!/i( ;! l(& l/& 4r+!%("(&? ( $!( %+2r(%$r( !%r # B C. L( i!%r(//i3! " l( /(&*!( : # l( %(l(/%oglo$li!( 2ro6o/("( 2or l %r(%(+i!%o %-r+i/o /o!%rol("o ;CK= +i!$%o& o B=CK> +i!$%o&? # 4(6or/i"( 2or l 2H # l( 2r&!/i( " /(l/io, /r( $!( !$6( &%r$/%$r( )$ %i! $!( +9or /(2(/i"(" " (&or/i3! " (g$( )$ "(r5 /o+o r&$l%("o $! gl +5& 4ir+ # %r&o, " +(#or 6i&/o&i"(" )$ !o 2r&!%( &i!-r&i& ;8$"(/i3! " &$ro?. E! "4i!i%i6(, lo& 4/%o& " &% %r(%(+i!%o %-r+i/o 2$"! r&$+ir& /o+o &ig$@
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9. E-)+($# S$ 4i!(li"(" & 4r!(r l( (/%i6i"(" "l i!i/i("or # &$& !1i+(& 2(r( 6i%(r )$ l( 4r+!%(/i3! /o!%i!'. S r/o+i!"( )$ l( %+2r(%$r( 4i!(l "l #og$r !o 8/"( lo& C " &%( 4or+(, l( /o8i&%!/i( " 2H (9o # %+2r(%$r(& " r4rigr(/i3! (/%'(! &i!-rgi/(+!% 2(r( +(!%!r l #og$r ! $! &%("o (2ro2i("o 2(r( &$ /o!&$+o "$r(!% > o <= "*(&, (l +!o&. El !4ri(+i!%o "l #og$r 2(r/ !o 2r&!%(r 2rol+(& i+2or%(!%&, 2ro "i6r&o& &%$"io& (! i!"i/("o )$ $! !4ri(+i!%o +$# r52i"o 2$" (4/%(r ( l( &%r$/%$r( "l /o5g$lo 2$" o/(&io!(r l( &2(r(/i3! "l &$ro "i"o ( $!( i!%!&( r%r(//i3! " l(& 2ro%*!(& "l /o5g$lo )$ (4/%(, ( &$ 61, ( l( /(2(/i"(" " r%!/i3! " (g$( " l(& +i&+(&. E! l( (/%$(li"(", & r/o+i!"( )$ l !4ri(+i!%o "l #og$r & (g( ! 4(&& &$/&i6(&, 2ri+ro " 4or+( r52i"( (&%( = C, "&2$-& #( +5& l!%(+!% ( <=C # +5&
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?. E-)+(+&-"# El !4ri(+i!%o " #og$r &i! !6(&(r & (/ +"i(!% /(+i("or& " /(lor " 2l(/(& o %$$l(r&. E&%o& 'l%i+o& o/(&io!(! $! +!or "(7o ( l( &%r$/%$r( "l /o5g$lo, 2or lo )$ ri!"! $! 2ro"$/%o (lgo +5& 6i&/o&o. E& $! 2$!%o " /o!%rol 2or)$ (&g$r( l( %+2r(%$r( 32%i+( " i!o/$l(/i3!, 2r+i%i!"o l( &$2r6i6!/i( " l(& (/%ri(& "l i!3/$lo. Co+o & +!/io!3, & !4r*( (&%( l( %+2r(%$r( 32%i+( " i!o/$l(/i3! ;<C? o g!r(l+!% (&%( $!o& gr("o& 2or !/i+( # l$go & !6i("( ( lo& %(!)$& " +1/l(. A"+5&, l( r4rigr(/i3! ("/$("( # ( l( 61 l( /o!&r6(/i3! " l( /("!( " 4r*o (&g$r(! l( /(li"(" &(!i%(ri( "l 2ro"$/%o "&" l 4i! " l( 2ro"$//i3! (&%( l(& +(!o& "l /o!&$+i"or.
@. B("+$# El (%i"o "l #og$r% !o " &r !i +$# l(rgo !i +$# i!%!&o, 2ro &$4i/i!% /o+o 2(r( o%!r $!( +(&( o+og-!( # " /o!&i&%!/i( &$(6. C$(!"o l( (gi%(/i3! & ("/$("(, & o&r6(r( ! l 2ro"$/%o $! 2)$7o !'+ro " 2(r%*/$l(& 6i&il& 9$!%o ( $!( +(&( " 2(r%*/$l(& i!6i&il& " gl.
7. F)/"($# L( ("i/i3! " l( 2i7( & r(li1( " 4or+( "ir/%( # " (gi%(/i3! /o!&%(!% ! l #og$r% l /$(l &%5 ( $!( %+2r(%$r( " >C 2(r( 4(6or/r l( +1/l( o+og-!(.
. E-<(%($# Lo& !6(&& " #og$r (! 6ol$/io!("o "&" l /l5&i/o " 6i"rio (&%( lo& (/%$(l& " +(%ri(l& 2l5&%i/o&, &or %o"o 2oli%il!o " (l%( "!&i"(" # 2oli&%ir!o. Lo& !6(&& &o! &i+2r o2(/o&, !o &olo 2(r( 2ro%gr (l 2ro"$/%o " l( l$1 &i!o %(+i-! 2(r( 4(/ili%(r l( i+2r&i3! "l !6(& ;"i$9o&, %i)$%(&, %/.? # "i&i+$l(r l( 2o&il %$ri"1 " &%o& 2l5&%i/o&. El !6(&("o 2$" r(li1(r& (!%& " l( i!/$(/i3!, 2$"i-!"o& (grg(r, 2or
9+2lo, 4r$%(& ! l( +i&+( !6(&("or( &g'! /orr&2o!"( ;#og$r " /o!&i&%!/i( 4ir+? o %r(& l( 4r+!%(/i3! ;#og$r (%i"o # l*)$i"o?. S /o!%rol( l /rr("o r+-%i/o "l !6(& 2(r( +(!%!r l( i!o/$i"(" "l 2ro"$/%o. S " /o!%rol(r )$ l !6(& # l( (%+3&4r( "$r(!% l !6(&("o &(! &%-ril&.
-. A7(*&-($# E&%( o2r(/i3! %(l 61 $!( " l(& +5& i+2or%(!%&, l o%org( (l 2ro"$/%o 4i!(l $! (+i!% # $! &2(/io r4rigr("o ( C " %+2r(%$r( 2(r( 4(6or/r # +9or(r l +(!%!i+i!%o # l %i+2o " 6i"( '%il "l 2ro"$/%o 2ro/&("o
FLUJOGRAMA PARA LA ELABORACION DE YOGUT3 FRUTADO
ST@ >>. >== /(li"(" igi-!i/(
ENTRADA DE LA LECHE
F+7")(*+,-
C#-")#7 $& *(7+$($
DESNATADO
ESTANDARIZADO
PASTEURIZADO
ENFRIAMIENTO
INOCULACION
< ( QC ST@ ><> T@ Q C T@ QC K = Q /. Sori/o # &$& &(l& " /(l/io, &o"io # 2o%(&io.
T@ =
INCUBACION
ENFRIAMIENTO
T@ >QC Ti+2o@ or(& A/i"1 4i!(l@ >>= QD
BATIDO
Q Al+*(r " 4r$%( >= A1'/(r@ Color(!%& #K o &(ori1(!%&
FRUTADO
ENVASADO
C5+(r( " /o!&r6(/i3! " (li+!%o& ( >= QC
ALMACENADO
FLUJO DE OPERACIONES DEL PROCESO PRODUCTIVO DE YOGURT ST@ >>. G@ .< C(li"(" i i-!i/(
LECHE ENTERA CRUDA
T@ >QC Ti+2o@ or(& A/i"1 4i!(l@ >>= QD
ENFRIAMIENTO
DESNATADO BATIDO
Q
ST@ ><> T@ Q C
ESTANDARIZACION
Al+*(r " 4r$%( >= A1'/(r@ Color(!%& #K o &(ori1(!%&
FRUTADO
PASTEURIZACION
T@ QC K = +i!
Q
Pr6i(+!% &%rili1("o ENFRIAMIENTO
ENVASADO
A/. Sori/o # &$& &(l& " /(l/io, &o"io # 2o%(&io.
INOCULACION
C5+(r( " /o!&r6(/i3! " (li+!%o& ( >= QC
ALMACENAMIENTO
LEYENDA
T@ =
INCUBACION
OPERACIÓN INSPECCION TRANSPORTE
DIAGRAMA TECNICO ALAMACENAMIENTO OPERACIÓN/INSPECCION
DIAGRAMA ESUEMATICO
IV.
CONCLUSIONES S /o!o/i3 l 2ro/&o " l(or(/i3! " #og$r% 4r$%("o # l(& %(2(& )$ & r(li1(! i!"$&%ri(l+!%. S r/o!o/i3 l 2ro/&o " l( l(or(/i3! " #og$r /o! $! "i(gr(+( " 4l$9o ! l /$(l & +!/io!(! l(& &ig$i!%& %(2(&@ R/2/i3!, 4il%r("o, &%(!"(ri1("o, %r(%(+i!%o %-r+i/o, rg$l(/i3! " %+2r(%$r(, i!o/$l(/i3! "l /$l%i6o, i!/$(/i3!, !4ri(+i!%o, (%i"o, !6(&("o # (l+(/!("o. T(+i-! & r(li13 l(& %(2(& i!"$&%ri(l+!% " +(!r( &%ri/%( 2(r( o%!r $! #og$r% ! /o!"i/io!& " /(li"(" igi! (/2%(l& 2(r( l /o!&$+i"or. E! l( &%(!"(ri1(/i3! " l( l/ & " " %!r /o! > " &oli"o& %o%(l&, # l( 2(&%$ri1(/i3! " " &r QC 8 > +i! l( /$(l !o& (&g$r(r( l( "i&+i!$/i3! " l( /(rg( +i/roi(!( # (&* 2o"r!o& 6i%(r 2rol+(& 2o&%rior+!%. L(& %+2r(%$r(& 32%i+(& 2(r( l "&(rrollo "l S%r2%o/o//$& o&/il(! !%r # QC # l(& " L(/%o(/ill$& !%r > # QC. L( %+2r(%$r( " i!/$(/i3! "l /$l%i6o & " =QC 2(r( "%!r l( (/i"i4i/(/i3! 8/&i6(.
V.
RECOMENDACIONES S " (/r $!( r6i&i3! " l( l/ (l +o+!%o " i!gr&(r ( l( 2l(!%( 2(r( (&g$r(r& )$ !o /o!%!g(! /$r2o& 8%r(7o& )$ ll6! ( o%!r, $! 2ro"$/%o /o!%(+i!("o. P(r( l( o2r(/i3! " !4ri(+i!%o & r/o+i!"( )$ & (g( lo +5& igi-!i/(+!% /o! l 4i! " !o /o!%(+i!(r l( +1/l( ("+5& " (/rlo r52i"o ;Al(i&, >BB?. E! l( i!o/$l(/i3! & " +1/l(r +$# i! (l (grg(r l /$l%i6o # 2ro/$r(!"o 8%r+(r l(& +"i"(& igi-!i/(& /o! l 4i! " 6i%(r $!( /o!%(+i!(/i3! ;Al(i&, >BB?.
VI.
BIBLIOGRAFA
Al(i&, C. ;>BB?. Ciencia de la leche: principios de técnica lechera. 0(r/lo!(@ R6r%-, S.A. Alr% I(r1, G. 0. ;<=>>?. Operaciones unitarias en la inegenieria de alimentos. "i/io!& +$!"i . Ar(!/%(, J., Srr(, L. ;<==?. Leche, lácteos y salud. M("ri"@ EDITORIAL MDICA PANAMERICANA, S.A. 0r!&, H., L$)$%, F. ;>BB=?. G$*( 2r5/%i/( 2(r( l (!5li&i& +i/roiol3gi/o " l( l/ # lo& Pro"$/%o& l5/%o&. Z(r(go1(@ E"i%ori(l A/rii(, S.A. ioTr!"i&. ;<=>=?. R/$2r("o l >= " Ago&%o " <=>, " %%2@KKio%r!"i&./o+K @ %%2@KKio%r!"i&./o+Kl(/%o&K#og$r!(%$r(l Dl C(&%illo Sll#, R. R., M&%r& L(g(rrig(, J. ;&.4.?. Productos lácteos. Tecnología. D$r(! L321, M. A. ;9$lio " <=>>?. EVL!C"O# $E L CL"$$ $EL %O&!'T . O%!i"o " /"igi%(l.$6.@ %%2@KK/"igi%(l.$6.+8Ki%&%r(+K><BK<.2"4 FAO. ;<=>?. O%!i"o " %%2@KK.4(o.orgK(gri/$l%$rK"(ir#g(%(#Kl/#2ro"$/%o& l(/%o&K/(li"("#6(l$(/io!K&K.VJN=DIU G(!:o2li&, G. ;>BB?. procesos de transporte y operaciones unitarias. Co!%i!!%(l r( E"i/io!.
L(/(&(, A. ;<==?. Ciencia de la leche: principios de técnica lechera. 0(r/lo!( @ REVERT, S.A. Mo!%( Go+1, M. S., Al+5!, M., N(1(%, W. ;<==Co!%!%Di&2o&i%io!lo("r6(l$>4il!(+ DL/&4r+!%("(&.Di(g!C0&%i/o"&i%$(/i C0!+r/("o#%i)$%("o">=.2"4lo:#i"lo%(lM$!go0 S(!%o Gol"o!i, J. ;<==>?. *ermentaci+n láctica de hortalias y aceitunas. S(o P($lo. UNAM. ;<=>
VII.
EJERCICIO >. S "&( o%!r >===L " l/ &%(!"(ri1("( (l >= " gr(&( 2(r( l(or(r #og$r% /o! (l%o /o!%!i"o gr(&o, 2(r( llo & /$!%( /o! l/ 4r&/( /o! " gr(&( # /r+( " l/ /o! = " gr(&( . C(l/$l /$5!%( l/ # /r+( & !/&i%(.
A X A + B X B=C X C
(1000− B ) ( 0.04 ) + B ( 0.4 )= 1000 (0.1 ) 40 −0.04 B + 0.4 B = 100
0.36 B
=60
B =166.66 Crema de leche
A + B =C
A =1000 − B
A =1000 −166.66
A = 833.34 L Leche fresca
