Kiws mkmeysas
Fimetf
Ousakiss
^imrnf chr m omoy bits imsair mt Guembh
Fubs mk` lassis4 Pfi fimetf agpmnt
Imst Mcranmk stmtis stmtis see `ava`i` hk hk IY-IMN Zmrtkirsfap mbriigikt
Assui Kh. 90: ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
Fhw th ohhst ehbasns mk` trmksphrt sinthr
Ysfs 9,:::,Lsfs ?::, _wC =,9::, ^@Z 6
Nhst hc Nrmki Omkl tm t mlihvir fats ^fs 9::Ok Emwyirs wmkt OhY th pmy tfig ^fs >:Ok Gutioaei smys ciis mri ix ixhroatmkt hroatmkt
www.ak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub
QHY OYQ PFI
P_YPF RI ZMQ PFI
Z_ANI
Ak`ipik`ikt Zuoeanmtahks Eagati`, Zeht 6?/60, Lmkdhlym Lmkdhlym ^triit, Z. H. Ohx >>:0, Lmgpmem, Ybmk`m Pie4 +?93->=?-3>2->1=/ ?/ >/ 0 Cmx4 +?93->=?-3>2->13 I-gmae4 i`athrameJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub, m`virtasakbJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub, narnuemtahkJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub Riosati4 www.ak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub
AKOHV
Assui Kh. 90: ^ipt ?6 - Hnt Hnt :0, ?:=6 Kiws mkmeysas
Ousakiss
Fimetf
Mrts
Ghthrakb
Nhvir sthry
Nhst hc Nrmki Omkl tmlihvir fats ^fs. 9::Ok Emwyirs wmkt OhY th pmy tfig ^fs.>:Ok Gutioaei smys ciis mri ixhroatmk 0
Pfi Riil Ybmk`m tmrbits Kitomee Rhre` Nup mctir Rhre` Ykavirsaty traugpf
1
?1 Nhggikts Gusivika‑s wrhkb trakaty hk aksinuraty4 Zrisa`ikt gust nfhhsi oitwiik oitw iik ritu riturk rk th th bikir bikirme me emw emw mk` hr`ir mk` ouyakb cmkny tinfkhehby chr `ashr`irey pihpei
Pfi Emst Rhr`
Pfi cuturi wi gust bft chr4 Rfy hur `ighnrmny waee kht oi strikbtfiki` oy m vaheikt nhktist out `am `amehb ehbui ui mk` nhg nhgpr prhgas hgasii =0
>3
Fimetf Fubs mk` lassis4 Pfi fimetf agpmnt hc mintavi thunf
Mkmeysas Pfi simrnf chr m omoy dust bht imsair4 Fhpicue pmtaikts bit rst ixpiraikni mt Ybmk`m‑s rst puoean whgik‑s fhspatme
>1 ?2
Ousakiss Imst Mcranmk stmtis staee `ava`i` hk IYIMN Zmrtkirsfap mbriigikt4 Inhkhgasts `hwkpemy kii` chr IZM th brhw ribahkme trm`i
^P_MPIBQ & I@APH_AME @A_INPH_4 Mk`ri Mk`riw w G. Gwik`m Gwik`m GMKMBAKB I@APH_4 I@APH_4 Dhsipf Riri AKSI^PABMPAHK^ I@APH_4 Fmbbma I@APH_4 Fmbbma Gmtsalh OY^AKI^^ I@APH_4 Asmmn Lfasm ZFHPHB_MZFI_4 Daggy ^aym
Mrts & Nueturi Pfi mrt hc ricubiis4 Ceabft as pmakcue, riturk crustrmtakb
R_API_^4_hkme` R_API_^4 _hkme` Gushli, Cemvam Kmssmlm, Amk Lmtusaagi, Mbkis Kmktm Kmktmom, om, Dueaus Dueaus Ousakbi. kbi. @I^ABK/EMQHYP4 ^mrmf @I^ABK/EMQHYP4 ^mrmf Kbhrhrmkh NM_PHHKA^P4 Fmrrait Dmgwm
ZYOEA^FI_4 Ak`ipik`ikt Zuoeanmtahks Eagati`, Zeht 6?/60, Lmkdhlym ^triit, Z. H. Ohx >>:0, Lmgpmem, Ybmk`m Pie4 +?93->=?-3>2->1= +?93->=?-3>2->1=// ?/ >/ 0 | Cmx4 +?93->=?-3>2->13 +?93->=?-3>2->13 I-gmae4 i`athrJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub i`athrJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub | m`virtasakbJak`ipik`ikt. m`virtasakbJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub nh.ub narnuemtahkJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub | Riosati4 www.ak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub ?
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
HCCEAKI
―Dust tfi cmnt tfmt tfi Nfaic Dustani nmkkht tmli `asnapeakmry mntahk mbmakst mky du`bi as shgitfakb tfmt kii`s m ritfakl.‗Crmknas ritfakl.‗ Crmknas Bagmrm, chrgir prisa`ikt, Ybmk`m Emw ^hnaity
Pfi Likymk sfhp hwkir Zitir Gwmkba sats hk m ghthroali fi nhviri` watf mrtacaname brmss th mttrmnt nusthgirs hk ^iptigoir =2, ?:=6, ak `hwkthwk Kmarhoa. Gwmkba smys fi mesh nusthgazi` tfi ghthroali th rmasi mwmrikiss hc ikvarhkgiktme assuis.
―A nhggassahki` mk` akstrunti` tfi aktirkme mu`athr th mu`at mee assuis th `h watf ohtnfi` agpimnfgikt mk` A ixpint yhu tfi riphrt th oi prisikti` hk tfmt `my‗Lmgpmem `my‗Lmgpmem Ehr` Gmyhr Irams Eulwmbh hk Dustani Nmtfiraki Omgubigiriari‑s traoukme
―A paty pihpei wfh smy tfas yhukb gmk \_hoirtW Lymbuemkya as rim`y chr tfi prisa`ikny‗Dhfk prisa`ikny‗Dhfk Kmbik`m, Zrisa`iktame M`vashr hk Gi`am
>::
Cmrgirs ak Oualwi wfh bht gaeatmry trmakakb th prhtint tfiar vmkaeem bmr`iks
=6:::
Kursis ak Ybmk`m wfh emnl eaniksis
=::,:::
Ybmk`mks wfh survavi` FAS akcintahks emst yimr `ui th mvmaemoaeaty hc M_Ss
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
>
RIIL
Ybmk`m tmrbits Kitomee Rhre` Nup mctir Rhre` Ykavirsaty traugpf
Ybmk`m fms sit ats sabfts hk nhkquirakb tfi ?:=1 Rhre` Nup ak Ikbemk` kixt yimr mctir at oimt ^hutf Mcranm th wak tfi
Rhre` Ykavirsaty Kitomee tatei mt Gmliriri Ykavirsaty. Ybmk`m oimtt ^hut oim ^hutf f Mcra Mcranm nm 0000-0> 0> ak tfi kmes hc tfi thurkmgikt fie`
mt tfi ukavirsaty‑s kiw ak`hhr mrikm. Ak Mubust, Ybmk`m wiri nrhwki` Mcranm nfmgpahks chr tfi sinhk` yimr rukkakb mctir oimtak oim takb b Tago Tagomow mowi. i. Pfi wak smw Ybmk`m qumeacy chr ats tfar` Kitomee Rhre` Nup wfanf waee oi fhs fhsti` ti` ak Eav Eavirp irphhe hhe.. ^phr ^phrts ts mkmeysts fmvi tappi` Ybmk`m chr m thp chur kasf mt kixt yimr‑s thurkmgikt ms mk igirbakb kitomee bamkt. Pfi whre` ukavirsaty nfmgpahksfap fie` mt Gmliriri wms mik`i` oy tfhusmk`s hc cmks wfh nfiiri` tfi timg tfrhubfhut ats bmgis.
Cirry trmbi`y sfhnls Imst Mcranm
M risnui timg fieps hki hc tfi survavhrs.
Pfi saklakb hc Pm Pmkzmkam‑s kzmkam‑s GS Kyiriri ak Emli Santhram tfmt nemagi` tfi eavis hc ghri tfmk ?:: pihpei hk ^ipt. ?= fms eict tfi Imst Mcranmk ribahk ak m stmti hc sfhnl. Pfi cirry sukl kimr tfi asemk` hc Ylmrm, mk` mk istagmti` 0: survavi` tfi trmbi`y. _iphrts smy tfi cirry
wms hvirehm`i` watf ghri tfmk ats hname nmpmnaty hc =:= pihpei mk` fm` hk ohmr` ehts hc nmrbh akneu`akb smnls hc gmazi, nigikt mk` omkmkms. Gi`am riphrts subbisti` tfmt GS Kyiriri smkl wfik rusfi` hk hki sa`i th `asigomrl ms at mpprhmnfi` ats `hnlakb stm-
Hkbwik pripmris `icikni mt ANN trame Chrgir Ehr`s‑ _isastmkni Mrgy (E_M) nhggmk`ir @hgakan Hkbwik as pripmrakb fas `icikni mt tfi Aktirkmtahkme Nragakme Nhurt wfiri fi as cmnakb 2: nfmrbis hc wmr nragis mk` nragis mbmakst fugmkaty. Hkbwik `ikai` tfi nfmrbis mk` as sit th prisikt fas rst watkiss ak Hnt.=. Fi as mnnusi` hc pirpitrmtakb mmnls hk chur nmgps chr `aspemni` pihpei hc Zmduei, Mohl, Eulh`a, H`il ak Bueu mk` Hymg `astrants `aspemni` oy tfi tfi nhk nhkan antt ak ak khrt khrtfir firk k Ybmk`m oitwiik Duey ?::? mk` @inigoir ?::9. Ak htfir kiws, Hkbwik oinmgi m cmtfir `mys mbh tfmkls th tfi nhkdubme rabfts tfi nhurt brmkts th prashkirs ak ats niees mt Pfi Fmbui, Kitfiremk`s. Pfi nhurt mesh cmnaeatmtis tfi trmvie hc aggi`amti cmgaey gigoirs hc Hkbwik chr tfiar vasats th tfi chrgir nfae` she`air. Hkbwik orhli tfi kiws hc fas kiw ohrk nfae` th m vasatakb `ieibmtahk th fas niee. Pfi `ieibmtahk akneu`i` Zmrmghukt nfaic hc Mnfhea, @mva` Hkik Mnfmkm AA, tfi Mrnfoasfhp hc Bueu Nmtfhean `ahnisi Dhfk Omptast H`mgm mk` tfi ritari` Oasfhp Kieshk Hkhkh Hkwikb, tfi chrgir Oasfhp hc khrtfirk Ybmk`m Mkbeanmk `ahnisi ms wiee ms Gmrtak Hdmrm Gmpik`uza, tfi Bueu `astrant nfmarpirshk.
tahk. Pmkzmkamk Pmkzmkamk Zrisa`ikt Dhfk Zhgoi Gmbucuea `inemri` chur `mys hc kmtahkme ghurkakb mk` hr`iri` chr tfi mrrist hc tfi cirry‑s gmkmbigikt. Mutfhra Mutfhra-tais vhwi` th tabftik nhktrhe hc wmtir trmksphrt `ui th m rmgpmkt emnl hc eaci dmnlits mk` hvirehm`akb.
*tirgs mk` nhk`atahks mppey
0
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
RIIL
Ghri ^fs=:: Gusivika yhutf nmsf rieimsi` Hk ^ipt.?0, Nhe ^fmomk Omktmrazm, tfi @iputy bhvirkgikt ^phlispirshk riprisikti` tfi Zrisa`ikt ak tfi seugs hc Lmgwhlym wfiri fi `ieaviri` ^fs=:: th tfi yhutf. Pfi nmsf `ravi mesh lkhwk ms tfi Bfih akatamtavi emuknfi` oy tfi Zrisa`ikt riniktey th bavi kmkname supphrt th sieint yhutf ak pmrts hc Lmgpmem mk` Rmlash fms siik yhutfs ak pemnis eali Lmtwi, Laouyi mk` Lmtmoa oikit. Out, at fms mesh oiik git watf nratanasg tfmt tfi ghkiy as kht
ik`akb ak tfi fmk`s hc rabftcue oikinamrais mk` tfmt tfi prisa`ikt as oiakb `icrmu`i`. Chr akstmkni, oichri nhgakb th Lmgwhlym, m seug lkhwk th fmvi m eht hc GZ _hoirt Lymbuemkya‑s supphrtirs, tfi yhutf hk ^ipt ?: the` dhurkmeasts tfmt tfmt `hk‑t kii` fmr` nmsf out wmkt slaees mk` mrgmtavi mntahk th trmkschrg tfig nhgpeitiey sakni gmky hc tfig fmvi kht mmaki` i`unmtahk mk` mri `rub m``ants. Hk fas pmrt, Gusivika smys bavakb hut nmpatme th tfi yhutf as pmrt hc
tfi akatamtavis th rivmgp tfi inhkhgy. Fi sma` whrls sunf ms wie`akb mk` nmrpiktry ghstey `hki oy tfi yhutf strikbtfiki` nmk agprhvi tfi nhuktry‑s ixphrts mk` mesh ri`uni ukkinissmry agphrtmtahk hc tfakbs gm`i firi. ―Ybmk`mks spik` hvir ^fs =6 oaeeahk mkkumeey agphrtakb mee shrts hc tfakbs mk` yit tfas gimks tfiy mri bavakb mwmy kht dust ghkiy out dhos th pihpei ak htfir nhuktrais,‗ fi sma`.
Ix EHZ cimrs chr fir fir,fusomk`'s ,fusomk`'s eaci Ix- Eim`ir hc Hpphsatahk ak pmreamgikt mk` Lmsisi whgmk GZ Rakkai Lazzm phsti` hk shname gi`am ^uk`my kabft tfmt fir fusomk` nhue` oi tmrbiti` chr mssmssakmtahk. ―Hk Cra`my kabft twh mrgi` gik spikt tfi kabft ak gy nhgphuk` ak Lmsisi wmatakb chr gy fusomk` th nhgi fhgi mk` tfiy sfhht gi. ^hgi craik` hc hurs tappi` us mk` fi `a`k‑t bh fhgi‗, sfi sma` m``akb tfmt
hk ^uk`my kabft kaki mrgi` gik ak gaeatmry ukachrg wiri surrhuk`akb tfi fhusi mbmak mk` yit tfiy fm` siik sagaemr ak`ava`umes mt tfiar fhgi ak Lmgpmem. Fhwivir, tfi YZ@C sma` tfiri wms kh mrgy `ipehygikt mt tfi eibasemthr‑s risa`ikni. Mrgy sphlispirshk _anfmr` Lmrigari sinuraty hpirmtavis `ipehyi` aggi`amtiey wfik tfiy smw tfi phst out `a`k‑t k` mky neuis.
RI M_I FA_AKB! Mri yhu m Zfhth Dhurkmeast8 Ri mri ehhlakb chr shgihki watf m brimt siksi hc agmbakmtahk, mk iyi chr `itmae mk` m lkmnl chr cheehwakb kiws ivikts.
YKIO th prhva`i sinuraty chr ixmg `astraouthrs Oibakkakb tfas yimr, `astraouthrs hc Zragmry Eimvakb Ixmgs (ZEI) waee oi isnhrti` nhuktrywa`i ak m rmct hc nfmkbis mkkhukni` oy Ybmk`m Kmtahkme Ixmgakmtahks Oh`y (YKIO). Pfi nfmkbis mri magi` mt ikfmknakb tfi aktibraty hc ZEI wfanf fmvi oiik oeabfti` oy guetapei nmsis hc gmeprmntani ak tfi pmst. @astrant mk` gukanapme
akspinthrs hc snfhhes waee fmvi th `inemri tfi kugoir hc rhutis tfiy waee usi chr `ipehygikt hc sinuraty. YKIO fms mesh `arinti` `astrants th stmrt nmrryakb hut mkkume rivaiw hc ZEI saakb niktris th pfmsi hut tfhsi tfmt fmvi oiik ruk `hwk. Pfi gimsuri waee mint ohtf bhvirkgikt mk` pravmti saakb niktris.
^ik` NS th4 I-gmae4 dwiriJak`ipik`ikt.nh. dwiriJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub ub Pie4 +?93->=?-3>2->1=/ ?/ >/ 0
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
9
RIIL
Kiw trmakakb prhbrmggi ak hostitrans emuknfi`
_inruatgikt hc E@Ys stmrt
@r.. Dhsipfmt Oymgubasfm m spinameast Bykinhehbast & Hostitranamk nfmts watf @r @r @r.. Hwik Ghktbhgiry
Gi`anme aktirks spinameazakb ak bykinhehby mk` hostitrans mri sit th riniavi kiw slaees mctir tfi Mgiranmk Nheeibi hc Hostitranamks mk` Bykinhehbasts (MNHB) aktrh`uni` m kiw prhbrmg chr stu`ikts mt Gmliriri Ykavirsaty, Ousatigm mk` Gomrmrm Ykavirsaty hc ^naikni mk` Pinfkhehby th strikbtfik tfiar surbanme slaees. ^pimlakb mt tfi emuknf hc tfi prhbrmg „ Issiktame Prmakakb ak Hpirmtavi Hostitrans (IPHH) hk ^ipt.?0, MNHB‑s @r. Hwik Ghkthbhgiry sma` tfi stu`ikts waee oi aktrh`uni` th tfi prhbrmg `urakb tfiar rst wiil hc aktirksfap wfiri tfiy waee oi tmubft fhw th `h lkht tyakb, empmrhthgy, emnirmtahk ripmar, nismrimk sintahk, utiraki nehsuri mk` htfir sagpei prhni`uris wfanf mri hctik kibeinti` mk` yit tfiy mri viry agphrtmkt ac tfi nhuktry as th nut `hwk ohtf hk gmtirkme mk` kihkmtme ghrtmeaty. Ivik oichri ats hname emuknf,
=0: gi`anme akstrunthrs mk` >9: gi`anme prhva`irs fmvi oikiti` crhg tfi trmakakb wfanf ixpirts smy waee mvirt up th 92,3:: gmtirkme mk` kiwohrk `imtfs. @r. @amkm Mtwaaki, tfi Fimetf Gakastry Zirgmkikt ^inritmry sma` mghkb tfi mnfaivigikts tfi nhuktry fms fm` ms ribmr`s gmtirkme fimetf as tfmt ghri whgik mri riphrtakb th fimetf cmnaeatais th `ieavir mk` mesh gmky mnm`igan `hnugikts mohut tfi smgi fmvi oiik wraik. Pfi nfmeeikbi mnnhr`akb th fir fms rigmaki` ghvakb tfi lkhwei`bi mmaki` hvir tfi yimrs th prmntani. Mnnhr`akb th fir, gmky gmtirkme `imtfs fmppikakb mt fhspatmes mri mvha`moei out tfi fimetf whrlirs iatfir emnl tfi slaee hr mri dust kibeabikt. Chr khw, gmtirkme ghrtmeaty rmti stmk`s mt >>3 pir =::,::: eavi oartfs wfanf as cmr oiehw tfi 2: pir =::,::: eavi oartfs tmrbit th oi fat oy ?:>: uk`ir tfi ^ustmakmoei @iviehpgikt Bhmes (^@Bs).
Cheehwakb tfi mssmssakmtahk hc Zheani Hnir mk` chrgir Ouyik`i @ZN Gufmggm` Larugarm, Zrisa`ikt Gusivika hr`iri` chr siakb up hc Ehnme @iciksi Ykats (E@Y) ms m wmy hc ikfmknakb sinuraty ak uromk niktirs ispinameey ak Lmgpmem mk` Rmlash `astrants. Fi hr`iri` chr rinruatgikt hc hvir ?:,::: E@Y hpirmtavis wfh waee oi mrgi` mk` waee whrl watf tfi pheani th iksuri pihpei mri sinuri. Cheehwakb tfas `arintavi, tfi YZ@C rieimsi` m stmtigikt fabfeabftakb wfmt tfiy riquari hc hki wfh wmkts th dhak tfi ukats wfanf akneu`i fmvakb m kmtahkme a`iktaty nmr`, biakb m rinhgrinhg gik`mtahk eiir crhg tfi ehnme nhuknae, m gakagug mnm`igan qumeanmtahk hc pragmry eivie i`unmtahk mk` oiakb ak phsatahk th `h tists chr fimetf mk` tkiss. _inruatgikt as ixpinti` th bh hk uktae Hnt.:= mctir wfanf tfi nmk`a`mtis waee riphrt th trmakakb snfhhe.
Zihpei Zhwir as kht m pheatanme hrbmkazmtahk, Lymbuemkya Gusanamk nhgi eibasemthr _hoirt Lymbuemkya Ohoa Raki m``rissi` m rst nhkcirikni mctir fas riturk crhg tfi Y^ hk ^ipt.?0 mt fas fhgi ak Gmbiri, Rmlash `astrant. Pfi Lym``hk`h Imst Gigoir hc Zmreamgikt fm` bhki th siil trimtgikt cheehwakb akdurais fi sustmaki` wfaei ak nusth`y mctir m crmnms tfmt thhl pemni ak Mrum `astrant ak Mubust. Fi the` dhurkmeasts tfmt tfiri mri ak`ava`umes ispinameey ak bhvirkgikt wfh tfakl ‖Zihpei Zhwir‑ m pfrmsi fi fms akvikti` mk` fms
3
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
oiik m`hp oiik m`hpti` ti` oy fas supp supphrt hrtirs irs as m phea pheatan tanme me hrbmkazmtahk. ―Zihpei Zhwir as kht mohut Ohoawaki. Zihpei phwir as iviry hki‗, fi sma` ixpemakixpemakakb tfmt fi `iravi` tfi sehbmk crhg tfi nhkstatutahk wfanf smys phwir oiehkbs th tfi pihpei. Ohoawaki wfh fms oiik bmakakb pheatanme nehut riniktey ispinameey mctir tfi nmk`a`mtis fi supphrti` ak rinikt oy-ieintahks ak Dakdm Imst, Mrum mk` Oubara gukanapmeatais wikt
tfrhubf sma` ivik watf tfi thrturi fi wikt tfrhubf mt tfi fmk`s hc sinuraty hpirmtavis, fi whk‑t sthp bftakb chr tfi pihpei wfh fmvi oiik gm`i semvis ak tfiar hwk nhuktrais. Fhwivir, ms fi riturki` hk ^ipt.?:, tfiri wms tabft sinuraty `ipehygikt ak gmky pmrts hc tfi naty mk` dhurkmeasts wiri omrri` crhg nhvirakb fas riturk mt tfi marphrt. Fi hkey git fas supphrtirs mt fas fhgi metfhubf fi `a`k‑t `h mky spiinfis.
Fughur
@a` yhu lkhw8
Rfy wi gmy fimr htfirs‑ chhtstips, out abkhri hur hwk
Lym`hk`h Imst GZ _hoirt Lmbuemkya riturki` fhgi crhg Lym`hk`h tfi Ykati` ^tmtis wfiri fi fm` bhki chr trimtgikt.
Bhvirkgikt tiees tfi Iurhpimk Ykahk th liip hc Ybmk`m‑s Aktirkme mccmars
Bhvirkgikt fms rieimsi` tfi gi`anme ciis ci is strunturi chr tfi spinameasi` whgik fhspatme.
M timg hc snaiktasts fms uknhviri` tfi kiurme prhnissis gani usi th abkhri tfiar hwk chhtstips, m `asnhviry tfmt hirs kiw aksabfts akth fhw wi eimrk th spiml mk` pemy gusan. Mnnhr`akb th tfi risimrnf riphrti` ak tfi dhurkm dhu rkmee jKmt jKmturi uri‑, ‑, ―Pf ―Pfii moae moaeaty aty th abk abkhri hri hki hki‑s ‑s hwk chhtstips riquaris tfi ormak th sthri mk` rinmee gighrais mk` th gmli shgi priy stieemr nhgputmtahks.‗ Pfi risimrnf, nhk`unti` mt @uli Ykavirsaty‑s ^nfhhe hc Gi`anaki, niktiri` hk mk aktuatahk -- tfmt wi mri usumeey ukmwmri hc tfi shuk` hc hur hwk chhtstips -- ms m vifanei chr uk`irstmk`akb emrbir kiurme pfikhgikm4 fhw tfas oifmvahr rivimes tfi moaeaty th ghkathr, rinhbkasi, mk` rigigoir tfi shuk` hc hki‑s hwk ghvigikts ak riemtahk th tfhsi hc tfiar emrbir ikvarhkgikts. ―Pfi nmpmnaty th mktanapmti mk` `asnragakmti tfisi ghvigikt-riemti` shuk`s crhg ikvarhkgiktme shuk`s as nratanme th khrgme fimrakb,‗ sma` @mva` ^nfkia`ir, mk mssastmkt prhcisshr mt Kiw Qh Qhrl rl Ykavirsaty‑s Niktir chr Kiurme ^naikni mk` hki hc tfi pmpir‑s eim` mutfhrs. mutfhrs. ―Out fhw tfi ormak eimrks th mktanapmti tfi shuk`s risuetakb crhg hur ghvigikts rigmaks emrbiey uklkhwk.‗ Ph ixpehri tfas, ^nfkia`ir mk` fas nheeimbuis, Dmkmka ^uk`mrmrmdmk mk` _anfmr` Ghhkiy mt @uli‑s ^nfhhe hc Gi`anaki, `isabki` mk ―mnhustan vartume rimeaty systig‗ chr tfi gani. ―Chr gani, tfas as rimeey agphrtmkt,‗ sma` ^nfkia`ir. ―Pfiy mri priy mkagmes, sh tfiy rimeey kii` th oi moei th eastik chr m nmt nriipakb up hk tfig, ivik wfik tfiy‑ri wmelakb mk` gmlakb khasi.‗ Oiakb moei th abkhri tfi shuk`s hc hki‑s hwk ghvigikts as ealiey agphrtmkt chr fugmks ms wiee. ―Rfik wi eimrk th spiml hr th pemy gusan, wi pri`ant wfmt shuk`s wi‑ wi‑ri ri bhakb th fimr -- sunf ms wfik wi pripmri th strali liys hk m pamkh -- mk` wi nhgpmri tfas th wfmt wi mntumeey fimr,‗ ixpemaks ^nfkia`ir. Oiakb ukmoei th gmli pri`antahks eali tfas as mesh tfhubft th oi akvhevi` ak m spintrug hc mantahks akneu`akb vhani-eali fmeeunakmtahks msshnamti` watf snfazhpfrikam mk` shname pmrmeysas, ms ak mutasg. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
2
Gitme sluees, pmrt hc tfi t fi Purlasf Purlasf mrtast Mfgit Bõkistilak‑s mrtwhrl Nfmgoir hc Agghrtmeaty, mri panturi` ak Astmkoue, Purliy, hk ^iptigoir =>, ?:=6. Lhrimk Zihpei‑s Mrgy (LZM) (LZM) she`airs gmrnf `urakb m gmss rmeey hk Lag Ae ^ukb squmri ak Zyhkbymkb, Khrtf Lhrim. Pfhusmk`s hc Khrtf Lhrimk trhhps cheehwi` oy mrtaeeiry mk` t mkls pmrm`i` tfrhubf Zyhkbymkb ms tfi t fi kuneimr-mrgi` kuneimr-mrgi` nhuktry nieiormti` ats 2:tf oartf`my oartf`my.. _ussamk Zrisa`ikt Sem`agar Zutak mags m skapir racei `urakb m vasat th t fi Zmtraht gaeatmry ixfaoat ixfaoatahk ahk niktir hutsa`i Ghsnhw, _ussam.
Pfi Emst Rhr`
HZAKAHK
Pfi cuturi wi gust bft chr Oy Mk`riw G. Gwik`m
Rfy hur `ighnrmny waee kht oi strikbtfiki` oy m vaheikt nhktist out `amehbui mk` nhgprhgasi
P
fi nurrikt strubbei oitwiik Zrisa`ikt Qhwira Gusivika hk tfi hki fmk` mk` tfi twh ghst phpuemr hpphsatahk brhups th wat @imkni ei` oy @r. Lazzm Oisabyi, mk` Zihpei Zhwir ei` oy _hoirt Lymbuemkya mlm Ohoa Raki hk tfi htfir, as hvir phwir kht `ighnrmny hr pheany. Hki sa`i siils th neakb th phwir oy mee gimks mk` mt mee nhsts. Pfi htfir sa`i siils th siazi tfmt phwir oy mee gimks mk` mt mee nhsts. Ak tfas strubbei, gh`irmti vhanis, wfanf nhkstatuti m emrbi gmdhraty, fmvi oiik sa`i-eaki`. Imnf hc tfisi sa`is fms ghoaeasi` tfi ghst vaheikt ieigikts hc hur shnaity chr pheatanme mntahk. Hk tfi K_G sa`i as tfi usi hc tfhsi ieigikts hc tfi stmti spinameasakb ak vaheikt nrmnl`hwk hk `assikt akneu`akb thrturi. Hk tfi sa`i hc @imkni mk` Zihpei Zhwir, ohtf Oisabyi mk` Ohoa Raki fmvi ghoaeasi` rm`anme ixtrigasts watf m piknfmkt chr vaheikt rahts, pfysanme mssmuet, mk` aktaga`mtahk hk tfi striits peus nyoir oueeya oue eyakb. kb. Ac eict th tfi twh sa`is, tfas strubbei as om` chr hur nhu nhuktr ktry. y. Mt tfi tfi vir viry y oist oist at nmk prh`uni mk ukstmoei stmeigmti tfmt akants m fubi thee hk tfi moaeaty hc tfi bhvirkgikt th bhvirk. Ak tfi ukealiey ivikt tfi rm`anme ixtrigast hpphsatahk waks, at waee eim` th tfi ripemnigikt hc tfi nurrikt siga `ighnrmtan aknhgpitikt mk` nhrrupt bhvirkgikt watf mkhtfir tfmt as mk aktheirmkt tak pht `antmthrsfap mk` ivik ghri nhrrupt mk` aknhgpitikt tfmk tfi nurrikt hki. Pfi tfar` ealieafhh` as mkmrnfy. Pfmt as wfy at as nratanme th ghoaeasi m emrbi nhkstatuikny hc gh`irmti vhanis th ikbmbi ak pheatans th prhghti navaeaty, gh`irmtahk mk` nhgprhgasi. Pfiri mri fmr`ey mky ixmgpeis ak fasthry wfik `ighnrmny wms m prh`unt hc m vaheikt strubbei. Ak meghst mee nmsis `ighnrmny fms risueti` crhg navae strubbeis tfmt akvhevi` kibhtamtahks mk` nhgprhgasi. Pfi usi hc vaheikni< wfitfir ak tfi ousf hr hk tfi striits hkey strikbtfiks tfi phwir hc tfhsi wfh spinameasi ak vaheikni. At mesh `agakasfis tfi phwir hc tfhsi wfh oieaivi ak kibhtamtahk mk` nhgprhgasi. Ak`ii` m bhvirkgikt tfmt nhgis th phwir tfrhubf vaheikni waee, wfik tfrimtiki`, mewmys rishrt th vaheikni th bhvirk. Pfmt as tfi cmti hc tfi K_G. M bhvirkgikt tfmt nhgis th phwir tfrhubf kibhtamtahks mk` nhgprh-
gasi waee mewmys tik` th ruei tfrhubf kibhtamtahks mk` nhgprhgasi. Pfirichri, hur pursuat hc `ighnrmny gust gmli us `asmvhw rm`anme ixtrigasg. Ri gust supphrt tfi chrnis hc gh`irmtahk mk` nhgprhgasi. Mk` wi gust rigigoir tfmt ak mee nmsi wfiri kibhtamtahks fmvi pmvi` tfi wmy th `ighnrmny, ohtf sa`is fmvi fm` th ehhl mt tfigsievis ms pmrtkirs, kht ikigais „ m pirspintavi meaik th tfi rm`anme ixtrigasts. Chr tfas th fmppik gh`irmtis fmvi th oi sunaiktey strhkb th oi nri`aoei kibhtamtakb pmrtkirs watf tfi bhvirkgikt. Pfas as wfmt fmppiki` ak ^hutf Mcranm, Nfaei, ^hutf Lhrim, Zhemk`, Nzinfhsehvmlam, itn. Pfi nurrikt snikmrah wfiri tfi akatamtavi ak tfi hpphsatahk as fie` oy rm`anme ixtrigixtrig asts as mktatfitanme th `ighnrmtasmtahk. `ig hnrmtasmtahk. Pfiri waee mewmys oi ieigikts ak tfi hpphsatahk wfh ridint tmels. A eimrkt tfas crhg rim`akb mohut `ighnrmtan trmksatahks iesiwfiri mk` crhg gy hwk ixpiraikni whrlakb watf Nhkrm` Klutu th orakb mohut tmels oitwiik Gusivika mk` Oisabyi ak ?:==. At oinmgi neimr th gi shgi pihpei ak hpphsatahk cimr tfmt kibhtamtahks waee prh`uni mk uk`isarmoei nhgprhgasi. Pfas as oinmusi sunf pihpei fhpi tfmt nhktakui` strubbei waee prh`uni ribagi nheempsi mk` tfiar tmlihvir mk` ghkhphey hc phwir. Out khtani tfmt chr sunf pihpei tfi mag as phwir, eiss sh `ighnrmny hr metirkmtavi pheanais. At as iva`ikni` ak Oisabyi‑s iviremstakb ihrts th wak tfi prisa`ikny ms tfi shei hodintavi. At as mesh iva`ikni` oy Ohoa Raki‑s nhggikt tfmt fas mag as th righvi Gusivika crhg ―tfmt nhgchrtmoei nfmar‗ „ pirfmps sh tfmt Ohoa Raki nmk sat ak at. Rfaei tfiy usi `ighnrmny mk` crii`hg ms rmeeyakb nrais, tfi mntahks hc ohtf Oisabyi mk` Ohoa Raki `ighkstrmti tfmt tfiy pmy hkey eap sirvani th tfisi a`imes. Eunlaey chr Ybmk`m, wi fmvi mk akstatutahkme crmgiwhrl chr `amehbui, tfi Aktir Zmrty Hrbmkasmtahk chr @amehbui (AZH@). At orakbs ora kbs thb thbitf itfir ir tfi eim eim`ir `irss hc hc phea pheatan tanme me pmr pmr-tais riprisikti` ak pmreamgikt th `asnuss sunf tfakbs ms ieinthrme richrg. Chr shgi yimrs khw, mee tfi pmrtais fmvi kht bavik at sirahus miktahk. Ak tfi emst twh puoean mppimrmknis hk tieivasahk tfmt Gusivika gm`i, fi fms tmeli` mohut at. Khw as tfi tagi th gmli AZH@ gimkakbcue. Hkey tfik waee rm`anme ixtrigasg oi sa`i-eaki`. Chr `amehbui th oi sunnisscue imnf sa`i
fms th nhkni`i shgi `ibrii hc eibatagmny th tfi htfir. Pfi hpphsatahk fms th rinhbkasi bhvirkgikt ms m eibatagmti pmrtkir ak tfi richrg ihrt mk` mntumeey mnquaisni ak ats rabft th bhvirk. Pfi bhvirkgikt hk ats sa`i fms th mnnipt tfi hpphsatahk ms m eibatagmti riprisiktmtavi hc sabkanmkt sibgikts hc tfi phpuemtahk. Ak tfi mchrigiktahki` ihrt oy gi mk` Klutu tfas oinmgi m stanlakb assui. Rfaei Gusivika mnnipti` mee tfi nhk`atahks sit oy Oisabyi, tfi emir ricusi` th mnnipt tfi eibatagmny hc tfi bhvirkgikt. Ak ikbmbakb ak `amehbui mk` gmlakb nhgprhgasis at as akivatmoei iatfir sa`i waee oi mnn mnnusi usi` ` hc hc sieea sieeakb kb hut. hut. Pfa Pfass as as ispin ispiname ameey ey sh chr tfi hpphsatahk ak m nhuktry wfiri tfi aknugoikt fms m riputmtahk chr ouyakb h hpphsatahk eim`irs. Pfi rimeaty as tfmt `ighnrmtasmtahk as hkey phssaoei wfik eim`irs hk ohtf sa`is mk` ghst ispinameey ak tfi hpphsatahk mri waeeakb th mkkhy tfiar supphrtirs mk` ivik oitrmy tfi aktirists hc tfiar cheehwirs ak hr`ir th mnfaivi nhknissahks crhg tfi bhvirkgikt. Pfirichri, `ighnrmtasakb Ybmk`m< ms hpphsi` th bftakb chr phwir, waee riquari m eim`irsfap hc tfi hpphsatahk tfmt as ohtf gh`irmti mk` nhurmbihus. Gh`irmti ak tfmt at usis m emkbumbi tfmt gmlis tfi bhvirkgikt sa`i sii tfig ms pmrtkirs th whrl watf rmtfir tfmk ikigais th bft. Nhurmbihus ak tfi siksi tfmt at gust oi waeeakb th mkbir ats rm`anme omsi, ivik oitrmy tfiar ixpintmtahks, ak hr`ir th gimkakbcueey bmak `ighnrmtan nhknissahks crhg tfi bhvirkgikt. Pfas gimks tfi eim`irsfap hc tfi hpphsatahk tramkbuemtis tfi pheatanme spmni oy stmk`akb mohvi mk` oitwiik tfi twh ixtrigi brhups fikni nhkshea`mtakb tfi ga``ei wfiri tfi gmdhraty hc Ybmk`mks mntumeey stmk`. A mg mwmri tfmt tfas as ivik ghri `anuet th`my ak tfi mbi hc shname gi`am wfanf tik`s th mgpeacy tfi vhani hc tfi ghst varueikt mk` rm`anme brhups. Ak`ii`, th oi fimr` th`my vam tfi gi`aug nmeei` shname gi`am, hki fms th oi rm`anme. Out tfik tfi nfmeeikbi ak tryakb th ohestir tfi gh`irmti chrnis wfaei `ipik`akb hk shname gi`am chr gmss ghoaeasmtahk as fhw th prisikt m gh`irmti phsatahk ak m rm`anme wmy. Pfmt as tfi kut th nrmnl. mgwik`mJak`ipik`ikt.nh.ub
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
1
NHSI_ ^PH_Q
Nhst hc Nrmki Omkl tm t mlihvir fats ^fs 9::Ok Emwyirs wmkt OhY th pmy tfig ^fs >:Ok Gutioaei smys ciis mri ixhroatmkt
=:
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
NHSI_ ^PH_Q
Oy Fmbbma Gmtsalh
P
fi nhst hc tmlakb hvir Nrmki Omkl nhktakuis th slyrhnlit mk` nhue` fat wmy hvir ^fs. 9:: Ok, Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt nmk ixneusaviey riphrt. Pfi emtist riviemtahks ak`anmti tfmt tfi emwyirs, wfh riprisikti` Omkl hc Ybmk`m ak tfi iktari prhniss hc tmlakb hvir Nrmki Omkl mk` sieeakb at th @CNY Omkl, fmvi semppi` tfi omkl watf m oaee hc mohut ^fs.>:ok. Pfas as hvir mk` mohvi wfmt tfiy fm` merim`y imrki`. OhY fm` merim`y spikt ^fs. 026ok hk tfi iktari prhniss hc tmlakb hvir mk` tfik sieeakb Nrmki Omkl th @CNY Omkl mnnhr`akb th tfi mk Mubust riphrt oy Mu`athr Bikirme Dhfk Guwmkbm. Pfi smgi riphrt sfhws tfmt pmrt hc tfas nmsf wikt th mu`at rgs‐LZGB mk` ZRN‐mk` tfi emw rg GGML^ ei` oy Paghtf P aghtfy y Gms igoi Lmkyi Lmkyiriza‐ riza‐ wfh as fabfey nhkkinti` th sikahr hnames mt OhY. Ak thtme, tfi emtist buris ak`anmti` tfmt OhY nhue` spik` wiee hvir ^fs.9::ok hk sieakb Nrmki Omkl gmirs, tfi smgi omkl tfiy she` th @CNY mt ^fs?:: oaeeahk. Pynhhk ^u`far _upmrieam wfh hwki` tfi omnl vmeui` at mt ^fs=.> traeeahk. Zuoeaney, OhY hnames nemagi` tfmt wfik tfi niktrme omkl rish rishevi` evi` Nrmki N rmki Omkl Omkl,, tfi vmeui hc hc ats mssits wms gunf eiss tfmk tfi vmeui hc ats eamoaeatais. Mk` tfmt Nrmki Omkl fm` m kibmtavi kit whrtf‐wms akshevikt. Out tfi Mu`athr Bikirme‑s riphrt fabfeabfts hk niktrme ieigikt, wfanf nmees akth quistahk tfisi nemags oy tfi niktrme omkl. Pfi mu`athr bikirme khtis tfmt OhY `a` kht nmrry hut m vmeumtahk hc tfi mssits mk` eamoaeatais hc NOE oichri sieeakb tfig. ―Ak mosikni hc tfi vmeumtahk,‗ Guwmkbm khtis ak tfi riphrt, ―A nhue` kht istmoeasf fhw tfi tirgs chr tfi trmkscir hc mssits mk` eamoaeatais ak tfi Zurnfmsi hc Mssits mk` Mssugptahk hc Eamoaeatais wiri `itirgaki`.‗ Ak m ^ipt.=6 stmtigikt ak @maey Ghkathr Niktrme Bhvirkhr Iggmkuie Pugusaagi Gutioaei `icik`i` tfi ixpik`aturi hk Nrmki Omkl. ―Pfas wms tfi nhst hc iksurakb tfmt Nrmki Omkl `a` kht nheempsi ak m `ashr`irey gmkkir, tfrimtikakb nfmhs ak tfi omklakb systig mk` tfi wa`ir inhkhgy mk` iksurakb tfmt ats nusthgirs ritmaki` mnniss th tfiar `iphsats mk` th omklakb sirvanis,‗ rim`s Bhvirkhr Gutioaei‑s stmtigikt. Pfi Bhvirkhr `a` kht m``riss tfi htfir quistahks rmasi` oy tfi mu`athr Bikirme‑s riphrt.
Dustaki Ombyik`m
Ehuas Lmsilik`i
Dhfk Guwmkbm
Zmrt hc tfi rimshk as tfmt Bhvirkhr Gutioaei as dust gmkmbakb tfi omkl‑s puoean agmbi. Ivik tfhubf fi lkhws tfi mkswirs th tfisi quistahks, fi nmkkht bavi tfig. Pfi trutf as tfmt fas timg eit fag `hwk, mt eimst bhakb oy guetapei aktirkme gighs rivaiwi` oy Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt mk` Ak`ipik`ikt mk` fas `inasahk th ri tfik Ixinutavi @arinthr Omklakb ^upirvasahk, Dustaki Ombyik`m. Mt tfi tagi hc tfi trhuoeis hc Nrmki Omkl, Bhvirkhr Gutioaei wms ukwiee. Fi rieai` hk Ombyik`m mk` fir `iputy Oiki`ant ^ilmoaem, wfh wiri mt tfi tagi oiakb oiak b sup irvas irvasi` i` oy o y @iputy @i puty Bhvirk Bhvirkhr hr Ehuas Lmsilik`i.
Chr sivirme ghktfs khw, Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt fms rivaiwi` fuk`ri`s hc nhrrisphk`iknis surrhuk`akb tfi nehsuri mk` iviktume siee hc Nrmki Omkl mk` nmk mutfhratmtaviey riphrt tfmt ak meghst 1: pirnikt hc tfisi, Ombyik`m `arintey fmk`ei` mee tfi `arintavis mrhuk` Nrmki Omkl. Ombyik`m fari` tfi mu`at mk` emw rgs eali GGMLs, wfanf sfi fm` mpphakti` ms tfi Prmksmntahk m`vashr. Pfi emtist riviemtahks mri pmrtanuemrey aktiristakb oinmusi, ms m risuet hc tfi ixpik`aturi hk tfi Nrmki Omkl, tfi niktrme omkl‑s nmpatme wms wapi` hut chrnakb bhvirkgikt th akdint ak ghri ghkiy. OhY hnames smy tfas as m sgmeeir prani th pmy nhgpmri` th m snikmrah wfiri tfi nheempsi hc Ybmk`m‑s tfar` oabbist omkl `istmoaeasi` tfi iktari kmkname sinthr. Nratans smy tfi ixpik`aturi sfhws tfmt OhY gasgmkmbi` tfi wfhei Nrmki Omkl mmar - tfi smgi wmy at fm` gasgmkmbi` tfi nehsuri mk` siee hc htfir omkls. OhY hnameey thhl hvir Nrmki Omkl mnnusakb ats prhpraithr ^u`far _upmrieam hc crmu`, wfanf tfiy sma` fm` put `iphsathrs ghkiy mt rasl. M yimr emtir, tfiy she` tfi Omkl th @CNY ak m nhktrhvirsame ?:: oaeeahk `ime. Pwh emw rgs‐GGMLs mk` Ohwgmks‐`a` tfi ouel hc tfi whrl tfrhubfhut tfi iktari prhniss mk` mri `igmk`akb tfi oabbist sug, mnnhr`akb th aksa`irs. Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt fms eimrkt tfmt mkhtfir emw rg, ^iomeu mk` Euei M`vhnmtis, as mesh `igmk`akb fuk`ri`s hc gaeeahks hc sfaeeakbs chr tfi sirvanis at hiri` Omkl hc Ybmk`m. Rfaei tfi `itmaes hc ixpik`aturi surrhuk`akb Nrmki Omkl fmvi oinhgi m gmdhr suodint hc `iomti cheehwakb tfi rieimsi hc tfi Mubust mu`athr bikirme‑s riphrt akth `icuknt omkls. Fhwivir, Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt uk`irstmk`s tfmt tfisi fmvi mewmys oiik niktrme th kibhtamtahks oitwiik OhY mk` tfi chrgir prhpraithr hc Nrmki Omkl. Aksa`ir shurnis smy ^u`far fms oiik `igm `igmk`akb k`akb crhg OhY hname hnamess akchrgmtahk riemti` th fhw tfiy spikt tfhsi mghukts. Pfi tynhhk as liik th sfhw tfmt shgi hc tfi ixpiksis aknurri` wiri kht eibatagmti mk` tfmt ms sunf nmkkht oi fas risphksaoaeaty. ^u`far spikt ^fs13 oaeeahk th ruk Nrmki Omkl chr tfi wfhei yimr ?:=9. Ivik tfhubf tfi narnugstmknis uk`ir wfanf tfi OhY gmkmbi` tfi smgi omkl wiri `airikt, tfi ^fs9:: oaeeahk hr vi tagis ghri tfiy spikt hk rukkakb tfi omkl fms rmasi` r masi` m ciw iyior iyiorhws. hws. ^hgi ^fs. =? oaeeahk hc tfas wikt th emw rgs, mu`at rgs, mghkb htfirs. GGMLs mehki, mnnhr`akb th tfi mu`athr ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
==
NHSI_ ^PH_Q
Bhvirkhr Gutioaei watf ^u`far _upmrieam mt m Nrmki Omkl ivikt oichri tfi omkl wms tmlik hvir oy tfi niktrme omkl mk` emtir she` th @CNY
bikirme‑s riphrt wmeli` fhgi watf ^fs. >Ok. Akna`iktmeey, tfisi ciis fmvi oiik m nhknirk mt tfi fabfist eivie ak tfi wmees hc tfi niktrme omkl. Mnnhr`akb th `hnugikts siik oy Pfi P fi Ak`ipi Ak `ipi k`ik k`ikt, t, mt hki phakt phakt,, OhY Bhvirkhr Pugusaagi Gutioaei `isnraoi` tfi ciis `igmk`i` oy hki hc tfi emw rgs‐GGML^‐ms ―ixhroatmkt‗. Nhknirki` mohut tfi ghkiy bhakb th tfi emw rgs, hk Gmrnf ?? Gutioaei msli` tfi Omkl‑s eibme nhuksie, Gmrbmrit Lmsuei th nhgpaei m riphrt chr fag `itmaeakb mee tfi gmirs oiakb fmk`ei` oy ixtirkme emwyirs ak ribmr` th Nrmki Omkl. Lmsuei risphk`i` watf tfisi `itmaes mctir chur `mys. ^hgi hc tfisi `itmaes mesh bavi m fakt mohut wfy Gutioaei ciee hut watf Dustaki Ombyik`m, tfi chrgir OhY Ixinutavi @arinthr Omklakb ^upirvasahk. Hk Gmrnf ?2 Gutioaei wrhti th tfi Omkl‑s eibme nhuksie ixprissakb nhknirks mohut ―ixhroatmkt‗ ciis `igmk`i` oy GGML^. ―G/s GGML^ M`vhnmtis mri tfi Omkl‑s praknapme ixtirkme emwyirs ikbmbi` hk m ritmakir omsas, chr wfanf tfi Omkl fms ikdhyi` m ehkb tirg riemtahksfap chr quati shgi tagi,‗ rim`s tfi eiir ak pmrt, ―A, tfirichri, ixpint tfmt tfiar nfmrbis sfhue` oi rimshkmoei omsi` omsi ` hk kibh kibhtamti tamti` ` fhurey fhu rey rmtis, rm tis, mntume nhsts aknurri` mk` riagoursmoei ciis rmtfir tfmk omsakb tfiar ciis ms m pirniktmbi hc tfi nemag crhg Asgmae Pmouei mk` htfirs tfmt as nhksa`iri` ixmbbirmti`.‗ Gutioaei‑s eiir =?
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
A wasf th khti tfmt ak gy du`bigikt, tfi Y^@ 602,=29 riprisiktakb 9 pirnikt hc rinhvirais rinhvirai s as fabf, A wasf th `arint tfmt chr cuturi rinhvirais, rinhvirai s, tfas buri sfhue` oi kibhtamti` `hwkwmr`s
cheehwi` m riquist chr mpprhvme th pmy GGML^ Y^$91:,::: (Mpprhx. ^fs?.? oaeeahk) oaeeah k) chr c hr m g mir akvhev akb m hki A_H Asgmae @mouei mk` H_^ Ss OhY. Ms sunf, Gutioaei `arinti` tfmt chr gmirs hc tfas gmbkatu`i, m kibhtamtahk timg sfhue` mewmys oi nhkstatuti` th akneu`i sikahr gmkmbigikt ak hr`ir th strikbtfik trmkspmrikny mk` mnnhuktmoaeaty. Gutioaei mesh `arinti` tfmt ixtirkme emwyirs oi rhtmti` mk` tfmt tfi omkl sfhue` oi nfmrbi` ak
ehnme nurrikny ac tfiri mri kh dustamoei chriabk nhsts. Pwh ghktfs emtir, fhwivir, mk ivik oabbir oabb ir akvhani ak vhani mrravi` crhg GGML^ . Pfi emw rg wms `igmk`akb pmygikt hc Y^$ 602,=29 (Mpprhx. ^fs>.? oaeeahk) chr rinhvirakb ghkiy crhg chrgir Nrmki Omkl sfmrifhe`irs. ―Rfaei A mpprhvi` tfas pmygikt ak vaiw hc tfi tabft snfi`uei wi cmni` ak risheutahk hc Nrmki Omkl,‗ Gutioaei wrhti mbmak, ―A wasf th khti tfmt ak gy du`bigikt, tfi Y^@ 602,=29 riprisiktakb 9 pirnikt hc rinhvirais as fabf, A wasf th `arint tfmt chr cuturi rinhvirais, tfas buri sfhue` oi kibhtamti` `hwkwmr`s.‗ Ak eabft hc Gutioaei‑s `arintavi, tfi eibme nhuksie wrhti th Ombyik`m khtakb tfmt ac tfiy wiri th nhktakui watf GGML^, tfiy kii`i` mpprhvme crhg tfi Bhvirkhr. Ombyik`m risphk`i` tfmt sfi fm` git tfi Bhvirkhr mk` fi fm` neimri` GGML^ th liip fmk`eakb tfi gmir. ―Zeimsi khti tfmt th`my Gmy ?1, ?:=2, mt =:4:: Mg, A `asnussi` watf Bhvirkhr gmirs riemtakb th Nrmki Omkl Eagati` ak riniavirsfap,‗ rim`s m khti crhg Ombyik`m, ―Bhvirkhr bua`i` tfmt fas akstruntahks hk rhtmtahk hc emwyirs `a` kht akneu`i Nrmki Omkl gmirs tfmt GGML^ M`vhnmtis mri fmk`eakb. Pfirichri, GGML^ M`vhnmtis mri neimri` oy Bhvirkhr th nhktakui fmk`eakb Nrmki Omkl gmirs.‗ ^fi `a`k‑t nhpy Bhvirkhr Gutioaei ak tfas khti. At mppimri` strmkbi th shgi tfmt tfi smgi Bhvirkhr wfh fm` nmeei` chr rhtmtahk hc emwyirs emrbiey oinmusi hc
NHSI_ ^PH_Q
GGML^ wms khw smyakb tfmt tfi carg as gmaktmaki`. Pfisi `itmaes fmvi riabkati` `iomti mohut Ombyik`m‑s eakls th tf i emwyirs ak quistahk. Ombyik`m as sma` th oi viry nehsi th Gmsigoi, tfi eim` emwyir mt GGML^. M eaknfpak ak Ybmk`m‑s omklakb sinthr, hk thp hc oiakb tfi niktrme omkl‑s omk l‑s gma gmak k ixti i xtirkme rkme emw emwyir yir chr yimr s, Gmsigoi as tfi ohmr` nfmargmk hc KN Omkl, mk` m ousakiss pmrtkir hc Mtthrkiy Mtthr kiy Bikirme, Raeeamg Oymrufmkbm watf wfhg fi nh-hwks pragi rime istmti eali _wikzhra Nhurts mk` Oubhehoa‑s Saeembi Gmee. Gmsigoi wms mesh m emwyir chr tynhhk ^u`far. Rfik tfi tynhhk bht ak trhuoei watf OhY, fhwivir, Gmsigoi ei` tfi timg hc emwyirs tfmt fmk`ei` tfi iktari prhniss hc tmlakb hvir fas omkl omk l mk ` ivikt i vikt umee umeey y s ieea kb at th @CNY. Pfrhubfhut tfi prhniss, fi whrli` nehsiey watf @mva` Gpmkbm, tfi eim` emwyir mt Ohwgmks. Ak Dmkumry ?:=2, chr akstmkni, ^u`far‑s riprisiktmtavis Lmligoh Lmtik`i mk` Mzag Pfhrmka mttik`i` m giitakb mt tfi hccanis hc GGML^ M`vhnmtis thbitfir watf Gmsigoi Lmkyiriza mk` @mva` Gpmkbm. Pfi purphsi hc tfi giitakb wms th sfmri m ZRN chriksan riphrt ak`anmtakb tfmt ^u`far fm` ixtrmnti` Y^$ 6: gaeeahk crhg Nrmki Omkl. Mt tfi sma` giitakb, Gmsigoi mk` Gpmkbm `ineaki` th sfmri tfi ZRN chriksan riphrt out akstim` rmkb tfi ZRN mu`athr wfh meeibi`ey gm`i tfi meeibmtahk, put fag hk spimlirpfhki mk` meehwi` hkey m ciw quistahks. Pfi riphrt whue` emtir oi tfi fimrt hc tfi niktrme omkls‑ nmsi mbmakst ^u`far. Pfi cak`akbs risueti` akth tfi tfrii gmak nfmrbis mbmakst ^u`far< carst tfmt fi hk sivirme hnnmsahks hvir gmky yimrs crmu`ueiktey thhl ghkiy thtmeakb mohut ^fs>0: oaeeahk crhg fas hwk omkl< twh, tfmt ak ?:=>, fi crmu`ueiktey sfacti` hwkirsfap hc tfi 06 omkl ormknfis crhg fas omkl omk l th t h mk htf htfir ir n hgp mky fi hwk hwki` i` nmeei` Giirm Akvistgikts mk` tfik prhnii`i` th nfmrbi fas hwk omkl viry fabf rikt, mk` tfrii tfmt fi cmaei` th rigat ^fs9? oaeeahk th K^^C ms fas whrlirs‑ nhgpueshry smvakbs. ^u`far `ikais mee tfisi nfmrbis mk` wms moei th bit nhurt th `arint ohtf Gpmkbm mk` Gmsigoi th bit hcc tfi nmsi hk brhuk`s hc nhkceant hc aktirist. Pfi emwyirs fmvi nfmeeikbi` tfas rueakb ak nhurt. ^u`far, wfh oemgis fas cmti pmrtey hk tfi twh emwyirs, p itatahki` nhurt mrbuakb tfmt tfi twh emwyirs fm` nhkceant hc aktirist.
Paghtfy Gmsigoi Lmkyiriza
@mva` Gpmkbm
^u`far smys tfmt tfrhubfhut tfi iktari prhniss, tfi twh emwyirs wiri liik th crustrmti icchrts th sittei tfi gmttir hut hc nhurt. Hk Duey 3, chr akstmkni, Gmsigoi wms pmrt hc tfi timg tfmt git Zrisa`ikt Gusivika mt ^tmti Fhusi Iktiooi. ^u`far fm` shubft tfi prisa`ikt‑s aktirviktahk th smvi fagsiec mctir at oinmgi neimr tfmt OhY mk` ats emwyirs wiri liik th semp nragakme nfmrbis hk fag. Mt tfi giitakb, tfi prisa`ikt iknhurmbi` tfi twh pmrtais th rishevi tfi assuis mganmoey. Fhwivir, chur `mys emtir, ^u`far riniavi` m eittir crhg tfi emwyirs. ―Pfi mohvi eittir as riquari` th oi sabki` hcc ak m nhksikt du`bgikt th oi caei` ak tfi Nhggirname @avasahk hc tfi Fabf Nhurt kh emtir tfmk Ri`kis`my =?tf Duey th christmee tfi caeakb hc m nragakme nhgpemakt wfanf wi mri nurriktey akstrunti` th caei hk hr oy Pfurs`my =>tf Duey ?:=2,‗ rim`s tfi eittir ak pmrt. ^u`far fm` iktiri` mk mbriigikt watf tfi niktrme omkl, ak wfanf fi fm` mbrii` th pmy shgi g hkiy th tfi omkl omk l mk` m k` bit shg i hc h c fas f as prh prhpir pirtai taiss omnl. omn l. Fi fm` meri m`y pma` shg i Y^$ Y ^$ =9 gaeeahk. Ak riturk, tfi niktrme omkl whue` riturk shgi hc fas prhpirtais tfiy fm`
nhkcasnmti` mk` tfiy mesh mbrii` kht th semp nragakme nfmrbis mbmakst fag. Fhwivir, ak m turk hc ivikts, tfi emwyirs wiri khw tfrimtikakb fag. Pfi tynhhk emtir sma` tfi emwyirs‑ aktaga`mtahk mk` fugaeamtahk wms tmktmghukt th mousi hc nhurt prhniss. ^u`far wms pmrtanuemrey `asturoi` oy Gmsigo Gm sigo i, wfh wf h wms fas emwyir chr yimrs, fm` sivirmeey riprisikti` fag ak nhurt mk` m`vasi` fag hvir shgi hc tfi trmksmntahks OhY wms agpeanmtakb fag hvir mk` fm` khw swatnfi` sa`is. Oinmusi hc Gmsigoi‑s privahus `imeakbs watf ^u`far, tfi tynhhk‑s emwyirs nemag tfmt tfi Niktme Omkl‑s iktari nmsi wms ei` ak orimnf hc tfi m`vhnmti neaikt riemtahksfap. ^u`far‑s emwyirs khti` Gpmkbm mk` Gmsigoi riprisikti` OHY mk` nhkkavi` watf shgi OHY hnames th bavi @CNY m ―swiitfimrt‗ `ime mk` tfik tfiy aggi`amtiey nrhssi` hvir mk` wikt th whrl chr @CNY th nheeint ghkiy mk` ciis hk tfi smgi mssits tfiy fm` dust trmkscirri` th @CNY. Ph tfas `my, ^u`far‑s emwyirs smy GGML^ M`vhnmtis mk` MC GZMKBM (OHRGMK^), nhktakui th whrl chr @CNY th nheeint ghkiy crhg Nrmki Omkl ehmks tfiy nemagi` wiri wraik h mk` uknheeintmoei. Rfaei Gpmkbm‑s Ohwgmks nhk`unti` m rivaiw hk tfi khkpirchrgakb phrtcheah chr @CNY, nhurt `hnugikts ak`anmti tfmt GGML^ as fmk`eakb shgi 01 nmsis hk chrgir Nrmki Omkl mssits hk oifmec hc @CNY. At as hk tfisi brhuk`s tfmt nhurt hr`iri` Gpmkbm mk` Gmsigoi h tfi nmsi, wfanf gmrli` m gmdhr ehw phakt chr OhY ms cmr ms tfi nmsi as nhknirki`. Ratf tfas timg h tfi nmsi, OhY ikbmbi` ^iomeu mk` Euei M`vhnmtis th riprisikt tfi omkl ak m gi`amtahk prhniss. Mbmak firi, ^u`far rmasi` nhknirks tfmt tfi kiw emw rg fm` m`vasi` @CNY hk tfi mnquasatahk hc Nrmki Omkl, mk` tfmt tfiy thh fm` m nhkant hc aktirist. Pfi rg fm` mesh eict tfi nmsi. Out aksa`irs smy, tfi smgi rg riniktey khtai` ^u`far‑s emwyirs tfmt bhakb chrwmr` tfiy whue` oi riprisiktakb Nrmki Omkl mctir biakb akstruntahks crhg tfi niktrme omkl. At rigmaks th oi siik fhw ^u`far waee rimnt th tfig mk` fhw nhurt waee risphk`. Mnnhr`akb th aksa`irs, m eht hc tfmt waee mesh `ipik` hk tfi hutnhgi hc nhktakui` ihrts th siei tfi nmsi hut hc nhurt. Rfaei Zrisa`ikt Gusivika emst yimr `arinti` tfmt OhY sieis tfi nmsi hut hc nhurt, Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt uk`irstmk`s tfmt thp eim`irs mt tfi Omkl staee wmkt th tussei at hut ak nhurt. Pfmt waee riquari ivik ghri ghkiy. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
=>
KIR^ MKMEQ^A^
^imrnf chr m omoy ^i du d ust bht imsair Fhpicue pmtaikts bit rst ixpiraikn ixpiraikni i mt Ybmk`m‑s rst puoean whgik‑s fhspatme Oy Cemvam Kmssmlm
Z
ihpei wmk`ir mrhuk`. ^hgi tmli sieis mk` brhup pfhths. Mee rmvi mohut tfi nhkvikaikni, tfi `ánhr mk` phakt mt tfi kaniey phsatahki` phi` crisf hwirs mk` pfhth crmgis fmkbakb hvir kimtey pmakti` sly oeui wmees, mk` tfi mar nhk`atahkakb - sh saeikt mk` nmegakb. ^hgi fmvi stippi` ak pemnis eali hkey tfas `urakb trmvie morhm`. Htfirs mri Dhfkky- Dust- nhgi mk` fmvi kht siik sikshr mntavmti` `hhrs, gh`irk eabftakb, hr tfi mt snriik tieivasahks fmkbakb crhg `airikt nhrkirs hc tfi riniptahk mrim. Pfisi fmvi uktae riniktey oiik m prisirvi hc fabf ik` fhties. Out tfas as m fhspatme< fhspatme< tfi kiw Guembh ^pinameasi` whgik mk` Kihkmtme Fhs=0
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
patme mk` mee tfi ightahk phuri` hk ^ipt.=2< tfi `mys at hpiki` th tfi puoean . ―A‑g ixnati`, A mg thh ixnati`,‗ smys ZfaZfa hkmf Kmlyiyuki. @mva` Kuwmgmkym, tfi Zraknapme Fhspatme M`gakastrmthr, smys tfi `isabk hc tfi kiw fhspatme wms omsi` hk tfi a`im tfmt kh hki ealis th oi ak fhspatme out wfik tfiy kii` th at sfhue` oi m bhh` ixpiraikni. Pfas chnus hk pmtaikt‑s wiecmri sfakis tfrhubf iviry wmr` mk` fhspatme spmni. Ixtiksavi viktaemtahk cmks mri `isabki` th privikt tfi sprim` hc `asimsi mk` h`hrs. M sfakky tirrmzzh hhrakb mk` mar nhk`atahk akb waee liip tfi ouae`akb mt m nhgchrtmoei tigpirmturi mt mee tagis. Pfi ghst gmbkanikt as 6tf hhr wfiri tfi prisa`iktame suati as fhusi`. Mnnissh-
rasi` watf m tirrmni mt tfi thp, wfanf bavis hki m gmbkanikt vaiw hc Lmgpmem naty< tfi pmtaikt firi ikdhys m oi`rhhg, m spmnahus wmsfrhhg mk` m saakb mrim i` watf m mt snriik PS, ak m``atahk th mnniss th tfi aktirkit. Out mwmy crhg tfi bea, tfi fhspatme as mesh hirakb whgik eali Kmlyiyuki m eivie hc gmtirkme nmri tfmt tfiy hkey `rimgt mohut privahusey. Kmlyiyuki fms chr vi yimrs oiik strubstrubbeakb th fmvi m nfae` mk` wi rst git ak Gmrnf mt m cirtaeaty sygphsaug ak Lmgpmem. Khw sfi fms fir fhpis pakki` hk tfi kiw fhspatme watf ats fatinf, fabfey qumeai` imsaey mnnissaoei spinameasts, mk` prhgasi hc mhr`moei nmri. ^fi wms hki hc ?: whgik wfh shubft mk` riniavi` gi`anme mikmik tahk hk tfi rst `my hc tfi fhspatme. Fmec hc tfi whgik shubft mssasti` riprh`untavi fimetfnmri. ―Gy `hnthr prhphsi` mk ASC mk` tfi prhni`uri nhsts m `mgk ^fs>: gaeeahk,‗ sfi sma`, ―Rfh mhr`s tfmt8 ―A ciie m siksi hc oiehkbakb firi,‗ sfi smys. ^it up th hir spinameasi` nmri th whgik eali Kmlyiyuki, tfi kiw cmnaeaty thhl $?9.= gaeeahk (Mpprhx. ^fs13 oaeeahk) mk` tfrii yimrs hc nhkstruntahk. Pfi cmnaeaty waee hir mssasti` riprh`unriprh`un tavi fimetfnmri, akneu`akb Ak Satrh Cirtae-
KIR^ MKMEQ^A^
azmtahk (ASC) wfanf akvhevis ixtrmntakb m whgmk‑s ibb mk` m gmk‑s spirg smgpei mk` gmkumeey nhgoakakb tfig ak m emohrmthry `asf oichri trmkscirrakb tfig th tfi utirus. At waee mesh hir urhbykminhehby, wfanf akvhevis pievas rinhkstruntahk, fabf rasl mktikmtme nmri mk` kihkmtme sirvanis, nmri chr whgik nmknirs, emohrmthry sirvanis, mk` oikabk bykinhehby mghkb htfirs. Fimetf Gakastir Dmki _utf Mnikb smys nhgpeitahk hc tfi prhdint sabkmes m riturk hc thp khtnf gi`anme nmri ak tfi nhuktry. ^fi m``s tfmt tfi fhspatme as tfi oabbist mk` hkey hki hk tfi nhktakikt khw th hir ixneusaviey whgik sirvanis. Pfi bhvirkgikt‑s tmrbit, sfi smys, wms th nut hk tfi kugoirs hc whgik siilakb sagaemr sirvanis morhm` mk` mesh mrmntakb pmtaikts crhg iesiwfiri oy hirakb qumeaty mk` mntakb ms m hki sthp niktir chr mee spinameasi` whgik fimetfnmri kii`s. ^fi smys at sfhws fhw cmr tfi bhvirkgikt fms bhki th `inhkbist tfi gmak kmtahkme ricirrme fhspatme mt Guembh. Pfi fhspatme as kht yit hnameey hpik tfhubf. Zrisa`ikt Gusivika smys at waee oi mk Ak`ipik`ikni bact th whgik mk`, tfirichri, ats cuee hpirmtahks waee oi emuknfi` ak Hnthoir mctir m raoohk nuakb nirighky. Chr khw at‑s ‖nhggukaty hpik fhusi‑< wfiri ak`ava`umes mri crii th tmli sieis, `h siec-bua`i` thurs, mk` giit up watf spinameasts mt kh nhst.
Pfi kaki sthriy cmnaeaty wms kasfi` oy Mrmo nhktrmnthrs uk`ir m ehnl mk` liy mrrmkbigikt wfiri tfiy fm` th fmk`hvir whrls watf ivirytfakb aktmnt „ crhg iquapgikt, th fhspatme oi`s mk` curkaturi. At sats hk ?0,::: squmri gitirs hc emk` (mohut 3 mnris) hk Guembh faee Khrtf hc Lmgpmem naty. Pfi fhspatme hptagasis ivirytfakb tfmt as gh`irk ak m ?=st niktury fimetf sirvani mk` as oiakb thuti` ms m sheutahk th nuroakb gmtirkme ghrtmeaty nurriktey mt rmti mt 0>: `imtfs pir =::,::: eavi oartfs mk` nfae` ghrtmeaty nurriktey mt =>= pir =::: eavi oartfs. oar tfs. Pfi fhspatme waee mnnhggh`mti >?: oi`s „ =?: oi`s chr fabf rasl mktikmtme, `ieaviry mk` phstkmtme, 09 oi`s chr Bykinhehbanme Hknhehby, 3: oi`s chr Yrhbykminhehby< ispinameey hostitran stuem, 3 tfimtris, 2: oi`ss ak oi` ak tfi tfi pra pravm vmti ti wak wakb, b, mk` ?9 oi`s chr mssasti` riprh`untavi fimetf sirvanis. ―Ri mri rukkakb m nhgpeitiey kiw `isabk,‗ Kuwmgmkym smys phaktakb mt kugirhus ehkb bms nyeak`irs mk` htfir iquapgikt ak wfmt ehhls eali m sgmee cmnthry hk tfi rst hhr dust kixt th tfi omnl iktrmkni. At as iquapgikt th gmkucmnturi gi`anme bms, hxybik, mk` katrus hxa`i. ―Bms waee oi gm`i firi,‗ fi smys, ―Hur wmr`s waee kh ehkbir oi nhkbisti` watf hxybik nyeak`irs. Ivirytfakb waee oi `hki firi mk` dust nhkkint th tfi wmr`s.‗ Pfi prhdint wms emrbiey cuk`i` oy m ehmk crhg tfi Asemgan @iviehpgikt omkl mk` tfi bhvirkgikt nhktraouti` $>.0 gaeeahk. Mnnhr`akb th tfi tirgs bavik th tfi nhktrmnthr, ak m``atahk th ouae`akb, akstmeemtahk hc gi`anme mk` khk-gi`anme akcrmstrunturi tfiy wiri mesh supphsi` th nmtir chr tfi trmakakb hc fhspatme stm ak vmrahus spinamespinameasi` gmtirkme mk` kihkmtme nmri slaees. Oy ik` hc Duki emst yimr, tfiy fm` pemkki` th fmvi trmaki` >> gmkmbirs mk` spinameasts th prhva`i nmri. Merim`y, mnnhr`-
Pfi ciis Nhksuetmtahk 9:,::: 9:,::: pir pir vasat Mktikmtme Mktikmt me 61:,::: Kihkmtme cheehw up / aggukazmtahk 2:,::: pir 2:,::: pir vasat Mnnhggh`mtahk 6:,::: pir `my Khrgme `ieaviry 6::,::: Nmismrimk sintahk ?,:::,::: Nirvanme nirnambi ?9:,::: Emohr watf mkmebisam =,3::,::: Ak vatrh cirtaeazmtahk =>,:::,::: Aktrmutiraki aksigakmtahk ?,=1:,::: =1:,::: Pistanuemr spirg ixtrmntahk >,39:,::: Yetrmshuk` >:,::: ^piname uetrmshuk` =::,::: NP snmk =6:,::: Gmgghbrmpfy 1:,:::
akb th tfi Brimtir Guembh Fhspatme IxinuIxinu tavi @arinthr @r. Oymrubmom Omtirmkm, =? hc tfisi fmvi riniavi` supir-spinameasi` trmakakb mk` mri merim`y ak tfi nhuktry. Pfi rist mri staee oiakb trmaki` ak Ak`am mk` Ibypt. Pfiy akneu`i spinameasts ak urhbykminhehby, cigmei pievan gi`anaki, rinhkstruntavi surbiry, mk` pirakmthehby< wfanf akvhevis fmk`eakb pribkmkny nhgpeanmtahks. Pfi pemk wms th fmvi tfi whrl, wfanf stmrti` ak Duki ?:=9, ik` twh yimrs emtir ak Dukii ?:=2 Duk ?:=2.. Pfi Pfi `ie `iemy my hc moh mohut ut m yimr yimr ris risuet uet-i` crhg tfi bhvirkgikt‑s `iemy th rieimsi ats phrtahk hc tfi ghkiy.
‖Ghri ghkiy kii`i`‑
Mk` khw, Mnikb smys, tfiy kii` ghri ghkiy chr tfi fhspatme th stmrt hpirmtahks. ―Ph cueey hpirmtahkmeasi tfi fhspatme, wi kii` ^fs00oaeeahk,‗ sfi the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt. Ak tfi ou`bit, tfi fhspatme wms meehnmti` ^fs6 oaeeahk hr dust =6% hc wfmt as riquari`. Ivik tfik, at wms nemwi` crhg ghkiy supphsi` th bh th tfi gmak Guembh. Fhpi chr tfi fhspatme khw eais hk rmasakb ghkiy crhg pmyakb pmtaikts. Ykeali htfir puoean fhspatmes ak tfi nhuktry wfiri tfiri as crii mnniss th nmri mk` hki nmk wmel ak ivik watfhut m ricirrme khti crhg ehwir cmnaeatais, tfi whgik‑s fhspatme waee oi ruk strantey hk ricirrme omsas mk` hk mrravme m pmtaikt waee oi msli` th prisikt tfiar kmtahkme a`iktaty nmr`s mk` pmy m nhksuetmtahk cii hc ^fs9:, ::: wfikivir tfiy vasat. Mesh, gakhr prhni`uris eali omk` aknasahks mk` ixmgakmtahk uk`ir mkistfisam waee nhst m pmtaikt ^fs6::, :::. Nhgpeanmti` prhni`uris eali ASC mk` aktrm-nythpemsgan spirg akdintahk waee nhst ^fs=>, :::,::: mk` ^fs=0, 3::,::: rispintaviey. Mktikmtme nmri waee bh chr 61:,:::< mnnhggh`mtahk ak tfi bikirme wmr` chr ^fs6:, ::: pir `my, khrgme `ieaviry mt ^fs6::, ::: mk` m Nmismramk ^intahk waee bh chr ^fs?, :::, :::. Pfi fhspatme‑s Mntakb Ixinutavi @arinthr, @r. Ivieyk Kmoukym wfh as mesh m nhksuetmkt bykinhehbast, wfaei tfas prani east wms chrguemti` oy nmoakit, tfi bhvirkgikt as mesh ak m prhniss hc siakb up m nhggaii th nhgi up watf nratiram chr ieabaoaeaty hc pmtaikts ohtf ak tirgs hc mhr`moaeaty mk` wiabfakb ac tfi pmtaikt‑s nhk`atahk nmkkht oi fmk fmk`ei `ei` ` iesi iesiwfi wfiri. ri. ^fi smys tfiy waee hkey riniavi tfhsi ricirri` crhg tfi => ribahkme ricirrme fhspatmes mnrhss tfi nhuktry mk` tfrii kmtahkme ricirrmes hc Kmburu, Guembh mk` Lmwigpi wfh waee oi m`gai` `ipik`akb hk nemss watf rhhgs `ava`i` akth pemtakug, bhe` mk` saevir th nmtir chr tfi `airikt shname inhinh khgan brhups. ―Primtgikt ciis waee oi stmk`mr` wfitfir yhu mri m`gai` ak bikirme hr pemtakug. Rfmt waee nfmkbi mri tfi `maey mnnhggh`mtahk ciis,‗ sfi smys. Chr whgik eali Kmlyiyuki wfh fmvi oiik ehkbakb chr mhr`moei qumeaty gmtirkme fimetfnmri, Kmoukym‑s pei`bi shuk`s eali tfiar simrnf as mohut th ik`. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
=9
AKPI_SAIR
IY whk‑t ehhl mwmy ac tfakbs mrik‑t rabft ak Ybmk`m Mttaeah Zmnacna
ak ^iptigoir gm`i m yimr ms Fim` hc @ieibmtahk hc tfi Iurhpimk Ykahk ak Ybmk`m. Fi tmeli` th Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt‑s _hkme` Gushli mohut tfi IY mk` Ybmk`m riemtahks. Rfmt fmvi oiik shgi hc yhur agprissahks hc Ybmk`m sakni yhu mrravi` ak ^iptigoir emst yimr8 ntumeey, tfas as kht gy rst tagi ak Ybmk`m. A rst nmgi firi ?9 yimrs mbh. Ybmk`m wms gy viry rst phstakb wfik A dhaki` tfi Iurhpimk Nhggassahk ak emti =11? mk` A whrli` firi crhg =11> th =112.
M
^h, eit‑s stmrt watf tfi nhgpmrashk hc tfi Ybmk`m yhu rst smw ?9 yimrs mbh mk` khw8 Pfi ghst stralakb tfakb as tfmt tfi Ybmk`m hc tfik wms m `anuet nhuktry ak tirgs hc sinuraty. A rigigoir Lmgpmem wms m viry uksmci thwk. A rigigoir gy rst kabft ak Lmgpmem wms gmrli` oy m sfhhtakb wfanf wikt hk chr chur fhurs ak gy kiabfohurfhh`. A wms quati surprasi` ivik tfhubf A fm` oiik th viry nhgpeanmti` nhuktrais eali Ghzmgoaqui. Pfi satumtahk fms `rmgmtanmeey nfmkbi`. Qhu khw ciie smci mk` nhgchrtmoei bhakb ivirywfiri ak thwk. Lmgpmem wms m riemtaviey sgmee thwk. A rigigoir siiakb nhkstruntahks dustt stmr dus stmrtak takb b mk` mk` sfh sfhps ps ri-h ri-hpika pikakb. kb. A rigigoir tfi stralakb briik oitwiik oitw iik Lmg Lmgpme pmemm mk` mk` Ikt Iktioo iooii hk hk iatfir sa`i hc tfi rhm`. Pfiri wiri nhii pemkts, viry ciw fhusis, mk` m eht hc christs ivirywfiri. A tfakl tfiri wiri mohut =2 gaeeahk Ybmk`mks ak tfhsi `mys mk` khw tfiri mri ghri tfmk 0: gaeeahk. Pfmt as m oab nfm nfmkbi kbi.. Fhw wms tfi IY akvhevi` tfik ak biakb Ybmk`m omnl hk ats ciit8 Pfiri wms rimeey m vaormkt mtghspfiri mk`
=3
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
gmky tfakbs wfanf kii`i` th oi ouaet. A rigigoir tfi oimutacue nhhpirmtahk wi fm` watf tfi Zrisa`ikt th ricuroasf Bbmom A mk` ouae` oua e` Bbmo Bbmomm AA‐ AA‐ tfi wm wmtir tir whr whrls ls tfmt tfmt sir sirvi vi Lmgpmem. Ri mesh gm`i oab ihrts wfik supphrtakb tfi Ybmk`m Rae`eaci MutfhrMutfhraty th riouae` wfmt as khw pirfmps hki hc tfi omnlohkis hc Ybmk`m‑s inhkhgy‐tfi thurasg sinthr. Ri trmaki` rmkbirs whrlakb ak tfi kmtahkme pmrls< wi fiepi` th risthnl tfi kmtahkme pmrls watf mkagmes mk` wi fiepi` nrimti mee tfhsi nhk`atahks wfanf fmvi meehwi` pihpei th ouae` eh`bis ak Gurnfashk Cmees, ]uiik Ieazmoitf, mk` Owak`a Kmtahkme Zmrl. Ri mesh hiri` m eht hc fiep th stmrt pravmti akvistgikts wfanf mri khw nruname chr tfi prisikt mk` cuturi hc tfi nhuktry ms wiee ms supphrt th riouae` liy akcrmstrunturi sunf ms rhm`s. A pmrtanapmti` ak giitakbs watf tfi Rhre` Omkl th sii fhw oist wi nhue` righvi pfysanme mk` khk-pfysanme omrrairs mehkb tfi Khrtfirk Nhrra`hr. ^hhk, tfiri nmgi up mkhtfir prhdint‐tfi Khrtfirk Oypmss. A rigigoir wmelakb watf tfi naty ikbakiir‐Mormfmg Oymk`mem‐gitri oy gitri mehkb tfi meabkmeabk gikt prhphsi` chr tfi Lmgpmem Khrtfirk Oypmss. Mee tfisi prhdints fmvi khw nhgi th cruatahk mk` pihpei mri ikdhyakb tfig. Cmst chrwmr` th ?:=6, fhw whue` yhu `isnraoi tfi nurrikt riemtahks oitwiik tfi IY mk` Ybmk`m8 Ri fmvi viry vaormkt riemtahks mk` A mg viry fmppy mohut tfmt. Pfiri mri shgi tigphrmry gasbavakbs wfanf kii` th oi
AKPI_SAIR
m``rissi`. Zmrtkirs `hk‑t fmvi th mbrii hk iviry sakbei tfakb tfiy `h out tfiy fmvi th oi moe moeii th th tmel tmel tfr tfrhub hubf f tfhsi tfhsi ass assuis uis.. Hk ^ipt. =>, tfi IY Zmreamgikt `i`anmti` pmrt hc ats sissahk th nmee hut tfi bhvirkgikt hc Ybmk`m cheehwakb tfi rinikt pheatanmeey nfmrbi` ivikts ak tfi nhuktry tfmt eict shgi Hpphsatahk GZs nratanmeey akduri`. Rfy `a` yhur Zmreamgikt ghvi tfas pmrtanuemr risheutahk8 A tfakl tfiri mri twh assuis firi. Pfi rst hki as< wfy `a` tfi IY Zmreamgikt `h tfmt8 Mk` tfik, wfmt mri tfi nhksiquiknis hc tfmt risheutahk8 Eali A sma` imreair, `am`am ehbui as agphrtmkt oitwiik fugmk oiakbs ak bikirme out oitwiik nehsi pmrtkirs, at as ivik ghri agphrtmkt. Khw, tfi Iurhpimk Zmreamgikt (mk` Mcranm-Nmraooimk-Zmnan Zmreamgikts) fmvi hoeabmtahks th cuee ak tfi nhktixt hc tfi oak`akb mbriigikt wi sabki` ?: yimrs mbh (Nhthkhu Zmrtkirsfap Mbriigikt). ^h watf tfas gmk`mti ak gak`, tfi IY Zmreamgikt as hosirvakb wfmt as bhakb hk ak iviry nhuktry pmrty th tfi mbriigikt. Rfik tfiy khtani tfmt wfmt hki hc tfi agpeigiktakb pmrtkirs as `hakb as kht smtascmnthry hr as kht ak eaki watf tfi mbriigikt, tfiy smy sh mk` riquist pmrtais th m``riss tfi assui. Pfas as wfmt fmppiki` ak tfi mctirgmtf hc tfi Mrum oy-ieintahk. ^h wfmt tfi IY Zmreamgikt `a` as khrgme, as kht surprasakb, mk` as ak eaki watf tfi rhei tfiy fmvi ak tfi Nhthkhu Zmrtkirsfap Mbriigikt. Fhw tfik, `h yhu risphk` th tfi bhvirkgikt hc Ybmk`m‑s mssirtahk tfmt, tfi IY Zmreamgikt‑s risheutahk hk Ybmk`m riprisikti` m ―tmnat mpprhvme hc uk`asnapeaki` oifmvahur‗ hc shgi Ybmk`mks oy tfi IY8 At as agphssaoei chr gi th nhggikt hk tfi suostmkni hc tfi IY Zmreamgikt‑s risheutahk out wfm wfmtt A nmk kht khtii as as tfmt, tfmt, tfi IY Zm Zmrea reammgikt fms oiik viry nmricue watf tfas satumtahk. Ysumeey wfik shgitfakb fmppiks ak hki hc hur pmrtkir nhuktrais, tfiy ehhl akth tfi hoeabmtahks hc tfi pmrtais akvhevi` mk` usumeey at as tfi strhkbist pmrty ak tfi satumtahk wfanf as rigak`i` hc ats `utais mk` risphksaoaeatais. Pfas pmrty as usumeey tfi bhvirkgikt‐ tfi ixinutavi. Rhue` tfi IY nhksa`ir smkntahks ak cuturi c uturi ac yhu cmae th bit smtasi` oy tfi hkbhakb akvistabmtahks hc wfmt fmppiki` riniktey8 Pfi IY Zmreamgikt `his kht fmvi tfi phwir th agphsi smkntahks out tfiy fmvi tfi phwir th riquist mntahk. Mri wi tmelakb mohut m satumtahk rabft khw firi wfanf nhue` dustacy mntahk mehkb tfi eakis tmlik chr htfir nhuktrais8 Mt tfi ghgikt A `hk‑t sii at. Out tfi IY Zmreamgikt khti` tfmt tfiy mri liikey cheehwakb tfi akvistabmtahks hc wfmt fmppiki` ak Mrum8 At as viry `anuet th spinuemti mohut tfi cuturi out wfmt A nmk smy as tfmt ac yhu fmvi
m satumtahk ak wfanf tfiri as m gmdhr vahemtahk hc tfi tirgs hc tfi mbriigikt tfmt oak`s us thbitfir, tfik wfmt nmk yhu `h8 Qhu fmvi th ikchrni tfi tirgs hc tfmt mbriigikt. ^h ac yhu fmvi m satumtahk, eali wi fm` ak tfi pmst ak Ouruk`a, wi usi` Mrtanei 13 hc tfi Nhthkhu Mbriigikt wfanf as mk akstrugikt riquarakb pmrtais th fmvi m ―riakchrni`‗ pheatanme `amehbui. Ak tfi nmsi hc Ouruk`a, tfi nhkneusahk wms tfmt tfiri wms `asmbriigikt mk` tfi mntahk tmlik wms tfi suspiksahk hc `iviehpgikt nhhpirmtahk. Pfi smgi akna`ikt fmppiki` ak Kabiram ak tfi =16:s. Mri wi tmelakb mohut tfmt lak` hc satumtahk ak Ybmk`m8 A `h kht sii at. Qhu fmvi mrbui` tfmt yhu nurriktey ikdhy ―vaormkt‗ riemtahks out whue` at kht oi prhpir th smy tfi rinikt stmtigikts‐ohtf crhg tfi IY Zmreamgikt mk` Ybmk`m bhvirkgikt hnames riprisikt `itirahrmtak `itirahrmtakb b riemtahks8 ―Saormkt‗ gimks m eht hc tfakbs out ak m satumtahk wfiri shgihki fms th nhksa`ir mee phssaoei snikmrahs, tfas nhue` oi hki snikmrah. Out eali A sma`, wi fmvi fmvi mk akstrugikt th m``riss phssaoei gasbavakbs mk` A mg nhkvakni`‐ mk` tfas as wfmt A bmtfir crhg hur pmrtkirs‐tfmt tfiri as waee th usi `amehbui.
Ac A gmy risphk` watf m quist quistahk4 ahk4 Rfy sfhue` wi oi dimehus dime hus hc Nfakm Nfakm8 8 Ak tfi rinikt rioume th tfi IY Zmreamgikt‑s risheutahk hk Ybmk`m, tfi bhvirkgikt sphlispirshk tfriw daois mt tfi IY smyakb yhu mri dimehus hc Ybmk`m‑s oehsshgakb riemtahks watf Nfakm. Mri yhu8 Ac A gmy risphk` watf m quistahk4 Rfy sfhue` wi oi dimehus hc Nfakm8 Ri fmvi m bhh` riemtahksfap watf tfi bhvirkgikt. Rfmt as Nfakm tmlakb mwmy crhg us hr crhg Ybmk`m8 A tfakl Ybmk`m as viry rabft ak fmvakb ms gmky `iviehpgikt pmrtkirs ms phssaoei‐Ak`am, Nfakm, tfi IY, tfi Y^, tfi IMN, mk` tfi MY. Qhu nmkkht mk` sfhue` kivir chnus yhur riemtahksfap hk hki pmrtkirsfap hkey. Pfiri mri mrims ak wfanf Ak`am nmk oi gunf ghri usicue th Ybmk`m tfmk tfi Iurhpimks nmk ivir phssaoey oi. Nfakm, smgi wmy. Pfi Kitfiremk`s as m sgmee nhuktry ak Iurhpi out tfiy mri m nhuktry watf tfi fabfist mbranueturme prh`untahk‐ ivik ghri tfmk tfi Y.^. Fhw `h tfiy `h tfmt8 Pfiy fmvi chuk` wmys th agprhvi prh`untahk, th ri`uni `mgmbi nmusi` oy pists mk` th aknrimsi yaie`s. Pfiy fmvi nrimti` m spiname eakl oitwiik ukavirsaty risimrnfirs mk`
cmrgirs. Nmk‑t Ybmk`m bit gunf brimtir oikit oik itss watf watf Pfi Kit Kitfir firemk emk`s‐ `s‐ wfa wfanf nf oy tfi wmy as fmppikakb‐tfmk watf mky htfir nhuktry ak Iurhpi hr watf Nfakm hr Ak`am8 A tfakl tfi mkswir as yis mk` wfy sfhue` mkyhki oi dimehus hc tfmt8 Chr m ehkb tagi, tfi IY fms vmeui` Zrisa`ikt Qhwira Gusivika‑s eim`irsfap kht hkey ak Ybmk`m out mesh ak tfi Brimt Emlis ribahk. Mrik‑t yhu mcrma` hc ehsakb m trusti` pmrtkir ak Gusivika ac yhu nhktakui nrataquakb fag8 Mri wi rimeey thh nratanme hc fag8 Ph gi oiakb oia kb crm crmkl kl mk` mk` nmk nmk`a` `a` as kht shg shgitf itfakb akb tfmt sfhue` put hur riemtahks mt rasl. Rfik wi fm` hur emst `asnussahk ak tfi giitakb watf Zrisa`ikt Gusivika, chr akstmkni, wi rmasi` m kugoir hc assuis. Hki hc tfig as staee thpanme‐tmxmtahk hc shname gi`am. Ri sma` Gr. Zrisa`ikt< gmyoi tfiri mri htfir wmys th rmasi rivikui. Hk tfi `imtf pikmety, tfi Zrisa`ikt sma`, ‖A `hk‑t tfakl tfi IY‑s mpprhmnf as tfi rabft hki, out tiee gi< wfy `h yhu tfakl gy mpprhmnf as wrhkb mk` yhurs as rabft8‑ ^h wi sphli ivik mohut tfmt mk` ak tfi ik` tfi Zrisa`ikt sma`, yhu lkhw wfmt, A waee liip gy hptahks hpik. As at kht rabft mghkb craik`s th rmasi mee assuis8 Ri fmvi kh aktirist wfmtshivir ak nrimtakb tiksahks mk` gasbavakbs ak Ybmk`m out wi waee kht nehsi hur iyis ac wi sii shgitfakb wfanf hovahusey as kht rabft oinmusi tfas whue` kht oi ak tfi sparat hc mk hpik mk` gutumeey rispintcue pmrtkirsfap. Mwmy crhg Ybmk`m, wfmt `h yhu gmli hc tfi squmooeis oitwiik Ybmk`m mk` _wmk`m mk` fhw `h yhu subbist tfisi twh kiabfohurs rishevi tfiar hkbhakb `asmbriigikts8 At as `anuet chr gi th nhggikt oinmusi A hkey rim` tfas ak tfi priss. Out `urakb `asnussahks watf craik`s mk` nheeimbuis ak Ybmk`m mk` _wmk`m, shgihki hkni sma`, as tfiri m oiir meey chr _wmk`m tfmk Ybmk`m hr chr Ybmk`m tfmk _wmk`m ak tfas ribahk8 Hovahusey tfisi twh nhuktrais mri ohuk` thbitfir. Mk hpik mk` crmkl `amehbui as tfi hkey wmy th bh th m``riss tfi assuis wfanf fmvi bavik rasi th rughurs wfanf A `hk‑t fmvi `itmaes mohut. Pfas as wfmt wi `h ivik ak Iurhpi. A `hk‑t tfakl A fmvi mky spiname m`vani out ac yhu ehhl crhg hutsa`i, yhu sii twh nhuktrais tfmt fmvi oiik sh nehsi fasthranmeey, pheatanmeey, shnameey thbitfir tfmt yhu nmk‑t sii fhw tfiy nmk cmee akth m satumtahk hc rime `airiknis. Pfi eaei tfakbs nmk oi shr shrti` ti` hut hut.. Qhur emst whr`8 Pfi pmrtkirsfap wi fmvi as kht mohut whrlakb thbitfir hk akcrmstrunturi. At‑s m pheatanme riemtahksfap< at as m riemtahksfap oitwii oit wiik k pmrtk pmrtkirs irs wfh sfhu sfhue` e` ris rispin pintt imnf imnf htfir mk` wfh sfhue` oi hpik mk` waeeakb th tmel mohut mky assui. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
=2
CIMPY_I
Oichri tfiri wiri nmgies, tfi ^mfmrm fhsti` fapphs. Oy @mva` L Rrabft
H
kni uphk m tagi, tfi ^mfmrm wms briik. Pfiri wiri vmst emlis. Fapphs mk` barmcci eavi` tfiri, mk` emrbi fugmk phpuemtahks hc casfirs chrmbi` chr chh` mehkbsa`i tfi emlisfhris. Pfi ―Mcranmk Fuga` Zirah`‗ hr ―Briik ^mfmrm‗ wms m tagi oitwiik ==,::: mk` 0,::: yimrs mbh wfik sabkacanmktey ghri rmak ciee mnrhss tfi khrtfirk twh-tfar`s hc Mcranm tfmk at `his th`my. Pfi vibitmtahk hc tfi ^mfmrm wms fabfey `avirsi mk` akneu`i` spinais nhgghkey chuk` hk tfi gmrbaks hc th`my‑s rmakchrists mehkb watf `isirt-m`mpti` pemkts. At wms m fabfey prh`untavi mk` pri`antmoei inhsystig ak wfanf fuktir-bmtfirirs mppimr th fmvi cehurasfi`. Pfisi nhk`atahks stmk` ak gmrli` nhktrmst th tfi nurrikt neagmti hc khrtfirk Mcranm. Ph`my, tfi ^mfmrm as tfi emrbist fht `isirt ak tfi whre`. At eais ak tfi suotrhpanme emtatu`is `hgakmti` oy fabf-prissuri ra`bis, wfiri tfi mtghspfiran prissuri mt tfi Imrtf‑s surcmni as brimtir tfmk tfi surrhuk`akb ikvarhkgikt. Pfisi ra`bis akfaoat tfi cehw hc ghast mar akemk`.
Fhw tfi ^mfmrm oinmgi m `isirt Pfi stmrl `accirikni oitwiik =:,::: yimrs mbh mk` khw emrbiey ixasts `ui th nfmkbakb hroatme nhk`atahks hc tfi imrtf „ tfi whooei hc tfi imrtf hk ats mxas mk` watfak ats hroat riemtavi th tfi suk. Out tfas pirah` ik `i` irrmtanmeey. =6
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
Fhw fugmks metir inhsystigs Pfiy gmy fmvi trmkschrgi` tfi ^mfmrm crhg eusf pmrm`asi th omrrik `isirt Ak shgi mrims hc khrtfirk Mcranm, tfi trmksatahk crhg wit th `ry nhk`atahks hnnurri` sehwey< ak htfirs at siigs th fmvi fmppiki` moruptey. Pfas pmttirk `his kht nhkchrg th ixpintmtahks hc nfmkbakb hroatme nhk`atahks, sakni sunf nfmkbis mri sehw mk` eakimr. Pfi ghst nhgghkey mnnipti` tfihry mohut tfas sfact fhe`s tfmt `ivibitmtahk hc tfi emk`snmpi gimkt tfmt ghri eabft riceinti` hcc tfi brhuk` surcmni (m prhniss lkhwk ms meoi`h), fiepakb th nrimti tfi fabfprissuri ra`bi tfmt `hgakmtis th`my‑s ^mfmrm. Out wfmt nmusi` tfi akatame `ivibitmtahk8 Pfmt‑s uknirtmak, ak pmrt oinmusi tfi mrim akvhevi` watf stu`yakb tfi iccints as sh vmst. Out gy rinikt pmpir prisikts iva`ikni tfmt mrims wfiri tfi ^mfmrm `rai` hut quanley fmppik th oi tfi smgi mrims wfiri `hgistanmti` mkagmes carst mppimri`. Mt tfas tagi, wfiri tfiri as iva`ikni th sfhw at, wi nmk sii tfmt tfi vibitmtahk nfmkbis crhg brmssemk`s akth snruoemk`s.
^nruo vibitmtahk `hgakmtis tfi gh`irk ^mfmrmk mk` Gi`atirrmkimk inhsystigs th`my mk` fms sabkacanmktey ghri meoi`h iccints tfmk brmssemk`s. Ac gy fyphtfisas as nhrrint, tfi akatame mbikts hc nfmkbi wiri fugmks, wfh akatamti` m prhniss tfmt nmsnm`i` mnrhss tfi emk`snmpi uktae tfi ribahk nrhssi` mk inhehbanme tfrisfhe`. Pfas whrli` ak tmk`ig watf hroatme nfmkbis, wfanf pusfi` inhsystigs th tfi orakl.
Fasthranme prini`ikt Pfiri‑s m prhoeig watf tistakb gy fyphtfisas4 `mtmsits mri snmrni. Nhgoaki` inhehbanme mk` mrnfmihehbanme risimrnf mnrhss khrtfirk Mcranm as rmriey uk`irtmlik. Out wiee-tisti` nhgpmrashks mohuk` ak prifasthran mk` fasthran rinhr`s crhg mnrhss tfi whre`. Imrey Kiheatfan cmrgirs hc khrtfirk Iurhpi, Nfakm mk` shutfwistirk Msam mri `hnugikti` ms sabkacanmktey `ichristakb tfiar ikvarhkgikts. Ak tfi nmsi hc Imst Msam, khgm`an
CIMPY_I
fir`irs mri oieaivi` th fmvi aktiksaviey brmzi` tfi emk`snmpi 3,::: yimrs mbh th tfi phakt hc ri`unakb ivmph-trmksparmtahk „ tfi prhniss wfanf meehws nehu`s th chrg „ crhg tfi brmssemk`s, wfanf wimliki` ghkshhk rmakcmee. Pfiar ourkakb mk` emk`-neimrm emk`-neimrmkni kni prmntanis wiri sh ukprini`ikti` tfmt tfiy trabbiri` sabkanmkt metirmtahks th tfi riemtahksfap oitwiik tfi emk` mk` tfi mtghspfiri tfmt wiri gimsurmoei watfak fuk`ri`s hc yimrs hc tfiar aktrh`untahk. ^agaemr `ykmgans hnnurri` wfik `hgistanmti` mkagmes wiri aktrh`uni` th Kiw Timemk` mk` Khrtf Mgiranm uphk akatame sieigikt oy Iurhpimks ak tfi =6::s „ hkey ak tfisi akstmknis tfiy wiri `hnugikti` mk` qumktai` oy fasthranme inhehbasts. Kiw Timemk`‑s nhehkame pmsthrmeasts trmkschrgi` tfi nhuktry‑s emk`snmpi. Raeeamg Meeswhrtf
Inhehby hc cimr Emk`snmpi ourkakb fms oiik hnnurrakb chr gaeeahks hc yimrs. He` Rhre` emk`snmpis fmvi fhsti` fugmks chr ghri tfmk m gaeeahk yimrs mk` wae` brmzakb mkagmes chr ghri tfmk ?: gaeeahk yimrs. Hroatmeey ak`uni` nfmkbis ak tfi neagmti mri ms he` ms tfi imrtf‑s neagmti systigs tfigsievis. ^h wfmt gm`i tfi `airikni ak tfi ^mfmrm8 M tfihry nmeei` tfi ―inhehby hc cimr‗ gmy nhktraouti shgitfakb th tfas `asnussahk. Inhehbasts rinhbkasi tfmt tfi oifmvahu oifm vahurr hc pri`m pri`mthry thry mkag mkagmes mes thw thwmr` mr` tfiar priy fms m sabkanmkt agpmnt hk emk`snmpi prhnissis. Chr ixmgpei, `iir waee mvha` spik`akb sabkanmkt tagi ak hpik emk`snmpis oinmusi at gmlis tfig imsy tmrbits chr pri`mthrs (akneu`akb fugmks). Ac yhu righvi tfi tfrimt hc pri`mtahk,
tfi priy oifmvi `airiktey. Ak Qieehwsthki Kmtahkme Zmrl, Zmrl, tfi mosikni hc pri`mthrs as mrbui` th fmvi nfmkbi` brmzirs‑ fmoats. Zriy ciet ghri nhgchrtmoei brmzakb mehkbsa`i tfi ixphsi` raviromkls, wfanf aknrimsi` tfi irhsahk ak tfhsi mrims. Pfi ri-aktrh`untahk hc whevis akth tfi inhsystig nhgpeitiey sfacti` tfas `ykmgan mk` christs ribikirmti` watfak sivirme yimrs. Oy metirakb tfi ―cimr-omsi` inhehby‗, sabkanmkt nfmkbis ak emk`snmpi prhnissis mri lkhwk th cheehw. Pfi aktrh`untahk hc eavisthnl th tfi ^mfmrm gmy fmvi fm` m sagaemr iint. Emk`snmpi ourkakb fms m `iip fasthry ak tfi ciw pemnis ak wfanf at fms oiik tisti` ak tfi ^mfmrm. Out tfi pragmry `airikni oitwiik oitw iik pri-Ki pri-Kihea heatfan tfan mk` phstphst-Kihe Kiheatfa atfann ourkakb ourk akb as as tfmt tfmt tfi inhe inhehby hby hc hc cimr cimr wms wms metiri`. Ghst brmzakb mkagmes waee mvha` emk`snmpis tfmt fmvi oiik ourki`, kht hkey oinmusi tfi chh` rishurnis tfiri mri riemtaviey riemtavie y ehw, out mesh oinmusi hc ixphsuri th pri`mthrs. ^nhrnfi` emk`snmpis prisikt fabf rasls mk` ehw riwmr`s. Out watf fugmks bua`akb tfig, `hgistanmti` mkagmes mri kht suodint th tfi smgi `ykmgans oitwiik pri`mthr mk` priy. Pfiy nmk oi ei` akth riniktey ourki` ourk i` mrims mrims wfiri tfi brmssi brmssiss waee waee oi oi priciriktameey sieinti` th imt mk` tfi sfruos waee oi eict mehki. Hvir tfi sunnii`akb pirah` hc emk`snmpi ribikirmtahk, tfi eiss pmemtmoei snruoemk` waee brhw cmstir tfmk sunnueikt brmssemk`s „ mk`, tfus, tfi emk`snmpi fms nrhssi` m tfrisfhe`. At nmk oi mrbui` tfmt imrey ^mfmrmk pmsthrmeasts nfmkbi` tfi inhehby hc cimr ak tfi mrim, wfanf ak turk ikfmkni` snruoemk` mt tfi ixpiksi hc brmssemk`s ak shgi pemnis, wfanf ak turk ikfmkni` meoi`h mk` `ust prh`untahk mk` mnnieirmti` tfi
tirgakmtahk hc tfi Mcranmk Fuga` Zirah`. A tisti` tfas fyphtfisas oy nhrriemta nhrriemtakb kb tfi hnnurriknis mk` iints hc imrey eavisthnl aktrh`untahk aktrh`untahk mnrhss tfi ribahk, out ghri `itm `itmaei` aei` pmei pmeihinh hinhehba ehbanme nme risim risimrnf rnf as kii`i`. Ac prhvik, tfi tfihry whue` ixpemak tfi pmtnfy kmturi hc tfi trmksatahk crhg wit th `ry nhk`atahks mnrhss khrtfirk Mcranm.
Eisshks chr th`my Metfhubf ghri whrl rigmaks, tfi phtiktame hc fugmks th prhchuk`ey metir inhsystigs sfhue` sik` m phwircue gissmbi th gh`irk shnaitais. Ghri tfmk >9% hc tfi whre`‑s phpuemtahk eavis ak `ryemk` inhsystigs, mk` tfisi emk`snmpis gust oi nmricueey gmkmbi` ac tfiy mri th sustmak fugmk eaci. Pfi ik` hc tfi Mcranmk Fuga` Zirah` as m eisshk chr gh`irk shnaitais eavakb hk `ryemk`s4 ac yhu strap tfi vibitmtahk, yhu metir tfi emk`mtghspfiri `ykmgans, mk` rmakcmee as ealiey th `agakasf. Pfas as prinasiey wfmt tfi fasthran rinhr`s hc rmakcmee mk` vibitmtahk ak tfi shutf-wistirk `isirt hc tfi Ykati` ^tmtis `ighkstrmtis, tfhubf tfi prinasi nmusis rigmak spinuemtavi. Ak tfi gimktagi, wi gust omemkni inhkhgan `iviehpgikt mbmakst ikvarhkgiktme stiwmr`sfap. Fasthranme inhehby timnfis us tfmt wfik mk inhehbanme tfrisfhe` as nrhssi`, wi nmkkht bh omnl. Pfiri mri kh sinhk` nfmknis, sh tfi ehkbtirg vamoaeaty hc >9% hc fugmkaty rists hk gmaktmakakb tfi emk`snmpis wfiri tfiy eavi. Htfirwasi wi gmy oi nrimtakb ghri ^mfmrm @isirts, mee mrhuk` tfi whre`. @mva` L Rrabft as Msshnamti Zrhcisshr, @ipmrtgik @ipmr tgiktt hc Mrnfmihehby Mrnfmihehby mk` Mrt Fasthr Fas thr y, ^ihue Kmtahkme Ykavirsaty ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
=1
CIMPY_I
Rfy mpis nmk‑t tmel ^tu`y subbists tfiy‑vi bht tfi vhani out kht tfi ormaks Oy Dmnho @ukk
R
i mee lkhw tfmt pmrrhts nmk tmel. ^hgi pihpei gmy fmvi ivik siik ieipfmkts, simes, hr wfmeis gaganlakb spiinf shuk`s. ^h wfy nmk‑t hur nehsist pragmti riemtavis spiml eali us8 Hur kiw risimrnf subbists tfiy fmvi tfi rabft vhnme mkmthgy out kht tfi ormakphwir th usi at. ^naiktasts fmvi oiik aktiristi` ak uk`irstmk`akb tfas pfikhgikhk chr nikturais. ^hgi fmvi mrbui` tfmt khk-fugmk pragmtis `a`k‑t fmvi tfi rabft-sfmpi` oh`y pmrts th gmli tfi smgi shuk`s ms wi `h, mk` tfmt fugmk spiinf ivhevi` mctir hur spiinf hrbmks nfmkbi`. Out nhgpmrmtavi stu`ais fmvi sfhwk tfmt tfi chrg mk` cukntahk hc tfi emrykx mk` vhnme trmnt as viry sagaemr mnrhss ghst pragmtis spinais, akneu`akb fugmks. Pfas subbists tfmt tfi pragmti vhnme trmnt as ―spiinf rim`y‗ out tfmt ghst spinais `hk‑t fmvi tfi kiurme nhktrhe th gmli tfi nhgpeix shuk`s tfmt nhgprasi fugmk spiinf. Rfik rivaiwakb tfi iva`ikni ak =62=, Nfmreis @mrwak wrhti ―tfi ormak fms kh `huot oiik cmr ghri agphrtmkt‗. Mehkb watf Dirhik ^gmirs crhg ^thky Orhhl Ykavirsaty ak Kiw Qhrl, A fmvi oiik akvistabmtakb tfi riemtahksfap oitwiik tfi kugoir hc `airikt nmees tfmt imnf pragmti spinais nmk gmli mk` tfi mrnfatinturi hc tfiar ormaks. Chr ixmgpei, Bhe`ik phhs fmvi hkey ivir oiik rinhr`i` usakb twh `airikt shuk`s, wfaei nfagpmkziis mk` ohkhoh ohk hohss usi usi mrhu mrhuk` k` 0:. Hur kiw stu`y, puoeasfi` ak Crhktairs ak Kiurhsnaikni, chnusi` hk twh pmrtanuemr cimturis hc tfi ormak. Pfisi wiri tfi nhrtanme msshnamtahk mrims tfmt bhvirk vheuktmry nhktrhe hvir oifmvahur, mk` tfi ormakstig kuneia tfmt mri akvhevi` ak tfi kiurme nhktrhe hc gusneis risphksaoei chr vhnme prh`untahk. Nhrtanme msshnamtahk mrims mri chuk` watfak tfi kihnhrtix mk` mri liy th tfi fabfir hr`ir ormak cukntahks nhksa`iri` th oi tfi chuk`mtahk chr tfi nhgpeix oifmvahur hc pragmtis. Pfi risuets ak`anmti m phsatavi nhrriemtahk oitwiik tfi riemtavi sazi hc tfi ?:
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
nhrtanme msshnamtahk mrims mk` tfi sazi hc tfi vhnme ripirthari hc pragmtis. Ak sagpei tirgs, pragmtis watf oabbir nhrtanme msshnamtahk mrims tik`i` th gmli ghri shuk`s. Out, aktiristakbey, m pragmti‑s vhnme ripirthari wms kht eakli` th tfi hvirmee sazi hc ats ormak, orm ak, dus dustt tfi tfi rie riemta mtavi vi saz sazii hc hc tfisi tfisi spin spinan an mrims. Ri mesh chuk` tfmt mpis fmvi pmrtanuemrey emrbi nhrtanme msshnamtahk mrims, ms wiee ms m oabbir fyphbehssme kuneius tfmk htfir pragmtis. Pfi fyphbehssme kuneius as msshnamti` watf tfi nrmkame kirvi tfmt nhktrhes tfi gusneis hc tfi thkbui. Pfas subbists tfmt hur nehsist pragmti riemtavis gmy fmvi kir mk` ghri vheuktmry nhktrhe hvir tfiar thkbuis tfmk htfir pragmti spinais. Oy uk`irstmk`akb tfi kmturi hc tfi riemtahksfap oitwiik vhnme nhgpeixaty mk` ormak orm ak mrn mrnfat fatint inturi uri,, wi wi fhpi fhpi th a`i a`ikta ktacy cy shgi shgi hc tfi liy ieigikts tfmt uk`ireai tfi ivheutahk hc nhgpeix vhnme nhggukanmtahk ak hur mknisthrs, uetagmtiey eim`akb th spiinf.
Ivheutahk hc spiinf
Pfi hrabaks hc spiinf as m thpan tfmt fms ehkb oiik `iomti`. Pfi ^hnaátá `i Eakbuastaqui `i Zmras cmghusey omkki` mky curtfir ikquary akth tfi gmir ak ats puoeanmtahk pmbis ak =633, ms at wms `iigi` th oi cmr thh uksnaiktan. Out gunf prhbriss fms oiik gm`i ak tfi emst ciw `inm`is tfmkls th m wa`i rmkbi hc iva`ikni, sunf ms tfmt crhg stu`ais hc nhggukanmtahk ak htfir spinais, chssaes mk`, ghri riniktey, bikitans. _isimrnf fms sfhwk tfmt shgi pragmti spinais, sunf ms virvit ghkliys, usi ―whr`s‗ th emoie tfakbs (wfmt wi whue` nmee sigmktans ak fugmk emkbumbi). ^hgi spinais ivik nhgoaki nmees akth sagpei ―siktiknis‗ (wfmt wi whue` tfakl hc ms syktmx). Pfas nmk tiee us m eht mohut tfi imrey ivheutahk hc emkbumbi, mk` tfi ieigikts hc emkbumbi tfmt gabft fmvi merim`y oiik prisikt ak hur nhgghk mknisthrs watf tfisi spinais shgi gaeeahks hc yimrs mbh. Pfi chssae rinhr` nmk mesh prhva`i aksabft. ^piinf atsiec neimrey `his kht chssaeasi, sh risimrnfirs fmvi simrnfi` chr
prhxy iva`ikni ak tfi slieitme rigmaks hc ixtaknt fugmk riemtavis. Chr ixmgpei, shgi risimrnfirs fmvi mrbui` tfmt tfi phsatahk mk` sfmpi hc tfi fyha` ohki (tfi hkey ohki ak tfi vhnme trmnt) nmk tiee us shgitfakb mohut tfi hrabaks hc spiinf. ^agaemrey, htfir fmvi mrbui` tfmt tfi `amgitir hc tfi tfhrmnan nmkme (wfanf nhkkints tfi tfhrmx th tfi kirvhus systig), hr tfi fyphbehssme nmkme (tfrhubf wfanf tfi kirvis trmvie th tfi thkbui), nmk tiee us shgitfakb mohut orimtfakb, hr spiinf prh`untahk. Mk` tfi sazi mk` sfmpi hc tfi taky ohkis ohk is ak ak tfi tfi ga` ga``ei `ei imr gmy oi moe moeii tiee tiee us shgitfakb mohut spiinf pirniptahk. Out, ak bikirme, tfi chssae rinhr` as sagpey thh eagati` th `rmw mky strhkb nhkneusahks. Cakmeey, nhgpmrakb bikitans hc fugmks mk` htfir spinais fms prhva`i` aksabft akth tfi hrabaks hc spiinf. Hki gunf-`asnussi` biki, tfmt siigs th oi rieivmkt chr spiinf, as tfi CHVZ? biki. Ac tfas biki gutmtis at eim`s th `anuetais watf eimrkakb mk` prhprh `unakb nhgpeix ghutf ghvigikts, mk` wa`i-rmkbakb eakbuastan `anaiknais. At wms ehkb tfhubft tfmt tfi @KM siquikni nfmkbis ak tfi fugmk CHVZ? biki wiri m ukaqui trmat, riemti` th hur ukaqui moaeaty th usi spiinf. Out ghri rinikt stu`ais fmvi sfhwk tfmt tfisi gutmtahks mri mesh prisikt ak shgi ixtaknt fugmk riemtavis, mk` tfi nfmkbis ak tfas biki (mk`, pirfmps emkbumbi atsiec) gmy oi gunf ghri mknaikt tfmk privahusey tfhubft. Pinfkhehbanme Pinfkhe hbanme `iviehpgikts, sunf ms curtfir mknaikt @KM siquiknakb hc ixtaknt spinais, mk` aknrimsi` lkhwei`bi hc tfi kiurhoahehby hc emkbumbi, mri nirtmak th prhva`i curtfir bamkt eimps. Out tfi cuturi hc tfas nhktiktahus mk` nhgpeix ie` waee ealieali ey `ipik` hk emrbi-snmei, gueta-`asnapeakmry nheemohrmtahk. Nhgpmrmtavi stu`ais eali hurs, nhgpmrakb trmats mnrhss m rmkbi hc spinais, wms tfi pragmry thhe usi` oy @mrwak. Kh `huot sunf stu`ais waee nhktakui th prhva`i agphrtmkt aksabfts akth tfi ivheutahk hc tfas aknri`aoei mspint hc hur oifmvahur. Dmnho Dmn ho @u @ukk kk as ^ik ^ikahr ahr Ein Eintur turir ir ak Thh Thhehb ehby, y, Mkbeam Mkb eam _us _uslak lak Yk Ykavi avirsa rsaty ty
CIMPY_I
Pmkzmkam cirry cirry `asmstir O y ^ipt.?0, tfi `imtf thee crhg tfi `ivmstmtakb cirry nmpsazi hk Emli Santhram wms ??0. Out m gmdhr hpirmtahk wms uk`irwmy th ap tfi sfap crhg oieey-up th fuee-up. Pfmt wms ixpinti` th rivime ghri `im` oh`ais mk` ghri bhry sabfts. Hk ^ipt.?> Pmkzmkam `inemri` tfi
wfhei kmtahk wms ak ghurkakb ms tfi rst `hzik oh`ais wiri ourai`. Zragi Gakastir Lmssag Gmdmeawm ei` ―kmtahkme cukirmes‗ hk tfi asemk` hc Ylmrm, wfiri tfi GS Kyiriri fm` oiik nhgakb ak th `hnl hk ^ipt.?: wfik tfi mnna`ikt fmppiki`. Fi sphli hc ―brimt ghurkakb
oy tfi wfhei kmtahk‗ ms tfi rst nhks wiri pemni` ak ak`ava`ume brmvis, gmky hc tfi vantags uka`iktai`. Pfi pragi gakastir sma` akatame akvistabmtahks subbisti` hvirehm`akb wms hki hc tfi nmusis hc tfi mnna`ikt.
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
?=
_RMK@M
_wmk`m gmlis fabf qumeaty prh`unts Ehnme ak`ustrameast smys tfas nrimtis dhos, ohhsts fhusifhe` aknhgis
Oy ^tipfik Kuwmbarm
E
hnme ak`ustrameasts mk` ^gmee-mk`Gi`aug Iktirprasis (^GIs) ak _wmk`m kii` th iksuri tfiar prh`unts bavi nusthgirs tfi oist vmeui phssaoei ak qumeaty mk` prani. @mkaie Fhbmk< tfi gmkmbakb `arinthr hc =::: Faees @astaeeiry - mk menhfhean oivirmbis rg, gm`i tfi rinhggik`mtahk ak mk aktiraktir vaiw watf Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt hk ^ipt.=2mt tfi rg‑s pemkt ak Lanularh `astrant. Fi sma` tfas gimks tfiy kii` th akvist ghri ak agprhvakb tfiar prh`untahk prhnissis mk` `ipehy riquari` tinfkhehby mk` slaees, usumeey nmeei` tfi vmeui nfmak, th prhp rh`uni qumeaty prh`unts tfmt nmk nhgpiti hk tfi ehnme, ribahkme mk` behome gmrlit. =::: Faees @astaeeiry gmlis m rmkbi hc menhfhean oivirmbis, akneu`akb rug, wfasly, bak, vh`lm, mk` =::: Faees nhii eaquiur, wfhsi prh`untahk stmrti` emti emst yimr. Pfi nhgpmky ouys 19% hc ats rmw gmtirames -nhii, mk` submr nmki „ crhg ehnme cmrgirs mk` nhhpirmtavis mk` shurnis tfi 9% crhg tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty (IMN). ―Ac yhu ouy rug hr nhii eaquiur gm`i oy =:: =:::: Faee Faees, s, chr aks akstmk tmkni, ni, yhu mri nri nrimta mtakb kb dhoss mehk dho mehkb b tfi tfi vm vmeui eui nfm nfmak ak chr cmr cmrgir girs, s, trm trmksksphrtirs, ritmaeirs, neirls mk` prhnisshrs,‗ fi smys, ―Ri wmkt th supphrt ms gmky ??
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
_wmk`m‑s chrgme trm`i `inat ri`uni` oy ?% ?% ak ak tfi tfi rs rstt fmec fmec hc ?:= ?:=66 nhgpm nhgpmri` ri` th tfi smgi pirah` ak ?:=2, niktrme omkl buris ak`anmti, crhg Y^$322.63 gaeeahk th Y^$330.?= gaeeahk `ravik oy m ?>.?% aknrimsi ak chrgme ixphrts. Chrgme agphrts briw oy 2% `urakb tfi pirah` uk`ir rivaiw. Phtme ixphrts aknrimsi` oy ?>.?% ak vmeui th Y^$03>.=3 gaeeahk up crhg Y^$>29.1= gaeeahk ak smgi pirah` emst yimr, wfaei tfi vheugi rhsi oy =6.0%. _wmk`m as siilakb th aknrimsi nhksugptahk hc ehnmeey-gmkucmnturi` prh`unts uk`ir tfi Gm`i-ak-_wmk`m akatamtavi ms pmrt hc ihrts magi` mt ri`unakb tfi nhuknhuk try‑s trm`i `inat tfrhubf agphrt suostatusuostatu tahk. Ixpirts smy tfmt ouyakb ehnme as nruname chr mky nhuktry‑s `iviehpgikt. ―Rfik yhu ouy Gm`i-ak-_wmk`m prh`unts, yhu mri supphrtakb tfi nhuktry `iviehpgikt, nrimtahk hc dhos ms wiee ms ohhst fhusifhe` aknhgis mehkb tfi vmeui nfmak. Fhwivir, wfik nhksugi yhu agphrti` prh`unts, yhu nrimti dhos ak tfi nhuktry wfiri tfhsi gmtirames mri gm`i mk` tfus supphrtakb ats `iviehpgikt,‗ smys Fhbmk. Yk`ir tfi `hgistan gmrlit rinmpturakb strmtiby emuknfi` ak Gmy ?:=3, _wmk`m siils th spur ehnme ak`ustrame sinthr mk` nhksugptahk hc ehnme prh`unts oy fiepakb th nfmkbi tfi pirniptahk mghkb _wmk`mks tfmt ehnmeey-gm`i atigs mri hc akcirahr qumeaty. Fhbmk khtis tfmt at as agphrtmkt chr _wmk`mks th uk`irstmk` tfmt ehnme rgs prh`uni qumeaty prh`unts tfmt giit behome stmk`mr`s. ―Pfirichri, wi `hk‑t kii` th riey hk agphrti` prh`unts chr tfhsi atigs tfmt mri prh`uni` ak tfi nhuktry< tfas (ouyakb ehnme bhh`s) as viry agphrtmkt th supphrt tfi nhuktry‑s ak`ustrame brhwtf,‗ fi smys.
^upphrtakb briik prh`untahk
nhii cmrgirs ms phssaoei. Pfmt‑s wfy wi pmy m prigaug prani hc _wc6,::: pir laehbrmggi.‗ Pfi rg igpehys >9 pihpei `arintey ak ats prh`untahk mk` gmkmbigikt ukats, mk` gmlis hvir hki gaeeahk eatris hvir `airikt menhfhean oivirmbis pir yimr. Mnnhr`akb th m stu`y oy trm`i mk` ak`ustry gakastry nhk`unti` ak ?:=9, _wmk`m nhue` smvi meghst Y^$09: gaeeahk pir yimr ak chriabk ixnfmkbi tfrhubf tfas strmtiby hr =2.6% hc tfi nhuktry‑s agphrt oaee. Pfas whue` ri`uni _wmk`m‑s mvirmbi mkkume agphrt oaee oy meghst 3%, tfi stu`y ak`anmti`.
Pfi rg suppeais risa`umes crhg ats `as`as taeeakb prhniss, wfanf as ranf ak gakirmes th cmrgirs‑ nhhpirmtavis th usi ms cirtaeasir. Pfi oy-prh` oy-p rh`unt unt fms mer merim` im`y y oiik oiik tist tisti` i` mk` mk` nir nir-tai` oy _wmk`mk Mbranueturi Ohmr` (_MO mk` tfi _wmk`m ^tmk`mr`s Ohmr` (_^O), mk` as she` th pmrtkirakb brhwakb nhhpirmtavis, sma` Fhbmk. Ph iksuri sustmakmoei `iviehpgikt, tfi `astaeeiry usis ikvarhkgiktmeey-craik`ey prh`untahk prhnissis tfmt supphrt _wmk`m‑s briik brhwtf akatamtavis. Pfi rg fmrvists hvir =.9 gaeeahk eatris hc rmak wmtir imnf yimr tfmt as tfik usi` ak tfi gmlakb hc mee hur prh`unts, akneu`akb =::: Faees nhccii eaquiur. Pfi wmtir as trimti` mt tfi pemkt usakb m shemr-phwiri` tinfkhehby. Fhbmk smys =::: Faees @astaeeiry wms tfi rst `astaeeiry ak _wmk`m th bit tfi ^-gmrl nirtanmtahk crhg _^O. Pfi prh`prh`unt nirtanmtahk as issiktame chr ehnmeeygm`i prh`unts th nhgpiti ak htfir gmrlits wfiri tfi rg ixphrts ats prh`unts< akneu`akb tfi Y.^., Iurhpi, mk` tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty ribahk.
_RMK@M
GPK gmrls ?: yimrs, yimrs, riwmr`s riw mr`s nusthgirs dhurkiy. dhurki y. Ri `h `h kht kht tml tmlii tfas tfas ehy ehymet mety y chr chr brmkti`. Pfirichri, ‖Azafarwi‑ watf GPK as th nieiormti mk` tfmkl hur nusthgirs,‗ tfi hname sma`. M ?:% stmli hc GPK as easti` hk tfi _wmk`m ^thnl Ixnfmkbi tfrhubf Nrystme Pieinhg. Pfi rg khw nhggmk`s 03% hc tfi gmrlit sfmri cheehwakb tfi girbir hc Martie mk` Pabh mt tfi ik` hc emst yimr. Martie-Pabh fms 90% hc tfi gmrlit mk` m nhgoaki` 9.=2 gaeeahk suosnraoir omsi wfaei GPK usirs mri 0.>0 gaeeahk.
Oy ^tipfik Kuwmbarm
G
PK _wmk`m fms pei`bi` th nhktakui akvistgikts ak akatamtavis tfmt phsataviey nfmkbi tfi eavis hc nusthgirs, ms at emuknfi` m kiw nusthgir ehymety prhghtahk. Pfi ―Azafarwi km GPK ‗ prhghtahk as pmrt hc ats mntavatais th gmrl tfi tieinhg‑s ?: yimrs hc hpirmtahk ak _wmk`m mk` siils th nieiormti mk` riwmr` ats nusthgirs, mnnhr`akb th GPK _wmk`m‑s Nfaic Gmrlitakb Hnir, _anfmr` Mnfimgphkb. ―Nusthgirs fmvi m ukaqui nfmkni hc trmkschrgakb tfiar eavis mk` wi fhpi tfmt tfiy waee siazi tfi hpphrtukatais tfmt tfas nmgpmabk hirs,‗ sma` Mnfimgphkb. GPK usirs stmk` th wak vmrahus prazis hvir tfi tfrii-ghktf prhghtahk pirah`, akneu`akb crii martagi, ^G^ mk` `mtm ouk`eis. ^uosnraoirs mesh stmk` th wak wiiley mk` ghktfey prazis sunf ms nmsf, PS sits, bhmts mk` nhws, spimlirs, pfhkis, mk` ristmurmkt mk` nakigm vhunfirs, mk` => ormk` kiw ghthr nyneis ―sagpey chr stmyakb hk
tfi kitwhrl‗ mk` usakb ats prh`unts mk` sirvanis. ^pimlakb mt tfi emuknf hc tfi nmgpmabk hk ^ipt.=6, Mnfimgphkb riinti` hk GPK‑s fasthran dhurkiy (sakni =116), smyakb tfi rg ―gm`i fasthry‗ wfik at oinmgi tfi rst ghoaei tieinhg ak _wmk`m. ―_wmk`mks oieaivi` ak hur vasahk hc nrimtakb m strhkb kitwhrl mk`, th`my, wi nieiormti hur nheeintavi mnfaivigikts thbitfir. ―Ri tfmkl nusthgirs chr tfiar supphrt mk` chr oiakb watf us tfrhubfhut tfas
Fhw th pmrtanapmti
^uosnraoirs nmk hpt th dhak tfi nmgpmabk chr crii oy `ameeakb *=0:*3# hr sik`akb mk ^G^ watf tfi kugoir ?: th ?:=6. Gimkwfaei, GPK fms wmrki` nusthgirs th oi gak`cue hc phssaoei snmgs `urakb tfi pirah` hc tfi prhghtahk. At khti` tfmt wakkirs waee oi nhktmnti` vam tfi GPK hname eaki :260::::::, mk` ri`igptahk hc prazis as crii, mk` wakkirs waee kht oi msli` th gmli mky pmygikts ak nmsf hr ak lak`.
_wmk`m‑s ghoaei pfhki _wmk`m‑s pikitrmtahk rimnfis 6=% Mubust buris fabfist ak ghri tfmk twh yimrs Oy ^tipfik Kuwmbarm
_
wmk`m‑s ghoaei tieipfhki pikitrmtahk rmti fms rimnfi` hvir 6:%, tfi fabfist eivie hc usirs ak hvir twh yimrs, tfi _wmk`m Ytaeatais _ibuemthry Mutfhraty Mutfhraty (_Y_M) riphrt ak`anmtis. _Y_M‑s ―Mntavi ―Mntavi ghoaei tieipfhki suosnraptahks‗ riphrt chr Mubust ?:=6 ak`anmtis tfmt tfi nhuktry‑s ghoaei tieipfhki pikitrmtahk rmti aknrimsi` oy =.3= pirniktmbi phakts crhg 26.16% ak Duey, ?:=6 th 6:.91% emst ghktf, watf tfi hvirmee kugoir hc usirs mt 1.9= gaeeahk. Pfas wms m rasi ak tfi thtme kugoir hc mntavi ghoaei tieipfhki suosnraptahks (1:-`mys rivikui bikirmtakb suosnraoirs) oy ?.: ?.:>% >% ak Mubu ubust, st, ?:= ?:=66 nhgp nhgpmri mri` ` th th tfi tfi privahus ghktf, mnnhr`akb th tfi riphrt rieimsi` hk ^ipt.?=, ?:=6. Zhstpma` suosnraptahks aknrimsi` crhg =>9,>31 mt tfi ik` hc Duey, ?:=6 th =>3,??= ms
mt tfi ik` hc Mubust, wfaei pripma` usirs rhsi crhg 1.=1 gaeeahk ak Duey th 1.>6 gaeeahk mt tfi ik` hc Mubust, Mubust, ?:=6. @urakb tfi ghktf, GPK _wmk`m wms tfi oabbist bmakir, m``akb ?.2=% kiw usirs crhg 0.?> gaeeahk th 0.>0 gaeeahk, wfaei Pabh rinhr`i` ?.?2% brhwtf ak suosnraoirs th >.3= gaeeahk ghoaei nusthgirs crhg >.9> gaeeahk ak Mubust, ?:=6 mk` Martie sfi` :.>0% crhg =.93 gaeeahk th =.99 gaeeahk neaikts hvir tfi riphrtakb pirah`. Pfhubf Martie mk` Pabh girbi` th chrg
Martie-Pabh, _Y_M staee rinhr`s tfi suosnraoirs kht ms m nhgoaki` iktaty, out sipmrmtiey. Ratf tfi brhwtf ak suosnraoir kugoirs emst ghktf, GPK khw nhggmk`s 03% hc tfi gmrlit sfmri, wfaei Martie-Pabh fms 90% hc tfi gmrlit mk` m nhgoaki` 9.=2 gaeeahk suosnraoir omsi. Gimkwfaei, tfi kugoir hc mntavi usirs hc ghoaei kmkname sirvanis aknrimsi` oy =6 pirnikt crhg >.>2 gaeeahk th >.16 gaeeahk suosnraoirs yimr-hk-yimr ak Duki, ?:=6, mnnhr`akb th niktrme omkl buris. Ghoaei kmkname mnnhukts wiri up oy 1% crhg 6.3 gaeeahk ak tfi rst sax ghktfs hc ?:=2 th 1.0 gaeeahk ak tfi rst sax ghktfs hc tfas yimr, wfaei tfi vheugi hc ghoaei kmkname sirsirvanis trmksmntahks rhsi =6%, crhg _wc==1 gaeeahk th _wc=0= gaeeahk. @urakb tfi smgi pirah` tfi vmeui hc ghoaei kmkname sirvanis aknrimsi` oy >9%, up crhg _wc3?? oaeeahk th _wc6>6 oaeeahk hvir tfi riphrtakb pirah`. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
?>
_RMK@M
_wmk`m kii`s neagmti-sgmrt _wmk`m mbranueturi, smys _INH_ ohss Ehnme mk` bhvirkgikt hcnames mnrhss tfi nhuktry fmvi emuknfi` tfi pemktakb mntavatais chr simshk ?:=6 cheehwakb tfi hksit hc rmaks. Eali ak gmky htfir `iviehpakb nhuktrais, _wmk`m‑s mbranueturi as staee emrbiey rmak ci`. Out watf tfi aknrimsakb m`virsi iccints hc neagmti nfmkbi, wimtfir pmttirks fmvi brimtey nfmkbi` mk` rmaks oinhgi spmrsi mk` sfhrt, mccintakb nrhp prh`untahk. Nhksirvmtahkast Dhfk Bmlwmvu, tfi ixinutavi sinritmry hc _wmk`m Ikvarhkgikt Nhksirvmtahk Hrbmkasmtahk (_INH_), smys at as agphrtmkt chr cmrgirs th m`hpt neagmti-sgmrt mpprhmnfis th bumr` mbmakst neagmti nfmkbi agpmnts tfmt fmvi gm`i `ry spiees ehkb mk` siviri. Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt‑s ^tipfik Kuwmbarm nmubft Kuwmbarm nmubft watf Bmlwmvu Bmlwmvu ak ak Labmea th `asnuss neagmti-sgmrt mbranueturi prmntanis tfmt nhue` fiep gmli mbranueturi ghri sustmakmoei mk` eiss `ipik`ikt hk rmaks. Ixnirpts4 _wmk`m Ikvarhkgikt Nhksirvmtahk Hrbmkasmtahk (_INH_) as whrlakb watf cmrgirs ak Oubisirm `astrant, wfanf as hki hc tfi mrims ak _wmk`m tfmt ixpiraikni siviri mk` ehkb `ry simshks imnf yimr. Fhw nmk cmrgirs prhtint tfigsievi tfigsieviss mbmakst sunf m`virsi nhk`atahks8 mrgirs ak Ristirk Zrhvakni strubbei watf tfi agpmnts hc tfi prhehkbi` `ry spiees tfmt mri khrgmeey ixpiraixpira ikni` ak tfi mrim crhg mrhuk` Gmy th Mubust Mubust mkkumeey. Oubisirm, eali tfi htfir `astrant ak tfi prhvakni, ixpiraiknis ehkb mk` siviri `rhubfts nhgpmri` th htfir pmrts hc _wmk`m iviry yimr, wfanf `istrhy nrhps sakni cmrgirs prmntani rmak-ci` mbranueturi. Fhwivir, rmak-ci` cmrgakb as kh ehkbir sustmakmoei watf agpmnts hc neagmti nfmkbi oinhga oin hgakb kb akn aknrim rimsak sakbey bey siv siviri iri.. ^h, ^h, cmr cmrgir girss gust m`hpt neagmti-sgmrt mbranueturi prmntanis mk` briik tinfkhehbais tfmt mri neagmti risaeaikt, sunf ms usakb sgmee shemr-phwiri` arrabmtahk systigs th wmtir tfiar nrhps, mk` aktirnrhppakb simshkme nrhps watf cruat triis eali trii thgmthis (aoakyhghrh (aoakyhghrh), ), mvhnm`hs, pmwpmw, mk` gmkbhis. Oisa`is, at fms oiik prh prhvik vik oy `a `airi irikt kt stu stu`ai `aiss tfmt tfmt mbr mbrhhchristry as hki tfi neagmti-sgmrt mbranueturi mpprhmnfis tfmt nfinl agpmnts hc neagmti nfmkbi oy ri`unakb `mkbirhus bms igassahks mk` fiepakb cmrgirs th sustmakmoey ikfmkni nrhps prh`untahk mk` m`mpt th neagmti nfmkbi.
tmli m sfhrtir pirah` th prh`uni fmvi mesh oiik m`h m`hpti` pti` oy cmrg cmrgirs irs.. Pfir Pfirichr ichri, i, tfa tfass mpprhmnf ikmoeis cmrgirs th mpprinamti neagmti nfmkbi mk` siil chr suatmoei sheutahks akstim` hc nhgpemakakb mohut ats agpmnts hk tfiar eavieafhh`s. Nrhp arrabmtahk waee iksuri chh` sinuraty ms wiee ms agprhvi` aknhgis chr sgmee cmrgirs. Ak m``atahk, cruat triis fmvi `huoei oikits oiki ts hc ri` ri`una unakb kb nmro nmrohk hk iga igassah ssahks ks mk` agprhvakb eavieafhh`s hc rurme nhggukatais. Pfi triis mesh nfinl shae irhsahk oy prhva`akb fiabftiki` risaeaikni `urakb fimvy hr prhehkbi` rmakcmee.
C
^h fhw `his tfas whrl mk` oikit cmrgirs8 Aktirnrhppakb simshkme nrhps, akneu`akb oimks, oim ks, thg thgmth mthis is mk` mk` hka hkahks hks,, watf watf cru cruat at tri triis is eali mvhnm`h mk` trii thgmthis prhva`is cmrgirs m `avirsai` shurni hc aknhgi, chh` kutraikts, mk` shae gmkuri th khurasf hur nrhps, ms wiee ms prhtint tfi ikvarhkgikt. Pfmt‑s wfy wi mri fiepakb tfi cmrgirs th k` oiir wmys hc m`mptakb tfigsievis th neagmti nfmkbi iints oy igormnakb sussus tmakmoei mbranueturi prmntanis. ^h, akstim` hc chnusakb hk hkey simshkme nrhps, wi mri iknhurmbakb tfi cmrgirs ak Oubisirm th ?0
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
pemkt cruat triis ak tfiar bmr`iks tfmt waee prhva`i m``atahkme shurni hc aknhgi out mesh gatabmti neagmti nfmkbi iints. Rfy as at viry agphrtmkt chr _wmk`mk cmrgirs th igormni neagmti sgmrt mbranueturme prmntanis mk` briik tinfkhehbais8 Hk tfi hki fmk`, usakb briik tinfkhehbais eali shemr-phwiri` arrabmtahk systigs waee ikmoei tfi cmrgirs th prh`uni tfrhubfhut tfi yimr sakni tfiy waee khw oi ak ghri nhktrhe hc tfi cmrgakb mntavatais. Hk tfi htfir fmk`, neagmti-sgmrt cmrgakb mpprhmnfis waee ikmoei sgmee cmrgirs th m`mpt th iints hc neagmti nfmkbi, eali ehkb `ry spiees, hh`s, mk` sfhrt rmaks. CurtfirCurtfir ghri, _INH_ as nheemohrmtakb watf Kaei Omsak @asnhursi Chrug ak _wmk`m (KO@C _wmk`m) uk`ir tfi ―Zrhghtakb sustmakmoei mbranueturi ak m nfmkbakb neagmti prhdint ak Oubisirm `astrant th igphwir sgmeefhe`ir cmrgirs watf slaees mk` briik tinfkhehbais chr neagmti risaeaikt mbranueturi th iksuri sustmakmoei eavieafhh`s. Oisa`is prhghtakb arrabmtahk, sustmakmoei emk` usi mk` gmkmbigikt prmntanis, oikinamrais mri iquappi` watf kinissmry slaees th brhw cruat triis ms neagmti risaeaikt nrhps. Neagmti sgmrt tinfkhehbais, eali brmctakb hc mvhnm`hs wfanf
Rfmt mri shgi hc tfi nfmeeikbis th m`hptakb neagmti risaeaikt mpprhmnfis8 Pfi oabbist nfmeeikbi as tfmt shgi cmrgirs mri staee rieuntmkt th igormni mbrh-christry, brhwakb simshkme nrhps aktirnrhppi` watf cruat triis. Pfiy tfakl tfmt tfi triis nhue` mint prh`untahk hc tfiar nrhps, out sakni tfi cruat triis mri pemkti` cmr mpmrt, tfiy nmkkht tfrimtik htfir nrhps. Bikirmeey, ghst cmrgirs `hk‑t uk`irstmk` fhw mbrhchristry whrls hr ats oikits. Piee us ghri mohut tfas prhdint8 Oy tfi ik`s hc tfi prhdint eaci ak Duki, ?:=1, wi tmrbit th `astraouti hvir =2?,::: agprhvi` sii`eakbs hc cruat triis, eali gmkbhis, hrmkbis, bumvms, pmwpmw mk` mvhnm`h cruat trii vmraitais, wfanf mri risaeaikt th `rhubft ak iabft sinthrs hc Oubisirm - Gmriom, Kbirulm, _ufufm, Kymrubikbi, Duru,, Lmgmou Duru Lmgmouyi, yi, _aea _aeagm gm mk` mk` _wiru _wiru.. BikBikirmeey, wi mri tmrbitakb th pemkt 6: fintmris hc cruat triis uk`ir tfi arrabmtahk snfigi th prhghti briik mk` neagmti risaeaikt tinfkhehbais. Mesh, sieinti` cmrgirs, ehnme eim`irs, ixtiksahk stm, pheany-gmlirs mk` htfir stmlifhe`irs waee oi trmaki` ak neagmti nfmkbi m`mptmtahk mk` gatabmtahk oy tfi prhdint‑s ik`. Pfiy waee mesh oi trmaki` ak mbranueturi mk` wmtir gmkmbigikt slaees, wfanf mri issiktame chr sustmakmoei nrhp prh`untahk ak tfi cmni hc nfmkbakb neagmtan nhk`atahks.
_RMK@M
Kymgmsfili4 `astrant wfiri bares pmy `hwry Oy Meixas Oalhragmkm
_
wmk`m‑s gmrrambi nusthgs mri cmnakb m tist oinmusi hc nurrikt rmpa`ey nfmkbakb khrgs. Pfi trm`atahkme prmntani wfiri yhukb gik aktik`akb th bit gmrrai` wiri ixpinti` th whrl fmr` mk` pmy ora`i-prani th tfiar oitrhtfi` pmrikts nhue` shhk oinhgi fasthry ak shgi pmrts hc tfi nhuktry. Ak Kymgmsfili `astrant, _wmk`m‑s Ristirk Zrhvakni, tfas nikturais-ehkb nueturi as cmnakb m eatgus tist ms m rivirsi prmntani igirbis< hc ora`is-th-oi pmyakb `hwry nmsf th prhspintavi fusomk`s. Oazmrri ms at gmy oi, tfi prmntani fms m cheehwakb. Out at fms mesh cmni` strhkb risastmkni watf gmky yhukb whgik mk` cmgaeais smyakb tfi ukusume nueturi gmy mint riemtahksfaps mk` as rinapi chr `asmstir. Gmky risa`ikt ak tfi `astrant smy tfi strmkbi prmntani fms oinhgi ‖nueturi‑ ak Kymgmsfili, watf bares oiakb tmsli` th pmy m ‖thlik‑ hc oitwiik _wc>::,::: mk` _wc= gaeeahk `ipik`akb hk tfiar shname stmtus. Gmraikki Kyarmkbarayi, m risa`ikt hc Kymgmsfili smys gmky cmgaeais nmkkht mhr` tfas ghkiy mk` sfi phakts mt m whgmk ak tfi kiabfohurfhh` wfh cmaei` th gmrry oinmusi sfi nhue` kht pmrt watf ghri tfmk _wc0::,::: (mk ixhtan fiacir nhsts hvir _wc>::,:::). Mnnhr`akb th Kyarmkbarayi, tfhsi tfmt gmkmbi th strubbei mk` rmasi tfi `hwry mri eict ak uknirtmakty mk` rasl seappakb akth phvirty. ―Pfiy siee h tfiar prhpirtais, akneu`akb emk` mk` `hgistan mkagmes, mghkb htfirs,‗ sfi smys. Ak pmst oiakb oimutacue, fmr`whrlakb, mk` fugoei wiri tfi liy riquasati chr bares th nfmrg tfigsievis akth m gmk‑s fimrt mk` iviktume gmrrambi. Out tfas fms sakni nfmkbi`, mt eimst ak Kymgmsfili, mk` kh gmir fhw oimutacue hr fmr`whrlakb yhu mri, ac yhu fmvi kh ghkiy, tfi `astrant‑s ieabaoei omnfiehrs waee kht khtani yhu.
Ghst fugmk phpuemtahks fmvi mk iqume kugoir hc gik mk` whgik. Out ak Kymgmsfili, tfiri mri ghri whgik tfmk gik mt 9=.6% th 06.?%, mnnhr`akb th buris crhg _wmk`m‑s phpuemtahk mk` fhusakb niksus nhk`unti` ak ?:=?. Pfi snmrnaty hc gik nhue` oi nhktraoutakb th tfi igirbikni hc tfi `hwry nueturi. _wmk`me‑s phpuemtahk, bikirmeey, nhgprasis 01.=% gmeis mk` 9:.1% cigmeis.
Cabft oazmrri prmntani Kyarmkbarayi nmees hk _wmk`mks< ispinameey ak tfas ghuktmakhus `astrant, th bft tfi prmntani sfi smys as kht rabft mk` nhue` eim` th ixpehatmtahk hc bares mk` phhr cmgacmga eais tfmt wmkt tfiar yhukb `mubftirs th k` fusomk`s. Gik nmk mesh tmli m`vmktmbi mk` gmli at m ousakiss oisa`is tfi ukusume prmntani oiakb oia kb m rhht rhht nmu nmusi si hc hc `hgist `hgistan an vah vaheik eikni ni mghkb sunf nhupeis. ―Ri gust prhtist mbmakst tfas nueturi tfmt‑s nhgakb up ak shgi pmrts hc Ristirk Zrhvakni oinmusi at gmy oi m shurni hc cmgaey nhkants. Chr ixmgpei, m craik` hc gaki pma` `hwry th bit gmrrai`, out wms sikt omnl fhgi m ciw `mys emtir oinmusi sfi fm`k‑t nmrrai` m gmriss ms pmrty hc `hwry,‗ ixpemaks Kyarmkbarayi. ^fi smys bares mri sieeakb tfiar akfiratmkni th oi moei th pmy `hwry, khtakb tfmt tfas kibmtaviey agpmnt tfiar saoeakbs mk` as m ―suri rhm` th phvirty‗. Fhwivir, shgi pmrikts supphrt tfi ‖kiw khrg‑, smyakb tfmt at as mwmy tfrhubf wfanf bares nhktraouti th tfi kiw cmgaeais. ―Pfas as bhh` oinmusi imnf hki hc tfi nhupei waee ciie nhgchrtmoei ms tfiy waee oi supp supphrt hrtakb akb imn imnf f htfi htfir,‗ r,‗ smys @mp @mpfrh frhsi si Kyarmkizm. Fhwivir, Kyarmkizm subbists tfmt tfiri sfhue` oi mk hrbmkasi` mk` rinhbkasi` prhni`uri tfrhubf wfanf ohtf sa`is sfhue` nhktraouti mk` kht hkey chrnakb yhukb whgik th pmy `hwry ribmr`eiss th tfiar
kmkname stmtus. Hnames nfmrbi` watf prhghtahk hc nuenue turi ak tfi nhuktry smy tfmt tfi bhvirkgikt nmkkht meehw mky prmntanis wfanf `h kht rispint tfi khrgs mk` vmeuis hc mee _wmk`mks. Dmnqui Dmn quiss Kzmo Kzmohka hkagpm gpm,, tfi tfi @ar @arint inthr hr hc Nue Nue-turi mt tfi _wmk`m Mnm`igy hc Emkbumbi mk` Nueturi (_MEN), smys tfhsi pmyakb `hwry th gik‑s cmgaey fmvi ―ehst siksi hc _wmk`mk vmeuis‗ mk` gust oi sthppi`. ―Pfas as ukagmbakmoei! Fhw nmk m bare thae th bit ghkiy th pmy chr m bh-oitwiik rst mk`, tfik pmy fir cuturi fusomk`8‗ whkwhk `iri` Kzmohkagpm. ―Pfas as chheasf mk` vahemtahk hc hur nueturme khrgs. Zmrikts mri supphsi` th rmasi tfiar nfae`rik ms bhh` mk` risphksaoei nataziks, wfh rispint hur khrgs,‗ smys Kzm ohkagp ohk agpm. m. Fi m``s tfmt _wmk`m tmlis gmrrambi ms m sygohe hc ehvi oitwiik m gmk mk` m whgmk, kht oinmusi hc ghkiy hr prhpirtais hki gmy hwk. ―Ac m gmk gmrrais shgihki‑s `mubftir oinmus oin musii fi fi fms fms oii oiik k pma` pma` shgi ghk ghkiy, iy, tfmt cmgaey nmkkht eavi thbitfir pimnicueey< at waee oi cuee hc qumrrieakb mk` nhkant oinmus oin musii tfia tfiarr gmrr gmrramb ambii wms wms kht oua ouaet et hk ehvi,‗ smys tfi hname.
Rmy chrwmr` _MEN mk` pmrtkir akstatutahks eali tfi Gakastry hc ^phrts mk` Nueturi, _wmk`m Kmtahkme Zheani, Gakastry hc Bik`ir mk` Cmgaey Zrhghtahk, tfi Gakastry hc Ehnme Bhvirkgikt, ms wiee ms khk-bhvirkgikt hrbmkasmtahks, fmvi stmrti` siksatasakb _wmk`mks mohut tfi nhuktry‑s nueturi mk` vmeuis, stmrtakb crhg snfhhes sh ms th k` m emstakb sheutahk th tfi brhwakb prmntani. ―Ri fmvi nhgoaki` ihrts ak tirgakmttirgakmt akb sunf prhoeigs mk` riemti` gmeprmntanis oy puo puoeas easfak fakb b m ohh ohhl l tate tatei`, i`, ‖Ak ‖Ak`mk `mkbmb bmbmna mnarh rh rigizh z‑Momkymrwmk`m‑ (ehhsiey trmksemti` ms ‖_wmk`mk Omsan Smeuis‑. Pfi ohhl nhktmaks ivirytfakb mohut hur nueturi, mk` wfmt th rispint chr sustmakakb hur `abkaty,‗ smys Kzmohkagpm. Fi wmrki` gik wfh tmrbit ghkiy mk` prhpirtais tfrhubf gmrrambis tfmt ac tfiy waee fmrmss tfiar wavis, tfiy whue` cmni cuee chrni hc tfi emw mbmakst bik`ir omsi` vaheikni. vahe ikni. ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
?9
Likymk whgik pmnlmbi vibitmoeis rim`y chr ixphrt th tfi IY.
NHY_PI^Q ZFHPH
Imst Mcranmk stmtis staee `ava`i` hk IZ IZMs Ms Inhkhgasts `hwkpemy kii` chr IZM th brhw ribahkme trm`i Oy _hkme` Gushli
P
fi Nhthkhu Mbriigikt tfmt fms oiik bua`akb trm`i mk` nhhpirmtavi riemtahks oitwiik tfi Iurhpimk Ykahk mk` nehsi th 6: nhuktrais ak tfi Mcranm, Nmraooimk mk` Zmnan ribahks chr tfi emst ?: yimrs as sit th ixpari ak =9 ghktfs‑ tagi out tfi skmae-pmni kibhtamtahks tfmt shgi nhuktrais ak tfi MNZ oehn fmvi m`hpti` th rikiw tfi trimty as rmasakb quistahks hk tfi cuturi hc tfi pmrtkirsfap. Pfi nhhpirmtahk oitwiik tfi IY mk` Ybmk`m mehkbsa`i 26 htfir nhuktrais as ohuk` ohu k` oy mbri mbriigik igikts ts wfa wfanf nf fmv fmvii oiik oiik rikiwi` pirah`anmeey sakni tfi viry rst hki wms sabki` ak Ehgá ak =129. Ak mk ixneusavi i xneusavi aktirvaiw, Maeah Zmnana, tfi fim` hc tfi Iurhpimk Ykahk @ieibmtahk ?3
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
ak Ybmk`m the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt riniktey Ak`ipik`ikt riniktey tfmt tfi phst-Nhthkhu tmels, pmrtanuemrey watf tfi Mcranmk brhup, ―fmvi mt tagis oiik `acnuet.‗ Zmnana ixpemaki` tfmt uk`ir tfi Nhth khu Mbriigikt, tfiri as m prhvasahk tfmt omsanm oms anmeey eey ―ba ―bavis vis mee lak lak`s `s hc hc m`v m`vmkt mktmbi mbiss (kh (kh quhtm mk` `uty ristrantahks)‗ th tfi ixphrt hc bhh`s mk` prh`unts hrabakmtakb crhg tfi Mcranmk-Nmraooimk-Zmnann nhuktrais. Mcranmk-Nmraooimk-Zmna Fhwivir, tfisi mrrmkbigikts oinmgi khk-nhgpeamkt watf tfi stmk`mr`s mk` mbriigikts hc tfi Rhre` Prm`i Hrbmkazmtahk watf shgi khk-MNZ gigoirs hodintakb th tfi priciriktame trimtgikt tfmt tfi IY mnnhr`s th nhuktrais eali Ybmk`m. Pfas chrgi` tfi omsas chr m kiw trm`i mk` nhhpirmtavi `ime oitwiik tfi IY mk` ribahkme oehns eali tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty. Fhwivir, tfi mbriigikt tfmt as
aktik`i` th aggi`amtiey hpik tfi `hhr chr agphrt hc bhh`s crhg tfi IMN ribahk watf Imst Mcranm rinaprhnmtakb oy hpikakb ats gmrlit th Iurhpimk bhh`s chr m pirah` hc ?9 yimrs as yit th oi sabki`, m satumtahk tfmt nhue` sii Mcranmk bhh`s ixphsi` th fubi tmxis ak Iurhpimk gmrlits. Emtist `mtm crhg tfi Iurhpimk Nhggassahk @arinthrmti Bikirme chr Prm`i sfhws tfi Imst Mcranmk oehn ixphrti` bhh`s whrtf ₥?.0=9 ₥?. 0=9ok ok th tfi IY ems emstt yimr yimr.. Hk Hk tfi tfi htf htfir ir fmk`, tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty stmtis agphrti` bhh`s whrtf ₥>.91>ok `urakb tfi smgi pirah` uk`ir rivaiw. Ixphrts th tfi IY gmakey nhksast hc nhii, nut hwirs, tim, thomnnh, sf mk` vibitmoeis, wfaei agphrts crhg tfi IY akth tfi ribahk mri `hgakmti` oy gmnfakiry mk` ginfmkanme mppeamknis, iquapgikt mk` pmrts, vifaneis mk` pfmrgmniutanme prh`-
OY^AKI^^
unts. Pfi IY-IMN inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt nhvirs trm`i ak bhh`s mk` `iviehpgikt nhhpirmtahk. At mesh fms m nfmptir hk sfirais, gmakey th riakchrni nhhpirmtahk hk tfi sustmakmoei usi hc rishurnis. Pfi mbriigikt prhva`is chr curtfir kibhtamtahks hk sirvanis mk` trm`i riemti` rueis ak tfi cuturi. Zmnana the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt tfmt Ak`ipik`ikt tfmt tfi kiw trm`i `ime oitwiik tfi IY mk` tfi IMN as aktik`i` th tmli akth mnnhukt shnah-inhkhgan narnugstmknis akneu`akb nhhpirmtahk mk` mssastmkni th fiep nhuktrais eali Ybmk`m.
IZM oikits ―Likym fms bhki tfrhubf tfi wfhei prhniss, _wmk`m as mohut th mk` Ybmk`m as fmppy th `h at. Out tfiri mri m nhupei hc nhuktrais watfak tfi ribahk wfh mri kht rimeey waeeakb th bh mfim`,‗ fi sma` ak ricirikni th Pmkzmkam mk` Ouruk`a tfmt mrbui` tfmt tfi ghvi whue` suhnmti tfiar ehnme ak`ustrame brhwtf. Mnnhr`akb th tfi Iurhpimk Nhggassahk, tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty nhgprasakb Ouruk`a, Likym, _wmk`m, ^hutf ^u`mk, Pmkzmkam mk` Ybmk`m kmeazi` tfi kibhtamkibhtam tahks chr mk inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt watf tfi IY hk =3 Hnthoir, ?:=0 watf Likym mk` _wmk`m sabkakb tfi IZM ak ^iptigoir ?:=3. Likym ivik wikt mfim` th rmtacy at. Out tfi htfir chur IMN gigoirs mri yit th sabk mk` rmtacy tfi mbriigikt. ^hutf ^u`mk as yit th oi aknhrphrmti` ak tfi kibhtamtahks ms at as yit th dhak tfi RPH. Chr tfi IZM th iktir akth chrni, tfi tfrii rigmakakb IMN gig oirss kii` oir kii` th sabk mk` rmt rmtacy acy tfi mbr mbriigi iigikt. kt. Pfi gmak cimturi hc tfi mbriigikt as pmrtame mk` brm`ume (msyggitran) hpikakb hc tfi IMN gmrlit th agphrts crhg tfi IY, tmlakb cuee mnnhukt hc tfi `airikni ak eivies hc `iviehpgikt oitwiik tfi IMN mk` tfi IY. Pfiri as aggi`amti `uty-crii mnniss th tfi IY gmrlit chr mee IMN ixphrts, m omk hk ukdustai` hr `asnragakmthry ristrantahks hk agphrts mk` ixphrts wfanf nhktraouti th tfi IMN‑s ihrts th irm`anmti ghri tmra omrraomrra irs ak aktrm-IMN trm`i. Pfi IMN fms nhggai` th eaoirmeazi tfi iquavmeikt hc 6?.3% hc agphrts crhg tfi IY oy vm vmeui eui.. Yk`i Yk`irr tfi tfi IMN nus nusthg thgss ukah ukahk, k, ghri tfmk fmec hc tfisi agphrts mri merim`y agphrti` `uty crii, kht hkey crhg tfi IY out crh crhg g tfi tfi ikt iktari ari whr whre`. e`. Pfi rig rigmak mak`ir `ir waee oi prhbrissaviey eaoirmeazi` watfak =9 yimrs crhg tfi ghgikt tfi IZM iktirs akth chrni wfaei ?.1% hc at waee oi eaoirmeazi` hkey watfak ?9 yimrs. Pfi IMN `ina`i` th ixneu`i crhg eaoireaoir meazmtahk hc vmrahus mbranueturme prh`unts, wakis mk` sparats, nfiganmes, pemstans, whh` omsi` oms i` pmp pmpir, ir, tix tixtae taeis is mk` mk` neh nehtfa tfakb, kb, chh chhtwi twimr, mr, nirmgan prh`unts, bemsswmri, mrtaneis hc omsi gitmes mk` vifaneis. Pfi eaoirmeazmtahk hk IMN agphrts risuet-
akb crhg tfi IZM waee tfirichri oi iktariey gmkmbimoei mk` sprim` hvir m ehkb pirah` hc tagi. Pfiri as kh rasl iatfir hc IMN gmrlits oiakb hh`i` oy tfi IY prh`unts hr hc mky sabkanmkt ou`bit rivikui sfhnls. Mgomssm`hr Kmtfmk Arugom, tfi ribahkme ixinutavi `arinthr hc tfi ^hutfirk mk` Imstirk Mcranm Prm`i Akchrgmtahk mk` Kibhtamtahks Akstatuti (^IMPAKA) wfh spikt nehsi th ?: yimrs ak Bikivm mk` Kiw Qhrl kibhtamtakb trm`i `imes hk oifmec hc Ybmk`m the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt hk Ak`ipik`ikt hk ^ipt. ?> tfmt tfi stugoeakb oehnl ak tfi kibhtamtahks, mt eimst chr Imst Mcranm, rivhevis mrhuk` tfi eaoirmeazakb snfi`uei. ―Hur ak`ustrais mri sh yhukb mk` wi gmy kht oi moei th nhgpiti watf Iurhpimk ak`ustrais,‗ fi sma` m``akb tfmt, ―Bavik tfmt wi mri tryakb th agpeigikt hur ak`ustrameazmtahk pheany, wi ciie tfmt at waee kht oi ak tfi ehkb tirg aktirist hc Imst Mcranm.‗ Arugom sma` tfas as tfi rimshk Pmkzmkam fms oiik `rmbbakb ats ciit th sabk tfi pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt. Dmkii Kmeu Dmk Kmeukbm kbm,, tfi tfi nhu nhuktr ktry y `ari `arinth nthrr hc hc ^IMPAKA ak Ybmk`m mesh the` Pfi Ak`ipik tfmt at wms kht rabft chr Likym th sabk `ikt tfmt `ikt mk` rmtacy tfi inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbrii-
Mgieam Lymgom``i
gikt nhksa`irakb tfmt tfi IMN fms m nhgghk ixtirkme tmra. ^fi sma` tfi inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt mt tfi ghgikt staee cmvhurs tfi IY ghri tfmk tfi IMN mk` tfmt as wfy khtfakb fms nfmkbi`. Oichri tfi IZMs, tfi MNZ nhuktrais fm` priciriktame trm`i mrrmkbigikts watf tfi IY out `ispati tfas hpikakb, MNZ nhuktrais rmriey ivir gmkmbi` th ee tfi meehwmoei ixphrt quhtms th tfi IY uk`ir tfi ―Iviry―Iviry tfakb out Mrgs‗ trm`i akatamtavi. Pfas trabbiri` tfi IY th swatnf crhg tfi ―Ivirytfakb out Mrgs‗ akatamtavi th tfi IZM watf tfi MNZ nhuktrais mrbuakb tfmt priciriktame trm`i wms kht ak nhgpeamkni watf Rhre` Prm`i Hrbmkasmtahk (RPH) rueis. Ybmk`m, chr akstmkni, fms m 9,::: gitran thkki quhtm chr submr out ats ixphrts th tfi IY kivir mmaki` tfas mghukt, pmrtey
oinmusii hc oinmus hc tfi tfi IY‑ IY‑ss strak strakbikt bikt rue rueis is hc hc hrab hrabak ak mk` suppey nhkstrmakts. Pfi a`im wms tfirichri th pusf eaoirmeasmtahk curtfir akth tfi tfrii ribahks chr tfi oikit oik it hc Iur Iurhpi hpimk mk nmp nmpatm atmee (ixp (ixphrt hrtirs irs rs rst, t, akvisthrs hvir tfi ehkbir tirg), oy nrimtakb m behome gmrlit watf tfi smgi rueis ivirywfiri. Pfi MNZ nhuktrais whue` supphsi`ey rimp ghri brhwtf, dhos mk` tinfkhehby trmkscir ms m risuet. Prm`i ixpirts smy sakni ats akatamtahk, tfi IZM fms oiik stunl ak nhktrhvirsy. Pfas nhgis crhg nirtmak nemusis tfmt fmvi oiik akneu`i` ak tfi mbriigikt wfanf phsi sirahus tfrimts th fugmk rabfts. Pfas as pmrtanuemrey trui ak ghst Mcranmk nhuktrais. Rfaei at wms gmrliti` ms tfi gmban oueeit thwmr`s tfi MNZ nhuktrais‑ ak`ustrameazmtahk mk` `iviehpgikt, at fms oiik siik ms mk ukcmar mbriigikt tfmt as mknfhri` ak m nhehkame strunturi. ^hgi ixpirts ak tfi MNZ ribahk fmvi nhktakui` th hpphsi tfas pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt oinmusi hc ats `ivmstmtakb iints hk sgmee snmei cmrgirs. Dhfk Dhf k Hphl Hphlu, u, m fugm fugmk k rabf rabfts ts emw emwyir yir mk` mntavast crhg Bfmkm, wms quhti`, emst yimr oy B_MA B_MAK, K, mk akt aktirk irkmta mtahkm hkmee khk-p khk-prh rhtt tfmt tfmt supphrts sgmee cmrgirs mk` shname ghvigikts ak tfiar strubbei chr nhggukaty nhktrheei` mk` oah`avirsaty omsi` chh` systigs tfmt tfi inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbriigikts mri ukcmar th Mcranmk cmrgirs. ―M thkki hc nhnhm as rhubfey Y^$ =,>::, wfaei hki (kiw) 0x0 vifanei as khw mohut Y^$=?:,:::. ^h yhu kii` mohut 1? thkkis hc nhnhm th ixnfmkbi chr hki 0x0 vifanei,‗ fi sma`, ―Out th bit hki thkki, yhu waee kii` kht eiss tfmk ?: mnris hc emk`.‗ Aktiristakbey, Hphlu sma`, tfi mvirmbi nhnhm cmrgir ak Bfmkm fms hkey mrhuk` ?-> mnris gimkakb at whue` tmli fag hr fir hvir 9:: yimrs th ouy tfmt 0V0 vifanei. Kiatfir Prm`i Gakastir Mgieam Lymg om``i om` `i khr tfi Zi Zirgm rgmkik kiktt ^inr ^inritm itmry ry Mgo. Dueaus Due aus Hki Hkik k nhue nhue` ` oi oi rimn rimnfi` fi` chr m nhgnhggikt oy priss tagi. Gimkwfaei, Cri` Gufuguzm, mk inhkhgans einturir mt Gmliriri Ykavirsaty the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt tfmt Ak`ipik`ikt tfmt sakni tfiri mri sh gmky trm`i akatamtavis ak tfi IMN< fi whk`irs wfmt kiw tfakb tfi inhkhgan pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt watf tfi IY whue` orakb hk tfi tmoei tfas tagi. ―A `hk‑t tfakl Ybmk`m sieeakb sf hr hwhw irs th Iurhpi riquaris sunf m pmrtkirsfap mbriigikt, oinmusi wi nmk staee siee tfisi prh`unts oaemtirmeey.‗ ―^h tfi wfhei tfakb fms nhgi akth quistahk mohut ats inmny, inaikny out ghst agphrtmktey, `his at rimeey hir iviry nhuk nhuk-try m cmar nfmkni hc oikiakb hr at as sagpey oiakb oia kb usi usi` ` oy oy tfi tfi phw phwirc ircue ue th chr chrni ni tfi wimlir inhkhgais th sabk.‗ ―Ak tfi sfhrt ruk, A `hk‑t sii sabkmturis oiakb oia kb mpp mppik`i ik`i` ` out out ivi ivik k ak ak tfi tfi ehkb ehkb ruk ruk,, ac at as sabki`, A `hk‑t sii mky sabkanmkt nfmkbi crhg wfmt wi fmvi fm` oichri.‗ ^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
?2
OY^AKI^^
Fhw th ohhst ehbastans ak`ustr ak`ustry y Zemyirs Zemy irs fakt hk ehhgakb sinthr hpphrtukatais Oy Dueaus Ousakbi
F
hw nmk Ybmk`m turk akth m ehbastans mk` `astraoutahk fuo ak Imst Mcranmk ribahk th nrimti hpphrtukatais chr tfi inhkhgy8 Pfmt wms tfi gmak assui tfmt tfi pmrtanapmkts wfh mik`i` tfi twh-`mys ?k` Mkkume Behome Ehbastans Nhkviktahk ?:=6 uk`ir tfi muspanis hc tfi Ci`irmtahk hc Imst Mcranmk Criabft Chrwmr`irs Msshnamtahk (CIMCCM)) fie` mt tfi Lmgpmem ^firmthk Fhtie CM crhg ^ipt. =2-=6 migpti` th m``riss. Ieey Lmrufmkbm, tfi nfmargmk hc Ybmk`m Nfmgoir hc Gakis mk` Zitrheiug the` 9:: pmrtanapmkts crhg vmrahus ak`ustrais akneu`akb pravmti sinthr, `iviehpgikt pmrtkirs, bhvirkgikt riprisiktmtavis, omklirs mk` mnm`igam tfmt phhr akcrmstrunturi „ rhm`s, wmtir, nmrbh fmk`eakb, emnl hc prh`unt lkhwei`bi mk` stmk`mr`s„ wiri shgi hc tfi nfmeeikbis tfmt pemyirs ak tfi ehbastans mk` trmksphrt sinthr staee cmni mga`st kugirhus ihrts th m``riss tfig. Lmrufmkbm‑s vaiws mri `arintey nhkkinti` th riphrts crhg Prm`iGmrl Imst Mcranm wfanf ak`anmti tfmt ak Ybmk`m mk` tfi ribahk, ehbastans oheikinls mk` akicakic naiknais mri prisikt mt guetapei stmbis ak tfi suppey nfmak akneu`akb ehm`akb, `ieaviry mk` wmrifhusakb, pmnlmbakb mk` wmsti gmkmbigikt. Prmn nhkbistahk mehkb liy trmksphrt nhrra`hrs, rhm`oehnls mk` nfinlphakts pusfis up tagi mk` nhsts hc ehbastans, wfanf mri pmssi` hkth tfi sfappirs mk` nhksugirs. Chr akstmkni, ak Ybmk`m, ehbastans akicnaiknais ak agphrt mk` ixphrt hc bhh`s mri istagmti` th nhst $6?2 gaeeahk (^fs>.= traeeahk) imnf yimr, watf ehbastans nhsts mnnhuktakb chr =6-?:% hc tfi smei prani hc bhh`s she` ak tfi nhuktry. ^agaemrey, tfi Rhre` Omkl cuk`i` riphrt oy Gm Gmn @hk @hkme` me`,, ?:=3 ?:=3,, stmt stmtis is tfmt tfmt,, agphrts hc trmksphrt mk` ehbastans sirvanis gmli up 99% hc Ybmk`m‑s thtme sirvani agphrts wfaei Ybmk`m‑s trmksphrt mk` ehbastans ixphrts ixphrts mri mri hkey >.2% hc Ybmk`m‑s thtme sirvanis ixphrts. Pfi riphrt smys tfmt agprhvakb ehbastans sirvanis waee nrimti ghri igpehygikt hpphrtukatais istagmti` mt mohut ?:6,::: ak ?:=3 th hvir 9??,::: oy ?:>:. Pfas nhgis mt tfi tagi tfi bhvirkgikt nhktakuis th akvist ak liy akcrmstrunturi prhdints „ rhm`s, phwir `mgs, ora`bis „ th cmnaeatmti ghvigikt hc bhh`s mk` sirvanis. Fussiak La``i``i, tfi nfmargmk hc Ybmk`m Criabft Chrwmr`irs Msshnamtahk sma` Msshnamtahk sma` `imeakb watf tfi sinthr nfmeeikbis whue` sii ats nhktraoutahk th B@Z aknrimsi crhg crhg ?6
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
tfi nurrikt ?.9% th 9% ak tfi nhgakb ciw yimrs. Fi sma` tfmt sinthr pemyirs mghkb htfir tfakbs mri bhakb th stmrt trmakakb mk` slaeeakb trunl `ravirs „ tfi gmdhr pemyirs „ usakb tfi prhcissahkme `ravirs‑ nurranueug chr tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty. Fi sma` tfmt tfiy mri mwmri tfi gakastry hc whrls as ehhlakb mt m rivaiw hc `ravakb snfhhes th sii th at tfmt ―wi `ieavir tfi nmea oir hc `ra `ravir virss tfmt tfmt mri kii kii`i` `i`.‗ .‗ Ba`ihk Om`mbmwm, tfi ixinutavi `arinthr hc Zravmti ^inthr Chuk`mtahk Ybmk`m, sma` tmnleakb sinthr nfmeeikbis riquaris ouae`akb pmrtkirsfaps th fiep aktibrmti prhcissahkmeasg ms at as `hki ak m`vmkni` inhkhgais eali Nfakm mk` ^akbmphri. ―Pfi tfakb as fhw wi ouae` inaikny ak tfi trmksphrt mk` ehbastans sinthr…oinmusi
Ieey Lmrufmkbm
wfik yhu `h tfmt yhu orakb tfi nhst hc `hakb ousakiss `hwk,‗ fi the` Pfi Ak`ipik`ikt. Pfi bhh` tfakb as tfmt `urakb tfi nhkviktahk, Pfi Kmtahkme Ehbastans Zemtchrg (KEZ) uk`ir tfi Zravmti ^inthr Chuk`mtahk Ybmk`m mk` tfi Gakastry hc Rhrls mk` Prmksphrt sabki` m gighrmk`ug hc uk`irstmk`akb th lanl-stmrt nhhpirmtahk hk gmirs nmpmnaty ouae`a oua e`akb kb ak tir tirgs gs hc hc trma trmakak kakb, b, nir nirta tanmt nmtahk ahk,, pheany chrguemtahk, mk` risimrnf mk` nmpmnaty `iviehpgikt.
Gakastir prhgasis pmrtanapmkts
Ghkanm Mzuom Ktibi, tfi gakastir hc whrls mk` trmksphrt sma` tfmt ak`ii` tfi bhvirkgikt rinhbkasis tfi sinthr‑s nfmeeikbis mk` hpphrtukatais mk` tfmt at fms oiik oii k whrl whrlakb akb ik` ik`eis eissey sey th m`` m``riss riss tfi tfig. g. ^fi sma` oitwiik ?::2 mk` ?:=3, Ybmk`m‑s behome Ehbastans Zirchrgmkni Ak`ix
(EZA) rmklakb dugpi` ?9 pemnis (crhg 6> r` th 96tf ak ?:=3), `ravik oy ikfmknigikt ak nusthgs prhni`uris, trmnlakb mk` trmnakb, mk` akvistgikt ak akcrmstrunturi. ^fi sma` tfi agprhvigikt wms ms m risuet hc prhni`urme mk` akstatutahkme richrgs tfmt fmvi m``rissi` tfi m`gakastrmtavi our`ik mk` sfhrtiki` tagi `iemys msshnamti` watf nusthgs mk` neimrmkni prhnissis, akneu`akb tfi aktrh`untahk hc tfi ^akbei Nusthgs Pirrathry Pirrat hry neimrmkni prhni`uris watfak tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty ms wiee ms tfi nhggassahkakb hc tfi Hki ^thp Ohr`ir Zhst mt Gmemom wfanf fms ri`uni` criabft trmksat tagi oitwiik Ghgomsm mk` Lmgpmem crhg =6 `mys th >. Htfir aktirviktahks, sfi sma` akneu`i tfi Hki ^thp ohr`ir Zhsts mt Ousam, Garmgm Faees mk` Gutuluem wfanf mri mee bimri` thwmr`s ri`unakb tfi trmksat tagis mnrhss ohr`ir ohr `irs. s. ^fi sma` tfmt bhvirkgikt rigmaks nhggai` th agprhvakb trmksphrt akcrmakcrm strunturi th cmnaeatmti trm`i, nrimti dhos mk` riemti` hpphrtukatais. Chr akstmkni, ribmr`akb rmaewmy trmksphrt, uk`ir tfi Khrtfirk Nhrra`hr Aktibrmti` Zrhdints, sfi sma` bhvirkgikt as nurriktey uk`irtmlakb tfi nhkstruntahk hc tfi ^tmk`mr` Bmubi _maewmy wfanf waee curtfir ri`uni trmksat tagi crhg Ghgomsm th Lmgpmem th dust hki `my. ―Pfas waee mesh ri`uni tfi nhst hc prh`untahk oy >:% fikni ikfmknakb tfi nhuktry‑s nhgpitatavikiss tfrhubf mk inaikt trmkstrmksphrt systig,‗ sfi sma`. Yk`ir wmtir trmksphrt, Mzuom sma` tfmt bhvirkgikt as `iviehpakb tfi ^hutfirk „ rhuti vam wmtir trmksphrt crhg Zhrt Oiee th Gwmkzm Zhrt ak Pmkzmkam Pmkzmkam th ri`uni hk tfi hvir-rieamkni hk tfi Khrtfirk Nhrra`hr. Mesh, tfi bhvirkgikt as `iviehpakb m kiw phrt mt Oulmsm tfmt waee mesh prhva`i cmstir mk` nfimpir gimks hc trmksphrt `arintey oy sfap th Gushgm hr Gwmkzm ak Pmkzmkam mk` tfik oy emk` th @mr is ^memg hr Pmkbm mt tfi Ak`amk Hnimk. Pfas prhdint as sit th oi nhgpeiti` ak ?:?:. ^agaemrey, Mzuom sma` tfi bhvirkgikt wms akvistakb ak tfi ixpmksahk hc Iktiooi Aktirkmtahkme Marphrt th ohhst mar criabft mk` pmssikbir trmn ak m``atahk th rivavakb tfi kmtahkme mareaki. ^fi m``i` tfmt m kiw marphrt as mesh oiakb `iviehpi` mt Lmommei ak Fhagm @astrant th supphrt hae mntavatais mk` mssast ak tfi `iviehpgikt hc mbranueturi mk` thurasg. Pfas yimr‑s nhkviktahk wms cuk`i` oy YLMA@ mk` @CA@ tfrhubf Prm`iGmrl uk`ir tfi tfigi ‖Criabft Ehbastans4 Pfi I`bi th nhgpitataviss.‑
OY^AKI^^
Gutioaei‑s churtf einturi `ikis wmy chr brhwtf Chnus hk thurasg, ANP, fhrtanueturi, akniktavis th nrimti dhos, brhw inhkhgy slaees, akstatutahks mk` ribuemtahk, `iviehpgikts ak ixphrts, phwir, trmksphrt mk` ehbastans. Zmbi m`vasis phhr nhuktrais th chnus akvistgikts ak phwir, trmksphrt mk` slaees, supphrt chr mk ixphrt brhwtf mk` nrimti ikvarhkgikt chr mrmntakb chriabk `arint akvistgikt. Fi mesh nmees chr chnus hk trm`i priciriknis stmrtakb watf Mcranmk Brhwtf Hpphrtukaty Mnt mk` htfir Inhkhgan Zmrtkirsfap Mbriigikts. Ph mnfaivi mee tfas, Zmbi smys bhvirkgikt-ousakiss nhhr`akmtahk as agphrtmkt. ―Oi viry prmntanme mk` chnusi`< ehhl mt pravmti sinthr nhkstrmakts mk` x tfig mk` gmli suri tfmt yhu bit cii`omnl,‗ fi sma` m``akb, ―Oi waeeakb th m`mpt mk` nfmkbi ac tfakbs `hk‑t whrl hut.‗
Oy Dueaus Ousakbi
P
hurasg, mbranueturi, Akchrgmtahk mk` Nhggukanmtahk Pinfkhehby, fhrtanueturi, trmksat trm`i mk` ehbastans mri liy sinthrs tfmt nhuktrais yimrkakb chr `iviehpgikt sfhue` chnus hk. Pfas wms tfi tmli mwmy crhg tfi dust nhkneu`i` 0tf Bhvirkhr Gutioaei‑s Einturi ^irais fie` ak Lmgpmem hk ^iptigoir ?=. Pfi churtf einturi wms `ieaviri` oy Dhfk Zmbi wfh as tfi Aktirkmtahkme Brhwtf Niktri Nhuktry @arinthr (Pmkzmkam) mk` ^ikahr Cieehw hc tfi Orhhlakbs Akstatutahk. Patei` ‖Pfi _hei hc Prm`moei ^irvanis ak Ak`ustrameasmtahk mk` ^trunturme Prmkschrgmtahk‑, Zmbi‑s einturi mrmnti` seabftey hvir =:: pmrtanapmkts crhg tfi pravmti sinthr, bhvirkgikt mk` tfi mnm`igam. Zmbi sma` tfmt chnusakb hk khk-trm`atahkme mntavatais „ eali Akchrgmtahk Nhggukanmtahk Pinfkhehby mk` thurasg, ak m``atahk th mbranueturi tfmt tfmt fi tinfkanmeey ricirri` th ms ‖ak`ustrais watfhut sghlistmnls‑ whue` pemy mk agphrtmkt rhei ak nrimtakb dhos mk` ohhsta ohh stakb kb inh inhkhg khgan an brh brhwtf wtf eal ealii gmkuc gmkucmnt mntururakb `a` ak Imst Msam crhg =19:-=113. ―Mcranm nmk nrimti m kiw brhwtf garmnei, out ats chr chrg g waee waee oi gun gunf f `ai `airik riktt tfmk tfmk Ims Imstt Msam, rieyakb ak pmrt hk ak`ustrais watfhut sghlistmnls,‗ fi sma`. Fi aksasti` tfmt pheanais sfhue` kht chnus hosissaviey hk gmkucmnturakb khr abkhri tfi emir out akstim`, sfhue` ak m``atahk chnus hk pheanais tfmt prhghti fabfirprh`untavaty mntavatais mk` ixphrts ak mbra ousaki ous akiss, ss, trm trm`mo `moei ei sir sirvan vanis. is. Zmbi‑s einturi nhgis mt m tagi thp aktirkmtahkme mbiknais mri smyakb tfmt oy ?:>: ghri tfmk tfrii qumrtirs hc tfi whre`‑s mosheuti phhr mri prhdinti` th eavi ak Mcranm. Zmbi mrbuis tfmt mnnieirmtakb inhkhgan brhwtf as agphrtmkt th rasakb aknhgis hk tfi nhktakikt. Fi, fhwivir, sma` niktrme th tfas nfmeeikbi as istmoeasfakb mntavatais tfmt mri nmpmoei hc igpehyakb emrbi kugoirs hc ukslaeei` whrlirs, tfmt nmk rmasi prh`untavaty tfrhubf akkhvmtahk, mk` tfmt nmk phwir brhwtf tfrhubf ixphrts. Fi nhrrhohrmtis tfas ak fas ohhl tatei` ‖Ak`ustrais watfhut ^ghlistmnls< Ak`ustrameazmtahk ak Mcranm _inhksa`iri`‑ smyakb, sunf strunturme trmkschrgmtahk as m liy `ravir hc brhwtf mk` tfmt oitwiik =19:-=113 mohut
Dhfk Zmbi
fmec hc tfi inhkhgan nmtnf-up oy `iviehpakb nhuktrais (ei` oy Imst Msam) wms `ui th rasakb prh`untavaty ak gmkucmnturakb nhg oaki` oak i` wat watf f brhw brhwakb akb mbr mbranu anuetu eturme rme hut hutput put.. Fi smys Mcranmfms embbi` oifak` ak mee sinthrs mk` fms th wmli up. Chr akstmkni, fi stmtis tfmt ak ?:=0, tfi mvirmbi sfmri hc gmkucmnturakb ak B@Z ak suo-^mfmrmk Mcranm fhviri` mrhuk` =:%, uknfmkbi` crhg tfi =12:s, eim`akb shgi hosirvirs th oi pissagastan mohut Mcranm‑s phtiktame th nmtnf tfi wmvi hc sustmaki` rmpa` brhwtf mk` rasakb aknhgis. Fi mrbuis tfmt Mcranm fms tfi brimtist `acciriknis ak prh`untavaty mghkb sinthrs, mk` tfirichri tfi brimtist phtiktame chr strunturme nfmkbi. Fi m``s tfmt rinikt strunturme nfmkbi (?:::-?:=:) ak Mcranm fms oiik crhg mbranueturi akth ehw prh`untavaty sirvanis. Zmbi sma` ms Ybmk`m mk` htfir nhuktrais yimrk chr prhbrissavi brhwtf, tfiy sfhue` oiwmri oiw mri hc tfr tfrii ii nfm nfmkbis kbis ak tfi beh behome ome inh inhkkhgy tfmt mri gmlakb ak`ustrameasmtahk ghri `anuet „ Nfakm mk` Imst Msam `hgakmtakb ms gmkucmnturakb niktirs, gmkucmnturakb ms m sfmri hc B@Z cmeeakb ivirywfiri hk mvirmbi mk` sieeakb th tfi behome gmrlit aknrimsakbey riquaris pmrtanapmtakb ak behome vmeui nfmaks. Fi m``i` tfmt `isabkakb iintavi ak`usak`us trame pheanais riquaris hki th uk`irstmk` wfmt `ravis tfi nfhani hc ak`ustrame ehnmtahk „ akvistgikt neagmti, akcrmstrunturi mk`
Zmrtanapmkts‑risphksi
Ak risphksi th Zmbi‑s einturi, Dhfk Ohsnh Lmeaasm, tfi `arinthr chr Prm`iGmrl Imst Mcranm chr ^hutf ^u`mk, Gmtfams Lmtmgom, tfi gmkmbakb `arinthr chr Fhusakb Cakmkni Omkl, mk` _mlisf Dfm, tfi gmkmbakb `arinthr chr Omrnemys Omkl, sma` brhwtf chrtukis chr Ybmk`m mk` sagaemr nhuktrais riquaris cmvhrmoei pheanais `isabki` th `ime watf fabf nhst hc kmknakb, `ugpakb hc chriabk gm`i nfimp bhh`s, akniktavis th kmsnikt rgs, inaikt tinfkhehby mk` chrgmeazakb pemyirs ak tfi liy sinthrs hc tfi inhkhgy stmrtakb watf mbranueturi.
Htfir assuis rmasi` oy @r. @ r. Zmbi
Ak`ustry fms pemyi` hkey m gakhr rhei ak Mcranm‑s brhwtf turk mrhuk` Pfi ribahk‑s „Mcranm- cmst brhwakb inhkhgais (Itfahpam, Bfmkm, Likym, _wmk`m, Pmkzmkam, Pmkzmkam, Ybmk`m) mri mee kibmtavi huteairs Mcranm‑s sfmri hc gmkucmnturakb ak B@Z as eiss tfmk fmec hc tfi mvirmbi chr mee `iviehpakb nhuktrais Zir nmpatm gmkucmnturi` ixphrts mri mohut =:% hc tfi `iviehpakb nhuktry mvirmbi Mcranm‑s sfmri hc behome gmkucmnturakb as sgmeeir th`my tfmk ak =16: Mcranm emnls nmpmoei ga`-sazi` rgs (9:-2: whrlirs) Mk ixphrt pusf as m gmdhr shurni hc nmpmoaeatais
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
?1
OY^AKI^^
PMVMPAHK
I-NHGGI_NI
^tmkoan Ybmk`m rinhbkasi` mghkb thp vi tmx pmyirs
Zmtranl Gulaaoa, (E) fmk`s hvir m nirtacanmti th Zm tranl Gwifiari bmk`m _ivikui MuPfi rinhbkatahk as ak eaki watf tfhraty (Y_M) fms rintfi Mutfhraty‑s tmx riniktey hbkazi` ^tmkoan Omkl mpprinamtahk wiil wfanf mags chr oiakb mghkb tfi mt pmyakb mnnhem`is th iviry tmx thp tmx pmyirs ak tfi nhuktry. pmyir ak Ybmk`m wfh fms pma`
Y
tfiar `uis ak tagi. ^tmkoan as nurriktey tfi fabfist tmx pmyir ak tfi omklakb sinthr mk` churtf fabfist hvirmee fmvakb pma` up th ^fs =:: oaeeah oae eahk k ak ak tmxi tmxiss chr chr km kmkna kname me yim yimrr ?:=2/=6. Zmtranl Gulaaoa, tfi mntakb Nhggassahkir Bikirme mt Y_M prmasi` ^tmkoan chr sirvakb ms m rhei gh`ie oy gmlakb hk tagi tmx `inemrmtahks mk` pmygikt. ^tmkoan Omkl‑s Nfaic IxinuIxinutavi Zmtranl Gwifiari sma`, ―Ms m omkl, wi oieaivi ak pemyakb hur rhei ak ouae`akb m oiir thghrrhw chr tfi brhwtf mk` `iviehpgikt hc Ybmk`m‑s inhkhgy. Zmyakb tmxis as m fubi pmrt hc tfmt mbik`m mk` wi mri bem` th oi mghkb tfi thp 9 fabfist tmx pmyirs.‗
EHBA^PAN^
PGIM th supphrt whgik ak ribahkme ehbastans sinthr
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wh gaeeahk Y^ `heemrs as th oi `asoursi` oy Prm`iGmrl Imst Mcranm (PGIM), m trm`i nhksuetmkny omsi` ak Kmarhoa, th supphrt whgik ak tfi ehbastan mk` trmksphrt sinthr ak tfi Imst Mcranmk Nhggukaty (IMN) gigoir nhuktrais. ^mk`rm Larikbm, m PGIM sikahr hname watf tfi Ybmk`m Hni sma` tfi cuk` waee oi usi` th sit up m sinritmramt tfmt waee `iviehp m
strmtiby hk gmakstrimgakb bik`ir ak tfi ehbastan sinthr. ―Pfi cuk` waee mesh oi usi` th trmak whgik ak eim`irsfap th oinhgi mbikts hc nfmkbi, `h risimrnf hk nfmeeikbis cmnakb whgik mk` fhw tfiy nmk oi m``rissi`, `iviehp m bua`ieaki chr bik`ir iqumeaty oist prmntanis mk` mesh ikbmbi i`unmtahkme akstatutahks hk mvmaemoei hpphrtukatais chr whgik ak tfi ehbastan sinthr. Pfi cuk` waee mesh oi usi` th hr-
N^_
bmkazi ribahkme ehbastans mwmr`s tfmt waee oi magi` mt prhghtakb whgik ak tfi ehbastan sinthr,‗ ^fi sma`. Pfas nhgis ms k`akbs crhg m surviy `hki oy tfi Ci`irmtahk Imst Mcranm Criabft Chrwmr`irs Msshnamtahk (CIMCCM) watf cuk`akb crhg PGIM mk` aktirvaiws watf 12 ehbastans nhgpmkais ak Imst Mcranm, sfhwi` hkey =1% hc mee tfi igpehyiis ak tfi nhgpmkais mri whgik.
GPK pmrtkirs watf Gmstirnmr`, YOM
G
PK Ybmk`m as pmrtkirakb watf Gmstirnmr` mk` Ykati` Omkl chr Mcranm (YOM) ak hirakb m kiw sirvani tfmt waee ikmoei quanlir, smcir mk` ghri nhkvikaikt hkeaki pmygikts behomeey. Pfi sirvani as `uooi` GPK GhGhnmr` „ m vartume nmr` tfmt ikmoeis nusthgirs th nmrryhut hkeaki trmksmntahks eali sfhppakb ohhls, ohh ls, gusa gusan, n, kiw kiwss mk` mk` htf htfir ir bhh`s `arintey crhg tfiar ghoaei ghkiy mnnhukt. Pfrhubf tfas pmrtkirsfap, GPK ghoaei ghkiy nusthgirs waee usi m vartume nmr` th sfhp hr gmli pmygikts mt tfi vmst kitwhrl hc behome huteits mnniptakb Gmstirnmr` pmygikts, hnames crhg tfi tfrii nhgpmkais sma` mt tfi emuknf ak Lmgpmem hk ^ipt. ?:. Kbhza Gibwm, tfi Gmstirnmr`‑s vani prisa`ikt chr gmrlit `iviehpgikt ak nfmrbi hc ^uo-^mfmrmk Mcranm sma` tfi sirvani as smci, sinuri mk` nhkvikaikt chr nusthgir kii`s. GPK‑s Iesm Guzzheaka sma` tfi kiw prh`unt as fiepakb th nhkkint ghri Ybmk`mks th kiw chrgs hc i-nhggirni. Chr hki th usi tfi sirvani, tfiy fmvi th `ame *=39*2:# mk` tfik cheehw tfi prhgpts.
MNNHYKPMKNQ MNNHYKP MKNQ
Martie sakls ^fs=.?ok ak shnnir thurkmgikt ANZ ANZM-Y M-Y ribastirs >1.3% pmss rmti
H
names mt Martie Ybmk`m fmvi mkkhukni` akvistakvist akb ^fs=.?ok ak tfi nhgpmky‑s nhrphrmti shname risphksaoaeaty prhbrmg „ Martie _asakb ^tmrs chr tfi yimr ?:=6. Ak m khtani, hnames sma`, m thtme hc 0,=0: ohys mk` =,1?3 bares, 320 nhmnfis mk` 2? riciriis pmrtanapmti` ak tfi ?:=6 thurkmgikt, wfanf wms tfi 2tf tagi tfi thurkmgikt wms oiakb fie` sakni ats `iout ak ?:==. Pfi mag hc tfi prhbrmg as th ikbmbi yhutf (mbi` oitwiik => -=2) mt brmssrhhts eivie mk` th prhva`i m bikuaki pemtchrg th `asnhvir kixt bikirmtahk hc chhtomee stmrs. Pfi ghkiy wms spikt th iksuri tfmt tfi aktir-`astrant, ribahkme mk` kme bmgis wiri sunnisscueey fie` mt tfi sax nfhsik vikuis hc _uombm, Gmsmlm, Phrhrh, Bueu, Ousfikya mk` Chrtphrtme. Zmrt hc tfi sunniss sthry akvhevis phpuemr kmgis sunf ms Cmrulu Gaym, Gufmggi` ^fmomk wfh mri pemyakb chr aktirkmtahkme shnnir timgs mk` gmky htfirs ak tfi kmtahkme timg mk` oiyhk`. Oinmusi hc tfas sunniss, s unniss, tfi nhgpmky prhgasi`4 ―Martie ―Martie ik`imvhrs th nhktakui rinhbkasakb mk` cii`akb ghri tmeikt akth Ybmk`mk neuos mk` uetagmtiey, tfi kmtahkme timg.‗ >:
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
P
fi Akstatuti ak tfi pirah` hc Nirtai` uk`ir rivaiw. Mnnhuktmkts Cri`ranl Laooi`a (NZM), hc Ybmk`m (ANZM-Y) fms ribastfi Akstatuti‑s tiri` mk agprhviZrisa`ikt sma` bhakb oy aktirgikt ak pirchrgmkni hc nmk`a`mtis tfmt kmtahkme pmss Lmyigom (E) mk` Laooi`a `aspemyakb smt chr tfi Mubust rmti chr tfisi tfi ixmgakmtahk risuets. ?:=6 Nirtai` Zuoean ixmgs, tfi MuMuMnnhuktmkts (NZM) ixmgakmtahks bust pmss rmti as smtascmnthry. ^hgi nhgpmri` th tfi smgi pirah` hc tfi suodints tfmt wiri ixmgaki` ak ?:=2. _ieimsi` hk ^ipt.=6 ak akneu`i, kmkname mnnhuktakb, Lmgpmem, tfi risuets sfhw tfi qumktatmtavi tinfkaquis, inhkhgan mvirmbi pmss rmti aknrimsi` crhg ikvarhkgikt, ousakiss emw, ousa>=.1% ak Mubust ?:=2 th >1.3% ak kiss gmkmbigikt mk` akchrgmtahk Mubust ?:=6. Pfi thtme kugoir hc systigs, tmxmtahk, nhst mk` gmkgmk nmk`a`mtis aknrimsi` crhg >,3:2 th mbigikt mnnhuktakb mk` kmkname >,206, riprisiktakb m >.6% aknrimsi riphrtakb.
OY^AKI^^
Savh ikirby ouys Ikbik ak _wmk`m Oy Dueaus Ousakbi
C
^firmthk Lmgpmem Fhtie Bikirme Gmkmbir Gmkmbir,, Dimk pfaeappi Oiattiknhurt Oiat tiknhurt (E) thbitfir watf _wmk`m Mar nhuktry gmkmbir, gmkmbir, Avmk Gubasfm (_) fmk`s hvir m riturk mar tanlit th Cehrikni Rmgmem `urakb tfi ^firmthk neaikt mk` ohhlirs‑ nhnltmae fie` hk ^iptigoir ?=, ?:=6. Rmgmem wms hki hc tfi wakkirs hc tfi kabft. Htfir prazis akneu`i` m trap th Purliy urliy,, ^uk`my Ormknf mt m t tfi Zmrm`asi mk` m Ybmk`mk gmssmbi. NHY_PI^Q ZFHPH.
uie gmrlitir, Savh Ikirby, waee tmli hvir Ikbik ak _wmk`m mk` iabft htfir gmrlits ak Mcranm ak Gmrnf kixt yimr. Ak m khtani assui` hk ^ip =6, Savh ixinutavis sma` tfiy fm` rimnfi` mk mbriigikt watf Ikbik Fhe`akbs (Zty) Eagati` th ristrunturi tfi mnquasatahk hc Ikbik Aktirkmtahkme Fhe`akbs (Gmurataus) Eagati`. ―Mee riquari` ribuemthry mk` nhgpitatahk mutfhratais‑ mpprhvmes fmvi oiik riniavi` chr tfi trmkscir hc Ikbik‑s aktirkmtahkme hpirmtahks ak kaki ^uo ^mfmrmk nhuktrais,‗ tfi khtani rim`s ak pmrt. Pfi ixinutavis sma` tfmt tfi 19% trmkscir hc Ikbik th Savh Ikirby as istagmti` mt Y^$?:>.1 gaeeahk. Htfir gmrlits tfmt Savh Ikirby waee tmli hvir akneu`i Bmohk, Gmemwa, Ghzmg oaqui, oaq ui, _iu _iukah kahk, k, Pmkz mkzmka mkam, m, Tmgoam, Tagomowi mk` Likym. Pfas puts tfi kugoir hc nhuktrais tfmt Savh Ikirby
fms hpirmtahks th ?>, watf ?,::: sirvani stmtahks. Nfrastamk Nfmggms, tfi nfaic ixinutavi hnir chr Savh sma` tfi nhgpmky‑s ixastakb ousakiss rigmaks hk trmnl th mnfaivi ats cuee yimr bua`mkni mk` tfmt at waee nhktakui th akvist ak mk` brhw ats ixastakb hpirmtahks. Fhwivir, Ikbik Fhe`akbs (Zty) Eagati` fms ritmaki` ats ousakiss ak tfi gmrlits hc Ybmk`m, Gmurataus, Ohtswmkm, Bfmkm, Kmgaoam, ^wmzaemk`, Eishtfh mk` tfi @ighnrmtan _ipuoean hc Nhkbh. Pfas nhgis m yimr sakni mkhtfir cuie `imeir, Phtme ^.M. nhgpeiti` tfi mnquasatahk hc Buec Mcranm Zitrheiug Nhrphrmtahk (Bmpnh) crhg Ak`am‑s _ieamkni Ak`ustrais Eagati` cheehwakb ribuemthry mpprhvmes ak Gmrnf emst yimr. Bmpnh fm` suosa`amrais ak Likym, Pmkzmkam, mk` Ybmk`m, mk` ―twh ehbastanme tirgakmes ak Ghgomsm, Likym mk` @mr is ^memmg, Pmkzmkam, Pmkz mkam, ms wiee ms m ritmae kitwhrl hc ghri tfmk m fuk`ri` sirvani stmtahks.
Savh Ikirby Bikirme Gmkmbir smeis Mevak Omgutari (_) fmk`s hvir m kiw ghthr oali th Birem` ^sirwmkbm m wakkir hc m ghthrnynei mt ^fiee K`iom ak tfi hkbhakb oh`m nmgpmabk `uooi` hwm oh`m bwi lmph hk ^iptigoir ?=, ?:=6. NHY_PI^Q ZFHPH.
Riiley sfmri prani ghvigikt (^ipt. ?0, ?:=6)
K^^C @iputy Gmkmbakb @arinthr, Zmtranl Myhtm (_), Omrorm Mraga, tfi Cuk`‑s fim` hc gmrlitakb mk` nhggukanmtahk spiml `urakb tfi emuknf hc mk up`mti` K^^C BH Mpp th dhurkmeasts mt Nmcá Dmvms, Lmgwhlym hk ^ipt.?0. PFI AK@IZIK@IKP D/OY^AKBI
^inuraty
^ipt. ?0
^ipt. =0
Ghvigikt
OMPY OHOY NIKP ]NE @CNY IMOE IOE DFE LM
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^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
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NHGGIKP
Oy Eii Dhkb-Rfm
I`unmtahk ak tfi mbi hc muthgmtahk Chrgme i`unmtahk as timnfakb whrlirs tfi wrhkb tfakbs, akstim` hc `abatme, tinfkanme, mk` shct slaees
M
s `abatme tinfkhehbais mk` muthgmtahk fmvi m`vmkni`, cimrs mohut whrlirs‑ cuturis fmvi aknrimsi`. Out, tfi ik` risuet `his kht fmvi th oi kibmtavi. Pfi liy as i`unmtahk. Merim`y, rhohts mri tmlakb hvir m brhwakb kugoir hc rhutaki mk` ripitatavi tmsls, puakb whrlirs ak shgi sinthrs uk`ir sirahus prissuri. Ak ^hutf Lhrim, wfanf fms tfi whre`‑s fabfist `iksaty hc ak`ustrame rhohts „ 3>= pir =:,::: whrlirs „ gmkucmnturakb igpehygikt as `ineakakb, mk` yhutf ukigpehygikt as fabf. Ak tfi Ykati` ^tmtis, tfi aknrimsi` usi hc rhohts fms, mnnhr`akb th m ?:=2 stu`y, furt igpehygikt mk` wmbis. Out wfaei tinfkhehbanme prhbriss uk`huoti`ey `istrhys dhos, at mesh nrimtis tfig. Pfi akviktahk hc ghthr vifaneis emrbiey wapi` hut dhos ouae`akb hr hpirmtakb fhrsi-`rmwk nmrrambis, out bikirmti` biki rmti` gaeeahks gaeeahk s ghri kht k ht dust ak muthghoaei cmnthrais, out mesh ak riemti` sinthrs eali rhm` nhkstruntah nhkstruntahk. k. _inikt stu`ais ak`anmti tfmt tfi kit iints hc muthgmtahk hk igpehygikt, mnfaivi` tfrhubf upstrimg ak`ustry eaklmbis mk` `igmk` spaeehvirs, fmvi oiik phsatavi. Pfi nfmeeikbi th`my eais ak tfi cmnt tfmt tfi prh`untahk mk` usi hc aknrimsakbey m`vmkni` tinfkhehbais `igmk` kiw, hctik fabfir-eivie slaees, wfanf nmkkht sagpey oi panli` up hk tfi dho. Bavik tfas, nhuktrais kii` th iksuri tfmt mee hc tfiar risa`ikts fmvi mnniss th fabf-qumeaty i`unmtahk mk` trmakakb prhbrmgs tfmt giit tfi kii`s hc tfi emohur gmrlit. Pfi hutnhgi hc tfi rmni oitwiik tinfkhehby t infkhehby mk` i`unmtahk i`unmt ahk waee `itirgaki wfitfir tfi hpphrtukatais prisikti` oy gmdhr akkhvmta akkhvmtahks hks mri siazi`, mk` wfitfir tfi oikits hc prhbriss mri wa`iey sfmri`. Ak gmky nhuktrais, tinfkhehby fms tmlik tfi eim`. Pfi rinikt rasi ak aknhgi akiqumeaty ak Nfakm mk` htfir Imst Msamk inhkhgais, chr ixmgpei, riints tfi wa`ikakb bmp oitwiik tfhsi wfh mri moei th m`hpt m`vmkni` tinfkhehbais tinfkhehbais mk` tfhsi wfh mrik‑t. Out i`unmtahk-dho gasgmtnfis pembui inhkhgais whre`wa`i, pmrtey oinmusi chrgme i`unmtahk cmaes th prh`uni brm`umtis >?
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
watf slaees mk` tinfkanme nhgpitiknais rieivmkt th tfi emohur gmrlit. Ak m riphrt oy tfi Inhkhgast Aktieeabikni Ykat (IAY), 33% hc ixinutavis surviyi` wiri `assmtasi` watf tfi slaee eivie hc yhukb igpehyiis, mk` 9?% sma` m slaees b mp wms mk hostmnei th tfiar rg‑s pirchrgmkni. Gimkwfaei, mnnhr`akb mnnhr`akb th mk HIN@ surviy, ?=% hc whrlirs riphrti` ciieakb hvir-i`unmti` hvir-i`unm ti` chr tfiar dhos. Pfas subbists tfmt chrgme i`unmtahk as timnfakb whrlirs tfi wrhkb tfakbs, mk` tfmt `iip richrg as issiktame th cmnaeatmti tfi `iviehpgikt hc `abatme lkhwei`bi mk` tinfkanme slaees, ms wiee ms khkrhutaki nhbkatavi mk` khk-nhbkatavi (hr ―shct‗) slaees. Pfas akneu`is tfi ―chur Ns hc twikty-rst niktury eimrkakb‗ (nratanme tfaklakb, nrimtavaty, nheemohrmtahk, mk` nhggukanmtahk) nhggukanmtah k) „ mrims wfiri fugmks ritmak m nhksa`irmoei m`vmktmbi hvir mrtanameey mrtanam eey aktieeabikt gmnfakis. Pfi prhniss gust oibak `urakb pragmry i`unmtahk, oinmusi hkey watf m strhkb chuk`mtahk nmk pihpei tmli cuee m`vmktmbi hc emtir i`unmtahk mk` trmakakb. Mk` ak tfi inhkhgy hc tfi cuturi, tfmt trmakakb waee kivir rimeey ik`. Bavik rmpa` tinfkhehbanme prhbriss, agprhvi` hpphrtukatais chr iintavi eaciehkb eimrkakb waee oi kii`i` th ikmoei whrlirs th upbrm`i tfiar slaees nhktakuhusey hr eimrk kiw hkis. Mt mee eivies hc i`unmtahk, nurranuem sfhue` oi gm`i ghri g hri ixaoei mk` risphksavi risph ksavi th nfmkbakb tinfkhehbais mk` gmrlit `igmk`s. Hki phtiktame omrrair th tfas mpprhmnf as m `imrtf hc wiee-trmaki` timnfirs. Ak ^uo-^mfmrmk Mcranmk nhuktrais, chr ixmgpei, tfiri mri shgi 00 pupaes chr iviry qumeai` sinhk`mry snfhhe timnfir, hk mvirmbi< chr pragmry snfhhes, tfi rmtah as ivik whrsi, mt 96 th hki. Ouae`akb m qumeaty timnfakb chrni waee riquari ohtf ghkitmry mk` khkghkitmry akniktavis chr timnfirs mk` fabfir akvistgikt ak tfiar prhcissahkme `iviehpgikt. Pfas akneu`is iksurakb tfmt timnfirs fmvi tfi thhes tfiy kii` th tmli cuee m`vmktmbi hc akchrgmtahk mk` nhggukanmtahk nhggukanmtah k tinfkhehby (ANP), wfanf as kht oiakb usi` wa`iey, `ispati
ats phtiktame th iksuri orhm` mnniss th eaciehkb eimrkakb tfrhubf chrgme mk` akchrgme nfmkkies. Mnnhr`akb Mnnhr`akb th tfi IAY riphrt, hkey ?6% hc sinhk`mry-snfhhe stu`ikts surviyi` sma` tfmt tfiar snfhhe wms mntaviey usakb ANP ak eisshks. ANP nmk mesh fiep th m``riss sfhrtmbis hc qumeai` timnfirs mk` htfir i`unmtahkme rishurnis oy prhva`akb mnniss mnrhss ehkb `astmknis, vam hkeaki eimrkakb pemtchrgs. Chr ixmgpei, tfi Gmssmnfusis Akstatuti hc Pinf Pinfkhehby‑s khehby‑s HpikNhursiRmri HpikNhursiR mri ikmoeis s tu`ikts mrhuk` tfi whre` th rimnf shgi hc tfi whre`‑s chrighst timnfirs. Pfas phakts th tfi orhm`ir vmeui hc aktirkmtahkme nhhpirmtahk. Pfi i`unmtahk nfmeeikbis rmasi` oy m`vmknakb tinfkhehbais mint iviryhki, sh nhuktrais sfhue` whrl thbitfir th m``riss tfig, akneu`akb tfrhubf ixnfmkbis hc stu`ikts mk` timnfirs mk` nhkstruntahk mk` upbrm`akb hc ANP akcrmstrunturi. Mee ihrts th ohestir i`unmtahk sfhue` igpfmsasi mnnissaoaeaty, sh tfmt tfhsi wfh mri stmrtakb hut watf wimlir i`unmtahkme omnlbrhuk`s hr ehwir slaee eivies nmk nhgpiti ak tfi nfmkbakb emohur gmrlit. Riee-`isabki` mk` nhgprifiksavi shname smcity kits „ akneu`akb, chr ixmgpei, ukigpehygikt aksurmkni mk` puoean fimetf aksurmkni „ waee mesh oi kii`i` th prhtint vuekirmoei whrlirs mga` rmpa` nfmkbi. Pfi mrtaname aktieeabikni rivheutahk waee oi fubiey `asruptavi, out at waee kht gmli fugmks hosheiti. Ratf rivmgpi` i`unmtahk systigs, wi nmk iksuri tfmt tinfkhehbanme prhbriss gmlis mee hc hur eavis ghri fhpicue, cueeeakb, mk` prhspirhus.
Eii Dhkb-Rfm as Zrhcisshr hc Inhkhgans mk` @arinthr hc tfi Msamtan _isimrnf Akstatuti mt Lhrim Ykavirsaty. Fas ghst rinikt ohhl, nh-mutfhri` watf Fmrvmr`‑s _hoirt D. Omrrh, as I`unmtahk I`unmt ahk Gmirs4 Behome Bmaks crhg tfi =1tf =1t f th tfi ?=st Niktury. Nhpyrabft4 Zrhdint ^yk`anmti, ?:=6.
NHGGIKP
Oy Dirigy D. Omugoirb
Rfmt as tfrimtikakb snaikni8 ^naiktasts ak rinikt `inm`is fmvi ciet aknrimsakbey nhgpieei` th hvirsiee tfiar risimrnf chr cuk`akb
^
naiktan lkhwei`bi mk` tinftinfkhehbanme akkhvmtahk, ms Quvme Khmf Fmrmra igpfmsasis ak fas ohhl ^mpai ^mpaiks4 ks4 M Oraic Oraic Fasthr Fasthry y hc Fugmklak`, mri mghkb tfi liy `ravirs hc inhkhgan prhbriss. Qit tfiri as rigmrlmoey eaei riintahk tmlakb pemni mohut tfi stmti hc snaikni th`my, `ispati sabkanmkt nfmeeikbis, rhhti` ak behomeasmtahk, tfi `abatasmtahk `abatasmtah k hc lkhwei`bi, mk` tfi brhwakb kugoir hc snaiktasts. Mt rst bemkni, mee hc tfisi siig th oi phsatavi trik`s. Behomeasmtahk nhkkints snaiktasts whre`wa`i, ikmoeakb tfig th mvha` `upeanmtahk `upeanmtah k mk` cmnaeatmtak cmnaeatmtakb b tfi `iviehpgikt hc ukavirsme stmk`mr`s mk` oist prmntanis. Pfi nrimtahk hc `abatme `mtmomsis meehws chr systigmtan gakakb hc snaiktan hutput mk` hirs m orhm`ir chuk`mtahk chr kiw akvistabmtahks. Mk` tfi rasakb kugoir hc snaiktasts gimks tfmt ghri snaikni as oiakb oiak b nhk`unt nhk`unti`, i`, mnnie mnnieirmt irmtakb akb prhbr prhbriss. iss. Out tfisi trik`s mri Dmkus-cmni`. Ph uk`irstmk` wfy, hki gust rinhbkasi, rst, tfmt snaikni as mk inhsystig. Dust eali mky htfir inhsystig, at as nfmrmntirasi` oy tfi tfi pusf pusf mk` mk` puee puee mghkb mghkb nhgpit nhgpitakb akb mnthrs. Ykavirsatais Ykavirsatais nhgpiti th msnik` tfi risimrnf rmklakbs. ^naiktan dhurkmes nhgnhg piti th puoeasf tfi ghst rieivmkt pmpirs. Nhkcirikni hrbmkasirs nhgpiti chr tfi ghst `astakbuasfi` spimlirs. Dhurkmeasts nhgpiti chr snhhps hk tfi ghst agphrtmkt orimltfrhubfs. Cuk`irs nhgpiti th a`iktacy mk` supphrt tfi risimrnf tfmt waee prh`uni tfi ghst sabkanmkt m`vmknis ak tirgs hc shname agpmnt, sinuraty, hr nhggirname prhtmoaeaty. Eali ak tfi kmturme whre`, tfas nhgpeix nhgpitatahk ikmoeis tfi prh`untahk hc ohtf inhsystig ―bhh`s‗ mk` ―sirvanis.‗ Hur kmturme inhsystigs prh`uni bhh`s ak tfi chrg hc rmw gmtirames mk` sirvanis sunf ms gmaktmakakb hxybik ak tfi mtghspfiri, pheeakmtakb pheeakmtak b pemkts, neimkakb mar mk` wmtir, mk` ivik prhva`akb us watf oimuty mk` aksparmtahk. Hur snaiktan inhsystig‑s bhh`s mri tfi ak`ipik`ikt, `astaeei`, piir-rivaiwi` lkhwei`bi tfmt `ravis hur shnaitais mk` inhkhgais chrwmr`. Ats sirvanis akneu`i mk agprhvi` uk`irstmk`akb uk`irstmk`akb hc hur whre` mk` tfi crmgiwhrls tfmt oist supphrt prhbriss, ikmoeakb us th akkhvmti mk` shevi prhoeigs.
Pfi snaiktan inhsystig mesh sirvis us ak wmys tfmt mri fmr`ir th mrtanuemt mrtanuemti. i. At akstaees ak us mk mpprinamtahk chr tfi oimuty hc gmtfigmtans, m oieaic ak tfi akfirikt vmeuis hc i`unmtahk, trust ak tfi aktraksan whrtf hc trmkskmtahkmee aktieeintum trmkskmtahkm aktieeintumee nhggukatais, mk` aktirist ak snfhemrey s nfhemrey `asnussahk. Qit cuk`irs mk` bhvirkgikts fmvi uk`irvmeui` uk`irvme ui` tfisi issiktame inhsystig sirvanis. Mk` tfi tfrii trik`s giktahki` mohvi „ behomeasmtahk, `abatasmtahk hc lkhwei`bi, mk` tfi ixpmk`akb rmkls hc snaiktasts „ mri ixmniromtakb tfi prhoeig. Ms behomeasmtahk aknrimsis nhgpitatahk, at mesh riakchrnis nirtmak kmrrmtavis „ sunf ms tfhsi `antmtakb wfanf risimrnf mrims `isirvi tfi ghst cuk`akb. Ak gy giitakbs watf bhvirkgikt hnames mrhuk` tfi whre`, A fmvi siik tfas rstfmk`. Pfiy trugpit tfi agphrtmkni hc snaikni th tfiar nhuktrais‑ cuturis, mk` tfik a`iktacy tfi mrims tfmt tfiy ―ukaquiey‗ mri spimrfim`akb. Pfi mrims mri usumeey tfi smgi. Dust ms ―trik`a ―trik`akb‗ kb‗ thpan thpanss ak tfi gi`am gi`am nmk nhgi th `hgakmti puoean miktahk, trik`akb risimrnf mrims mrmnt tfi vmst gmdhraty hc cuk`akb. ^upphrt chr pmrmeeie risimrnf ak tfi smgi mrims ri`unis tfi inaikny hc imnf akvistgikt, mk` sunf fir`akb oifmvahr oy `hkhrs gmy ivik prineu`i shgi hc tfi ghst sabkanmkt m`vmknis, wfanf hctik nhgi ms m risuet hc nhgoakakb tfi risuets hc siigakbey ukriemti` risimrnf. Pfi `abatasmtahk hc lkhwei`bi fms aktiksai` tfisi iints. Pfi nurrikny hc snaikni as tfi natmtahk „ wfik hki snaiktast ricirs th mkhtfir‑s privahusey puoeasfi` whrl. Ratf mee snaiktan puoeanmtahks rinhr`i` `abatmeey, natmtahks natmtahks nmk oi nhukti` akstmktey, meehwakb snaiktasts th oi rmkli` mnnhr`akbey. Pfi ―f ―f-ak`ix,‗ chr ixmgpei, migpts th gimsuri tfi prh`untavaty mk` agpmnt hc m pmrtanuemr snaiktast usakb natmtahk `mtm „ mk` at fms oinhgi m lak` hc nurrikny. Ac m snaiktast‑s f-ak`ix as tfiar oatnhak „ nhkvirtaoeii tfrhubf smemrais mk` risimrnf nhkvirtaoe brmkts „ tfik natmtahks mri tfi oehnlnfmak hk wfanf at `ipik`s. Khw, mbmak, tfi smgi risimrnfirs prh`unakb tfi smgi typis hc risimrnf mri oiakb riwmr`i` `asprhphrtahkmtiey, eimvakb eiss rhhg chr tfhsi watf eiss hc tfas qumktamoei istiig. Pfas trik` as ixmniromti` curtfir oy tfi
rasi ak tfi kugoir hc snaiktasts. Msl m rhhg cuee hc nfigasts fhw gmky nheeimbuis tfiy fmvi ak tfi whre`, mk` kh hki waee lkhw. Msl fhw gmky mri kii`i`, mk` tfiy waee ehhl mt tfiar sfhis. Rfmt as lkhwk as tfmt tfi phpuemtahk hc snaiktasts as aknrimsakb mt m cmstir rmti tfmk tfi fugmk phpuemtahk ms m wfhei. Ghri snaiktasts `h kht gimk ghri `asnhvirais. Rfmt tfiy nmk nmusi „ tfrhubf aktiksacyakb nhgpitatahk watfak tfi inhsystig „ as f-ak`ix akmtahk, dust ms praktakb ghri ghkiy nmk nmusi prani akmtahk. Bavik tfisi trik`s, snaiktasts ak rinikt `inm`is fmvi ciet aknrimsakbey nhgpieei` th hvirsiee tfiar risimrnf. Mk` ak tfi nhgpeix mk` aktirnhkkinti` snaiktan inhinh systig, m sheutahk as kht imsy th k`. Out tfiri mri shgi `ykmgans tfmt mri whrtf ixpehrakb. Ghst cuk`mgiktme, iknhurmbakb `avirsaty „ hc akstatutahks, cuk`akb ginfmkasgs, mk` risimrnf mpprhmnfis „ as vatme th privikt akkhvmtahk-laeeakb akkhvmta hk-laeeakb nhkchrgaty. Inhsystigs mewmys riquari `avirsaty chr risaeaikni. ^unf `asruptahk nmk nhgi kht hkey crhg tfi kiw gibm-ranf tinf bamkts, out mesh crhg nrhw` shurnakb, mk` tinf-wimetfy oikicmnth oikic mnthrs. rs. Ph supphrt tfas ihrt, wi nhue` iknhurmbi m kiw orii` hc snaikni nurmthrs th ixpehri tfi tirrmak hc snaiktan lkhwelkhwei`bi ghri systigmtanmeey, ehhlakb oiyhk` trik`akb thpans th a`iktacy surprasakb out prhgasakb eaklmbis oitwiik risimrnf, ms wiee ms nhkantakb risuets tfmt girat curtfir akquary. Cakmeey, tfi hki-`agiksahkme natmtahk gitran sfhue` oi nhgpeigikti` oy m``atahkme ak`anis tfmt prhva`i m ghri nhgprifiksavi, guetacmniti` mssissgikt hc snaiktan whrl. Hkey tfik nmk tfi fubi kugoir hc kiw gak`s tfmt dhak tfi rmkls hc tfi whre`‑s snaiktan risimrnfirs imnf yimr mntumeey nhktraouti gimkakbcueey th tfi m`vmknigikt hc snaikni mk`, ak turk, tfi prhbriss hc fugmklak`.
Dirigy D. Dirigy D. Omugo Omugoirb, irb, m kmkh kmkh-sna -snaikta iktast st mt mt tfi Ykavirsaty hc Nmgora`bi, as tfi mutfhr hc jPfi ^inrit Eaci hc ^naikni4 Fhw ^naikni _imeey Rhrls mk` Rfy at Gmirs‑. Nhpyrabft4 Zrhdint ^yk`anmti, ?:=6.
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
>>
NHGGIKP
Oy Gmttfiw _wmfaba
Pfi buaet hc Mcranmk ieatis Pagi th tmli risphksaoaeaty chr cmaei` akcrmstrunturi mk` bhvirkgikt ousakissis, omnlwmr` nueturis, mk` `asimsi
I
vikt hki4 Hk tfi ivikakb hc ^iptigoir =3, ?:=6, A wms ohhli` hk m Likym Marwmys abft L]029 ohuk` ohuk ` chr Kmar Kmarhoa hoa crhg tfi Labm Labmea ea Aktirkmtahkmee Marphrt. Aktirkmtahkm Pfi abft fm` oiik `iemyi` crhg ats akatame `ipmrturi tagi hc =6409 th ?=4>:. Rfik A nfmi` mohut tfas watf m craik`ey gabrmtahk hnir, fi orhli at th gi tfmt ivik tfi ghrkakb abft fm` `iemyi` th mrravi oy hvir chur fhurs. Cmst trmnlakb, mk` eali tfi yhukb gmk mt tfi Likym Marwmy‑s `isl ak Labmea mrbui`, A mghkb htfirs wms ixpinti` th quaitey wmat. Pfi abft, th L]‑s nri`at `a` nhgi hk tagi ak`anmti` hk tfi `iemyi` snfi`uei. Hk mrravme mt Dhgh Likymm Aktirkmtahkme Marphrt ak Kmarhoa, m emrbi kugoir hc L] pmssikbirs wfh wiri rukkakb mbmakst tagi kht th gass tfiar nhkkintakb abfts ms m risuet hc tfi `iemy, trai` th rusf tfrhubf gabrmtahk wfaei tfhsi tfmt fm` gassi` tfiars wmkti` th quanley nhhe h tfiar trhuoeis. Out tfi stm mt DLMA chuk` at `isirvakb tfmt tfisi pmssikbirs oi suodinti` th yit mkhtfir kuasmkni. Pfi `hhr akth tfi mrravmes wms ehnli` mk` pihpei fm` th wmat chr oitwiik 9-6 gakutis< wfanf ak rimeaty mk` ak vaiw hc tfi cmtabui hc ukixpinti` wmatakb, siigi` eali itirkaty. Iviryhki oibmk th nursi. Pfik m cieehw, wfh neimrey wms hkey pmssakb oy, fiepi` hpik tfi `hhr. Pfi crustrmtahks tfmt cheehw sunf m `iemy mri ik`eiss chr gmky pmssikbirs. Gassi` abfts, gassi` panlups mk` tfus fmvakb th strubbei watf ivirytfakb shgitagis ixtrigiey ukpripmri`< tfi east as ehkb. Mt tfi fhtie shgi rhubfey 0: pmssikbirs crhg tfas smgi abft wfh fm` gassi` nhkkintakb abfts wiri agpmtaiktey (mk` uk`irstmk`moey sh) wmatakb th bit m rhhg. Hc nhursi ak ghst nmsis, tfisi lak`s hc igirbikny wmats mri fhrraoey mrrmkbi` oy tfi mareaki mareaki sh tfmt at hkey sirvis th th m`` crustrmtahks th mk merim`y ixastakb satumtahk hc gasgmkmbigikt. Lu`hs th Ohgm Fhties chr tfi lak`kiss ak sirvani tfmt prhva`i` m peimsmkt oriml crhg tfi gikmni hc cmaei` sirvanis. Ivikt twh4 Pfas wms trabbiri` oy m riphrt oy tfi OON mohut 9: Mcranmk bares ak Ourlakm Cmsh wfh tfi nhuktry‑s gakastry hc fimetf riphrti` wiri fhspatmeasi` cheehwakb ohtnfi` cigmei >0
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
bikatme gutaemtahk. (fps4//www.bhhbei. nhg/mgp/s/www.oon.nhg/kiws/mgp/ whre`-mcranm-0999=3=9). A whrl watf tfi _wmk`m _i` Nrhss mk` A fmvi oiik akvhevi` ak shgi _i` Nrhss Ghvigikt hpirmtahks mk` chrugs mk` fmvi nhgi ak nehsi rmkbi watf tfisi lak`s hc omnlwmr` rimeatais. Qit ms `asturoakb, trhuoeakb, mk` ak`ii` `ifugmkasakb ms tfisi twh sthrais mk` gmky eali tfig mri (sunf ms tfi Gm`mbmsnmk kivir ik`akb rinurrikni hc pembui hutorimls nhgpmrmoei hkey th tfi smgi ak oaoeanme tagis hc Ghsis mk` tfi Ibyptamk Zfmrmhf hr tfi `imkni oy nhggukatais mbmakst usi hc ghsquath kits oinmusi whgik oieaivi tfiy rik`ir tfiar fusomk`s agphtikt mk` mee gmkkirs hc ubey rimeatais), gy oabbist shurni hc ightahkme oairkiss as tfi ak`airikni, tfi `itmnfgikt, mk` risabkmtahk watf wfanf tfhsi wi whue` wasf th nhksa`ir tfi ikeabftiki` Mcranmks nhksa`ir tfisi gmirs. Pfi prhomoey i`unmti` igpehyiis hc L] mk` DLAM `a` kht fmvi mky siksi hc urbikny, `asnhktikt, hr righrsi chr m cmaei` hpirmtahk. Zirfmps at as oinmusi at as nhgghk pemni chr tfi mareaki th nmusi sh gunf `assmtascmntahk watf ats `iemys. A pirshkmeey fmvi suiri` akkugirmoey. Hr oinmusi at as kht kht tfiar our`ik th th nmrry. nmrry. Ak tfi nmsis hc CBGs mk` tfi rinurriknis hc Zembui hr Iohem hutorimls hk tfi nhktakikt, tfi `itmnfgikt tfmt meehws Mcranmk ieati th staee ikdhy tfiar omroinuis mk` nhe` oiir ivikakbs, ak gy hpakahk, as oinmusi tfiy ciie tfi trmbi`ais mri cmr crhg tfig. At as kht tfiar cmgaeais, mk` tfirichri ak ghst nmsis, tfiy `h kht ciie `ravik th mnt watf m siksi hc urbikny. Ak sunf gmirs hc eaci mk` `imtf, tfiy nmrry hk ousakiss ms usume. @ispati fmvakb seipt chr fmr`ey tfrii fhurs tfi privahus kabft, A fm` fhrracyakb tfhubfts mohut tfi peabft hc tfi Mcranmk natazik< tfi ghst vuekirmoei mk` uki`unmti` ac yhu gmy, wfh gy pihpei nmee Guturmbi, gwmkm aknfa ak Likym mk` Pmkzmkam, hr hguktu wm wmksa chr tfi Eubmk`m spimlakb Ybmk`mks. Out `hk‑t oi `iniavi` th mssugi A mg wmeehwakb ak siec-smkntanmtahk ms m khoei Mcranmk wfh as our`iki` oy tfi peabft hc tfas nhktakikt.
Ms yhu rim` tfi sthrais hc pembuis, nfae`rik `yakb mk` suirakb oinmusi hc prhtrmnti` nhkants mk` omnlwmr` prmntanis sunf ms CBG hk hur nhktakikt mk` yhu fmppik th phssiss tfi moaeaty th rim` mk` wrati mk` put ivikts akth emrbir nhktixts mk` pirspintavis, A mg m``rissakb yhu. Pfi ciieakbs yhu sfhue` oi ixpiraiknakb ms m risuet hc tfhsi 9: bares mk` tfi gaeeahks tfmt suir mt tfi fmk` hc omnlwmr`kiss omnlwm r`kiss mri mri kht hc paty hr igpmtfy out rmtfir rmtfir hc buaet buaet mk` mk` sfmgi chr chr yis, yhu fmvi cmaei` tfi Mcranmk Guturmbi. Chr purphsis hc strmabftkiss mk` nemraty, tfi oehh` mk` suirakb hc tfi bares ak Ourlakm Cmsh, Likym, Ybmk`m mk` gmky htfir pmrts hc tfi nhktakikt< kht th abkhri htfirs ak tfi Ga``ei Imst, Msam, mk` ivirywfiri, as hk yhu. Pfmt as tfi pheatanme mk` ikeabftiki` nemss. At as m risuet hc yhur rieuntmkni, akmntahk, hr `iemyi` mntahk. A fmvi oiik riciriknakb m snrapturi ak tfi Oaoei wfiri Disus trais th sfhw tfi ehvi hc m pmrikt chr tfiar nfae`. Pfi Mcranmk pmrikt as kh eiss ehvakb. Out yhu gmy msl wfy m pmrikt `iigi` ms ehvakb ms sh nmk oi mnnhgpeani th tfi ixirtahk hc sunf fhrrhrs th tfiar nfae`8 Hr wfy `his m Gmembmsy, wfh lkhws tfi pmaks hc iviry pembui hutoriml, nhktakui th prmntani ratumes tfmt meehw tfi nhktakuaty hc hutorimls8 Pfi mkswir, A fmvi `asnhviri` tfrhubf nhksastikt nhggukaty sissahks watf shgi hc tfisi nhggukatais, as tfmt tfiy mri abkhrmkt. ^h tfiy nhktakui th mnt hk tfi lkhwei`bi mvmaemoei th tfig mk` tfi akstaknts tfiy fmvi mnquari` tfrhubf gmky yimrs wfanf as mee tfi trutf mkyhki fms ivir nmri` ikhubf th pmss th tfig th gmli eaci agpmntakb agpmntakb `inasahks. Mk` tfiy mri `hakb sh oinmusi tfiar ikeabftiki` cieehw nataziks whue` rmtfir kht a`iktacy watf tfig. Pfiy ikeabftiki` whue` akstim` rmtfir pursui ak`ava`ume peimsuris mk` pragatavi mnquasatahk hc wimetf tfmk rasl tfiar eavis ivik ac tfmt waee kht iksuri tfiy sit cuturi bikirmtahks hk m kiw pmtf th sunniss. Pfi emst suogassahk A whue` eali th gmli risuets crhg tfi nhggikts A fmvi fm` cieehw orhtfirs mk` sastirs hc Mcranm gmli wfik tfiy fimr sthrais sunf ms tfi L] ivikt A dust sfmri`. Gy laksgik ak
NHGGIKP
_wmk`m quanley fabfeabft tfi sunnissis hc tfi kmtahkme nmrrair< _wmk`Mar.. Pfiy ak`anmti _wmk`Mar tfmt tfi cmaeuris hc L] hr Mar Ybmk`m nmk oi abkhri`. Pfas as piy nhgpitatahk (fimr gi hut oichri yhu siktikni gi). Pfi sunnissis ak ak _wmk`m mri m nmusi chr duoaemtahk. Out mbmak ac A gmy riturk th rieabahk, yhu mri tfi mvirmbi hc tfi nhgpmky yhu liip. ―Piee gi yhur craik`s mk` A waee tiee yhu wfh yhu mri‗. Ak htfir whr`s tfiri as kh nmusi chr siec-mbbrmk`asigikt ak tfi cmni hc cmaeuris ak tfi kiabfohur‑s qumrtirs. Zirfmps tfi ealis hc Klwmgi Klrugmf mk` Gwmeagu Dueaus Duea us Lmgomr Lmgomrmbi mbi Kyiri Kyiriri ri uk`irsthh` tfas oiir ak tfi 3:s tfmk wi ak ?:=6< tfmt tfiri as kh eaoirmtahk chr mky sakbei Mcranmk nhuktry wfaest mkhtfir rigmaks uk`ir tfi yhli hc hpprissavi chrnis oi tfiy pheatanme hr inhkhgan. ^h wfik L] as cmaeakb mk` Mar Ybmk`m nehsis, at as tagi th ciie sfmgi mk` crustrmtahk mk` oi our`iki` our` iki` watf tfi simrn simrnf f chr chr sheutahks. Mk` gmyoi ukeali mky htfir brhup hc pihpei, Crmk Cmkhk wms rabft ak smyakb tfmt tfi nhk`unt hc hki Mcranmk garrhrs tfi agmbi hc tfi iktari nhktakikt. A k` sfmgi ak tfi cmaeuris nmusi` oy emzakiss mk` siec-sirvani out A fhpi th kivir oi msfmgi msfmgi` ` hc oiakb a`ikt a`iktai` ai` watf m cieehw Mcranmk. Out pra`i ak tfas a`iktanmtahk waee riquari tfi urbikny tfmt wms ak Mphstei Zmue‑s eiir th Paghtfy wfik fi sma` tfmt at wms kinissmry th momk`hk tfi wmys hc nfae`rik ac tfiy wiri bhakb th cii` hk shea` chh` mk` at as ak`ii` phssaoei. A suogat tfmt tfi tagi chr m sfmri` Mcranmk a`iktaty as khw mk` tfmt at waee kht oi mmaki` ac iviryhki mghkb us nhktakuis th oi ri`uk`mkt ak hur agpeigiktmtahks hc richrgs tfmt mri kht fmk`i` th us oy htfirs. _mtfir wi sfhue` bikuakiey `isabk hur hwk tfrhubf nhggukaty pmrtanapmtahk pmrtanapmta hk mk` ouy ak. Yktae tfik, tfi buaet chr ivirytfakb bhakb wrhkb hk tfi nhktakikt eais uphk mee hc us, khki ixneu`i`.
Oy Orinftdi vmk Eatf
Pmnleakb ricubii i`unmtahk Bhvirkgikt mk` `iviehpgikt pmrtkirs fmvi emuknfi` m pemk chr 932,9:: nfae`rik
Y
bmk`m as lkhwk chr ats hpikkiss mk` fhspatmeaty th chriabkirs. Ri sii tfas riinti` ak tfi risphksi th tfi ricubii nrasas. Pfi nhuktry fms bikirhusey hpiki` ats `hhrs th nfae`rik mk` m`uets wfh fmvi i` fhrran nhkant mk` mri ak kii` hc fiep, mk` th`my Ybmk`m fhsts tfi emrbist kugoir hc ricubiis ak Mcranm. ^mvi tfi Nfae`rik mk` htfir KBHs, ohtf Ybmk`mk mk` aktirkmtahkme, mri prhva`akb mssastmkni th tfi ricubii-fhstakb `astrants mk` wi sii iviry `my fhw issiktame sirvanis mri siviriey hvirstritnfi` „ chr ohtf ricubiis mk` ehnme nhggukatais. Chr ms gunf ihrt ms wi mri gmlakb, m stiip 92% hc ricubii nfae`rik mk` >0% hc Ybmk`mk fhst nhggukaty nfae`rik mri hut hc snfhhe. Chr tfhsi wfh mik`, tfiri mri nemssrhhgs ourstakb watf ghri tfmk ?:: pupaes, kht ikhubf timnfirs, mk` nrugoeakb wmees tfmt om`ey om` ey kii kii` ` ripm ripmar. ar. Nfa Nfae`r e`rik ik `isp `ispirm irmtie tiey y wmkt wmkt th eimrk out gmky mri kht biakb tfi nfmkni. Ri kii` m kiw mpprhmnf th `ime watf tfas nrasas mk` iksuri tfmt mee tfisi nfae`rik „ ricubiis mk` Ybmk`mks „ fmvi m oiir cuturi. Emst wiil, tfi Bhvirkgikt hc Ybmk`m, `iviehpgikt pmrtkirs, YK mbiknais mk` KBHs nmgi thbitfir th emuknf m kiw pemk tfmt nhue` prhva`i qumeaty eimrkakb th 932,9:: nfae`rik mk` yhutf iviry yimr. Pfi Zemk „ nmeei` tfi I`unmtahk _isphksi Zemk chr ricubiis mk` fhst nhggukatais „ as tfi rst hc ats lak` whre`wa`i. At as mgoatahus out rimeastan, siakb hut ixmntey wfmt nmk oi mnfaivi` mk` fhw wi nmk whrl thbitfir th `h at. At as ei` oy tfi Gakastry hc I`unmtahk & ^phrts, out nhhr`akmti` mnrhss mee `airikt mnthrs. At nhvirs Ybmk`mks ms wiee ms ricubiis, mk` `ighkstrmtis tfmt ukavirsme snfhheakb ak m ricubii nrasas as issiktame mk` mnfaivmoei. Pfi Zemk nhvirs mntavatais rmkbakb crhg nhkstruntakb kiw nemssrhhgs, trmakakb timnfirs mk` prhva`akb tixtohhls, th strikbtfikakb i`unmtahk pheanais, paehtakb akkhvmtavi kiw wmys hc eimrkakb, mk` prhva`akb vhnmtahkme slaees trmakakb. Mt ^mvi tfi Nfae`rik, hur whrl as merim`y meabkakb watf tfi kiw Zemk. Chr ixmgpei, tfrhubf hur mnnieirmti` i`unmtahk prhbrmggis, wfanf fiep nfae`rik wfh fmvi gassi` yimrs hc snfhheakb th bit omnl akth chrgme i`unmtahk oy timn timnfak fakb b m spin spiname ameey ey m`m m`mpti` pti` vir virsah sahk k hc hc tfi tfi Ybmk`mk pragmry nurranueug ak dust tfrii yimrs. Ri fmvi dhaki` fmk`s watf htfir KBHs mk` tfi Gakastry th `iviehp nhgghk bua`ieakis mk` fmrghkazi` mpprhmnfis. Pfi Zemk waee oi rivasi` mkkumeey chr nhkstmkt agprhvigikt. Ri fhpi tfi kixt rivasahk waee pemni brimtir chnus hk prhva`akb Imrey Nfae`fhh` @iviehpgikt (IN@) mntavatais
oichri nfa oichri nfae`r e`rik ik rim rimnf nf pra pragmr gmry y snfhh snfhhe, e, ms tfi imrey `iviehpgikt yimrs mri nratanme th `iviehp nhbkatavi mk` ightahkme slaees tfmt sfmpi m nfae`‑s iktari eaci. Nurriktey hkey =1% hc Ybmk`mk fhst nhggukaty nfae`rik mk` >1% hc ricubii nfae`rik mri ikrheei` ak IN@, mk` wi gust whrl thbitfir th agprhvi tfas. Ri lkhw tfmt ehnme nhggukatais mk` mutfhratais wfh fmvi bikirhusey wienhgi` ricubiis kii` gunf ghri supphrt. Ak rinikt yimrs, aktirkmtahkme bhvirkgikts fmvi nhggai` th sfmri tfi risphksaoaeaty hc risphk`akb th tfi behome ricubii nrasas. Fhwivir, wi fmvi siik eaei iva`ikni hc tfas. Cuk`akb chr tfi ricubii risphksi ak Ybmk`m rigmaks nratanmeey ehw, watf tfas yimr‑s mppime eiss tfmk ?:% cuk`i`. Mt tfi YK Bikirme Mssigoey ak Kiw Qhrl, wi nh-fhsti` m fabf-eivie giitakb hk ricubii i`unmtahk mk` nmeeakb hk `hkhrs th wmel tfi tmel mk` turk tfisi prhgasis akth nhknriti mntahk, stmrtakb oy pei`bakb cuk`akb th Ybmk`m‑s kiw I`unmtahk _isphksi Zemk. Akvistakb ak i`unmtahk as vatme chr iksurakb tfmt ricubii nfae`rik crhg shgi hc tfi whre`‑s whrst nhkants mri bavik tfi oist phssaoei nfmkni hc m cuturi mk` th nhktraouti th ouae`akb m prhspirhus mk` pimnicue shnaity. I`unmtahk as kht hkey m fugmk rabft< at prhtints nfae`rik crhg nfae` emohur mk` ixpehatmtahk, akneu`akb smvakb bares crhg imrey mk` chrni` gmrrambis. At fieps nfae`rik nhpi watf tfi trmugm mk` psynfhehbanme whuk`s hc tfiar ixpiraiknis, mk` igphwirs tfig th eavi prh`untavi, cueeeakb mk` ak`ipik`ikt eavis. I`unmtahk fms tfi phwir th nfmkbi eavis. Mt tfi emuknf hc tfi I`unmtahk _isphksi Zemk, =6-yimr-he` Fak`ayh the` us fhw sfi mk` fir cmgaey i` wmr ak ^hgmeam tik yimrs mbh. Kiwey mrravi` ak Ybmk`m, ukmoei th spiml m whr` hc Ikbeasf, mk` watf kh craik`s, sfi fa` mwmy mt fhgi chr m yimr. Ikrheeakb ak snfhhe kht hkey orhubf orh ubftt fir fir mnm mnm`iga `igann sunn sunniss< iss< at fie fiepi` pi` fir gmli craik`s mk` aktibrmti akth Ybmk`mk eaci. ^fi sma`4 ―Ybmk`m fms bavik gi sh gunf. Khw A wmkt th bavi omnl th Ybmk`m.‗ Ri mri ixnati` tfmt Ybmk`m as mt tfi chricrhkt hc sfmpakb ricubii i`unmtahk pheany whre`wa`i. Ri mri nhk`ikt tfmt ac tfas kiw Zemk as cuk`i` mk` agpeigikti`, iviryhki waee oikit „ ricubiis mk` Ybmk`mks meali. Khw wi fmvi th whrl thbitfir th gmli at m rimeaty. Mk iktari bikirmtahk as mt stmli. Pfi wratir as ^mvi tfi Nfae`rik‑s Nhuktry @arinthr ak Ybmk`m
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
>9
NHGGIKP
Oy Dhsipf Riri
Gusivika‑s wrhkb trakaty hk aksinuraty Zrisa`ikt gust nfhhsi oitwiik riturk th bikirme emw mk` hr`ir mk` ouyakb cmkny tinfkhehby chr `ashr`irey pihpei
Z
risa`ikt Qhwira Gusivika fms, sakni tfi righvme hc chrgir ABZ Lmei Lmyafurm, `imet watf tfi nurrikt sphrm`an laeeakb hc fabf prhei pihpei ak tfrii wmys< `ipehyakb ghri she`airs tfmk pheani, meehwakb eiss prisikni hc ABZ Hlhtf-Hnfhem mt snikis hc nragi, mk` ixpemakakb iviry ghvi. Ak htfir whr`s, nhirni tfi nataziks, nhkvakni tfi ieati, mk` nheempsi tfi pheani. Ysumeey, eim`irs wfh ixpemak sfhw tfiy nmri, ikmoei tfiar `inasahk-gmlakb prhniss th oi uk`irsthh`, mk` sfmri tfiar pirspintavi hk mk assui. Mesh, `ieibmtahk „ sunf ms Hnfhem< m nmriir pheanigmk as `hakb watf fas `iputy, mrgy Orab. ^tivik ^moaata Guziya Gmbyikya, sfhws eim`irsfap gmturaty, nhk`ikni, mk` sunnissahk pemkkakb. Ak tfas nmsi, fhwivir, tfi tfrii strmk`s hc Gusivika‑s mpprhmnf mppimr th oi m nhrruptahk hc tfi phsatavi. Fas fimvy `ipehygikt hc tfi gaeatmry msparis th risthri fas ghkhphey hvir tfi usi hc buks mk` vaheikni. Out at waee cmae „ ukeiss Gusivika sfacts ats hraiktmtahk mk` at as nhksa`iri` puriey ms m gmkmbigikt assui< m gaeatmry gassahk ak wfanf tfi hpphkikt as m cmnieiss hodint. Gusivika gust oehnl hut tfi pheatanme hvirthkis mk` sii fagsiec ms dust mkhtfir gmkmbir `imeakb watf m nrasas. Kh cmnis dust assuis. Gusivika gust sii tfmt fas tmsl as hkey `airikt ak snhpi, kmtahkme agpmnt, mk` nhst hc cmaeuri. Pfiri mri fabf prhei `imtfs out tfisi mri ightavi pmrtey oinmusi hc tfiar rime hr pirniavi` agpmnt hk tfhsi akvhevi` mk` minti` mk` tfi ehnus hc aggi`amny as wa`ir. Rfik ukpmnli`, fhwivir, tfisi laeeakbs mri dust mkhtfir hpphrtukaty chr gmkmbirs trmaki` th `h m tmsl th put tfihrais akth prmntani. prmntani. Ac Gusivika ri-hraiktmtis th omsan gmkmbigikt prhni`uris, fi nhue` fmvi ghri nfmknis hc `icimtakb tfi laeeirs. Zmrt hc tfi rimshk as tfmt tfi nurrikt laeeakbs mri m typanme nmsi tfmt riquaris oab panturi tfaklakb out Gusivika as usakb mk ivikt-omsi` mpprhmnf akstim` hc tfi ghri strunturi` whrlhw-omsi` mpprhmnf. Fi as ehhlakb mt tfi urbikny nrimti` oy imnf laeeakb ms tfi ghst agphrtmkt assui fi fms th `ime watf. Pfmt as m gastmli. Ghst tagis, ak satumtahks hc urbikny, tfi ghst urbikt >3
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
as kht tfi ghst agphrtmkt. Gusivika kii`s th chnus hk tfi agphrtmkt< wfanf as risthrmtahk risthrmtah k hc emw mk` hr`ir. Ms Zrhc. Rmswm Omeukywm hc tfi Gmliriri Ykavirsaty Ousakiss ^nfhhe whue` smy, Gusivika sfhue` chnus hk `hakb tfakbs rabft kht giriey `hakb tfi rabft tfakb. Omeukywm as m `asnapei hc tfi emti Mgiranmk gmkmbigikt buru, Zitir @runlir, mk` m cuk`mgiktmeast oieaivir ak `ieakimtakb tmntanme gmkmbigikt crhg strmtiban eim`irsfap. eim`irsfap. Omeukywm mk` @runlir whue` smy tfmt wfik Gusivika vasats tfi sniki hc imnf laeeakb, hirs kmkname mssastmkni th tfi oirimvi`, mk` rhees h m east hc aktirviktahks ak m kmtahkme m``riss< fi as `hakb tfakbs rabft. Siry bhh`, tfiy whue` smy, out fi mesh kii`s th `h tfi rabft tfakb. Pfi rabft tfakb Gusivika kii`s th `h fms twh pmrts< tfi rst as gimsuri mk` `iki tfi prhoeig. Gusivika fms pmrtameey `hki tfmt. Ak fas emtist kmtahkme m``riss hk uromk nragi hk ^ipt.=9, fi giktahki` =? prhgakikt pihpei laeei` hvir m 9-yimr pirah` stmrtakb ak @inigoir ?:=>. Pfi Zrisa`ikt nhrrintey sma` laeeakbs fmppik ak mee nhuktrais mk` nati` tfi Y^M wfiri mohut =9,::: pihpei mri gur`iri` imnf yimr. Pfi quistahk tfik as wfy Gusivika as rimntakb mbbrissaviey th sunf m sgmee kugoir hc laeeakbs8 Rfy `his fi nmee tfi laeeakbs uromk nragi out ricir th tfi pirpitrmthrs ms tirrhrasts8 Pfmt as fas pheatanme oeak` oeak` spht. Mk` at agpmnts hk tfi sinhk` rabft tfakb tfmt Gusivika kii`s th `h< nrmctakb m oab panturi risphksi. Gusivika‑s risphksi, sh cmr, mppimrs th oi nuakb `hwk tfi wrhkb dukbei, th usi m nhgghk pfrmsi crhg ^tivi Nhviy. Mctir imnf laeeakb, fi assuis m kiw east hc prahratais. Ac tfi laeeirs mri hk ghthr-nyneis, fi chnusis hk tfmt. Ac tfiy mri fhh`i`, fi bhis chr tfmt. ^hgitagis tfi phakts mri chur, htfir tagis sivik, hr tik. Rfiri waee tfas ik`8 Bhakb th tfi ganrh, brmssrhhts, sgmee tfakbs as bhh`. Out Gusivika kii`s th mewmys riturk th fas gmnrh oab panturi hni. Ac yhur vifanei ruks hut hc cuie hk m fabfwmy, yhu nmk `ambkhsi mk` oemgi m cmuety cuie bmubi. Qhu wiri kht meirti`. Ac at fmppiks m sinhk` tagi, yhu oemgi yhursiec. Qhu cmaei` th x tfi cuie bmubi< tfi systig. Rfmt ac tfi prhoeig as tfmt
yhu `h kht fmvi ghkiy th ruk tfi vifanei8 Pfmt as tfi oab panturi quistahk. At as strunturme. Saiwi` puriey ms m khk-pheatanme assui, tfi oab panturi mrhuk` tfi laeeakbs as kht tfi aksinuraty. At as tfi oriml`hwk hc emw mk` hr`ir. Pfmt as wfmt Gusivika kii`s th m``riss. Fi kii`s th stip mwmy mwmy crhg tfi aggi`amti spmni, pirspintavi, mk` ikbmbigikt mk` `h wfmt psynfhehbasts nmee ―fabf-eivie nhkstrume‗. Nurriktey fi as nehsi th tfi mntahk mk` assuakb nhknriti, tmntanme `arintavis. `arintavis. Fi kii`s th stip s tip mwmy, oinhgii ghri oinhg ghri mostrm mostrmnt nt mk` mk` strmti strmtiban. ban. Gusivika gust nfhhsi oitwiik twh mpprhmnfis< iatfir akvistakb ak nmpmnaty th bumr` mk` nhuktir tfrimts hr chnusakb hk ri`unakb tfi tfrimt. _anf pihpei gmli tfmt `inasahk `maey. ^hgi ouy buks mk` fimvy gitme smcis th bumr` tfiar ranfis< htfirs sagpey put tfig ak m omkl. Ak gmlakb fas nfhani, Gusivika whue` `h wiee th rinmee wfmt jsinuraty‑ rimeey gimks. Pfmt at nhgis crhg ‖sinuri‑ wfanf nhgis crhg tfi Emtak whr` jsinurus‑< wfanf gimks crii crhg mkxaity4 jsi (watfhut) + nurm (nmri, mkxaity)‑. ^h Gusivika kii`s th righvi whrry, mkxaity, mk` uknirtmakty. Akstim` hc pemnakb mk E@Y mt imnf vaeembi nhrkir, fi kii`s th ri`uni tfi tfrimt oy risthrakb emw mk` hr`ir. Qhu nmkkht fmvi sinuraty wfik ghst bhvirkgikt vifaneis `ravi hk tfi wrhkb sa`i hc tfi rhm`, oh`m oh`m mri kht ribastiri`, mk` pheani mri nragakmes. Pfas nfmhs as wfy ivik m sagpei hr`ir Gusivika assuis, sunf ms tfmt imnf pheani omsi `ast `astraou raoutis tis mk mk igirbikn igirbiknii pfhki pfhki kugoir (mpmrt crhg tfi 111) th ats ehnmes nmkkht oi agpeigikti`. Fhw `his m prisa`ikt nhgpemak iviry `my mohut khasi mrhuk` ^tmti Fhusi wfik tfiri as m emw hk khasi pheeutahk mk` mk mbikny th ikchrni at< KIGM8 Ac mee nmrs stmy ak tfiar tfiar emkis, tfik hki tfmt `his kht rmasis m ri` mb. Zheani sthp at. Ac mee oh`m oh`m fmvi stmbis, tfik hki pmrli` ak mk h`` pemni waee oi imsaey sghli` hut. Ratfhut hr`ir, tfi tinfkhehby Gusivika wmkts waee rinhr` nragis out tfi pheani waee kht kht akvistabmti tfig. Iviry shnaity kii`s rueis, prisnraptahks, mk` ohuk`mra ohuk `mrais is hk hk fhw tfak tfakbs bs mri mri `hki. `hki. Chr thh ehkb, Gusivika fms eit emweisskiss tfravi. Khw fi gust ik` at.
Fubs mk` lassis Pfi fimetf agpmnt hc mccintavi thunf Oy Gmram Nhfut
P
firi mri m kugoir hc bhh` rimshks tfmt thunfakb, fubbakb, mk` lassakb tfi pihpei wi ehvi ciies nhgchrtakb mk` rimssurakb. Ak tfas ^phteabft, wi waee ixpehri fhw sunf `aspemys hc mintahk agpmnt yhur fimetf mk` wiee-oiakb. Rfik wi thunf, fub, hr lass m craik` hr pmrtkir, tfmt bisturi as ehm`i` watf gimkakb. Ri siil mintahk, try th istmoeasf m nhknhkkintahk, hr migpt th nhggukanmti m kii`. Smrahus nueturis usi thunf ak vmrahus wmys th `aspemy tik`irkiss hr rispint, mk` htfir khk-fugmk pragmtis usi at th nrimti m
nhkkintahk mk` istmoeasf shname fairmrnfais. _iniktey, fhwivir, shgi ixpirts fmvi ixprissi` nhknirk tfmt Ristirk shnaitais mri ixpiraiknakb m ghgikt hc nrasas, ms pfysanme thunf oinhgis ghri strantey ribuemti` mk` wi mri eiss mk` eiss ealiey th ikbmbi ak shname mnts sunf ms fubbakb. Hc nhursi, pfysanme thunf as kht mewmys wienhgi mk` kht mewmys mpprhpramti. Oitwiik strmkbirs, at nmk oi mk mnt hc vahemtahk. Ms risimrnfirs crhg Cakemk` khti` ak m stu`y pmpir puoeasfi` emst yimr, wfitfir thunf prh`unis m phsatavi hr m kibmtavi iint as fabfey `ipik`ikt hk tfi nhktixt ak wfanf at hnnurs. ―Phunf `his kht ukavirsmeey eim` th phsa-
tavi ightahks,‗ tfiy ixpemak. Chr akstmkni, tfiy khti tfmt ―nueturme `airiknis nmk risuet ak thunf oiakb nhkstrui` ms m orimnf hc pricirri` aktirpirshkme `astmkni.‗ Mt tfi smgi tagi, risimrnf fms mesh chuk` tfmt thunf as agphrtmkt chr fugmks wfik at nhgis th nhggukanmtakb ightahks mk` gmaktmakakb riemtahksfaps ‐ ohtf rhgmktan mk` htfirwasi. Ak tfas ^phteabft cimturi, wi waee ehhl mt tfi agphrtmkni mk` oikits hc thunfakb, fubbakb, mk` lassakb chr m pirshk‑s fimetf mk` wiee-oiakb.
Rfy thunf as sh agphrtmkt Cmghus stu`ais fmvi `ighkstrmti` tfmt nfae`rik ‐ ms wiee ms tfi akcmkts hc khk^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
>2
FIMEPF
fugmk pragmtis ‐ wfh brhw up watfhut mintavi thunf fmvi siviri `iviehpgiktme assuis mk` mri ukmoei th riemti shnameey. Phunfakb, mk` oiakb thunfi`, mntavmti pmrtanuemr mrims hc hur ormak, tfus akuikn akb hur tfhubft prhnissis, rimntahks, mk` ivik pfysahehbanme risphksis. Chr ixmgpei, hki stu`y riphrts tfmt ormak snmks fmvi rivimei` tfmt mintavi thunf mnta vmtis tfi hroathcrhktme nhrtix, m ormak ribahk msshnamti` watf eimrkakb mk` `inasahkgmlakb ms wiee ms watf ightahkme mk` shname oifmvah oifm vahrs. rs. Nirtmak ixpiragikts fmvi mesh subsubbisti` tfmt rhgmktan lassakb as mk agphrtmkt thhe ‐ pmrtanuemrey chr whgik ‐ wfik at nhgis th nfhhsakb m pmrtkir, oinmusi tfi pirshkmeasi` nfiganme nhnltmae chuk` ak mk ak`ava`ume‑s smeavm nhkviys agphrtmkt akchrgmtahk th tfi ormak mohut tfiar pfysahehbanme nhgpmtaoaeaty. Phunf nmk mesh oi rimssurakb mk` nmegakb chr m pirshk ak `astriss, sakni at nmk nhggukanmti mk hir hc supphrt mk` igpmtfy. M stu`y crhg ^wi`ik ‐ tfi k`k`akbs hc wfanf wiri puoeasfi` emst yimr ak tfi dhurkme _isimrnf hk Emkbumbi mk` ^hname Aktirmntahk ‐ chuk` tfmt igormnakb mk` pmakb nfae`rik ak `astriss fms m shhtfakb iint chr tfig. Ak sunf m narnugstmkni, tfi stu`y mutfhrs ixpemak, tfi aktirmntahk akvhevis tfi m`uet sabkmeakb tfmt tfiy mri mvmaemoei th hir shhtfakb nhktmnt, cheehwi` oy tfi nfae`‑s mnlkhwei`bigikt hc tfas akvatmtahk mk` phsatavi risphksi th at. Pfi aktirmntahk mk` nhhr`akmtahk akvhevi` watf tfas snikmrah meehw tfi nfae` ak `astriss th ribmak m siksi hc sinuraty mk` rimssurmkni. Ms m risuet hc tfas, tfiri mri mesh gmky `iomtis surrhuk`akb tfi usi hc thunf `urakb nhuksieakb, gmakey mslakb wfitfir tfi phtiktame oikits hutwiabf tfi itfanme piraes. ^naiktasts rinhbkasi tfmt thunf fms vmeumoei tfirmpiutan phtiktame mk` tfmt shgi pihpei gabft oikit crhg riniavakb m rimsrims surakb pmt hk tfi sfhue`ir wfik tfiy mri ciieakb `hwk.
Zsynfhehbanme Zsynfhehb anme oikits Ak cmnt, wi siil th riniavi mk` bavi fubs th pihpei wi ehvi prinasiey oinmusi tfiy trabbir m kiurme pmirk hc nhgchrt mk` mintahk. M stu`y chuk` tfmt whgik wfh hiri` pfysanme thunf ms m sygohe hc supphrt th tfiar pmrtkirs sfhwi` fabfir mntavaty ak tfi viktrme stramtug, wfanf as m ormak mrim akvhevi` ak tfi riwmr` systig. ^h, hirakb m rimssurakb fub th m pirshk wfh as ak pmak hr ciieakb `hwk nmk mntumeey oikit oiki t oht ohtf f tfi tfi rin riniav iavir ir mk` tfi bav bavir< ir< oht ohtf f pihpei akvhevi` ak tfi aktirmntahk ixpiraixpira ikni ghri phsatavi ightahks mk` ciie ghri >6
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
strhkbey nhkkinti` th imnf htfir. Ghrihvir, m sirais hc stu`ais nhk`unti` oy @ut @utnf nf ris risimr imrnfi nfirs rs sfh sfhwi` wi` tfm tfmtt fubba fubbakb kb nhue` rieaivi m pirshk‑s ciieakbs hc ixastikixastik tame cimr mk` righvi siec-`huot. ―Ivik iitakb mk` siigakbey travame akstmknis hc aktirpirshkme thunf gmy fiep pihpei th `ime ghri iintaviey watf ixastikixastik tame nhknirk,‗ smys risimrnfir ^mk`ir Lhhei, crhg Sradi Ykavirsatiat Mgstir`mg ak tfi Kitfiremk`s. ―Hur k`akbs sfhw tfmt ivik thunfakb mk akmkagmti hodint ‐ sunf ms m ti``y oimr ‐ nmk shhtfi ixastiktame cimrs. Aktirpirshkme thunf as sunf m phwircue ginfmkasg tfmt ivik hodints tfmt saguemti thunf oy mkhtfir pirshk gmy fiep th akstaee ak pihpei m siksi hc ixastiktame sabkanmkni.‗ Htfir risimrnf fms rivimei` tfmt sfmrakb ak tfi khkvirome nhggukanmtahk hc min tahk ‐ wfanf akneu`is mntahks sunf ms fubfub bakb mk` lassakb ‐ nmk ouir tfi iint hc striss mk` mnnieirmti rinhviry crhg at.
Oikits chr fimetf Pfi oikits hc mintavi thunf ixpmk` th gimsuris hc pfysanme fimetf ms wiee ms giktme fimetf mk` shname riemtahks. Hki stu`y puoeasfi` ak ?:=0 ak tfi dhurkme Zsynfhehbanme ^naikni subbisti` tfmt tfi striss ouir prhva`i` oy sfmri` fubs mntumeey fms m prhtintavi iint mbmakst risparispa rmthry akcintahks. Mesh, mghkb tfi pihpei wfh `a` oinhgi aee, tfhsi wfh riniavi` ightahkme supphrt ak tfi chrg hc mintavi thunfis sfhwi` eiss siviri sygpthgs hc akcintahk. Htfir stu`ais sfhwi` tfmt, ak rhgmktan nhupeis wfiri tfi pmrtkirs sfmri criquikt fubs, whgik tik` th fmvi ehwir oehh` prissuri mk` fimrt rmtis, wfanf subbists tfmt tfas typi hc nhktmnt nmk oikit tfi fimrt eatirmeey, kht dust gitmpfhranmeey. _hgmktan lassis mesh fiep ohhst tfi agguki systig, risimrnf fms `ighkstrmti`. Rfik wi lass, wi trmkscir ―6: gaeeahk omntir omn tiram am pir akt aktagm agmti ti las lasss hc hc =: =: \sin \sinhk` hk`sW,‗ sW,‗ snaiktasts riphrt. Pfas gmy shuk` `asbustakb, out at as oikiname< tfas ganrhoame ixnfmkbi mnts meghst
eali m vmnnaki, cmgaeamrasakb tfi agguki systig watf phtiktame kiw omntirame tfrimts mk` strikbtfikakb ats iintavikiss mbmakst m ghri vmrai` mrrmy hc pmtfhbiks.
Phunf ms m pmaklaeeir Cakmeey, thunf as viry iintavi wfik at nhgis th rieaivakb pfysanme pmak. Gmssmbi tfirmpais nmk oi m brimt wmy hc shhtfakb mee lak`s hc mnfis, crhg fim`mnfis th omnl pmak. Fhwivir, yhu `h kht kinissmraey fmvi th bh th m gmssmbi pmrehur ak hr`ir th ixpira ikni tfi pmak-shhtfakb oikits hc thunf. Fhe`akb fmk`s watf yhur pmrtkir waee suni, smy twh stu`ais puoeasfi` ak twh nhksinutavi yimrs, ohtf hc wfanf wiri nhviri` hk Gi`anme Kiws Ph`my. Pfi rst stu`y ‐ wfanf mppimri` ak tfi dhurkm dhu rkmee ^nai ^naikta ktan n _iph _iphrts rts ak ?:= ?:=22 ‐ sfh sfhwi` wi` tfmt ac twh pmrtkirs thunf mk` hki hc tfig ixpiraiknis gae` pmak, tfi thunf mntumeey `agakasfis tfi siksmtahk hc pmak. Ak tfi sinhk` stu`y ‐ cimturi` imrimr eair tfas yimr ak tfi dhurkme ZKM^ ‐ tfi timg hosirvi` tfi smgi iint ak brhups hc yhukb nhupeis wfik tfiy wiri fhe`akb fmk`s. ―Hur k`akbs,‗ tfi stu`y mutfhrs riphrt, ―ak`anmti tfmt fmk` fhe`akb `urakb pmak m`gakastrmtahk aknrimsis ormak orm ak-thth-orm ormak ak nhu nhupea peakb kb ak m kitwhrl tfmt gmakey akvhevis tfi niktrme ribahks hc tfi pmak tmrbit mk` tfi rabft figaspfiri hc tfi pmak hosirvir.‗ Rfirivir wi‑ri crhg, thunf as ealiey mk agphrtmkt gmrlir hc mintahk. Ak tfi iabftiiktf niknik tury, tfi cmghus Ikbeasf phit Dhfk Limts wrhti, ―Phunf fms m gighry.‗ _isimrnf fms khw prhvik tfmt tfas ivhnmtavi phitan agmbi fms m snaiktan omsas4 thunf `his fmvi m gighry, ms at turks hut. M stu`y ei` oy kiurhsnaiktasts crhg tfi Nfmratá ‐ Ykavirsatàtsgi`azak Oireak ak Birgmky fms sfhwk tfmt kht hkey nmk hur oh`ais oh` ais rig rigigoi igoirr thun thunf, f, out tfiy nmk mes mesh h rigigoir sivirme `airikt typis hc thunf saguetmkihusey. ―M kiw thunf `his kht irmsi tfi gighry gig hry hc m privahus thunf crhg whrlakb gighry,‗ ixpemaks tfmt stu`y‑s eim` risimrnfir. ―_mtfir,‗ fi bhis hk, ―kiw mk` he` tmntaei gighrais nmk pirsast ak`ipik`iktey hc imnf mkhtfir, hkni m pirshk‑s miktahk fms ribastiri` tfi thunfis.‗ At siigs tfmt thunf fms m ghri phwircue agpmnt hk hur ormaks mk` hur oh`ais tfmk wi gabft fmvi agmbaki`, sh at as agphrtmkt th oi cueey mwmri hc fhw shgitfakb ms sagpei ms m fub nmk metir hur hwk, mk` htfirs‑, pirniptahk hc tfi whre`. ^hurni4 Gi`anme Kiws
M_P | OHHL^ | ^HNAIPQ | P_MSIE | NYEPY_I NYEPY_I
Pfi mrt hc ricubiis Ceabft as pmakcue, riturk crustrmtakb Oy @hgakan Guwmkbuza
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atf tfi brhwakb kug oir hc ricubii ricubiiss akfmoat akfmoat-akb Ybmk`m, hvir m gaeeahk ricubiis, ghstey crhg kiabfohurakb nhuktrais hc Ouruk`a, @._.Nhkbh, ^hgmeam mk` ^hutf ^u`mk, m nhkvirsmtahk nhkvirsmta hk hk tfiar rhutaki `aspemnigikt mk` riturk th tfiar rispintavi nhggukatais as akivatmoei. Pfi nhgpeixaty hc tfas gmir as tfi suodint hc mk ixfaoat tatei` jZheatans hc _iturk _isa`ikny‑ mt >?⁺ Imst ak Lmksmkbm, Lmgpmem. Pfi gueta-`asnapeakmry sfhw cimturis mrtwhrls hc tfrii mrtasts< Omtfsiom Hlwikdi (Ybmk`m), Raeey Lmriliza (_wmk`m), mk` Lusm Lusm Gmsla (@_N) wfh fmvi oiik ak m tfrii ghktfs mrtasts‑ risa`ikny prhbrmg mt tfi smgi spmni. Pfiar painis mri m nuegakmtahk nuegakmtah k hc tfiar stu`ah ixpiragiktme mk` risimrnf prhnissis mt `airikt ricubii nmgps mnrhss tfi nhuktry. Hlwikdi‑s akstmeemta akstmeemtahk hk hc prakti` pfhthbrmpfs jPfakbs eict Oifak`‑ as omsi` hk `hgistan hodints akstmeei` watfak tfi nhgphuk` hc >?⁺ Imst tfmt nhkduri up tfi kmturi hc eaci eavi` oy ricubiis ak ricubii sieigikts. Pfi hodints, `arty mk` rmgrmg sfmnlei`, nhkkhti tfi khtahk hc modint phvirty mk` uknirtmakty tfmt privmaes ak
tfi nmgps. Pfi mrtast smys sfi ―as ghstey akspari` oy hodints oinmusi hc tfi gissmbi tfiy fmvi hk tfi ak`ava`ume (hwkir), tagi mk` pemni.‗ Ak tfi nhktixt hc tfas ixfaoat, tfi fhusifhe` atigs eali stiie gub, ruooir seappir mk` hae nmk nhkviy m spinan gissmbi mohut tfi hwkir, tagi mk` pemni. Chr ixmgpei, tfi hae nmk emoiei` Y^MA@ nhggukanmtis m gissmbi hc aktirkmtah aktirkmtahkme kme ma` tfmt as nhgghkpemni ak tfas irm mk` wfanf gmlis tfi survavme hc tfisi aggabrmkts phssaoei ak nmgps. Ghri sh, ats brag ehhl subbists at fms oiik momk`hki` hr eict oifak` oy tfi usir. Ak fir mu`ah akstmeemta akstmeemtahk hk jNmk MbhrmPfi prhoeig fms surrhuk`i` Gi‑ tfi mrtast aktik`s th nhggukanmti tfi nhgpeixaty hc tfi suodint hc riturk mk` `aspemnigikt tfrhubf shuk` tfmt wms rinhr`i` crhg whgik eavakb ak Zmemoil ricubii sieisiei gikt ak Khrtfirk Ybmk`m, kimr tfi ^. ^u`mk ohr`ir . Pfi shuk` hc buksfhts, sakbakb, `abbakb mk` nhkstmkt pmktakb aggi`amtiey nhkviys tfi pmak mk` mkxaity ixpiraikni` oy tfi vantags ak tfi mu`ah. Pfi mu`aikni sfmris tfiar hr`ime tfrhubf eastikakb th tfi mrtwhrl. Ms m `ipmrturi crhg tfas `ari ightavi kmrrmtavi, kmrrmtav i, mrtast Lusm Lusm Gmsla‑s burm tavi pmaktakb jPfrii Rhgik hk tfi Emli‑, prhva`is m viaei` gissmbi hk assuis hc
ashemtahk mk` uknirtmakty (chr tfi cuturi) tfmt nhkchuk` nhkchuk` tfi aggabrmkts. Pfi gaxi` gi`am pmaktakb (nheembi pfhthpmpir mk` mnryeans) fms twh cmnieiss cigmeis stmk`akb hk tfi emli4 hki iiakb mk` tfi htfir riturkakb. Pfiar fim`s mri mri wrmppi` ak gitmpfhranme bhe` mk` saevir eakakb eakakb th sii beagpsis hc fhpi th liip hk ghvakb. Pfi pmaktakb as m surrime nhgphsatahk tfmt igmkmtis crhg tfi mrtast‑s suonhksnahus ms fi mssirts tfmt fi ehvis th nhgphsi m whre` crii crhg ixtirkme aktirciraktircirikni mk` prhphsis tfas whre` th fas mu`aikni. At as mk mpprhmnf tfmt as gmkacisti` ak tfas guetacmniti` emrbi pmaktakb tfmt agouis ieigikts hc pmak mk` mbhky, watf fhpi chr tfi oiir. Zheatans hc _iturk risa`ikny as m tagiey ixfaoat th akspari mwmrikiss hk tfi peabft hc ricubiis ak nmgps< tfi uknirtmakty mk` crustrmtahk. Pfi mrtasts‑ omnlbrhuk` mk` aktirmntahk watf ricubiis `urakb tfi prhniss hc gmlakb tfi mrt gmlis tfiar vasume kmrrmtavi mutfiktan mk` pmepmoei. Pfi risa`ikny tfmt risueti` akth tfas oh`y hc whrl wms wms ak nheemohr nheemohrmtahk mtahk watf watf tfi Ehk`hk snfhhe hc Inhkhgans mk` Zheatanme ^naikni. Pfi atakirmry ixfaoat as nurmti` oy Lmrm Oemnlghri. Agmbi nhurtisy hc Dmddm Zrh`untahk
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
>1
Gystirahus gissmbi ak m ohttei as trmni` omnl th ats sik`ir mctir m twh-yimr >,:::lg dhurkiy M gystirahus gissmbi ak m ohei fms oiik trmni` omnl th ats sik`ir mctir m >,:::lg dhurki dhu rkiy. y. Pfi ohei mk` fmk`wraik gissmbi tfrhwk akth tfi hnimk twh yimrs mbh ak Pmsgmkam wms chuk` oy m gmk mt ^fhmewmtir Omy ak ]uiiksemk`. Pfi eiir wms wraik ak ?:=3 oy fabf snfhhe stu`ikt
Ieem @abkmy, khw ak yimr iabft, mk` wms chuk` oy nmritmlir Dhi ^ag ^agpshk pshk.. ‖@imr Cak`ir, Gy kmgi as Ieem mk` A bh th ^mnri` Fimrt Fimrt Nmtfhean Zragmry ^nfhhe,‑ tfi eiir sma`. Fi wms surprasi` th sii tfi sik`ir wms crhg Pmsgmkam, mk` rimeasi` tfi ohei fm` oiik hk m twhtwh-yim yimrr dhur dhurkiy, kiy,
tfrhubf tfi Omss ^trmat pmst ^y`kiy. ‖At‑s dust mgmzakb, crhg tfi shutf ik` hc Pm Pmsgmkam sgmkam mee tfi wmy up th tfi imst nhmst hc Mustrmeam,‑ Mustrmea m,‑ sma` ^agpshk. Pfi eiir wms wraik chr m snfhhe prhdint, wfanf wms tfik tfrhwk akth tfi wmtir crhg m sfakb ohmt ak wmtirs kimr Oanfikh, ak Pmsgmkam‑s imst.
Zrhvi yhu fmvi supirkmturme phwirs< wak ^fs09g Ac yhu nmk prhvi yhu fmvi mky supirkmturme phwirs, m brhup hc snaiktasts ak Birgmky whue` ehvi th riwmr` yhu watf ₥=:,:: ₥=: ,:::: (Mppr (Mpprhx. hx. ^fs 09 gae gae-eahk). Pfi ^hnaity chr tfi ^naiktan Akvistabmtahk hc Zmrm-^naiknis (BRYZ) as m brhup hc Birgmk pfysanasts, oahehbasts mk` psynfhehbasts wfh oieaivi tfmt pihpei wfh nemag th fmvi
prazi. Hvir 3: pihpei fmvi oiik tisti oiik tisti` ` ak ak rini rinikt kt yim yimrs, rs, out khki hc tfig fmvi oiik moei th nemag tfi nhviti` prazi. Out hki tfakb tfmt mee nmk`a`mtis fm` ak nhgghk wms tfmt tfiy `a` kht eit tfas cmaeuri nrusf tfiar nhkvantahk. Chrtuki tieeirs sma` tfi stmrs wiri kht prhpirey meabki`, sparatumeasts oemgi` sinrit chrnis, mk` shgi sagpey oemgi` oem gi` cmt cmtabu abuii hr hr stri striss. ss.
Oiyhkná mnnusi` hc watnfnrmct
Nmtfmy Zmnan bhis Zmnaan! Riee, tfas as rmtfir igomrrmssakb. M Fhkb Lhkb-omsi` mareaki fms spiet ats kmgi wrhkb hk hki hc ats pemkis. Rfhivir pmakti` tfi Nmtfmy Zmnan marnrmct shgifhw gmkmbi` th gass hut m nruname eiir. Pfiri wms kh ‖C‑ ak ‖Zmnan‑. Pfi gastmli wms sphi` oy gigoi g igoi rs hc tfi puoean mt Fhkb Lhkb Aktirkmtahkme Marphrt. Out tfi mareaki emtir smw tfi cukky sa`i mk` twiiti`4 ‖Hhps tfas spiname eaviry whk‑t emst ehkb! ^fi‑s bhakb omnl th tfi tf i sfhp!‑ sf hp!‑
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supir-phwirs eali tieilakisas, tieipmtfy hr `avakakb moaeatais sfhue` kht oi `asgassi` ms giri nfmremtmks, out mntumeey stu`ai` mk` meehwi` th prhvi tfiar moaeatais ak nhktrheei` emohrmthry nhk`atahks. Iviry yimr, tfiy akvati nmk`a`mtis th tfi Ykavirsaty hc Rõrzourb, ak Rõrzourb, Birgmky, th sfhw h tfiar supir-phwirs mk` phtiktameey wak m nhhe ₥=:,:::
Oiyhkná fms oiik mnnusi` hc usakb ―ixtrigi watnfnrmct‗ mbmakst fir chrgir `ruggir, wfh mesh meeibi` tfi stmr laeei` fir laik. Nhurt `hnugikts hotmaki` oy Pfi Oem Oemst st wfa wfanf nf wiri ei` oy tfi `ruggir - Lagoirey Pfhgpshk -wfh fms pirchrgi` ak mk meecigmei omk` chr tfi sakbir chr sivik yimrs - meeibi` Oiyhkná gur`iri` fir laik mk` usi` ―ixtrigi watnfnrmct, `mrl gmban‗ mk` ―gmban
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
spiees hc sixume gheistmtahk‗ mbmakst fir. Rmkti`4 Gmradumkm tistir. Ph oi pma` ^fs?::,::: pir fhur ^ghlakb wii`, nmkkmoas, pht hr gmradumkm nmk oi mk mk mntu mntume me dho dho.. M nhgpmky ak Phrhkth, Nmkm`m nmeei` MFEHP as farakb ‖nmkkmoas nhkkhassiurs‑ th tist hut smgpeis hc wii` crhg eaniksi` prh`unirs mnrhss Nmkm`m. Qis, yhu nmk rimeey bit m dho
sghlakb pht. Ratf tfi nhuktry sit th eibmeasi gmradumkm, MFEHP as chrgakb m Nmkkmoas Nurmtahk Nhggaii. Pfi brhup waee try hut `airikt strmaks hc tfi `rub sh tfmt MFEHP nmk nrimti m smgpei pmnl hc wii` ms pmrt hc tfiar Nmkkmoas Nheeintahks sirais. Pfiy wmkt vi pihpei th oi pma` $9: (Mpprhx.?::,: (Mpprhx.?::,:::) ::) mk` m ohkus hc $?:: (Mpprhx. ^fs6::,:::) ak ixpiksis iviry ghktf.
@akhsmur rhohts gmk fhtie ak Dmpmk Pfi riniptahk mt tfi Fikk km Fhtie imst hc Phlyh as iiraey quait uktae nusthgirs mpprhmnf tfi rhoht `akhsmurs gmkkakb tfi crhkt `isl. Pfiar sikshrs `itint tfi ghtahk mk` tfiy oieehw ―Rienhgi.‗ At gabft oi mohut tfi wiar`ist nfinl-ak ixpiraikni phssaoei, out tfm tfmt‑s t‑s ixm ixmnte ntey y tfi tfi pha phakt kt mt tfi Fikk km (wfhsi kmgi gimks ‖wiar`‑) nfmak, wfanf oaees atsiec ms hirakb tfi whre`‑s rst fhties stmi` oy rhohts. Pfi iint as oazmrri, watf tfi emrbi `akhsmurs bistanuemtakb watf tfiar ehkb mrgs mk` assuakb takky sit pfrmsis. Chr shgi buists tfi khviety as tfi nfmrg4 imnf rhhg as stmi` watf gaka-rhohts tfmt ehhl m oat eali spfiranme ^tmr Rmrs `rha` OO-6, mk` fiep buists watf ivirytfakb crhg nfmkbakb nfmkkies th pemyakb gusan. Ivik tfi sf swaggakb ak tfi ehooy ruk hk omirais, watf ieintran eabfts ak tfiar mrtanuemti` oh`ais oh` ais an anlir lirakb akb hk mk` h ms tfiy whrl tfiar wmy mrhuk` bamkt tmkls. Pfi rst Fikk km Fhtie hpiki` ak Kmbmsmla ak ?:=9, mk` wms nirtai` tfi cheehwakb yimr oy Bua Buakki kkiss ss Rhre Rhre` ` _inh _inhr`s r`s ms tfi whre`‑s rst fhtie watf rhohts hk ats stm.
Anhkan joub‑ bits ombbi` Pfi Shelswmbik Oiitei nmr nhgis th tfi ik` hc tfi rhm` Oy Mbiknais
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helswmbik as ik`akb prh`untahk hc ats Oiitei ak ?:=1, nehsakb tfi `hhr hk hki hc tfi whre`‑s ghst anhkan nmr
`isabks. Pfi Birgmk nhgpmky sma` hutput whue` ik` mt ats pemkt ak Gixanh kixt Duey mct mctir ir prh prh`unt `unt ahk hc nie nieior iormtah mtah k gh`ies. Pfi Oiitei fms ats rhhts ak Kmza Birgmky watf tfi nrimtahk hc m ―pihpei‑s nmr‗, out wikt hk th stmr ak m sirais hc sunnisscue @askiy caegs ms m vifanei nmeei` Firoai. Out smeis, pmrtanuemrey ak tfi liy Y^ gmrlit, fmvi cmeeik ak rinikt yimrs. Shelswmbik, ak tfi wmli hc tfi `aisie igassahks snmk`me mk` fubi akvistgikt ak ieintran vifaneis, smys at waee ehhl th seag `hwk ats gh`ie rmkbi watf m brimtir chnus hk cmgaey mk` ieintran nmrs. Pfi nhgpmky smys tfi cakme Oiitei gh`ies waee oi mvmaemoei ak ohtf nhupi mk` nhkvirtaoei styeis. ―Pfi ehss hc tfi Oiitei mctir tfrii
bikirmtahks, hvir kimrey sivik `inm`is, waee ivhli m fhst hc ightahks crhg tfi Oiitei‑s gmky `ivhti` cmks,‗ sma` Fakranf Rhionlik, nfaic ixinutavi hc Shelswmbik Brhup hc Mgiranm. Pfi Oiitei wms hrabakmeey `isabki` ak tfi =1>:s oy eibik`mry ikbakiir Cir`akmk` Zhrsnfi - m kmgi khw sykhkyghus watf cmst nmrs - mt tfi oifist oif ist hc M`hec M `hec Fat Fateir, eir, wfh wmkt wmkti` i` th sii m nfimp mk` prmntanme gmssprh`uni` nmr gm`i mvmaemoei th tfi Birgmk pihpei. Out tfi hutoriml hc wmr whue` stmee ats prh`untahk, ms gaeatmry kinissaty thhl prini`ikni. Pfi pemkt whue` oi siviriey `mgmbi`, tfik ciee akth tfi fmk`s hc meeai` chrnis - wfh wiri iviktumeey th pemy m emrbi pmrt ak ats rinhggassahkakb. Zrh`untahk oibmk th tmli hcc ak tfi emti =10:s, mk` oy =199 m gaeeahk hc tfi nmrs wiri `ravakb hk Birgmk rhm`s. Pfi `isabk whue` cak` aktirkmtahkme cmgi ak tfi =13:s mk` ‖2:s ak caegs cimturakb Firoai tfi Ehvi Oub, m
rmnakb nmr watf m gak` hc ats hwk. At wms mesh phpuemr watf tfi =13:s nhuktir-nueturi typis wfh ixtheei` tfi Oiitei‑s sgmee, prmntanme, out mis tfitan qumeatais. Pfi ―Kiw Oiitei‗ ri`isabk, wfanf wms omsi` hk SR‑s Bhec, sthrgi` tfi Y^ gmrlit ak tfi emti =11:s, sieeakb ghri tfmk 6:,::: ak =111. Pfi nhgpmky as merim`y tfhubft th fmvi rivaiwi` m phssaoei gh`ie rivmgp mk` hptahks chr ieintran virsahks ak rinikt yimrs, oichri `ina`akb hk ats momk`hkgikt. Out Rhionlik `a`k‑t nhgpeitiey ruei hut tfmt tfi gh`ie nhue` hki `my oi ris risurri urri nti nti`4 `4 ― Kivi r smy s my kivi r.‗ Shelswmbik she` ==,=9= Oiiteis `urakb tfi carst iabft ghktfs hc ?:=6, `hwk ?.?% crhg tfi smgi p irah` m yimr imreair. Y^ nhksugirs ehhlakb chr m sgmee Shelswmbik vifanei hvirwfiegakbey pricir tfi Dittm si`mk, hr tfi Pabumk nhgpmnt sphrt utaeaty vifanei. ^hurni4 OON
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
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Zrhei
Ey`am Mgubi4 Akspari` th tmel eim`irsfap Oy Mbkis I Kmktmom
E
y`am Mgubi as m eim`irsfap nhmnf mk` mutfhr hc ‖Pfi Cmgaey Pmoei‑. ^fi trmaks ousakiss eim`irs th agprhvi tfiar slaees mk` gmxagasi pirchrgmkni, ghtavmti tfiar timgs, mk` `ieavir spinan pirshkme, prhcissahkme mk` hrbmkasmtahkme bhmes. ^fi mesh wratis mrtaneis hk eim`irsfap ak tfi gi`am mk` as nurriktey whrlakb hk fir sinhk` ohhl. Mgubi mesh `isabki` m eim`irsfap gh`ie nmeei` ‖Isprissh chr eim`irs‑ th try mk` akuikni brimt eim`irs wfh waee eimvi m gmrl wfirivir tfiy bh. ^fi as mesh hrbmkasakb jPfi Brimt Eim`irs‑ Mkkume ^uggat‑ th tmli
0?
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
h kixt yimr. Mgubi `his kht strubbei wfik tmelakb th pihpei. ^fi ehvis at. ^fi `asnhviri` fir pmssahk `urakb fir kme yimr ms m stu`ikt hc Gi`anme EmohrmthEmohrmth ry ^naikni mt Gomrmrm Ykavirsaty hc ^naikni mk` Pinfkhehby. ―A khtani` tfmt iviry tagi A bmvi timnfakbs ms m eim`ir ak tfi Nmtfhean Nfmrasgmtan _ikiwme mk` prisiktmtahks ak nemss, gy einturirs whue` oi agprissi`,‗ sfi smys, ―A mesh ikdhyi` gysiec mk` tfmt as wfik A khtani` tfmt tfi hki tfakb A nmk `h sh wiee< wfitfir pma` hr kht, as spimlakb th pihpei.‗ ^fi smys, ―Ac yhu wmkt th oi mk iintavi spimlir, yhu nmk‑t wasf yhursiec akth at out prmntani mewmys‗. Fir einturir hc Emohrmthry Gmkmbigikt mk` Itfans wms aksparmtahkme mk` the` fir sfi as hc m rmri nfmrmntir.. Ivik tfhubf sfi `a` kht fmvi m omnlbr omn lbrhuk huk` ` ak ak wrat wrat-akb, fi pusfi` fir th wrati mk mrtanei chr tfi kiwspmpirs mohut gi`anme emohrmthry. ‖Gi`anme Emohrmthry ^naikni< tfi nhrkirsthki hc gi`anaki‑ whue` emtir oi puoeasfi` ak Pfi Kiw Sasahk mk` wms tfi spmrl hc fir wratakb mk` puoean spimlakb nmriir. Mohut tfi smgi tagi, Mgubi wms mesh iknhurmbi` th iktir tfi AktirYkavirsaty Cigmei Zuoean ^pimlakb Nhgpitatahk riprisiktakb
Gomrmrm Ykavirsaty mk` igirbi` tfi oist mghkb 6: pmrtanapmkts. Pfi nfmeeikbi wms siakb fir gak` th trmksatahk crhg m gi`anme riemti` nmriir th shgitfakb riemti` th fugmkatais. _abft mctir brm`umtahk ak ?:=?, Mgubi simrnfi` chr hptahks th bit oiir mt puoean spimlakb mk` eim`irsfap nhmnfakb. ^fi mik`i` m chur `my trmakakb whrlsfhp chr eim`irs ak Likym. ―A wms tfi yhukbist, saakb watf NIHs mk` gmkmbirs hc nhgpmkais,‗ sfi rinmees, ―Out tfi nhursi wms viry fiepcue.‗ ^fi riturki` ikirbasi` mk` stmrti` fir hwk nhgpmky nmeei` jRakkakb Nfhanis‑ ak Khvigoir ?:=?< hpirmtakb crhg fir cmtfir‑s virmk`m mk` Gmry Gmry Faee Fabf ^nfhhe. ^nfhhe. ^fi bmvi ghtavmtahkme tmels th stu`ikts mk` timnfirs. ^fi dhaki` tfi Behome Gikthrakb kitwhrl omsi` ak Kmarhoa th curtfir sfmrpik fir slaees. Fir neaiktiei guetapeai` uktae Mgubi khtani` tfmt sfi nhue` kht mik` th tfig mee mt hkni. ―A nfhsi th guetapey gysiec ak m ohhl,‗ sfi smys. Pfi tatei hc fir rst ohhl wms ‖Pfi Cmgaey Pmoei‑ oinmusi sfi oieaivis wfmt fir neaikts m`gari ak fir wms chrgi` tfrhubf fir cmtfir mk` ghtfir mt tfi cmgaey tmoei. Pfi ohhl nhkkinti` fir th tfi nhrphrmti whre`. @ispati sunf akatame sunniss, fir rst nhgpmky cmaei`. Out at wms m eimrkakb ixpiixpi raikni. Ph`my sfi ruks @iemgml Brhup< wfanf as gunf oabbir. ^fi omsis hk m oieaic tfmt iviry fugmk oiakb oia kb fms fms tfm tfmtt hki hki tfa tfakb kb tfmt tfmt tfi tfiy y `h `h wiee wiee<< wfitfir tfiy mri pma` th at hr kht. Pfmt as wfiri tfiy `iravi tfi ikirby th `h at, ivik ac at gimks wmlakb up ak tfi ga``ei hc tfi kabft. ^fi smys pihpei gmy tmli tagi th rimeasi at oinmusi tfiy `h kht bavi tagi th siec-`asnhviry. ―Gy eimrkakb dhurkiy fms oiik sfmpi` oy tfi gas gastml tmlis is mk` mk` sat satakb akb mt tfi ciit hc tfi wasi pihpei wfh mri tmlakb tfi smgi `arintahk. ―Out A mesh rim` m eht. Chr akstmkni, A mg nurriktey rim`akb ‖Rfmt tfiy `hk‑t timnf yhu mt Fmrvmr` Ousakiss ^nfhhe,‑‗ sfi smys. Mgubi as tfi emst ohrk hc tfi sax nfae`rik hc Mubustaki mk` Fieeik Hgmri. ^fi wikt th ^t Lazath Oubhehoa, Kmgubhkbh Bares Ohmr`akb Zragmry ^nfhhe, Gmliriri Nheeibi ^nfhhe mk` Gomrmrm Ykavirsaty hc ^naikni mk` Pinfkhehby.
]&M ]& M
M@SI_PH_AME
Ey`am Mgubi‑s Eatisa`i Mky tfrii tfakbs tfmt wi `hk‑t lkhw mohut yhu8 mg m viry mgoatahus bare< wfik A wmkt shgitfakb, A waee mnfaivi at. M eht hc tfi tfakbs A `h niktir hk gy riemtahksfap watf Bh`. A mg mk iknhurmbir oinmusi A mg nhkca`ikt tfmt iviryhki `isirvis oittir. A mesh oieaivi oie aivi tfm tfmtt A wms ohr ohrk k th th sit fimrts hk cari mk` orakb hut tfi oist ak pihpei.
A
Rfmt as yhur a`im hc pircint fmppakiss8 Fmppakiss as mohut oiakb cuecaeei` ak tfmt wfanf yhu mri `hakb. A mg fmppy mehkb tfi `arintahk A mg tmlakb oinmus oin musii at ‑s kht mohu t tfi t fi ghkiy out tfi cuecaeegikt A bit crhg p hsataviey agpmntakb htfirs. Rfmt as yhur brimtist cimr8 Pfiri mri cimrs wfanf wi iknhuktir out shgitagis wfik yhu cimr sh gunf yhu gabft fak`ir yhur prhbriss. A fmvi, tfirichri, eimrkt tfmt wfikivir tfiri as cimr, mnt hk tfmt wfanf yhu cimr mk` yhu waee khtani tfmt at as dust mk aeeusahk. Rfmt as tfi trmat yhu ghst `ipehri ak yhursiec8 A mg m pircintahkast mk` shgitagis A bit m eattei agpmtaikt watf htfir pihpei. Rfmt as tfi trmat yhu ghst `ipehri ak htfirs8 Aksakniraty. Rfanf eavakb pirshk `h yhu ghst m`gari8 P@ Dmlis as m `iip spimlir< fi spimls m gissmbi tfmt dust pairnis rabft akth tfi fimrt. A mesh eali tfi wmy fi fms gmkmbi` th brhw fas eaci oiakb oia kb m pmst p msthr, hr, ous ousaki akiss ss gmk, whre` akceuiknir mk` mutfhr. A sii gysiec ak fag.
Rfmt as tfi brimtist tfakb yhu fmvi ivir `hki8 A mg staee m whrl ak prhbriss. Rfmt as yhur nurrikt stmti hc gak`8 A mg cuecaeei`. Rfmt `h yhu nhksa`ir tfi ghst hvirrmti` vartui8 ^hgitagis wi nhgpemak m eht< A lkhw tfmt tfi satumtahk gmy kht oi bhh` mk` tfmt wi `icakatiey wmkt nfmkbi ak tfi pheatanme spfiri out wi sfhue` mesh kht cmae hur sgmee cmgaeais. ^hgitagis wi dust fmvi th oi she sheutah utah k hraik h raik ti` ti`.. Rfmt `his oiakb phwircue gimk th yhu8 Fmvakb praknapeis tfmt bua`i eaci, eavakb tfhsi praknapeis mk` usakb tfig th ouae` hr akceuikni htfirs oinmus oin musii khki k hki hc us as gm` gm`ii chr hursievis. Hk wfmt hnnmsahk `h yhu eai8 Hkni ak m wfaei A nmk tiee m eai out at gust fmvi m gakagme agpmnt hk tfi riemtahksfap. Rfmt `h yhu ghst `aseali mohut yhur mppimrmkni8 A ehvi wfh A mg. Rfanf eavakb pirshk `h yhu ghst `ispasi8 Mkyhki wfh waee kht stmk` oy tfiar praknapeis. Rfmt as tfi qumeaty yhu ghst eali ak m whgmk8 Zmtaikni mk` fugaeaty. Rfmt as tfi qumeaty yhu ghst eali ak m gmk8 Iccintavi nhggukanmthr watf m neimr vasahk chr fagsiec mk` htfirs eali cmgaey. Rfmt hr wfh as tfi brimtist ehvi hc yhur eaci8 A ehvi gy pmrikts,
Mubustaki mk` Fieeik Hgmri< tfiy mri mk aktiristakb nhgoakmtahk mk` ac tfiy fm`k‑t mnnipti` gy nrmzakiss, A whue`k‑t oi wfm wfmtt A mg th`m y. Oin Oinly ly Qmtulakbm as m craik` tfmt A nmk nhukt hk. ^fi fms sthh` watf gi tfrhubf tfi fmr` tagis hc trmksatahkakb crhg gi`anme th eim`irsfap nhmnfakb. Rfik mk` wfiri wiri yhu fmppaist8 Pfi `my wi emuknfi` tfi ‖Rakkakb whgmk ivikt‑< at thhl us ms m nhgpmky m eht hc ikirby th puee hcc ispinameey oiakb yhukb pihpei. Zuoeasfakb gy carst ohhl ak ?:=3 ciet viry fmppy lkhwakb tfmt at wms tfi oibakkakb hc gy akceuikni aktirkmtahkmeey< tfi ohhl puts gi ak m spfiri hc kht hkey akceuiknakb gy ehnme pihpei out tfi beh behoi. oi. Rfanf tmeikt whue` yhu ghst eali th fmvi8 A mg m tmee pirshk mk` whue` ehvi th `h shgi gh`ieeakb out gy nmriir whue`k‑t meehw gi. A fmvi nfhsik th ikfmkni gy moaeaty th wrati. Rfmt `h yhu nhksa`ir yhur brimtist mnfaivigik mnfaivigikt8 t8 Rratakb mk` puoeasfakb tfi ohhl ‖Pfi phwir hc tfi Cmgaey Pmoei‑. Rratakb tfi ohhl ohh l g m`i gi rime asi tfm tfmtt wratakb as kht m sagpei dho. Rfiri whue` yhu ghst eali th eavi8 A eali th trmvie out riturk fhgi. Rfmt as yhur ghst trimsuri` phssissahk8 A trimsuri gy riemtahksfap watf Bh` oinmusi ivik wfik ivirytfakb cmaes, A waee fhe` hkth at mk` gmkiuvir. Rfmt `h yhu ribmr` ms tfi
ehwist `iptf hc gasiry8 A wms kht momk`hki` ms m nfae` out siiakb nfae`rik ak sunf m satumtahk gmlis gi ciie om`. Ac tfiy fm` m nfhani, tfiy whue` pricir th oi ehvi `. Rfmt `h yhu ghst vmeui ak yhur craik`s8 @ipik`moaeaty< A fmvi eimrkt tfmt A `hk‑t kii` th fmvi gmky out ciw tfmt A nmk wiee tmli nmri hc sh tfmt A nmk nhukt hk tfig ms gunf ms tfiy nmk nhukt hk gi. Rfh mri yhur cmvhurati wratirs8 A ehvi Dhfk N Gmxwiee mk` _hoak ^fmrgm< at‑s kht dustt mo hut tfi ar w rata dus ratakb kb styei out tfiar nhktikt. Pfi twh `icaki gy wratakb styei. Rfanf fasthranme caburi `h yhu ghst a`iktacy watf8 Kieshk Gmk`iem chr fas sieceisskiss< at‑s oinmus oin musii hc h c sunf s unf eim` irs wfh wiri waeeakb th cmni tfi pmak chr tfigsievis mk` iviryhki tfmt tfiar nhuktrais `iviehpi`. A mesh a`iktacy watf Dhfk Gmxwiee oinmus oin musii A oie oieaivi aivi tfm tfmtt ivirytfakb rasis mk` cmees hk eim`irsfap. Rfmt as yhur brimtist ribrit8 Chr ivirytfakb tfmt fms fmppiki` th gi, A fmvi cakmeey `asnhviri` tfi rimshk wfy. Eaci as eavi` chrwmr` out uk`irsthh` omnlwmr` omn lwmr` . Pf iri irichri chri , wf mt A fmvi bhki tfrhubf chrgs pmrt hc wfmt A mg th`my. Fhw whue` yhu eali th `ai8 A whue` ehvi th fmvi m ciw ghgikts watf tfi pihpei A ehvi mk` tfik dust seiip mwmy. Rfmt as yhur ghtth8 Zihpei nhukt.
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
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BEHOME NHGGIKP
Oy Mkmthei Lmeitsly
Mgiranm waee ehsi trm`i wmr watf Nfakm Fhw waee Prugp Prugp rimnt wfik fas tmraccs tmrac cs stmrt th furt Mgiranmks wfaei Nfakm sfrubs tfig hcc8
P
fi Ykati` ^tmtis nmkkht wak ats tmra wmr watf Nfakm, ribmr`eiss hc wfmt Zrisa`ikt @hkme` Prugp smys hr `his ak tfi nhgakb ghktfs. Prugp oieaiv oie aivis is tfm tfmtt fi fi fms fms tfi tfi uppi uppirr fmk` fmk` ak tfa tfass nhkant oinmusi tfi Y.^. inhkhgy as sh strhkb, mk` mesh oinmusi pheatanamks hc ohtf pmrtais supphrt tfi strmtiban hodintavi hc tfwmrtakb Nfakm‑s rasi mk` prisirvakb Y.^. behome `hgakmkni. Out, arhkanmeey, tfas mppmrikt strikbtf as Prugp‑s cmtme wimlkiss. Oy mppeyakb tfi gmrtame mrts praknapei hc turkakb mk hpphkikt‑s strikbtf mbmakst fag, Nfakm sfhue` imsaey wak tfi tmra nhktist, hr mt eimst bft Prugp th m `rmw. Inhkhgasts sakni @mva` _anmr`h fmvi mrbui` tfmt ristrantakb agphrts ri`unis nhksugir wiecmri mk` agpi`is prh`untavaty brhwtf. Out tfmt as kht tfi gmak rimshk wfy Prugp waee oi chrni` th omnl `hwk ak tfi trm`i wmr. Ak fmk`anmppakb tfi Y^-Nfakm nhkant, mkhtfir inhkhgan praknapei „ rmriey usi` th ixpemak tfi cutaeaty hc Prugp‑s tmra tfrimts „ as gunf ghri agphrtmkt tfmk _anmr`h‑s nhknipt hc nhgpmrmtavi m`vmktmbi4 Liykisamk `igmk` gmkmbigikt. Nhgpmrmtavi m`vmktmbi nirtmakey akuiknis ehkb-tirg inhkhgan wiecmri, out `igmk` nhk`atahks waee `itirgaki wfitfir Nfakm hr Mgiranm ciies ghri prissuri th sui chr trm`i pimni ak tfi kixt ciw ghktfs. Mk` m chnus hk `igmk` gmkmbigikt neimrey rivimes tfmt tfi Y.^. waee suir crhg Prugp‑s tmr as, wfaei Nfakm nmk mvha` mky m`virsi iints. Crhg m Liykisamk pirspintavi, tfi hutnhgi hc m trm`i wmr `ipik`s gmakey hk wfitfir tfi nhgomtmkts mri ixpiraixpira iknakb rinissahk hr ixniss `igmk`. Ak m rinissahk, tmras nmk ohhst inhkhgan mntavaty mk` igpehygikt, meoiat mt tfi nhst hc ehkb-tirg inaikny. Out wfik mk inhkhgy as hpirmtakb mt hr kimr ats gmx agug nmpmnaty, tmras waee giriey rmasi pranis mk` m`` th tfi upwmr` prissuri hk Y.^. aktirist rmtis. Pfas neimrey mppeais th tfi Y.^. inhkhgy th`my. Y.^. ousakissis nhue` kht, ak mbbribmti, k` ixtrm ehw-wmbi whrlirs th ripemni Nfakisi agphrts, mk` ivik tfi ciw Y.^. ousakissis ghtavmti` oy tmras th uk`irnut Nfakisi agphrts whue` kii` th rmasi wmbis mk` ouae` kiw cmnthrais, 00
^ipt ?6 - Hnt :0, ?:=6
m``akb th tfi upwmr` prissuri hk akmakm tahk mk` aktirist rmtis. Ratf eaei spmri nmpmnaty mvmaemoei, tfi kiw akvistgikt mk` farakb riquari` th ripemni Nfakisi bhh`s whue` oi mt tfi nhst hc htfir ousakiss `inasahks tfmt wiri ghri prhtmoei oichri tfi tmra wmr watf Nfakm. Nfakm. ^h, ukeiss Y.^. ousakissis mri suri tfi tmras waee nhktakui chr gmky yimrs, tfiy waee kiatfir akvist khr fari kiw whrlirs th nhgpiti watf Nfakm. Mssugakb tfmt wiee-akchrgi` Nfakisi ousakissis lkhw tfas, tfiy waee kht nut tfiar ixphrt pranis th moshro tfi nhst hc Y.^. tmras. Pfmt waee eimvi Y.^. agphrtirs th pmy tfi tmras mk` pmss hk tfi nhst th Y.^. nhksugirs (curtfir cuieakb akmakm tahk) hr th Y.^. sfmrifhe`irs tfrhubf ehwir prhts. Pfus, tfi tmras waee kht oi ―pukatavi‗ chr Nfakm, ms Prugp siigs th oieaivi. Akstim`, tfi gmak iint waee oi th furt Y.^. nhksugirs mk` ousakissis, dust eali mk aknrimsi ak smeis tmx. Out eit us nhkni`i tfmt tfi tmras gmy prani shgi Nfakisi bhh`s hut hc tfi Y.^. gmrlit. Rfiri waee tfi nhgpitataviey prani` agphrts tfmt uk`irnut Nfakm nhgi crhg8 Ak ghst nmsis, tfi mkswir waee oi htfir igirbakb inhkhgais. ^hgi ehwik` bhh`s sunf ms sfhis mk` thys waee oi shurni` crhg Saitkmg hr Ak`am. Cakme mssigoey hc shgi ieintrhkan mk` ak`ustrame gmnfakiry gmy riehnmti th ^hutf Lhrim hr Gixanh. M ciw Dmpmkisi mk` Iurhpimk suppeairs gmy `aspemni fabf-ik` Nfakisi suppeairs. Pfus, th tfi viry eagati` ixtikt tfmt tmras `h prhvi ―pukatavi‗ chr Nfakm, tfi iint hk htfir igirbakb gmrlits mk` tfi behome inhkhgy waee kht oi `mgmbakb ―nhktmbahk‗ out m gh`ist ohhst th `igmk` tfmt risuets crhg `aspemnakb Nfakisi ixphrts th tfi Y.^. Prui, Nfakisi ixphrtirs gmy ixpiraixpira ikni gh`ist ehssis ms htfir prh`unirs tmli m`vmktmbi hc tfi Y.^. tmras th uk`irnut tfig. Out tfas sfhue` fmvi kh iint hk Nfakisi brhwtf, igpehygikt, hr nhrphrmti prhts ac `igmk` gmkmbigmkmbi gikt as usi` th hsit tfi ehss hc ixphrts. Pfi Nfakisi bhvirkgikt fms merim`y stmrti` th ohhst `hgistan nhksugptahk mk` akvistgikt oy imsakb ghkitmry pheany mk` nuakb tmxis. Out Nfakm‑s stagueus gimsuris fmvi
sh cmr oiik nmutahus, ms tfiy sfhue` oi nhksa`irakb tfi kibeabaoei agpmnt tfmt Y^ tmras fmvi fm` hk Nfakisi ixphrts. Ac, fhwivir, iva`ikni stmrts th igirbi hc ixphrt wimlkiss, Nfakm nmk mk` sfhue` nhgpiksmti watf m``atahkme stips th ohhst `hgistan `igmk`. Ak praknapei, Nfakm nmk mvha` mky `mgmbi mt mee crhg Y.^. tmras sagpey oy risphk`akb watf m cuee-snmei Liykisamk stagueus. Out whue` tfi Nfakisi bhvirkgikt oi waeeakb `h tfas8 Pfas as wfiri oapmrtasmk Y.^. supphrt chr m ―nhktmakgikt pheany‗ thwmr` Nfakm pmrm`hxanmeey whrls mbmakst Prugp. NfaNfa km‑s rueirs fmvi sh cmr oiik rieuntmkt th usi hvirt `igmk` stagueus ms m wimphk ak tfi trm`i wmr oinmusi hc strhkb nhggatgikts gm`i oy Zrisa`ikt Va Dakpakb th eagat tfi brhwtf hc Nfakm‑s `iot mk` th richrg tfi omklakb sinthr. Out sunf kmkname pheany mrbugikts mbmakst Liykisamk pheany mri suriey arrieivmkt khw tfmt tfi Y.^. fms prisikti` tfi omei hvir Prugp‑s tmras ms tfi hpikakb slargasf ak m bihpheatanme Nhe` Rmr. At as sagpey aknhkniavmoei tfmt Va whue` mmnf fabfir prahraty th nri`at gmkmbigmkmbi gikt tfmk th wakkakb tfi tmra wmr mk` tfirioy `ighkstrmtakb tfi cutaeaty hc m Y.^. nhktmakgikt strmtiby mbmakst Nfakm. Pfas rmasis tfi quistahk hc fhw Prugp waee rimnt wfik fas tmras stmrt th furt Y.^. ousakissis mk` vhtirs, wfaei Nfakm mk` tfi rist hc tfi whre` sfrub tfig h. Pfi prhomoei mkswir as tfmt Prugp waee cheehw tfi prini`ikt hc fas nhkants watf Khrtf Lhrim, tfi Iurhpimk Ykahk, mk` Gixanh. Fi waee ―gmli m `ime‗ tfmt cmaes th mnfaivi fas stmti` hodintavis out meehws fag th ohmst hc m ―wak‗ mk` dustacy tfi virome oieeabirikni tfmt aksparis fas supphrtirs. Prugp‑s surprasakbey sunnisscue rfithranme tinfkaqui hc ―sfhut ehu`ey mk` nmrry m wfati mb‗ fieps th ixpemak tfi nhksastikt aknhksastikny hc fas chriabk pheany. Pfi Y^-Nfakm trm`i wmr as ealiey th prhva`i tfi kixt ixmgpei. Mkmthei Lmeitsly as Nfaic Inhkhgast Inhkhgast mk` NhNfmargmk hc Bmvilme @rmbhkhgans mk` tfi mutfhr hc Nmpatmeasg 0.:, Pfi Oartf hc m Kiw Inhkhgy. Nhpyrabft4 Zrhdint ^yk`anmti, ?:=6.
1
EASI MP Ri tiee tfi
sthry oiyhk`
tfi
sthry.
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